SUPER SHORT TAKE OFF AND LANDING (STOL) AIRCRAFT

In general terms, a STOL is an aircraft with short runway requirements for takeoff and
landing. Many STOL desingned aircraft also feature various arrangements for use on
runways with harsh conditions such as high altitude or ice, (like the aircrafts that currently
operate in the remote and unpopulated areas of Alaska).
Some accepted definitions of STOL include:

"STOL (Short Take Off and Landing). STOL performance of an aircraft is the
ability of aircraft to take off and clear a 50-foot obstruction in a distance of 1,500
feet from beginning the takeoff run. It must also be able to stop within 1,500 feet
after crossing a 50-foot obstacle on landing." (Aviation Supplies & Academics,
1997)
"A STOL aircraft is an aircraft with a certified performance capability to execute
approaches along a glideslope of 6 degrees or steeper and to execute missed
approaches at a climb gradient sufficient to clear a 15:1 missed approach surface at
sea level... A STOL runway is one which is specifically designated and marked for
STOL aircraft operations, and designed and maintained to specified standards."
(Federal Aviation Administration )
"Heavier-than-air craft that cannot take off and land vertically, but can operate
within areas substantially more confined than those normally required by aircraft of
the same size. Derived from short takeoff and landing aircraft." (The McGraw-Hill
companies, Inc. , 2003)
"short takeoff and landing aircraft (STOL), heavier-than-air craft, capable of rising
from and descending to the ground with only a short length of runway, but
incapable of doing so vertically. The precise definition of an STOL aircraft has not
been universally agreed upon. However, it has been tentatively defined as an aircraft
that upon taking off needs only 1,000 ft (305 m) of runway to clear a 50-ft (15-m)
obstacle at the end of that distance and upon landing can clear the same obstacle and
then land within 1,000 ft." (The Columbia University Press, 1935)

DESCRIPTION OF THE AIRCRAFT CHARACTERISTICS

Aircraft capability
This super STOL aircraft shall have a maximum passenger capacity of two passengers accounting
the pilot and the passenger. The passenger with baggage weighs 225 lb (102 kg mass).

For this study the aircraft payload/range is focused on a single metropolitan area; the aircraft is
going to be able to perform STOL operations without a maximum effort delivered by the engine.

Mission range
The vehicle will have a ground roll of less than 125 ft at its current weight for take-off and landing
to be allowed to utilize the minimum of rolling road.

Aircraft design
The primary factors to consider in aircraft structures are strength, weight, and reliability. These
factors determine the requirements to be met by any material used to construct or repair the aircraft.
Airframes must be strong and light in weight.
An aircraft built so heavy that it couldn't support more than a few hundred pounds of additional
weight would be useless. All materials used to construct an aircraft must be reliable. Reliability
minimizes the possibility of dangerous and unexpected failures.
Many forces and structural stresses act on an aircraft when it is flying and when it is static. When it
is static, the force of gravity produces weight, which is supported by the landing gear. The landing
gear absorbs the forces imposed on the aircraft by takeoffs and landings. During flight, any
maneuver that causes acceleration or deceleration increases the forces and stresses on the wings and
fuselage. Stresses on the wings, fuselage, and landing gear of aircraft are tension, compression,
shear, bending, and torsion. (Ross A. Peterson, 1943)

Figure 1. Five stresses acting on an aircraft.

These stresses are absorbed by each component of the wing structure and transmitted to the fuselage
structure. The empennage (tail section) absorbs the same stresses and transmits them to the
fuselage. These stresses are known as loads, and the study of loads is called a stress analysis.
Stresses are always analyzed and considered when an aircraft is designed.

Cruise Speed and Altitude

The cruise speed of the super STOL aircraft is selected to meet at least the 110 mph of maximum
cruise speed. The stall speed is to be limited to a value of 35 mph by FAR 23. The maximum
altitude at which this aircraft is to going to be need it for operation is limited by the normal
operation of a piston engine that delivers a maximum power of no less than 80 HP.

Lifetime design
It is expected that the aircraft shall enter into service in 2020. It has a design lifetime of no less than
30 years.

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