Functions Modelling Limits

Mathematics 100
Introduction to Calculus
Chapter 1 Functions, Limits, and Continuity

Reymart Salcedo Lagunero
Master of Science in Mathematics
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
College of Science, University of the Philippines
Gov. Pack Road, Baguio City 2600 Philippines
rslagunero@up.edu.ph
04 August 2016
R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)
Math 100 Introduction to Calculus
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Functions, Limits and Continuity
Functions and Their Graphs
Definition
A function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in which no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first number. The set of all admissible
values of x is called the domain of the function, and the set of all
resulting function values of y is called the range of the function.
Remark
A function can be thought of as a correspondence from a set X of real
numbers x to a set Y of real numbers y, where the number y is unique for
a specific value of x.
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Definition
A function is a set of ordered pairs of numbers (x, y) in which no two
distinct ordered pairs have the same first number. The set of all admissible
values of x is called the domain of the function, and the set of all
resulting function values of y is called the range of the function.
Remark
A function can be thought of as a correspondence from a set X of real
numbers x to a set Y of real numbers y, where the number y is unique for
a specific value of x.
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Graph of a Function
If f is a function, then the graph of f is the set of all points (x, y) in the
plane R2 for which (x, y) is an ordered pair in f .
Vertical Line Test
A vertical line intersects the graph of a function in at most one point.
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The Graph of the Function y = f (x) = x2
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The Graph of the Function y = f (x) =
x2
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The Graph of the Function y = f (x) =
x2 9
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The Graph of x2 + y 2 = 25
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x 1 if x < 3
5
if x = 3
y=
2x + 1 x > 3
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The Graph of the Function f (x) = |x2 1|
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The Graph of the Function f (x) = [|x|]
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Operations on Functions
Definition
Let f and g be two functions. Then
(i) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)
(ii) (f g)(x) = f (x) g(x)
f (x)
, provided g(x) 6= 0.
(iii) (f /g)(x) =
g(x)
In each case, the domain of the resulting function consists of those values
of x common to the domains of f and g, with the additional requirement
in case (iii) that the values of x for which g(x) = 0 are excluded.
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Function Composition
Let f and g be two functions. Then the composite function f g is
defined as
(f g)(x) = f (g(x))
and the domain of f g is the set of all numbers x in the domain of g
such that g(x) is in the domain of f .
Odd or Even Function
Let f (x) be a function. Then
f (x) is even iff. f (x) = f (x) x dom f .
f (x) is odd iff. f (x) = f (x) x dom f .
In both parts, it is understood that x is in the domain of f whenever x is.
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Quiz
Define f (x) = x2 ||x|| piecewise and sketch the graph of f .
If f (x) = x2 , find two functions g for which

(f g)(x) = 4x2 12x + 9.
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Functions as Mathematical Models
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Definitions
A variable y is said to be directly proportional to a variable x if y = kx
where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of proportionality.
More generally, a variable y is said to be directly proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = kxn .
A variable y is said to be inversely proportional to a variable x if y = xk
More generally, a variable y is said to be inversely proportional to the
nth power of x (n > 0) if y = xkn .
A variable z is said to be jointly proportional to the variables x and y if
y = kxy where k is a nonzero constant, called the constant of
proportionality. More generally, a variable z is said to be jointly
proportional to the nth power of x and mth power of y (n, m > 0) if
y = kxn y m .
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Definitions
y = kxn y m .
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Definitions
y = kxn y m .
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Example
The period (the time for one complete oscillation) of a pendulum is

directly proportional to the square root of the length of the pendulum, and
a pendulum of length 8 ft has a period of 2 sec. (A) Find a mathematical
model expressing the period of a pendulum as a function of its length. (B)
Find the period of a pendulum of length 2 ft.
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Example
The cost of a telephone call from Mendocino to San Francisco during

business hours in 40 cents for the first minute and 30 cents for each
additional minute or fractional part thereof. (A) Find a mathematical
model expressing the cost of a telephone call, lasting not more than 5
minutes, as a function of the duration of the call. (B) Sketch the graph of
your function in A. (C) Determine the cost of a conversation lasting 0.5
min, 2 min, 2.5 min and 5 min.
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Example
The consumer demand for a particular toy in a certain marketplace is a

function f of p, the number of dollars in its price, which in turn is a
function g of t, the number of months since the toy reached the
marketplace. If
f (p) =
5000
p2
and
g(t) =
1 2
7
t + t+5
20
20
do the following: (A) Find a mathematical model expressing the consumer

demand as a function of the number of months since the toy reached the
marketplace. (B) Find the consumer demand 5 months after the toy
reached the marketplace.
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Example
Suppose a spherical snowball with a radius of 2 ft started to melt so that

its radius is changing at a constant rate of 4.5 inches per minute. If f (t)
feet is the radius of the snowball after t minutes, do the following: (A)
Compute (V f )(t) where V (r) is the volume of the snowball with radius
r and interpret your result. (B) Find the volume of the snowball after 3
minutes.
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Example
A rectangular garden is to be fenced off with 100 ft of fencing material.

(A) Find a mathematical model expressing the area of the garden as a
function of its length. (B) What is the domain of your function in A? (C)
What are the dimensions of the largest rectangular garden that can be
fenced off with the 100 ft of material?
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Example
Fort Bragg in Northern California is a small town of population 5000.

Suppose the rate of growth of an epidemic (the rate of change of the
number of infected persons) in Fort Bragg is jointly proportional to the
number of people infected and the number of people not infected. When
100 people are infected, the epidemic is growing at the rate of 9 people
per day. (A) Find a mathematical model expressing the rate of growth of
the epidemic as a function of the number of people infected. (B) How fast
is the epidemic growing when 200 people are infected? (C) Determine
how many people are infected when the rate of growth of the epidemic is a
maximum.
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Graphical Introduction to Limits of Functions
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Consider the function

y = f (x) = x2 x + 2.
Let us observe what will happen to the function value f (x) as we let the
values of x approach 2.
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Definition of the Limit of a Function
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Definition
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. The limit of f (x) as
x approaches a is L, written as
lim f (x) = L
xa
if the following statement is true: Given any > 0, however small, there
exists a > 0 such that
if
0 < |x a|<
then
|f (x) L|<
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Example
Use the definition of a limit to prove that
lim (4x 5) = 3
x2
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f (x) = 4x 5
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Example
Let f be the the function defined by f (x) = x2 5. Given = 0.15,

determine a > 0 such that
if
0 < |x 1|< ,
then |f (x) (4)|<
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Example
A fence is to be built around a square flower garden. How close to 10 ft.

be the length of each side of the garden be in order for the total length of
fencing material to be between 39.96 ft. and 40.04 ft.?
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Example
A circular sign is to be constructed so that its circumference is within 0.1

ft of 6. How close to 3 ft. must the radius of the sign be?
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Limit Theorems
Limit Theorems
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Limit Theorems
LT 1: Limit of a Linear Function

If m and b are any constants, then
lim (mx + b) = ma + b
xa
Example
lim (3x + 5) = 3 2 + 5 = 11
x2
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Limit Theorems
LT 2: Limit of a Constant
If c is a constant, then for any real number a, we have
lim c = c.
xa
LT 3: Limit of the Identity Function

lim x = a.
xa
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Limit Theorems
LT 4: Limit of the Sum and Difference of Two Functions

If
lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M
xa
xa
then
lim [f (x) g(x)] = L M.
xa
LT 5: Limit of the Sum and Difference of n Functions

If
lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 , . . . , and lim fn (x) = Ln
xa
xa
xa
then
lim [f1 (x) f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln
xa
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Limit Theorems
LT 6: Limit of the Product of Two Functions

If lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M ,then lim [f (x) g(x)] = L M
xa
xa
xa
LT 7: Limit of the product of n Functions

If
lim f1 (x) = L1 , lim f2 (x) = L2 , . . . , and lim fn (x) = Ln
xa
xa
xa
then
lim [f1 (x)f2 (x) . . . fn (x)] = L1 L2 . . . Ln
xa
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Limit Theorems
LT 8: Limit of the nth Power of a Function

If
lim f (x) = L
xa
and n is any positive integer, then

lim [f (x)]n = Ln
xa
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Limit Theorems
LT 9: Limit of the Quotient of Two Functions

If lim f (x) = L and lim g(x) = M 6= 0, then lim
xa
xa
xa
L
f (x)
=
g(x)
M
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Limit Theorems
LT 10: Limit of the nth Root of a Function

If n is a positive integer and
lim f (x) = L,
xa
then
lim
xa
n
n
f (x) = L
with the restriction that if n is even, L > 0.
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Limit Theorems
Theorem
If a is any real number except zero, then
lim
xa
1
1
=
x
a
Theorem
If a > 0 and n is a positive integer, ot if a 0 and n is an odd positive
integer, then
lim n x = n a
xa
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Limit Theorems
Theorem
lim f (x) = L lim [f (x) L] = 0
xa
xa
Theorem
lim f (x) = L lim f (t + a) = L
xa
t0
Theorem
If
lim f (x) = L1 and lim f (x) = L2
xa
xa
then
L1 = L2
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Definitions
Definition
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval (a, c).
Then the limit of f (x), as x approaches a from the right, is L, written
lim f (x) = L
xa+
if for any > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that
0 < x a < = |f (x) L|<
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Definitions
Definition
Let f be a function defined at every number in some open interval (a, c).
Then the limit of f (x), as x approaches a from the left, is L, written
lim f (x) = L
xa
if for any > 0, however small, there exists a > 0 such that
0 < a x < = |f (x) L|<
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Theorems
Theorem
lim f (x) exists and is equal to L if and only if lim f (x) and lim f (x)
xa
xa
xa+
both exist and both are equal to L.
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Infinite Limits
Definition
Let f be a function defined at a every number in some open interval I
containing a, except possibly at the number a itself. As x approaches a,
f (x) increases without bound, which is written
lim f (x) = +
xa
(or
lim f (x) = )
xa
if for any number N > 0 there exists a > 0 such that

if
0 < |x a|<
then
f (x) > N
(or
f (x) < N )
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Limit Theorems
Limit Theorem 11
If r is a positive integer, then
lim
x0+
1
lim r =
x0 x
1
= +
xr
if r is odd
+ if r is even
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Limit Theorems
Limit Theorem 12
If a is any real number and if lim f (x) = 0 and lim g(x) = c where c is
xa
xa
any constant not equal to 0, then
(i) if c > 0 and if f (x) 0 through positive values of f (x), then
g(x)
= +
xa f (x)
lim
(ii) if c > 0 and if f (x) 0 through negative values of f (x), then

g(x)
=
xa f (x)
lim
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Limit Theorems
continuation...
(iii) if c < 0 and if f (x) 0 through positive values of f (x), then

g(x)
=
xa f (x)
lim
(iv) if c < 0 and if f (x) 0 through negative values of f (x), then

lim
xa
g(x)
= +
f (x)
The theorem is also valid if x a is replaced by x a .
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Limit Theorems
Theorem
(i) If lim f (x) = + and lim g(x) = c where c is any constant, then
xa
xa
lim [f (x) + g(x)] = +
xa
(ii) If lim f (x) = and lim g(x) = c where c is any constant, then
xa
xa
lim [f (x) + g(x)] =
xa
The theorem holds if x a is replaced by x a .
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Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f (x) = + and lim g(x) = c where c is a constant except 0, then
xa
xa
(i) if c > 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) = +
xa
(ii) if c < 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) =
xa
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Limit Theorems
Theorem
If lim f (x) = and lim g(x) = c where c is a constant except 0, then
xa
xa
(i) if c > 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) =
xa
(ii) if c < 0, then

lim g(x) f (x) = +
xa
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Limit Theorems
Vertical Asymptotes
The line x=a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of the function f if at
least one of the following statements is true:
(i) lim f (x) = +
xa
(ii) lim f (x) =

xa
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Limit Theorems
Example
If C(t) dollars is the total cost per hour of lighting a factory with n
fluorescent bulbs, each having an average life of t hours,

r
epk
C(t) = n
+
t
1000
where r dollars is the renewal cost, e is the commercial efficiency constant,
p watts is the power output of each bulb, and k dollars is the cost per
hour of energy per 1000 watts. Find lim C(t).
t0+
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Limit Theorems
Example 1
According to Einsteins Special Theory of Relativity, no particle with
positive mass can travel faster than the speed of light. The theory
specifies that if m(v) is the measure of the mass of a particle moving with
a velocity of measure v, then
m0
m(v) = r
v 2
1
c
where m0 is the constant measure of the particles rest mass relative to
some reference frame, and c is the constant measure of the speed of light.
Find lim m(v) and explain why m0 is called the rest mass and and
v0
explain why none of the following limits exists: lim m(v), lim m(v),
vc
vc+
lim m(v). In your explanation, indicate the behavior of m(v) as v

vc
approaches c through values less than c.
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Limit Theorems
To escape Earths gravitational field, a rocket must be launched with an

initial velocity called the escape velocity. A rocket launched from the
surface of Earth has velocity (in miles per second) given by
r
r
2GM
2GM
192, 000
2
+ v0
+ v02 48
v=
r
R
r
where v0 is the initial velocity, r is the distance from the rocket to the
center of Earth, G is the gravitational constant, M is the mass of Earth,
and R is the radius of Earth (approximately 4000 miles).
Find the value of v0 for which you obtain an infinite limit for r as v
approaches zero. This value of v0 is the escape velocity for Earth.
A rocket launched from the surface of the moon has velocity (in miles
per second) given by
r
1920
v=
+ v02 2.17.
r
Find the escape velocity for the moon.
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Continuity of a Function at a Number
Definition
The function f is said to be continuous at the number a if and only if the
following conditions are satisfied
(1) f (a) exists
(2) lim f (x) exists
xa
(3) lim f (x) = f (a)

xa
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Theorem
If f and g are two functions continuous at a, then the following are also
continuous at a
(1) (f g)(x)
(2) (f g)(x)
(3) (f /g)(x), g(a) 6= 0.
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Theorem
A polynomial function is continuous at every number.
Theorem
A rational function is continuous at every number in its domain.
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Theorem
A polynomial function is continuous at every number.
Theorem
A rational function is continuous at every number in its domain.
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Theorem
If n is a positive integer and f (x) = n x, then

(1) if n is odd, f is continuous at every number
(2) if n is even, f is continuous at every positive number.
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Definition: Continuity
The function f is continuous at the number a if f is defined on some open

interval containing a and if for any > 0 there exists a > 0 such that
if
|x a|<
then
|f (x) f (a)|<
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Example
Find the values of the constants c and k that make the function
continuous at every number and sketch the graph of the resulting function.
x < 2
x + 2c,
f (x) = 3cx + k,
2 x 2
3x 2k,
x>1
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Continuity of a Composite Function and Continuity on an Interval
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Theorem
If lim g(x) = b and if the function f is continuous at b, then
xa
lim (f g)(x) = f (b); or equivalently, lim f (g(x)) = f ( lim g(x)).
xa
xa
xa
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Theorem
If the function g is continuous at a and the function f is continuous at
g(a), then the composite function f g is continuous at a.
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Definition
The function is said to be continuous on an open interval if and only if
it is continuous at every number in the open interval.
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Definition
The function f is said to be continuous from the right at the number a
if and only if the following three conditions are satisfied
(1) f (a) exists
xa+
(3) lim f (x) = f (a)

xa+
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Definition
The function f is said to be continuous from the left at the number a if
and only if the following conditions are satisfied
(1) f (a) exists
xa
(3) lim f (x) = f (a)

xa
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Definition
A function whose domain includes the closed interval [a, b] is said to be
continuous on [a, b] if and only if it is continuous on the open interval
(a, b), as well as continuous from the right at a and continuous from the
left at b.
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Definition
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the right
[a, b) is said to be continuous on [a, b) if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the right at a.
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the left
(a, b] is said to be continuous on (a, b] if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the left at b.
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Definition
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the right
[a, b) is said to be continuous on [a, b) if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the right at a.
A function whose domain includes the interval half-open on the left
(a, b] is said to be continuous on (a, b] if and only if it is continuous
on the open interval (a, b), as well as continuous from the left at b.
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Example
Determine the largest interval (or union of intervals) on which the

following is continuous:
16 x2
f (x) =
x2
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Intermediate-Value Theorem
If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and if
f (a) 6= f (b), then for any number k between f (a) and f (b) there exists a
number c between a and b such that f (c) = k.
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Determine if the Intermediate Value Theorem holds for the function

p
f (x) = 100 x2
on the interval [0, 8] with k = 8.
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Intermediate-Zero Theorem
If the function f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b], and if f (a) and
f (b) have opposite signs, then there exists a number c between a and b
such that f (c) = 0, that is, c is a zero of f.
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Example
Apply the Intermediate Zero Theorem to show that the function

f (x) = x3 6x + 3
has three zeros in the interval [5, 5].
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Continuity of the Trigo Functions and the Squeeze Theorem
Continuity of the Trigonometric Functions and the Squeeze Theorem
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The Squeeze Theorem

Suppose that the function f, g and h are defined on some open interval I
containing a except possibly at a itself, and that f (x) g(x) h(x) for
all x I for which x 6= a. Also, suppose that lim f (x) and lim h(x) both
xa
xa
exists and are equal to L. Then lim g(x) exists and is equal to L.
xa
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Examples
Use the Squeeze Theorem to find the limit of the following:

1
1
lim x cos
x0
x
1
2
lim x2 sin
3
x0
x
3
lim g(x), if |g(x) 3|< 5(x + 2)2 for all x.
x2
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Theorem
lim
x0
sin x
=1
x
lim
x0
1 cos x
=0
x
Theorem
The sine function is continuous at 0. The cosine function is continuous at
0. The sine and cosine function is continuous at every real number. The
tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are continuous on their
domains.
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Theorem
lim
x0
sin x
=1
x
lim
x0
1 cos x
=0
x
Theorem
The sine function is continuous at 0. The cosine function is continuous at
0. The sine and cosine function is continuous at every real number. The
tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions are continuous on their
domains.
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End
Chapter 1 Functions, Limits, and Continuity

Reymart Salcedo Lagunero
Master of Science in Mathematics
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
College of Science, University of the Philippines
Gov. Pack Road, Baguio City 2600 Philippines
rslagunero@up.edu.ph
04 August 2016
Thank you for listening!
04 August 2016
82 / 82

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Functions Modelling Limits

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Mathematics 100

Chapter 1 Functions, Limits, and Continuity

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

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Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function y = f (x) = x2

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

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Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function y = f (x) =

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function y = f (x) =

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions and Their Graphs

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Functions and Their Graphs

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R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

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Functions and Their Graphs

The Graph of the Function f (x) = [|x|]

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

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Functions, Limits and Continuity

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Define f (x) = x2 ||x|| piecewise and sketch the graph of f .

If f (x) = x2 , find two functions g for which

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus

Functions, Limits and Continuity

Functions as Mathematical Models

Functions as Mathematical Models

R. S. Lagunero (Unibersidad ng Pilipinas)

Math 100 Introduction to Calculus