ABSTRACT

Sustainability is a wide accepted concept in modern construction scenario. Even

though the construction industry is revolutionizing in a significant manner in terms of
both equipment and materials used, the cost of construction has skyrocketed along
with the deteriorative impact on environment. This resulted in the adoption of a more
balanced approach with the environment as its nerve centre to create a better world to
live in. This has led to the adoption of a natural fiber like Coconut for the strength
enhancement in concrete.
Coconut fiber is available in abundance at the test site, which makes it quite viable as
a reinforcement material in concrete. Further, it acts as a new source of income for the
coconut producer who gets the benefits of the new demand generated by the
construction industry. In addition to this, it is an effective method for the disposal of
coir mattress waste which will

reduce the demand for additional waste disposal

infrastructure and decrease the load on existing landfills and incinerators. The
problem of high rate of water absorption of the fiber could be reduced by coating the
fibers with oil. Moreover the fibers being natural in origin are ecologically
sustainable and can bring down the global carbon footprint quite effectively.
This study aimed at analyzing the variation in strength of coconut fiber (oil coated
raw and oil coated processed fibers) reinforced concrete at varying fiber contents and
to compare it with that of conventional concrete. The various strength aspects
analyzed are the flexural, compressive and tensile strength of the coconut fiber
reinforced concrete at varying percentages (1%,2%,3% by the weight of cement) of
fiber. The influence of shape of fiber on strength is also studied by testing on coconut
fiber mesh of predetermined dimensions. The optimal percentage of both the
processed fiber strands and raw fiber meshes were found out by trial and error and the
optimum percentage of superplasticizer needed for the required workability was also
determined.
Keywords : Compressive strength, Split Tensile strength, CFRC, steel reinforcement,
coconut coir.
ii

CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

PAGE NO
i

ABSTRACT

ii

LIST OF TABEL
LIST OF FIGIRES
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
1.2 NEED FOR STUDY
1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
1.4 METHODOLOGY
1.5 ORGANISATION OF REPORT
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW
2.2 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
2.3 COCONUT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE
3. MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1 STUDY ON MATERIAL USED
3.1.1 OVERVIEW
3.1.2 CEMENT
3.1.3 FINE AGGREGATE
3.1.4 CORSE AGGREGATE
3.1.5 WATER
3.1.6 COCONUT FIBER
3.1.7 RAW FIBER
3.1.8 PROCESSED FIBERS
3.1.9 TEST ON MATERIALS
3.1.10 SUMMARY OF MATERIALS PROPERTIES

1
1
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
7
7
7
9
9
10
10
10
11
15

3.2 METHODOLOGY
3.2.1 GENERAL
3.2.2 COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
3.2.3 MATERIALS TESTS
3.2.4 TEST ON CEMENT
3.2.5 TEST ON COARSE AGGREGATE
3.2.6 TEST ON FINE AGGREGATE
3.2.7 MIX DESIGN
3.2.8 MIXING OF CONCRETE
3.2.9 CASTING AND CURING
3.2.10 CASTING PROCESSECED FOR FIBER RIENFORCED

17
17
18
18
20
21
23
23
23

CONCRETE
3.2.11 TESTING ON SPECIMEN
3.3 CASTING AND TESTING OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN
3.3.1 TEST ON FRESH CONCRETE

23
24
26
26
1
0

3.3.2
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.3.6
3.3.7
3.3.8

SLUMP TEST
TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTHTEST
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
MIX DESIGN
CASTING PROCEDURE

26
26
26
27
28
28
34

4. RESULTS AND DISSCUSION

4.1 SLUMP TEST
4.2 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
4.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

38
38
44

5. CONCLUSION

48

6. REFERENCE

51

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 3.1: Robot sand

Figure 3.2: Coarse Aggregate

Figure 3.3: Raw coconut fiber obtained from mattress waste

10

Figure 3.4: Apparatus for standard consistency

19

Figure 3.5: Apparatus for specific gravity

22

Figure 3.6: Sieve Shanker

22

Figure 3.7: Schematic representation of methodology

25

Figure 3.8: Slump test apparatus

26

Figure 3.9: Compression testing machine

27

Figure 3.10: Split tensile testing machine

28

Figure 3.11: Mixing of concrete

34

Figure 3.12: Table vibrator

35

Figure 3.13: Finishing of moulds

36
1
1

Figure 3.14: Coconut fiber strands

36

Figure 3.15: Finishing of fiber reinforced concrete cubes

37

Figure 4.1: Finished fiber reinforced concrete cubes

40

Figure 4.2: Graph showing variation of compressive strength and % of fiber

41

Figure 4.3: Graph showing variation of compressive strength and % of fiber

43

Figure 4.4: Graph showing variation of compressive strength and % of fiber

43

Figure 4.5: Specimen loaded onto the testing apparatus

44

Figure 4.6: Graph showing vation of split tensile strength and % of fiber

46

Figure 4.7: Graph showing variation of split tensile strength at varying

Percentages

of fiber(processed)

46

Figure 4.8: Cracking pattern of conventional concrete and coconut

reinforced concrete

fiber
47

LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1: properties of cement

16

Table 3.2: properties of fine aggregate

16

Table 3.3: properties of coarse aggregate

17

Table 3.4: approximate entrapped air content

31

Table 3.5: quantity of materials required for each mix

33

Table 4.1: slump test on trial mixes

38

Table 4.2: compressive strength of conventional concrete cubes

39

Table 4.3: compressive strength of processed CFRC cubes

40

Table 4.4: compressive strength of raw CFRC cubes

42

Table 4.5: Split tensile strength for processed plain concrete cylinders

45

Table 4.6: Split tensile strength for processed CFRC cylinders

45

1
2

1
3

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

FRC

Fiber Reinforced Concrete

CFRC Coconut fiber Reinforced Concrete

PCC

Plain Cement Concrete

1
4

Fiber reinforced concrete

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The construction industry is revolutionizing in two major ways. One way is the
development of construction techniques, such as using automated tools in
construction. The other is the advancement in high-performance construction
materials, such as the introduction of high strength concrete. Among these highperformance materials, fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is gradually gaining
acceptance from civil engineers. In recent years, research and development of fibers
and matrix materials and fabrication process related to construction industry have
grown rapidly. Their advantages over other construction materials are their high
tensile strength to weight ratio, ability to be moulded into various shapes and potential
resistance to environmental conditions, resulting in potentially low maintenance cost.
These properties make FRC composite a good alternative for innovative construction.
Their application in construction includes both upgrading existing structures and
building new ones, which can apply to various types of structure, for example
offshore platforms, buildings and bridges (Thou, 2005).
A major roadblock towards development of high performance concrete using steel
fibers is the high costs involved, availability and also problem of corrosion. Coconut
fiber being the most ductile among all natural fibers (Majid Ali et al.,2012) has the
potential to be used as a reinforcement material in concrete. It is biodegradable so the
impact on environment will be minimal. This is also a way to dispose off the fibers
which are derived as waste materials from coir based manufacturing units to produce
high strength materials .They are also non-abrasive in nature ,cheap and easily
available. Research work is being carried out to find the possibility of coconut-fiber
ropes as a vertical reinforcement in mortar-free interlocking structures. This is
believed to be a cost-effective solution to earthquake-resistant housing.
The aim of this study was to identify the improvement in strength characteristics of
concrete with the addition of oil coated coconut fiber. In the study, coconut fiber is
added to concrete and Plain Cement Concrete (PCC) is used as reference to study its
effect on flexural, compressive and tensile strength properties and also drying
shrinkage. Fiber is coated with oil so as to decrease the water absorption. Some of the
MREC (A)

Page 1

Fiber reinforced concrete

advantages being observed are low-cost, low density, reasonable specific strength,
good thermal insulation, reduced wear and ability to be recycled with minimal impact
on environment (Majid Ali et al.,2011). Thus in addition to the enhancement in the
physical properties of concrete, it turns out to be a sustainable waste management
technique

1.2 NEED FOR STUDY

Coconut fiber with a tensile strength of 21.5 MPa is the toughest among all natural
fibers (Munawar et al., 2003). They are capable of taking strains46 times higher than
other fibers (Munawar et al., 2003).Although it is a cheap and efficient a major
hindrance towards its wide scale use is the high rate of water absorption, which can
be reduced by coating it with oil.
The advantages of coconut fiber are :low cost, reasonable specific strength, low
density, ease of availability, enhanced energy recovery, biodegradability, ability to be
recycled in nature in a carbon neutral manner, resistance to fungi moth and rot,
excellent insulation to sound, flame, moisture and dampness, toughness, durability,
resilience.

1.3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of oil coated coir fiber on physical
properties of concrete
The objectives of this work are:
1. To find out variation in compressive, tensile strengths of CFRC using
processed c o c o n u t c o i r a n d s t e e l r e i n f o r c e m e n t at varying fiber
contents and to compare it with that of conventional concrete.
2. To determine the influence of shape of fibers on strength of concrete
The scope of this project is limited to rural residential constructions.

MREC (A)

Page 2

Fiber reinforced concrete

1.4 METHODOLOGY
Based on the previous research work, a comparison of strength properties of fiber
reinforced concrete is made with respect to conventional concrete and the influence of
shape of fibers on strength are also studied. Tests are conducted using processed
coconut fibers of length 5cm and raw fiber meshes of size 5cm x 5cm after coating
them with coconut oil at varying fiber contents of 1%, 2%, 3% .Material tests were
carried out initially to determine the suitability of materials to be used in concrete.
The mix was designed as per IS 10262 : 2009 at a suitable water content and design
mix was obtained. The mixing was carried out according to standard procedure given
in IS code with sufficient care to ensure that no bleeding occurred throughout the
entire process. Slump tests were carried out to ensure that the mix was workable. The
cubes were then cured for 7 and 28 days and were properly dried in sunlight before
testing.

1.5 ORGANISATION OF REPORT

The complete work is presented in six chapters as follows:
In Chapter 2, review of literature related to natural fibers, Coconut fiber
reinforced concrete and influence of length of fibers on strength are discussed
In Chapter 3, a detailed explanation of the methodology used for this research
In Chapter 4 gives an overview of various materials used in the test and the
material tests associated with them to determine its suitability in this research
In Chapter 5, interpretation of results, is a detailed outlay of different strength tests
on specimens along with its justification.
In Chapter 6 summarizes the study, presents the salient conclusions from
study.and its limitations, and discuss scope for future

MREC (A)

Page 3

the

Fiber reinforced concrete

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 OVERVIEW
This chapter deals with various research works done on fiber reinforced concrete
including CFRC. The properties of various fibers were studied and the advantages of
coconut fiber over other fibers were highlighted to justify its selection in this research
work.

2.2 FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

Among the high-performance materials, fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is gradually
gaining acceptance from civil engineers. In recent years, research and development of
fibers and matrix materials and fabrication process related to construction industry
have grown rapidly. Their advantages over other construction materials are their high
tensile strength to weight ratio, ability to be moulded into various shapes and potential
resistance to environmental conditions, resulting in potentially low maintenance cost.
These properties make FRC composite a good alternative for innovative construction.
Their application in construction includes both upgrading existing structures and
building new ones, which can apply to various types of structure, for example
offshore platforms, buildings and bridges (Thou, 2005)

2.3 COCONUT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE

(Bhatia, 2001) studied the usefulness of fiber reinforced concrete in various civil
engineering applications. Fibers include steel fiber, natural fibers and synthetic fiberseach of which lends varying properties to the concrete. The study revealed that the
fibrous material increases the structural integrity. These studies made us adopt natural
fibers which are abundantly available and cheap.
(Chouw et al., 2012) studied the viability of using coconut-fiber ropes as vertical
reinforcement in mortar-free low cost housing in earth quake prone regions. The rope
anchorage is achieved by embedding it in the foundation and top tie-beams. The bond
between the rope and the concrete plays an important role in the stability of the
structure and the rope tensile strength is also found to be fairly high. The rope tension
generated due to earthquake loading should be less than both the pull out force and
MREC (A)

Page 4

Fiber reinforced concrete

the rope tensile load to avoid the structure collapse. The study concluded that the pull
out energy increases with an increase in embedment length, rope diameter, cement
and fiber content in the matrix.
(Li et al., 2007) studied fiber volume fraction by surface treatment with a wetting
agent for coir mesh reinforced mortar using non-woven coir mesh matting. They
performed a four-point bending test and concluded that cementitious composites,
reinforced by three layers of coir mesh with a low fiber content of 1.8%, resulted in
40% improvement in flexural strength compared to conventional concrete. The
composites were found to be 25 times stronger in flexural toughness and about 20
times higher in flexural ductility. To the best knowledge of authors the only research
work on static CFRC properties is the test done on concrete reinforced with coir fiber
of length 4 cm. With regard to dynamic properties of CFRC, no study has been
reported yet. Dynamic tests had been performed only for concrete reinforced by other
fibers, e.g. polyolefin fibers or rubber scrap. To reveal the consequence of fiber length
for CFRC properties, thorough investigations involving more fiber lengths and other
parameters are required in order to arrive at reliable conclusions. The knowledge of
static and dynamic properties of CFRC is essential to understand the potential of such
concrete in cheap housing in earth quake prone regions. But the scope of which
requires stringent investigations CFRC blocks are used as pavement materials in
parking areas to avoid shrinkage crack. The high crack resistance offered by coconut
fiber made us adopt coconut fiber reinforced concrete.
(Reis, 2006) performed third-point loading tests on concrete reinforced with coconut,
sugarcane bagasse and banana fibers to investigate the flexural strength, fracture
toughness and fracture energy. The study revealed that fracture, toughness and energy
of coconut fiber reinforced concrete were the highest compared to other natural fibers
with an increase in flexural strength of up to 25%.The advantages of coconut fiber
over other natural fibers made us conclude to use coconut fiber as the reinforcement
material in our project.
(Asasutjarit et al., (2006) determined the physical (density, moisture content, water
absorption and thickness swelling), mechanical (modulus of elasticity, modulus of
rupture and internal bond) and thermal properties of coir-based light weight cement
board after 28 days of hydration. The physical and mechanical properties were
MREC (A)

Page 5

Fiber reinforced concrete

measured by Japanese Industrial Standard JIS A 5908-1994 and the thermal properties
using JIS R 2618. The parameters studied were fiber length, coir pre-treatment and
mixture ratio. 5 cm long boiled and washed fibers with the optimum cement: fiber:
water weight ratio of 2:1:2 gave the highest modulus of rupture and internal bond
amongst the tested specimens. The board also had a thermal conductivity lower than
other commercial flake board composite. These paper made us choose 5cm fiber
length after proper treatment of the fiber for the removal of the coir dust.
(Liu et al., 2011) studied the influence of 1%, 2%, 3% and 5% at fiber lengths of 2.5,
5 and 7.5 cm on properties of concrete. For a proper analysis the properties of plain
cement concrete was used as reference. It was seen that damping of CFRC beams
increases with the increase in fiber content. It was observed that CFRC with a fiber
length of 5 cm and fiber content of 5% produced the best results. In this study the
optimum percent of coconut fiber added was 5%,which made us to adopt addition of
4%,5% and 6% coconut fiber by weight of cement in our research work.
(Kelleret al., 2005) investigated the shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams
strengthened by the attachment of different configurations and quantities of carbon
fibers. The study revealed that the strengthening by using carbon fibers increased the
resistance to shear and also spalling of concrete.
The next chapter is methodology which gives a brief idea about the overall aspects of
this research.

MREC (A)

Page 6

Fiber reinforced concrete

3 .MATERIALS & METHODS

3.1 STUDY ON MATERIALS USED
3.1.1 OVERVIEW
Concrete is a freshly mixed material which can be moulded in to any shape. Concrete
is a site made material unlike other material of construction such as can vary to a
very great extent in its quality, properties and performance owing to the use of natural
material except cement. The properties of materials are important to make concrete
workable and durable.
The materials used in this study are:
Cement

OPC

Fine aggregate

R-sand

Coarse aggregate
sieve

Aggregates passing through 12mm&20m is

Coconut fiber

Washed fibers of length 5cm

Water

Potable water

3.1.2 CEMENT
IS 1489 1991 Part I defines either by grinding together Portland cement clinker
and pozzolana with addition of gypsum or calcium sulphate, or by intimately and
uniformly blending Portland cement and fine pozzolana. The pozzolanic materials
generally used for manufacture of PPC are clcined clay or fly ash. Portlandpozzolana cement produces less heat of hydration and offers greater resistance to the
attack of aggressive waters than normal Portland cement. Moreover, it reduces the
leaching of calcium hydroxide liberated during the setting and hydration of cement.

3.1.3 FINE AGGREGATE

Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economy. They occupy about 70-80 percent of the
volume of the concrete. Aggregates shall consist of naturally occurring (crushed or
MREC (A)

Page 7

Fiber reinforced concrete

uncrushed) stones, gravel and sand or combination thereof. They shall be hard, strong,
durable, clear and free from veins and adherent coating; and free from injurious
amounts of disintegrated pieces, alkali, vegetable matter and other deleterious
substances. As far as possible, flaky and elongated pieces should be avoided.
Aggregates can be mainly classified into fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.
IS 383- 1970 defines fine aggregates as Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS
sieve and contains only so much coarser material as permitted. It may be:
i.

Natural sand: Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock
and which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.

ii.

Crushed stone sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.

iii.

Crushed gravel sand: line aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.

In this research work we use Crushed stone sand or R sandFigure4.1

Figure 3.1 : R sand

There are four grading zones for fine aggregates such as grading zone I, II, III, and
IV. It is recommended that fine aggregate conforming to Grading Zone IV should not
be used in reinforced concrete unless tests have been made to ascertain the suitability.

MREC (A)

Page 8

Fiber reinforced concrete

3.1.4 COARSE AGGREGATE
IS 383-1970 defines coarse aggregates as Aggregates most of which is retained on
4.75 mm IS Sieve and containing only so much finer material as is permitted for the
various types described in this standard Figure4.2
Coarse aggregates may be described as:
1. Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock,
2. Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone,
and
3. Partially crushed gravel or stone when it is a product of the blending of
uncrushed gravel stone and crushed gravel or stone.

Figure 3.2: Coarse aggregate

3.1.5 WATER
According to IS 456 : 2000, water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free
from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other
substances that may be deleterious to concrete or steel. Potable water is generally
considered satisfactory for mixing concrete. The pH value of water shall be not less
than 6

MREC (A)

Page 9

Fiber reinforced concrete

3.1.6 COCONUT FIBER
Coconut fiber both raw and processed is used in this research.

3.1.7 RAW FIBER

It is the waste material obtained from mattress manufacturing and possess high degree
of tensile strength of 21.5 MPa Figure 4.3. They are properly washed before use. This
will remove dust and other residual particles left on the fiber so as to augment the
surface of contact between the fiber and mix resulting in better binding between the
reinforcement and concrete and ultimately higher strength. The fibers are then cut into
square meshes of size 5cm x 5cm.

Figure 3.3: Raw coconut fiber obtained from mattress waste

3.1.8

PROCESSED FIBERS

They are properly washed and drawn into strands before use. Treatment of fibers
removes dust and other residual particles left on the fiber so as to augment the surface
of contact between the fiber and mix resulting in better binding between the
reinforcement and concrete and ultimately higher strength. The fiber is washed in tap
water for 30 minutes so as to loosen the fibers and to remove the coir dust. Fibers are
then washed and soaked again for 30 minutes. This process is to be repeated three
times The softened fibers are straightened manually and combed with a steel comb.
MREC (A)

Page 10

Fiber reinforced concrete

Figure 4.4.To accelerate the drying process, the wet long fibers will be then put in
oven at 30C for 1012 in which most of the moisture will be removed. The fibers are
then completely dried in the open air, combed again and finally cut into the required
length of 5cm and soaked in oil for 15-20 min and dried in sun for 24 hours.

3.1.9 TESTS ON MATERIALS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

TESTS ON CEMENT
The various tests done on cement are :
1. Standard Consistency
2. Initial Setting Time
3. Final Setting Time
4. Fineness of Cement
5. Density of Cement
6. Soundness of Cement
Standard Consistency
The experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part IV and the obtained value of standard
consistency is 34 %.
Initial Setting Time
Experiment was done as per IS -269:1989, clause 6.3 and the obtained value of initial
setting time is 70 min. According to IS code initial setting time of cement shall not be
less than 30 minutes.
Final setting time
Experiment was done as per IS -269:1989, clause 6.3 and the obtained value of final
setting time is 300 min. According to IS code initial setting time of cement should not
exceed 10 hours.
Fineness of Cement

MREC (A)

Page 11

Fiber reinforced concrete

Experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part I-1996 and the obtained value of fineness of
cement is 7%.According to IS code the weight of residue should not exceed 10% for
ordinary cement.
Density of Cement
Experiment was done in Le Chateliers flask and the obtained value of density of
cement is 3.09 g/ml. According to IS 4031-Part II-1988 density of cement is around
3.15 g/ml.

Soundness of Cement
Experiment was done by Le Chatelier method and the obtained value of soundness of
cement is 1mm.According to IS 269:1989-Clause 6.2, the expansion of cement must
not exceed 10 mm for ordinary rapid hardening and low heating portland cement.

TESTS ON COARSE AGGREGATE

The various tests done on aggregate are:
1. Bulk density of coarse aggregates
2. Specific gravity of coarse aggregates
3. Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates
Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregates
The experiment was carried out as per IS code 2386 part-III-1963 and IS 383.
Diameter of the metal measure, d=25cm
Height of the metal measure, h=21.5cm
3

Volume of the metal measure, V= 10.55x10 cm

Weight of the empty metal measure, W =5.5kg

Weight of compacted aggregate + metal measure, W1=19.95 kg

Bulk density of compacted coarse aggregate = 1.37 kg/lit
Weight of loosely packed aggregate + metal measure, W2= 19.1kg
MREC (A)

Page 12

Fiber reinforced concrete

Bulk density of loosely packed aggregate = 1.29 kg/lit

INFERENCE
As per IS code 2386-part III -1963, the obtained value of bulk density of
aggregates lies within the range of 1.2-1.8kg/l.
Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
The experiment was carried out as per IS code 2386 part-III-1963 and IS 383.
Weight of saturated aggregate suspended in water with the wire
basket,A1=2800g
Weight of empty wire basket suspended in water,A2=1550g
Weight of saturated aggregate in water=A1-A2=2800-1550=1250g
Weight of saturated surface dry aggregate in air,B=1992g
Weight of oven dried aggregate in air,C=1985g
Specific gravity= 2.72
Apparent specific gravity=2.75
Water absorption = 0.04685

INFERENCE
As per IS code 2386-part III -1963, Average value of specific gravity
should lies between 2.6-2.8

TESTS ON FINE AGGREGATE

1. Bulk density of fine aggregate
2. Specific gravity of fine aggregate
3. Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
Bulk density of fine aggregate
MREC (A)

Page 13

Fiber reinforced concrete

The experiment was carried out as per IS code 2386 part-III-1963 and IS 383.
Diameter of the metal measure, d=25cm
Height of the metal measure, h=21.5cm
Weight of the empty metal measure, W =5.5 kg
Weight of compacted fine aggregate + metal measure, W1= 24.3kg
Bulk density of compacted coarse aggregate = 1.78 kg/lit
Weight of loosely packed aggregate + metal measure, W2= 23.5 kg
Bulk density of loosely packed aggregate = 1.74 kg/lit
3

Volume of the metal measure, V= 10.55x10 cm

MREC (A)

Page 14

INFERENCE
As per IS code 2386-part III -1963, the value of bulk density of aggregates lies within
the range of 1.2-1.8kg/l. The obtained value if bulk density is 1.78 kg/l which is
within this range and hence can provide sufficient rigidity to the concrete mix
Specific Gravity of fine aggregate
The experiment was carried out as per IS code 2386 part-III-1963 and IS 383.
Weight of empty pycnometer =636g
Weight of pycnometer + Msand A =1136g
Weight of pycnometer + aggregate+ water B =1718g
Weight of pycnometer + water C=1395g
Specific gravity=2.706

INFERENCE
As per IS code 2386-Part III -1963 the specific gravity of fine aggregate ranges from
2.65 to 2.68. The obtained value is 2.706 is within the range.

3.1.10 SUMMARY OF MATERIAL PROPERTIES

The physical property of cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and the
compressive strength test results of the concrete cube specimens are detailed below.

PROPERTIES OF CEMENT
Properties of Cement is shown in Table 4.4.

Table 3.1 : Properties of Cement

Properties

Value Obtained

Limits as per IS 4031

Initial Setting Time

70 minutes

>30

Soundness (expansion)

1mm

<10mm

Density

3.09 g/cc

3.15

Fineness

7%

<10%

INFERENCE
The values obtained for properties of cement are within the range specified by IS
code. So the given cement is suitable for construction.

PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATES

Sieve analysis of fine aggregate is done using standard set of IS sieves. The results of
tests conducted on Sample are tabulated in Table 4.5

Table 3.2 : Properties of Fine Aggregate

Properties

Value Obtained

Limits as per IS 2386

Specific Gravity

2.706

2.6-2.8

Bulk Density

1.78g/cc

1.2-1.8 g/cc

INFERENCE
The properties obtained for fine aggregates are within the range given by IS code. So
the fine aggregates are good for concreting.

PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES

The properties of coarse aggregate is shown in Table 4.6
Table 3.3 : Properties of Coarse Aggregate
Properties

Value Obtained

Limits as per IS 2386

Bulk Density

1.37g/cc

1.2 -1.8 g/cc

Specific Gravity

2.72

2.6-2.8

INFERENCE
The properties of coarse aggregates are within the range given by IS code. So the
aggregates are good for concreting.
The next chapter titled casting and testing deals with the casting, curing and tests on
concrete specimen.

3.2 METHODOLOGY
3.2.1 GENERAL
Based on the previous research work, a comparison of strength properties of fiber
reinforced concrete is made with respect to conventional concrete and the influence of
shape and length of fibers on strength are also studied. Tests are conducted using
processed coconut fibers of length 5cm and raw fiber meshes of size 5cm x 5cm after
coating with coconut oil at varying fiber contents of 1%, 2%, 3%. A similar quantity
of raw untreated fiber is also used to compare the influence of shape and length of
fibers.

3.2.2 COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS

The materials used in this study are:

Portland cement (OPC)

Bharathi cements

Sand

Robot sand

Coconut fiber

Processed

fiber

Collected

from

rope

shop.
Water

Collected from local fresh water sources

Coarse aggregate

Aggregates passing through 20mm IS sieve

3.2.3 MATERIAL TESTS

3.2.4 TESTS ON CEMENT
Cement is an important constituent in concrete. The process of manufacture of
cement consist of grinding the raw materials mixing them intimately in certain
0
0
proportions and burning them in kiln at a temperature 1300 C to 1500 C. To
determine the various properties of cement different tests are done. The tests done
are :
1. Standard Consistency
2. Initial Setting Time
3. Final Setting Time
4. Fineness of Cement
5. Density of Cement
6. Soundness of Cement

Standard Consistency
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will
permit the Vicat plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a point
5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould Figure 3.1. The experiment was done
as per IS 4031-Part IV.

Figure 3.4: Apparatus for Standard Consistency

Initial Setting Time
Initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the moment that the water
is added to the cement to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity. Experiment
was done as per IS -269:1989, clause 6.3.

Final setting time

Final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment that the water is added to
the cement and when the paste has completely lost its plasticity. Experiment was done
as per IS -269:1989, clause 6.3.
Fineness of Cement
Fineness is a measure of total surface area of cement. For finer cements surface area
will be more. Fineness influences the rate of hydration, rate of strength development,
shrinkage and rate of evolution of heat. Experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part I1996.

Soundness of Cement
The testing of soundness of cement is to ensure that the cement does not show any
applicable subsequent expansion. Unsoundness in cement is due to excess of lime,
magnesia or excessive proportion of sulphates. Experiment is done by Le Chatelier
method. And the value of soundness is 1mm.

3.2.5 Tests on Coarse Aggregate

Aggregates are important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economy. The aggregates occupy 70-80 percent of the
volume of concrete; their impact on various characteristics and properties of concrete
is considerable. To determine the various properties of aggregates different tests are
done.
1. Bulk density of coarse aggregates
2. Specific gravity of coarse aggregates
3. Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates
Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregates
The bulk density is the weight of material in a given volume and it is measured in
kilograms per litre. The bulk density of an aggregate is affected by several factors,
including the amount of moisture present and the amount of effort introduced in
filling the measure. Bulk density shows how densely the aggregate is packed, when
filled in a standard manner. It depends on the particle size distribution and shape of
the particle. The experiment was carried out as per the procedure in IS 383.

Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate

Specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of
the material. Stones having low specific gravity are weaker than those with higher
specific gravity values. It is determined using a wire basket apparatus Figure.3.3 The
experiment is carried out as per IS 383.

3.2.6 Tests on fine aggregate

1. Bulk density of fine aggregate
2. Specific gravity of fine aggregate
3. Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
Bulk density of fine aggregate
The bulk density is the weight of material in a given volume and it is measured in
kilograms per litre. The bulk density of an aggregate is affected by several factors,
including the amount of moisture present and the amount of effort introduced in
filling the measure. Bulk density shows how densely the aggregate is packed, when
filled in a standard manner. It depends on the particle size distribution and shape of
the particle. The experiment was carried out as per the procedure in IS 383
Specific Gravity of fine aggregate
Specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of
the material. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of the fine aggregate
to that of an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature and both the weights
being taken in air. It is done using a pycnonmeter Fig 3.5

Figure 3.5: Apparatus for specific gravity

Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
Particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate is done by sieve analysis using a
sieve shaker Fig 4.7. It is the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into various
fractions, each consisting of particles of same size. The standard sieves for sieve
analysis of fine aggregates are 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600, 300, 150.
Experiment was done as per IS 2386-Part I-1963,IS:383-1970 and the gradation curve
was plotted.

Figure 3.6: Sieve Shaker

3.2.7 MIX DESIGN

Mix design is defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of certain

minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. A Mix design was

conducted as per IS 10262-1982 to arrive at M 20 mix concrete.

3.2.8 MIXING OF CONCRETE

The coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were weighed and the concrete mixture was
prepared by hand mixing on a water tight platform. On the water tight platform
cement and fine aggregates are mixed thoroughly until a uniform colour is obtained,
to this mixture coarse aggregate was added and mixed thoroughly. Then water is
added carefully making sure no water is lost during mixing. While adding water care
should be taken to add it in stages so as to prevent bleeding which may affect the
strength formation of concrete rising of water required for hydration to the surface.
Clean and oiled mould for each category was then placed on the vibrating table
respectively and filled in three layers. Vibrations were stopped as soon as the cement
slurry appeared on the top surface of the mould

3.2.9 CASTING AND CURING

These specimens were allowed to remain in the steel mould for the first 24 hours at
ambient condition. After that these were demoulded with care so that no edges were
broken and were placed in the tank at the ambient temperature for curing. After
demoulding the specimen by loosening the screws of the steel mould, the cubes were
placed in the water for 7 days and 28 days.

3.2.10

CASTING OF
REINFORCED CONCRETE

RAW

AND

PROCESSED

COIR

FIBER

The calculated amount of cement and fine aggregate are mixed together until a
uniform mix is obtained. Fibers at varying amounts of 4%, 5% and 6% to that of
weight of cement are taken. Coir fiber strands are cut into a length of 5cm washed and
while the raw fibers are cut into square meshes of 5cm x 5 cm, coated with coconut
oil and dried in sunlight for 24 hours
It is then added to the mix until a uniform colour is obtained. Coarse aggregates are
then added to the same and mixed, followed by addition of water. Care should be
taken to add water slowly in stages so as to prevent bleeding which may affect the
strength formation of concrete. Admixture is added towards the end of mixing
procedure so as to avail sufficient time for mixing before the concrete hardens. It is
placed in the moulds of standard dimensions, compacted and finished

3.2.11 TESTING OF SPECIMEN

The remoulded specimens after being cured for sufficient time period are taken out
and dried in sunlight and tested under standard testing apparatus.

COLLECTION OF MATERIALS

TESTING OF MATERIALS

MIX DESIGN

MIXING AT SPECIFIED PROPORTION

MOULDING

REMOULDING AFTER 24 HOURS

CURING FOR 7 DAYS AND 28 DAYS

TESTING OF SPECIMEN

RESULT ANALYSIS & CONCLUSION

Figure 3.7: Schematic representation of methodology

The next chapter deals with the study of various materials used and the material tests

3.3

CASTING AND TESTING OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN

3.3.1 TESTS ON FRESH CONCRETE

SLUMP TEST
Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete.
It is used conveniently as a control test and gives an indication of the uniformity of
concrete. Additional information on workability and quality of concrete can be
obtained by observing the manner in which concrete slumps. The apparatus for
conducting the slump test essentially consists of a metallic mould in the form of
frustum of a cone having the internal dimensions of bottom diameter 20 cm, top
diameter 10 cm and a height of 30 cm as shown in Figure 5.1.

Figure 3.8: Slump Testing Apparatus

3.3.2 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
Compressive strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand axial loads
tending to reduce the size. It is measured using the Universal Testing machine.
Concrete can be made to have high compressive strength, e.g. many concrete
structures have compressive strengths in excess of 50 MPa. Here the compressive

strength of concrete cubes for the plain concrete and fiber reinforced concrete are
found out using Compression testing machine. Three cubes were cast for each
percentage of fibers and the average of the two compressive strength values was
taken. A Compression testing machine is shown in Figure 5.2.

Figure 3.9: Compression Testing Machine

3.3.3 SPLIT TENSILESTRENGTH TEST

Tensile strength is the capacity of a material or structure to withstand tension. It is
measured on concrete cylinders of standard dimensions using a Universal Testing
machine. Both conventional and fiber reinforced specimens were tested at varying
percentages of fiber and the average value was obtained

Figure 3.10: Split tensile Testing Machine

3.3.4 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

3.3.5 MIX DESIGN
Mix design is defined as the process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative proportions with the object of producing concrete of certain
minimum strength and durability as economically as possible. The mix design must
consider the environment that the concrete will be in exposure to sea water, trucks,
cars, forklifts, foot traffic or extremes of hot and cold. A Mix design was conducted as
per IS 10262-1982 to arrive at M 20 mix concrete.

STIPULATIONS FOR PROPORTIONING

Grade designation

M20

Type of cement

OPC

Max nominal size of aggregate

20mm & 12.5mm

Min cement content

300 kg/m

Max water cement ratio

0.55

Workability

100mm(slump)

Exposure condition

Mild(for reinforced concrete)

Degree of supervision

Good

Type of aggregate

Crushed angular aggregate

Max cement content

450 kg/m

TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS

Cement used

: OPC

Standard consistency of cement

: 34%

Initial setting time of cement

:70 min

Final setting time of cement

: 300 min

Specific gravity of cement

: 3.09 g/cc

Chemical admixture

: Superplasticizer conforming to IS 9103

Specific gravity of
1) Coarse aggregate

: 2.72

2) Fine agggregate

: 2.706

Water absorption of
1) Coarse aggregate

: 0.5%

2) Fine aggregate

: 1%

Free surface moisture of

a) Coarse aggregate

: Nil

b) Fine aggregate

: Nil

Bulk density of

a) Coarse aggregate

: 1.37 kg/l

b) Fine aggregate

: 1.78 kg/l

1) TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING

f ck = fck+ 1.65 s
where

f ck= target average compressive strength at 28 days

fck= characteristic compressive strength at 28 days = 20 N/mm

s = standard deviation = 4 N/mm (from Table 1, IS 10262 : 2009)

t = statistical value dependent on expected results
According to IS:456-2000 and IS 1343-1980, the characteristic strength is
defined as that value below which not more than 5 percent results are expected
to fall, in which case the above equation reduces to
Therefore, target strength = 20 + 1.65 * 4 = 26.6 N/mm

2) SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO

Various parameters like type of cement, aggregate, maximum size of aggregate,

surface texture of aggregate etc are influencing the strength of concrete, when
water cement ratio remain constant, hence it is desirable to establish a relation
between concrete strength and free water cement ratio with materials and
condition to be used actually at site.
From Table 5 of IS 456, maximum water cement ratio for M20mix = 0.55
From the trial mixes, water cement ratio is fixed as 0.50
0.50 <0.55 , hence OK

3) SELECTION OF AIR CONTENT

Air content for 20 mm aggregate = 2% of volume of concrete from Table 4.4

(IS 10262-1982)

Table 3.4 : Approximate Entrapped Air Content

Entrapped Air, as

Maximum Size of

Percentage of Volume of

Aggregate(mm)

Concrete

10

20

40

4) SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT

The water content and percentage of sand in total aggregate by absolute volume
are determined from Table 2 of IS 10262 : 2009
Maximum water content
(for 20 mm aggregate)

= 186 litre (for 25 to 50 mm

slump range)
Estimated water content for 100mm slump

= 186 + (6/100*186) = 197 litres

5) CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT

The cement content per unit volume of concrete may be calculated from free
water cement ratio and the quantity of water per unit volume of concrete.
Water cement ratio
C

= 0.5

ement content

= 197/0.5 =394 kg/m

From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for severe exposure condition
= 320kg/m
3

394 kg/m > 320 kg/m , hence OK

6) PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGATE

From Table 3 of IS 10262 : 2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to

20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (zone 2) for water cement ratio of 0.50
= 0.62
Therefore proportion of volume of fine aggregate = 1 0.62 = 0.38
MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows :
a. Volume of concrete
b. Volume of cement
* 1000))

=1m
= (mass of cement / (specific gravity of cement
3

c. Volume of water
1000))

= (350 / (3.09 * 1000)) = 0.1275 m

= (mass of water / (specific gravity of water *
= (197 / (1 * 1000)) = 0.197 m

d. Volume of chemical

admixture
e. Volume of all in aggregate
3
0.675 m
f. Mass of coarse aggregate
gravity of
coarse aggregate * 1000

= NIL
= (a - (b + c + d)) = 1 (0.1275 + 0.197 + 0) =
= e * volume of coarse aggregate * specific

= 0.675 * 0.62 *2.72 * 1000 = 1138 kg

= e * volume of fine aggregate * specific gravity
Of fine aggregate * 1000=0.675 * 0.38 * 2.706
* 1000= 687 kg

g. Mass of fine aggregate

MIX PROPORTION
Cement
Water
Coarse aggregate
Fine aggregate
Water cement ratio

=
=
=
=
=

394kg/m
3
197 kg/m
3
1138 kg/m
3
687 kg/m
0.5

Table 3.5 : Quantity of materials required for each mix

Materials

Mix 1
(Plain
Concr
ete)

Cement
(Kg)

9.5

Water (Kg)

4.75

Coarse
Aggregate (Kg)
Fine Aggregate
(Kg)

Mix 2 (1%
fiber)
processed
9.5

4.75

27

16.5

Fiber (Kg)
Steel
reinforcement(kg)

3.3.6 CASTING PROCEDURE

Casting of Concrete Cubes

Processed

9.5

4.75

27

16.5

Mix 3 (2% fiber)

27

16.5

Mix 4 (3%
fiber)
processed
9.5

4.75
27

16.5

0.38

0.475

0.57

1%

1%

1%

Concrete is mixed either by hand Fig 5.4. In this casting process is used. Concrete is a
mixture of Cement, Water, Coarse and Fine Aggregates and Admixtures. The
proportion of each material in the mixture affects the properties of the final hardened
concrete. These proportions are best measured by weight. Measurement by volume is
not as accurate, but is suitable for minor projects. The dry ingredients are mixed and
water is added slowly until the concrete is workable. This mixture may need to be
modified depending on the aggregate used to provide a concrete of the right
workability. The mix should not be too stiff or too sloppy. It is difficult to form good
test specimens if it is too stiff. If it is too sloppy, water may separate (bleed) from the
mixture.

Figure 3.11: Mixing of concrete

For casting, all the moulds were cleaned and oiled properly. There were securely
tightened to correct dimension before casting. Care was taken that there is no gaps
left, where there is any possibility of leakage of slurry. Careful procedure was adopted
in the batching, mixing and casting operation. The coarse aggregate and fine
aggregate were weighed first. The concrete mixture was prepared by hand mixing on
a water tight platform. On the water tight platform cement and fine aggregates are
mixed thoroughly until a uniform colour is obtained, to this mixture coarse aggregate
was added and mixed thoroughly. Then water is added carefully making sure no water
is lost during mixing. While adding water care should be taken to add it in stages so as
to prevent bleeding which may affect the strength formation of concrete rising of
water required for hydration to the surface. Clean and oiled mould for each category
was then placed on the vibrating table respectively and filled in three layers.
Vibrations were stopped as soon as the cement slurry appeared on the top surface of
the mould. Fig 5.5 shows cube specimen placed on table vibrator.

Figure 3.12: Table Vibrator

These specimens were allowed to remain in the steel mould for the first 24 hours at
ambient condition. After that these were demoulded with care so that no edges were
broken and were placed in the tank at the ambient temperature for curing. After
demoulding the specimen by loosening the screws of the steel mould, the cubes were
placed in the water for 7 days and 28 days.

Figure 3.13: Finishing of moulds

Casting of Processed Coir Fiber Reinforced Concrete
The calculated amount of cement and fine aggregate are mixed together till a uniform
mix is obtained.. The amounts of fiber adopted are 4%, 5% and 6% of cement. Coir
fiber strands are cut into a length of 5cm washed, oil coated with coconut oil and
dried in sunlight for 24 hours Fig 5.7.

Figure 3.14: Coconut Fiber Strands

It is then added to the mix until a uniform colour is obtained. Coarse aggregates are
then added to the same and mixed followed by addition of water. Care should be
taken to add water slowly in stages so as to prevent bleeding which may affect the
strength formation of concrete rising of water required for hydration to the surface.
Admixture is added towards the last stage of addition of water so as to avail sufficient
time for mixing before the concrete hardens. It is placed in the mould, compacted and
finished is shown in Fig. 5.8. 6 cubes each of the same are prepared and cured. The
compressive strength for 7day and 28 day is determined.

Figure 3.15: Finished fiber reinforced concrete cubes

Casting of Raw Coir Fiber Reinforced Concrete

The calculated amount of cement and fine aggregate are mixed together till a uniform
mix is obtained. The amounts of fiber adopted are 4%, 5% and 6% of cement. Raw
and non uniform coir fibers are cut into square chips of of 5cm x 5cm. They are then
washed, oil coated with coconut oil and dried in sunlight for 24 hours and added to
the mix until a uniform colour is obtained. Coarse aggregates are then added to the
same and mixed followed by addition of water. Care should be taken to add water
slowly in stages so as to prevent bleeding which may affect the strength formation of
concrete rising of water required for hydration to the surface. Admixture is added
towards the last stage of addition of water so as to avail sufficient time for mixing
before the concrete hardens It is placed in the mould and compacted. 6 cubes each of
the same are prepared and cured. The compressive strength for 7day and 28 day is
determined.

4-RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

4.1

SLUMP TEST
Table 4.1 : Slump test on Trial Mixes
Trial

Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3

w/c ratio

Slump

Remarks

Value(mm)
0.4

30

Target Slump not achieved

0.45

50

Target Slump not achieved

0.55

120

Desired Slump value is obtained

(Slump >100mm )

INFERENCE
From the table it is observed that the desired slump value is obtained for trial 3 at
water cement ratio = 0.55. Hence we fix it as the design ratio. Trial 1 and 2

yielded very low slump values which may be either due to inadequate paste available
for binding the mix or due to improper mixing procedure.

4.2

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONVENTIONAL CONCRETE CUBES

The compressive strength of ordinary concrete with different water cement ratio was
tested. The results are as shown in Table 5.4.

Table 4.2 : Compressive Strength of Conventional Concrete Cubes

Specimen

w/c ratio

Slump Value
(mm)

24.88

1
2

28 day strength (N/mm )

0.55

120

25.1
25.1

3
Average

25.03

INFERENCE
2

For the table the average of value from the 3 observations is 25 N/mm , is taken as
compressive strength of plain concrete cube
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CFRC (PROCESSED)
Coconut fiber reinforced concrete was added to concrete at varying proportions (4% ,

5%, 6% of that of weight of cement) at a water cement ratio of 0.5 The desired slump
value and compressive strength was obtained for conventional concrete at this ratio .
However, when fiber is added to the mix low workability was observed. The
result of compressive strength of fiber reinforced concrete and slump test results are
shown in Table 5.5 and is shown graphically in Fig 5.9 and Fig 5.10.

Table 4.3 : Compressive Strength of Processed CFRC cubes

Compressive

Specimen

w/c
ratio

strength(N/mm )

Percentage of
coconut fiber

Slump Value (mm)

added

7 day

1%

0.55

2%

25.7

16.3

28.3

15.02

26.2

105

28.
3

27.5

23.5

14.6
105

29.5

25.5

26.2

25.
7

21.5

7 day

19.5

28 day

17.5
16.
3

15.5
13.5

day

110

3%
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

28

14.
6
0%

15.0
2

1%
3%

2%
4%

% of fiber added
Figure 4.1: Finished fiber reinforced concrete cubes

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

30
25

25.03

23.
2

22.1

21.82

20
15
10
5
0
0%

4%
6%

5%

% of fiber added (%)

Figure 4.2: graph showing variation of compressive strength at varying

percentages of fiber

INFERENCE
The value obtained for 5% addition of coconut fiber water cement ratio 0.5 yielded
highest results for compressive strength. However, the compressive strength
decreased on the increase in fiber addition. This may be due to the fact when fibers
are added initially the finer sized fine aggregates enter into the surface pores in the
fiber creating a better bonding between the fiber and mix, however further addition of
fibers causes formation of bulk fiber in the mix decreasing the bonding. Hence there
is an optimum value of fiber to cement ratio, beyond which the compressive strength
decreases. Hence 0.5 was taken as the optimum water cement ratio and optimum fiber
content was taken as 5%.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CFRC (RAW)
Coconut fiber reinforced concrete was cast at a water cement ratio of 0.5 at which
desired slump values and compressive strength were obtained for conventional
concrete. However, when fiber is added the mix showed very low workability. Hence

superplasticizer was added at different proportions of cement to get a concrete mix

with suitable workability. The result of compressive strength of fiber reinforced
concrete and slump test results are shown in Table 5.6 and is shown graphically in Fig
5.11 and Fig 5.12
Table 4.4 : Compressive Strength of Raw CFRC Cubes
Compressive

Specimen

w/c
ratio

1
2

0.5

Percentage
of coconut

Slump

strength(N/mm )

Value

fiber added

(mm)

1%

108

23.2

2%

102

22.1

3%

100

21.82

7 day

28 day

INFERENCE
From the table a decreasing trend in compressive strength is observed with a
maximum at 4% fiber addition. On further addition of fibers compressive strength
values way below that of conventional concrete is obtained. This is due to formation
of zone of transition, which creates a weak zone around the fiber making the entire
specimen weak. Moreover the thickness of the fibers can hinder better packing of the
constituents of concrete thus making it weak.

Compressive strength (N/mm2

23.2

21.82

22.1

20.5
18.5
16.5

7 day

13.7

14.5

28 day

12.96

12.5
1

12.5
10.5

3%

4%

6%

7%

5%

% of fiber added (%)

Compressive Strength (N/mm2)

Figure 4.3: graph showing variation of compressive strength at varying

percentages of fiber

30
25

25.03

23.
2

22.1

21.82

20

15

7 day
28 day

10

0
0%

4%
6%

5%

% of fiber added (%)

Figure 4.4: graph showing variation of compressive strength at varying

percentages of fiber

INFERENCE
Also, the compressive strength value is still less than that of plain concrete .This can
also be due to the presence of dust and other impurities on the surface of fibers which
may interefere with proper bonding of mix and subsequent strength formation.
Another important factor is the influence of shape of fibers. Only properly combed
fiber strands can be used for reinforcing concrete as presence of bulk fibers can result
in improper compaction

4.3 SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH TEST

Split tensile strength tests were conducted on standard cylinders of dimension 15cm
diameter and 30cm depth Fig 5.13 specimens each for plain concrete, coconut fiber
reinforced concrete (both raw and processed fiber) were cast at varying percentages of
fiber (1%, 2%, 3%). For each case 28day strength values were obtained by loading
under a compression testing machine. The result of Split tensile strength of plain and
processed fiber reinforced concrete and slump test results are shown in Table 5.7 and
Table 5.8 respectively and is shown graphically in Fig 5.14 and Fig 5.15

Figure 4.5: Specimen loaded onto the testing apparatus

Table 4.5: Split tensile strength for processed Plain Concrete cylinders

Specimen

w/c ratio

Slump Value

28 day strength

(mm)

(N/mm )

3.39

1
2

0.5

3.46

120

3.46

3.44

Average

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF CFRC (PROCESSED)

Table 4.6: Split tensile strength for processed CFRC cylinders

Specimen

w/c
ratio

1
2
3

0.5

Percentage
of coconut

Slump
Value

Split Tensile
2

strength(N/mm )

fiber added

(mm)

1%

110

3.8

2%

105

4.57

3%

105

4.14
Average = 4.17

12
10
8

Split tensile Strength (N/mm2)

6
4
2
0
0% 2% 4% 6%

% of fiber added (%)

(N/mm2)

Split tensile Strength

Figure 4.6: graph showing variation of split tensile strength at varying

percentages of fiber (processed)

4.5
7

4.5

4
3.5

4.14
3.
8
1%

3%

2%

% of fiber added

Figure 4.7: graph showing variation of split tensile strength at varying

percentages of fiber (processed)

INFERENCE

From the graph it is seen that when fiber content is increased there is an increase in
split tensile strength with a maximum at 5% of fiber. However when the fiber content
is increased beyond this value a downward slope of the graph is observed. This is due
to the fact that tensile failure occurs due to the dislocation of atoms and molecules
present in concrete. However when the fiber is added it acts as a binder holding them
together.
COMPARISON OF CRACKING PATTERN IN CONVENTIONAL AND FRC
CYLINDERS

Figure 4.8: Cracking pattern of Conventional concrete and coconut fiber

reinforced concrete

5.

CONCLUSION
Coconut fiber is available in abundance at the test site, which makes it quite viable as
a reinforcement material in concrete. Further, it acts as a source of income for the
coconut producer who gets the benefits of the new demand generated by the
construction industry. In addition to this, it is an efficient method for the disposal of
coir mattress waste which will reduce the demand for additional waste disposal
infrastructure and decrease the load on existing landfills and incinerators. Coconut
fibers being natural in origin, is ecologically sustainable and can bring down the
global carbon footprint quite effectively.
The objectives of this work were:
1. To find out variation in compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of CFRC
using processed fiber strands and raw fiber meshes at varying fiber contents
and to compare it with that of conventional concrete
2. To determine the influence of shape of fibers on strength of concrete
The scope of this project was limited to rural residential constructions.
The major conclusions from this study are
1.

At 2% addition of coconut fiber with a water cement ratio of 0.55,

compressive strength tests yielded best results. However, the compressive
strength decreased on further fiber addition. This must be due to the fact that
when the fibers are initially added to concrete, the finer sized fine aggregates
enter into the surface pores in the fiber creating a better bonding between the
fiber and mix, however further addition of fibers resulted in formation of
bulk fiber in the mix which will lead to decrease in bonding. Hence there is an
optimum value of fiber to cement ratio, beyond which the compressive
strength decreases. Hence 0.55 was taken as the optimum water cement ratio
and optimum fiber content was taken as 2%.

2. When the fiber content is increased there is an increase in split tensile strength
with a maximum at 5%. However when the fiber content is increased beyond
this value a reduction in tensile strength is observed. This is due to the fact that
tensile failure occurs due to the dislocation of atoms and molecules present in
concrete. However when the fiber is added it acts as a binder holding them
together.

3. A decreasing trend in compressive strength was observed in concrete with

mesh shaped fibers. This is due to formation of weak inter transition zone
around these fibers, making the entire specimen weak. Moreover the thickness
of the fibers can hinder better packing of the constituents of concrete thereby
making it weak. The presence of dust and other impurities on the surface of
fibers can also be another reason for this reduction in strength which may
interfere with the bonding of mix and subsequent strength formation.
4. The tensile properties and cracking pattern of CFRC shows that it can be
particularly useful in construction activities in seismic zones due to its high
tensile strength and post peak load behaviour, which offers sufficient warning
to the inhabitants before complete collapse of the structure.
5. Due to its relatively higher strength and ductility, It can be a good replacement
for asbestos fibers in roofing sheets, which being natural in origin pose zero
threat to the environment
7. Since higher strength is attained at a lower design mix. It can be used to
manufacture building blocks at relatively lower costs in comparison to plain
concrete blocks thus making it suitable for rural residential buildings upto 10m
height or as protection walls around buildings.

8. It can also be used as the reinforcement material in cement fiber boards which
can act as a good backing to tiles thereby improving its impact resistance and
also in faux ceilings. The advantage of cement fiber boards is its ability to
survive under moist environments unlike paper based gypsum board

LIMITATIONS OF THE PROJECT

The limitations of this project are:
1) This study on coconut fiber reinforced concrete is limited to rural residential
constructions
2) The mix design is for M20 concrete and it is usually used in buildings of heights
upto10 m
3) Mix design for concrete is done for mild exposure conditions and corrosion study is
not done

FUTURE SCOPE
The effect of coconut fibers on high strength concrete should be studied and thus the
use of CFRC can be extended to industrial and commercial buildings. Since the
corrosion study is not done, the applicability of CFRC in reinforced constructions
could be tested.
Coconut fiber is a good insulator in itself and as such it can improve the thermal
properties of concrete. This is particularly useful in a tropical country like India where
the mercury levels are quite high for most part of the year, so as to maintain the room
temperatures within comfort levels of its inhabitants. It can also reduce the load on air
conditioning systems thus reducing the power consumption.
The acoustic properties of concrete reinforced with other natural fibers have been
studied in the past using an impedance tube apparatus and the results are fair enough
to justify the use of coconut fibers as an alternative which is a good absorbent due to
the presence of surface pores.

6.

REFERENCES
1. Majid Ali, Nawawi Chouw (2012),Experimental investigations on coconut-fiber
rope tensile strength and pullout from coconut fiber reinforced concrete,
Construction and Building Materials, 41, 681690
2. Reis J.M.L (2005),Fracture and flexural characterization of naturalfiber-reinforced
polymer concrete, Construction and Building Materials 20 (2005) 673678
3. Majid Ali, Anthony Liu, HouSou, Nawawi Chouw (2011),Mechanical and
dynamic properties of coconut fiber reinforced concrete Construction and Building
Materials 30 (2011) 814825
4. Noor Md. Sadiqul Hassan, Habibur Rahman Sobuz (2012),Use of coconut fiber in
production of structural light weight concrete, Journal of applied sciences 12(9) 831839, 2012
5. Vijay Chavada, A.A Parikh (2013), An application review of coir fiber reinforced
concrete, Vol. 2 Issue 4 ISSN: 2278-7844
6. A Zuraida, H Zahurin, I Sopiyan (2011),Effect of fiber length variation on
physical and mechanical properties of coir fiber reinforced concrete,Materials
Physics and Mechanics 16 (2013) 107-117
7. P Nibasumba, X L Liu (2011),Recent developments in fiber reinforced concrete
and their effect on concrete columns analysis, Construction and Building Materials
2011;18(7):54958
8. Joanna M Ferraz, Sabrina A Martins, Claudio H.S Del Menezzi (2013), Effect of
coir fiber treatment and coir-fiber ratio on properties of cement bonded composites,
Bio Resources 6(3), 3481-3492
9. Dr.M.Sivaraja (2009), Application of Coir Fibers as Concrete Composites for
Disaster prone Structures International Journal of Civil and Environmental
Engineering Sci., Vol. 33, No. 6, December 2009, pp. 719729.

10. Izad Amir Bin Abdul Karim (2012),Effect of coconut waste on concrete
structure componentARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 30(2012).
2538 2547.
11. Yalley, P. P. and Kwan, A.S K (2008), Use of coconut fiber as an enhancement
of

concrete, International Journal of Sustainable Construction Engineering

&Technology, 27(5), 2008, pp. 575-582.

12. Kamel K.Alzboon and Khalid N.Mahasneh (2009), Effect of Using Mattress
Waste on the Compression Strength and Slump Characteristics of Concrete,
Construction and Building Materials 2009;23(2):86571.
13. Nanayakkaza N.H, (2011) Characterisation and determination of properties of
Sri Lanka coconut, Journal of Natural Fibers, 2(1), 2011, pp 69-81.
14. Bhowmick B.B. and Debnath C. R. (2007), Properties of coir, Indian coconut
journal, 15, (5), 2007. p.12s