Assignment July Dec 2016

MS-94 (SAMPLE COPY)

Course Code
Course Title
Assignment Code
Assignment Coverage

MS - 94
Technology Management
MS-94/TMA/SEM - II/2016
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1. How is technology helpful in designing the business strategies of a firm? Explain with the help of a
suitable example.
The technology is straight forward: knowing how to do something well. Here's a more elaborate definition: the ability to
create a reproducible way to -------------------------------------------------------------------------- business must have a substantial
portfolio of individual technologies. The management of technology should ensure that the firm maintains command of the
technologies relevant to its purposes and that these technologies support the firm's business strategy and shareholder value.
Technology management for ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ (for example, sales) and at a level
deemed reasonable by industry practice. Budgets may be projected several years ahead, but are usually set annually. Within
this budget framework, decisions about areas of concentration and project continuations may be left largely to R&D
management. There is no assurance that the R&D organization, left to its own devices, will pursue programs related to
corporate strategy, either in focus or in degree of innovation and risk.
In response to this unsatisfactory situation, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------corporate
management
seeks justification based on rate of return or payout. But it is difficult to project financial returns on an R&D project,
especially if the project is focused on achieving a significant innovation. As a result, the program may be pushed toward
conservative, incremental projects; the results will be more predictable, but the program will have limited strategic impact.
Clearly, then, there is a need for a measured, genuinely sophisticated approach to R&D management. Interest in a better
approach has been stimulated by various developments. First, many corporate leaders have moved beyond the financially
driven planning characteristic of the 1970s. Second, the success -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------technology in a way that is congruent with business strategy.
We believe that a firm's development and use of technology can be managed so that it effectively supports the firm's
business strategy. Think for a moment about managing financial investments. The effective investment manager must first
help the client think through appropriate investment goals, such as a stable income, security, or accumulation of wealth. The
investment manager then selects a portfolio of investments ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Second, is
the program well executed with respect to the particular choices made, including the changes in the portfolio, and the results
achieved? This assessment process should be interactive; that is, it should look not just at results, but also at whether changes
in the financial markets dictate changes in strategies to achieve the investor's goals.
The management of technology is analogous to the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Thus, the strategic
management of technology involves a dialoguea process through which both the strategic targets of the enterprise and the
goals of its technology program are regularly reviewed and revised.
In looking more thoroughly at that process, it is important to clarify what "management of technology" really entails. The
management of technology encompasses the management of research, product and process development, and manufacturing
engineering. Put simply, research expands the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------engineering;
this

results in poor manufacturability, with cost and quality problems and delays in product introduction. Effective management
requires integrating these phases of the product creation process.
5 ways to improve the advantages of technology are :
1. Fixing the morality of the people itself - The wrong way of using the technology is because they dont use it wisely.
Wisely means that the using of ---------------------------------------------------------- improvement of the invention of technology.
2. Blocking the porn sites - Those -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to stop and
prevent their bad actions. The option is blocking the porn site.
3. Law enforcement - People doing ---------------------------------------------------------------The enforcement of law is needed.
4. Parental control in the computer - The site that --------------------------------------------------- on their age.
5. The right entertainment in the right time. So, broadcasters must show the entertainments in the right time. The
example is, when there is a --------------------------------------------------------------------- must have their show in the night.
To summaries, we can conclude that if technology is used wisely it can surely create wonders in human life. But if we cant
use it wisely, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thats why everyone
(government and the civilians) have to help each other for the development of technology and the goodness of human life.
Thus FinallyWe found that production functions and, smooth isoquants which allow infinite alternative combinations of labour and
capital are unable to describe technological changes adequately or realistically. A more realistic representation compels us to
realise that production of a particular product ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to a whole new
industry. We called these as new technological systems. The fourth and the last category of technological change have been
called technological revolutions, involving changes in techno-economic paradigms and having all-pervasive effects on
almost all industries.
Information technology revolution currently sweeping our economies and its varied effects. We find that in many products
new electronic processes and systems are replacing mechanical, eleotro-mechanical or electrical/electronic parts of a
previous generation and even resulting' in the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of all services except
perhaps stagnant personal services but even here the supporting activities have registered significant productivity gains in
many cases. Information technology has increased the transportability of services creating global markets for some services.
The changes in processes are widespread. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and
other
temporary
groupings.
In macro-effects-of technological changes we noticed three major patterns. The knowledge-intensity of production is
increasing, and the mismatch between skills required ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------to meet the
changing environment by giving more emphasis to building their technological and other related capabilities.
Technological changes are induced by economic factors but they have not only economic but also social consequences.
Industrial enterprises ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- corporate policies.
Thus we can see that ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ several functioning inside any organization. These functioning are production, development, marketing etc.

Example
The Sony Walkman, for example, was a wildly ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------that
combining
headphones with a non-recording tape "player" would eliminate the need for speakers, reduce battery requirements, and
result in a small stereo tape player with outstanding sound.1
Sometimes a mature technology becomes a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------team was confronted with
this question: How can we improve quality and cut costs? The team realized that wood powder in a plastic binder could
simulate the fine-grained wood. From there it was a straightforward step to produce pencil stock in a continuous extrusion
process, with wood powder and a core of graphite powder in a plastic binder.
Other mature technologies may be protected (for example, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, but this
sector D strategy is risky. The better alternative is to look, as Empire Pencil did, for new technology to invigorate a mature
or aging product line.
A business or product line whose key technologies are mature faces a serious threat of being blind-sided by a competitor
employing new key technologies. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- word processing did to the typewriter industry.
As an industry or product sector matures, the key technologies often become manufacturing process technologies rather than
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tools, consumer appliances, and food products.
A classic example: One of the companies I was involved with developed a way to route phone calls by embedding smart
software into the telecommunications --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------their customers were telling them.
Meanwhile, this new company took a totally different view, resulting in a more personalized, cost-effective, easily
implemented solution. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tweaks, they missed the
onslaught of a massively disruptive new technologyand suffered the consequences.
Time and again, companies face a comeuppance because they missed some cue. Theyre so focused on the operational side
of the business, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- new competitors unencumbered by traditional technologies and business models.
It happened to mainframe vendors like -------------------------------------------------------------------. And minicomputer vendors
like Digital in turn dismissed the personal computer revolution spearheaded by Dell , Compaq and Hewlett Packard .
Surely Blockbusters execs are sorry they ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------namely, cable companies
that could stream movies to homes without interruption.
Customer feedback also wont shed much light on threatening new regulations or standards. To wit: the rapid shift from
standard DVD to -----------------------------------------------------------------------, DVD manufacturers were severly affected.
All of which begs the question: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------players may try to hold on to the past

at their peril, small, gutsy players often can adapt and capture value more quickly.
Whatever you do, dont get blindsided by only listening to your customers. Focus on the whole picture instead

2. List out of the various routes of technology transfer. Choose a firm you are acquainted with, which has
adopted a specific route of technology transfer for its product. Discuss the merits and demerits involved in
adopting the specific route by the firm.
Technology transfer
Technology transfer is the process by which a developer of technology makes its technology available to a commercial
partner that will exploit the technology. In pharmaceutical industry, technology transfer refers to the processes of
successful progress from drug discovery to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------for
new
medicinal
products. The cost of product development raises during pilot scale-up and initial production batch i.e. the critical path for
success is dependent on completion of technology transfer to the production site at an affordable cost.

ROUTES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER

The principal routes of enterprise-to-enterprise technology transfer are :
1. Licensing or Franchise : Licensing ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, technical assistance and training to mere permission for the manufacturer and sale of a product.
2. Supplier of materials and parts : Supplier of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------assistance in production.
3. Equipment supplier: A variety ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of plan t and equipment.
4.-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and operational specification drawing know how, performance data and technical assistance.
5. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- or business owning the technology
6. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- owners
7. Franchising ---------------------------------------------------------------------- know-how.

8. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ of any of the above.

Transfer capability and motivation of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------supplier depends largely on the
transfer mode and potential return the supplier hopes to realise from an effective and efficient transplant.

Example 1 - Technology transfer of mushroom spawn production as done by Eco-care & Aware :
Eco-care & Aware is a not for profit support service organisation providing training, support, service / consultancy and
agro-allied technical support to development sector. Support service -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------spawn production.
Unlike agriculture, mushroom seed / spawn production involves sophisticated technology with high investment requiring
laboratory and equipments with accessories. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------So it can be a form of
total manufacturing and operational technology transfer including equipment as required.
To popularise this technology the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- one ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, services and the cost norms of transfer.
For universal awareness it uses the Google contextual and search engine ad media so that people can know that a law cost
spawn production technology is -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for the same.
This -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and equipments and accessories that are required for setting up on cost effective spawn production unit.
Merit of this route of technology transfer:
1. Equipments along with know------------------------------------------------------------ serving its production or business purpose.
2. Quick dissemination -------------------------------------------- the poor farmers to produce mushroom to earn their livelihood.
3. Web based publicity --------------------------------------------------------- tip search in the Internet search- Google, yahoo etc.
With the advent of new -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------advance in many areas.
Another advantage that is coming with technology transfer is the cost saving factors. When new equipment and machinery
are used in place of old ones and new technology is being applied for making process running in the industries becomes less
costly. Money can be saved in many ways which is beneficial for the business owners. The overall economy of the industry
also gets boosted with technology transfer.
DemeritsThe dependency of --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------problem they face.
Another disadvantage of technology transfer is the amount of workers who become jobless. Automation of many jobs will
make the human labor cheaper and more people will find it difficult to get job.

Example 2-

1. Technology transfer in pharmaceutical industryIn the pharmaceutical industry technology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Production scale can
typically range from 200 kg to greater than 1000 kg. Technology transfer involves manufacturing drug product with
increasing batch sizes on larger equipment or using continous processing on pilot scale equipment. Generally scale up
involves the transfer of technology and the transfer ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------capability,
marketing capability and commercial capability. In the pharmaceutical industry, technology transfer by collaborating with
other departments and other organizations to commercialize a pharmaceutical product is a common process.
Example 32. In the case of the Kagoshima ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------lies between the two described earlier
and corresponds to type E, i.e., a turnkey contract.
However, our greatest interest lies in those cases ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------was limited in scope
and impact, affecting only those Japanese workers at the site of operation.

3. Discuss the different phases of diffusion. Explain how the diffusion process can be improved in a firm.
The success of a technological innovation depends on the diffusion of the innovation -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------put to use.
The process is complete when:

A sufficient ---------------------------------------------------- the amount used to develop it

It ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- a profit

A system is -------------------------------------------------------------- the longevity of the technology.

Diffusion is a multi-faceted activity. We shall briefly discuss phases of diffusion one by one.
Individual Action
The diffusion process begins with -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------innovation and diffusion process.
i)

Creation of Favourable Conditions: The ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------opportunities for innovations for the benefit of

the company.
ii)

Identification of Unfulfilled Needs: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- that can lead to the modification of current technologies or to the creation of new technologies.

iii)

Definition of the Problem: Marketing must -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------participate in the innovation process in some way.

iv)

Preparation for Problem Solving: Gathering -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------users and consumers to find out what their needs are.

v)

Incubation: This phase is usually a most private affair. All that an individual can do is to recognize that each
person will have unique conditions that stimulate ideas. People must learn to respect the range of circumstances
that others find useful for innovative/creative thinking and resist efforts to impose conformity at this phase.

vi)

Inspiration: Individuals are usually -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of excitement.

vii)

Externalisation: Preparing the idea for others to evaluate and develop is a crucial task, since inadequately
prepared descriptions are apt to be rejected. Management should help people prepare their ideas for
presentation within and outside the organisation.

viii)

Influence: Most ideas have political ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Those with political experience should be ready to
help with advice.

Applying Basic Research

This stage represents the translation of the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of either mission-oriented research or the interaction of people in different disciplines trying to solve problems in
their own areas.
Diffusion at this stage involves linking the basic scientist's work to the applied scientist's work and the world outside the
laboratory through the Comprehensive ------------------------------------------- abreast of consumer problems that need solution.
Basic scientists need to describe their findings in ways that allow applied scientists and marketing people to visualize market
possibilities. Many successful basic research scientists take the opportunity to visit the field to see what is going on.
Improving the linkage between R&D ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and abandon his idea.
Even though basic research people have a -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------at this stage and to cut the time required to pass through this interface.
Industrialisation

The third stage of the innovation process is the industrialisation stage. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, corporate development and planning, and new product development, can best
generate the initial product concepts.
During this stage it is wise to keep in mind ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Development of Telematics (C-DOT) at New
Delhi developed for its switching applications was also found to have wide applications in railways and defence.
If the concept survives the needs assessment, the organisation may choose to implement the innovation or it may adopt
someone else's innovation. Knowing that other -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------in preparation for full commercialisation.
Commercialisation
After initial development of the technology concept -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, check manuals for ease of understanding and the like.
Communication activities are the next major events. The marketing department develops a description of the attributes of the
new technology, selects channels for its marketing message, and begins development of a promotional programme.
Marketing next assesses the target market segment to identify the potential adopters that should be influenced first. The firm
next develops the corporate capabilities for managing the diffusion, setting pricing policies and selecting and segmenting the
market as a whole.
Commercial development of innovation takes -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------changing consumer preferences and take corrective action.
Full Scale Diffusion
This is the last stage of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------electronics and computers have diffused throughout the industry and the world is a prime example of full scale diffusion.
DEVELOPING A DIFFUSION STRATEGY: TAKING THE TECHNOLOGY TO THE MARKET PLACE
Developing a diffusion strategy involves a number of activities and many people. This section looks at each of these
activities separately but in a real situation many -------------------------------------------------------------------------- will
participate only at certain stages, while others will have continuing roles. Thus, the development and implementation of a
diffusion strategy requires effective management.
Assess the Organisational Climate: An important -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------objectives a living force.
How management structures and -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------be implemented has a significant impact on the speed with which the diffusion can take place.
Leadership style also affects the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. But the organisation can take quick action. If the style is too participatory, the action may be slow
but major mistakes can be avoided. The ideal would be a leadership style that is clear and gives urgency a high priority.
Understand the role of Technology Champion: The ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is technically feasible and ideas from scientific circles.
A technology driven organisation offers a marked contrast, as R&D drives the stimulus and marketing officials must find
applications. These efforts can help ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- needs. In India,
technologies and products are mostly market driven while in industrialized countries markets are mostly technology driven.
Define the Profile of the Technological Innovation: Different types -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------superior attributes of the new technology:
Use Opinion Leaders: An important part of the diffusion strategy is the identification of opinion leaders, assessment of their
orientation (towards acceptance or rejection), assessment of their scope of influence, and development of ways to influence
them. Such leaders influence opinions and actions in informal ways. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------took towards C-DOT's switching technology.
Develop a Communication Strategy: Developing a communication strategy is one of the major tasks of the diffusion
process. To achieve successful communication, the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------important as what it communicates about the innovation. For example, Motorola, a US based
semiconductor and communication company which is trying to introduce cellular technology in India, considered elitist (in
some quarters), has been advertising extensively in the media portraying it as a technology for development of rural India.
Communications: Two areas of communication are within the organisation (internal communication and with agencies
outside the organisation external communications.
Internal Communication: ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
staff, time, and money required to launch the innovation.
External Communications: Once a technological innovation is transformed to a prototype or a sample for field trial, the
focus of the diffusion effort changes from -------------------------------------------------. The content of the message is largely
guided by the: a) attributes of the innovation, and b) the characteristics of the target market of the technological innovation.
Attributes of the Innovation: It is widely recognised that five general attributes of innovations are useful in preparing -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------attributes to potential adopters, the change agent must discover what the customer seeks, thinks, and feels.
Communication Channels: Two principal modes of communication for message about innovation are the mass media
(radio, TV, film, newspaper, magazines) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------potential for large number of customers spread over a wide area.

Assess the Life of the Technological Innovation

The life of the technology can be extended by incorporating feedback about the customer's reaction to the technology to
remedy defects and develop a new generation of the same technology. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------a continuous programme for reassessing the needs of customers, competitive and
regulatory threats, opportunities to serve industries that have not been served, and imaginative tailoring of the, technology to
meet new needs.

4. What do you understand by Technology Management Group? Explain why is it essential for an
organization to have a Technology Management Group?
Technology management groups' goals and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and in particular:

How creative individual --------------------------------------------------------------------------- under conditions of uncertainty;

How to address critical --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- teams, including cross-functional teams;
How to work ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- spirits.

5 secrets to managing Technology management groupsManaging Technology ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- measure productivity of individual software engineers within an agile process!
Through trial and error, reading, and long ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- following five secrets to successfully managing Technology management groups :
1. Reward problem-solving
Technical people love to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- people, who are motivated by greed, money, and power. (That's a joke, for any non-tech people reading this.)
Try organizationally elevating the importance of your company's desire and ability to build great products. Products are
important to your --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in engineers' efforts through all-hands meetings, group messages, or blogs.
Another thing you can do is compensate technical staff appropriately. It's rare that technical people will complain about their
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- leave for a job with better salary and more recognition.
2. Trust your engineers
Don't ever prescribe how to achieve technical success. That's what software engineers know and love best!
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ how to define and
organize the work to meet the objectives. You'll get more energized, enthusiastic teams and better work as a result.
3. Share customer feedback
Technical people respond well to data. Give your team feedback on how their work is being used. But don't get stuck on the
raw data, such as number of users; let them know how their work benefits customers.
Spend lots of cycles ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. Make sure the functional teams (engineering, product, support, sales, etc.) share the feedback.

4. Build a farm system

If you are a baseball fan, you'll get the metaphor. If not, here's an explanation: You will build the best technical teams by
hiring talent early and in multiple levels in the organization.
As you grow, you can ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The
weaker your core team, the riskier this idea becomes, and the more you need to rely on purchased talent.
Commit to training and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and likelihood
for career advancement. You'll gain loyalty from the team and better performance across the board.
5. Don't overcompensate management
Last but not least, create a system where ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------higher salaries than their staff. This greatly overvalues the contribution of managers.
Don't make that mistake. Managers are important, but fundamentally the value comes from your technical staff. Pay them
well to reflect that value.
There is nothing more valuable ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a technical hierarchy to reward and recognize
technical achievement and capabilities. Where better in the entire organization to foster and develop top talent?

Importance and need of Technology management groups for organizationsThe management of technology at the -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------required new technology get firmed up as a first step. The plan of action to implement the strategy may include:
a) Resource analysis of the --------------------------------------------------------- expertise, finances, skills and equipment.
b) Analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- and the time frame of validity.
c) Analyse the global data regarding the state of art of the technology and the markets. Based on these inputs, the
Technology ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ to arrive at investment decision.
d) Identify the route--------------------------------------------------------- development.
A time bound project plan and implementation scheme after conclusion of the collaboration agreement as also a
comprehensive technology transfer plan have to -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------levels.
A system for continuous monitoring -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------so that the technology acquired is upscaled and improved upon after successful absorption. Cement industry has done
exceedingly well in the absorption of technology imported from different sources.
The R&D set up technology management group of the organisation should be used to maximise benefits of technology.
They should develop the following capabilities:
i. Capability to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ by in house efforts.
ii. Ability to design and develop ------------------------------------------------------------------------- operational requirements.

iii. Assimilation and adoption ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------out items for erection and commissioning indigenously to the maximum possible extent.
iv. Ability to bridge -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- five to ten year period, without taking recourse to technology imports.
v. Confidence level in the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ agreement.
vi. A regular communication channel between the two parties (supplier and receiver of technology) at different levels may be
established. This can be achieved through annual or bi-annual reviews and frequent -------------------------------the product.
vii. The technology management group, including the R&D personnel, should ensure appropriate linkages with the support
infrastructure and policy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- transfer stages. The possible grants and incentives, besides recognition of the
in-house R&D unit by DSIR, should be availed of to the minimum possible extent,. especially for high risk projects.
Scientists and R&D personnel in a company are not able to fully appreciate the commercial aspects and the need for
financial returns from their R&D projects. -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------projects should be based on both technical and financial criteria. It would be pertinent to aski) Is the project technically feasible and exciting in creating new functionality or advancing technical performance?
ii) Will the project contribute significantly to corporate profitability?
The expenditure on Research and -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------market share for the product, or (iii) product obsolescence occurs. It is necessary that R&D personnel are made adequately
aware of the above.
Thus, based on above consideration we can say that it is essential for an organization to have a Technology Management
Group

5. Why is development and training of human resources important as a part of technology organization for
a firm? Explain giving examples.
The major objective of a technology organisation, -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------enterprises to achieve significant progress in much shorter span of time.
Striving a balance between technology -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------It has been observed that most industrial units do not plan or provide for HR component to cope with modern manmachine system.
The technology may be there but qualified -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------recognised now that behaviour and attitudinal changes at all levels of organisation are essential through
systematic approach for realisation of full benefits. This is portrayed in Figure below.

An enterprise should identify Human Resources (----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- may have a bearing on the fuller utilisation of technology potential may include:
i. Resistance to change ii. Poor educational background or preparation iii. Shortage of skilled manpower iv. High Turnover
of employees v. Poor documentation vi. Poor maintenance vii. Lack of proper attitude and motivation viii. Inadequate
monitoring facilities ix. Lack of opportunities
An analysis based on the above ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ and action plans but will
also help in the long term for balancing the technical and human components for exploiting full potential of technology.
a) Categories of HR required should be defined. The categories may relate to
a) -------------------------------------b) ------------------------------------------c) ----------------------------------b) The sources for HR should looked into. The sources could be:
i) Existing ---------------------------------------------------- or elsewhere,
ii) Employees in -------------------------------------------------- Indian abroad,
iii) Institutional sources-----------------------------------------------------------others,
iv) training ----------------------------------------------------- etc.
An enterprise should be viewed as a Human Performance System. A human performance system should incorporate the
following major components:

Top --------------------------------------- leadership

Recruitment ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- design
Salary-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------appraisal
Systems ---------------------------------------Training ------------------------------------------------

Performance Oriented leadership

Leadership requires structures which can be used to -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------in many plants) confound the communication process. Many companies need to examine their
organisational approaches, particularly at the plant level. A typical plant organisation is given in Appendix. In the emerging

competitive situation only that much manpower which is considered essential for the operation should be employed. This is
the "circle of productivity" in Figure above and should be distinguished from other levels for training or for those not
expected to participate in the production process (e.g. excess labour force which has to be kept due to social considerations).
Recruitment and Selection

Given the long lead time and expense of training, the first step for developing a, competent workforce is the proprer
recruitment and selection of personnel-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, the competence of the personnel at the entry level must be carefully
assessed through proper and objective selection procedures. Selection procedures ane needed for other personnel as
well. There are a number of fairly relible and predictive tests which should be incorporated as part of a selection
model. The tests most commonly used are:

Performance ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- of capabilities

Aptitude ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ability
Personality -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and personality
Situational tests: --------------------------------------------------------------------------- problems

Training and Development

The effectiveness of in house ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------,
reduce waste, increase safety, boost morale, etc.
The essential factors that must be kept in mind in organising training are: firstly, it must be an integral part of the total
management system. In other words it should embody a total philosophy of the firm and must be accepted in principle by top
management. Secondly, the training function -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The line personnel should be called in to help to design the system. Since the manager of a line function is
ultimately responsible for the results of that function, it is he who should be consulted. The closer the training is to the actual
performance, the more potent the effect on productivity.

ExampleTraining and development program in Apple Inc.

Apple has a very well planned training and development program. Its employee are one of its key advantages, especially in
the research and development department ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------achieve results will also
continue to transform how Apple Inc. does business and engage or force the employees in further innovation and
improvements in line with its objectives.
To help drive change from the bottom up, we engage directly with workers to teach them new skills and raise awareness of
their rights. And we train managers on their responsibilities under the Supplier Code of Conduct and beyond quoted in -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Apple believes that finding and correcting ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Their assessments showed
that Apple-mandated training had increased workers knowledge and awareness of their rights(Apple, 2012)In their website

they put a claim to continue improving their supplier training programs by working with these organizations.
In addition to training the workers, they also train supervisors and managers on their responsibilities to those workers. For
example, they require management from suppliers in Malaysia and Singapore to attend a two-day workshop that covers their
Prevention of Involuntary Labor standard along with best practices for labor agency monitoring, direct hire processes, and
onsite management of foreign workers (Apple, 2012)
Apple has also expanded professional ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------often than other employees
(Apple, 2012). Their entire final supplier has onsite e-learning centers like this one in Shanghai.
Apple audits their training session to follow up and measure their performance. For example, in 2011 they conducted
training sessions on preventing ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Apple claims that they will continue regular audits and go
deeper into their supply chain to ensure that there are no underage workers at any Apple supplier (Apple, 2012)
All the training and development programs and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The reason behind it is
that providing target competencies and prescribing training can weaken employee self-reliance, an attribute problematic in a
fast-changing environment. Employee ownership of development encourages employees to continuously learn in order to
develop the skills that will be required for new opportunities. For example, Apples sales team do not receive any specific
training on how to sell their ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This practice is certainly unconventional and uncommon in the retail environment.
An author, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------as it can be seen by seeing their training and development
programs and policies.

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