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Digital Transmission of Analogue
Signals
Lecture #4
Quantization and Encoding
Content
Quantization and Encoding
Uniform Quantization
Quantization Noise
Non-Uniform Quantization
Bandwidth Requirements for PCM
m sample value
Uniform Quantization
The input/output characteristic for a uniform quantizer is a
staircase function which can be a midtread or midriser.
Assumption is made, that the input to the quantizer is
Uniform Quantization
A sample amplitude value is approximated by the
midpoint of the interval in which it lies
Uniform Quantization
The input-output characteristics of a uniform quantizer
(midriser)
Uniform Quantization
The input-output characteristics of a uniform quantizer
(midtread)
Quantization Noise
Quantization
(noise).
process
introduces
quantization
error
q
2
2
Quantization Noise
The variance (average power) of the quantization noise is
obtained as follows
2
2
2
m
m
1
q2 q 2 dq p2 p2 R
12 3L 3 2
2
q
mp
m 2p
Quantization Noise
In dB signal-to-quantization noise ratio is expressed as
m
SNRq 6.02 R 20log 2 4.7 dB
mp
A 6 dB improvement in Signal-to-quantization noise ratio
is gained for each bit added to represent the samples.
Uniform Quantization
Advantage of a uniform quantizer is that it is simple to
implement and is commonly used
However, for fixed m p , the signal-to-quantization noise
ratio deteriorates with the decrease in the message signal
average power.
This is typical in the transmission of speech signals where
the input signals have a wide variation in power levels.
Example:
In audio signals, if the quantization levels are equally
spaced, 12 bits must be used to obtain telephone quality
speech
However, only 8 bits are required if the quantization levels
are made unequal
m
1
ln
A
p
y
1 ln A m / m p
sgn( m)
1 ln A
m 1
mp A
1 m
1
A mp
-Law Companding
A-Law Companding
L
These level will form 8 code numbers which will be
represented by 3-bit binary sequence (i.e. R log 2 L )