CAN

HE AFFORD URBAN CONSERVATION?

/

AK ASSESSMENT OF THE KALLED CITY PROJECT IK LAHORE

by

Azhar M. Sualehi
-4

A.I.T. LIBRARY
A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
degree of Master of Science

Examination Committee

Mr.
Dr.
Dr.
Dr.

H. Detlef Kammeier
Karl E. Reber
Yoshiyuki Osakaya
A. T. M. Nurul Amin

Chairman)

Azhar Mamoon Sualehi

Nationality

Pakistani

Previous Degree

Bachelor of Science, University of Punjab,

Lahore, Pakistan

Scholarship and
Research Grant Donor

Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst

(DAAD), Federal Republic of Germany

Asian Institute of Technology

Bangkok, Thailand
December, 1987
HS

<erf

llf-

This report
Hy

is dedicated

to:

Mother,
who has always wanted me to attain
the highest academic qualification
possible.

Hy Rife Naushaba, daughters Khula and Tayyaba,

for their patience and understanding

especially during the final stages
of this study.

ACltNOWLEDQIKEHTS

First

and

foremost,

Bxahan;e Service (DAAD),

sincere thanks go to the German Aoademw

for the scholarship to study at the Asian

Institute of Technology.
This study would never have become a reality, in the absence of the
enormous support from numerous sources. The generous support and
assistance of all those persons and agencies is highly appreciated and
gratefully acknowledged. Particularly,
H~
H.Detlef Kammeier, Advisor and Committee Chairman, for his
guidance in directing the researc~
Similar sentiments are conveyed to
all members of the examination committee, Dr. Karl E. Reber, Dr. Yoshi Y.
Osakaya and Dr. A. T. H. Nurul Amin.
Hr.
Shakeeb Mushtaq (LOA), H~
Zafar Butt (LHC), Hr. Ijaz Ahmed
( LDA),
Hr.
Mohammad Khalid C LOA),
Hr.
Syed A.
Qutub C PEP AC) and Hr.
Masood Ahmed CPEPAC); for providing the relevant information, useful
suggestions anri above all access to documents on.the Ralled City.
The active cooperation and assistance rendered in organizing and
conducting field work,
by Hr.
Azher uddin Khan,
(PEPAC), Hr.
Tanvir
Dasti, Hr.
Mohammad Shoaib (Private Architects), Hr.
Shahid Jamal
(Lecturer, UET),
Hr.
Zubair Afzal and Hr.
Farooq Anis Khan (UET)
is
highly appreciated.
Finally, special thanks to Hr. Pervaiz Mirza and Hr. Naveed Iqbal,
for allowing use of their. office facilities. The voluntary help
contributed by Hs.
Nabila, Hs.
Samina, Hs.
Sofia, Hs. Amina and Hs.
Foqia in preparing tally sheets is gratefully noted here.

ii

ABSTRACT

Conservation of old,
historic areas, is generally justified
on psychological b?sis, for the link it offers between the past, present
and
future of the built heritage.
The alternative
policy
of
redevelopment of such areas, has been acknowledged as an unsound
proposition,
even in countries with abundant economic resources.
However, in view of .other pressing issues of development, situations of
constrained -economic resources ( dev.eloping countries), demand a very
clear and strong justification for conservation of old areas.
This study, through an evaluation of the Lahore Halled
City project proposals, relevant to upgrading and conservation, aims at
providing
an answer to the vital question:
Is upgrading
and
conservation, a viable and desirable option for Lahore Ralled City?. The
Ralled City is an historical artifact as well as a living community.
Both the artifact and the organism would be deleteriously affected by
any radical physical interventions.
The viability of the project has been analyzed, through a
critical review of the workability of the project proposals, in view of
the opinions of technical experts and impact of the proj~ct in terms of
improvement in infrastructure conditions. Secondly, the desirability for
the project has been judged, i~ two sample areas (Lohari and Yekki)
through people's opinion and preference for an area improvement project,
people's satisfaction with the project (Lohari area only) and people's
willingness to contribute,
both through voluntary labour and in
financial terms (Yekki area only).
analysis
The
results
of
data
indicate
that
the
infrastructure conditions in Lohari area have improved after the project
and are much bette-r than those in Yekki area.
However, contrary to the
assumptions of the project, the analysis shows no correlation between
improved infrastructure conditions and building improvements, in the
project area.
The study concludes that,
in the absence of effective
institutional control and existing economic condition of the majority of
the Halled City population, any effort towards conservation has very
few,
if any chances of success. Moreover, the upgrading exercise may
also have undesirable results, in view of the increased economic
pressure on the residents, exerted through increase in tariffs for the
improved services. Finally, recommendations for further study in this
field have been made, so as to look into the possibilities of achieving
the objectives or conservation in a resource constrained environment
such as that of Pakistan.

iii

TABLE OP COKTIHTS
AcknoRledgments
Abstract
List of Tables
L~st of Haps
List of Figures
Glossary of terms
List of Abbreviations
Preface
CHAPTER I
URBAN CONSERVATION - AN INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Concept of Conservation
1.2 Conservation in Practice
1.3 Comparative Overview: Asian Context and
European Experience
CHAPTER II
CONSERVING TBE HALLED CITY:
TBE NEED FOR A VIABLE STRATEGY
2. 1 Lahore Ralled City
2.2 The LHC Project - An Effort towards
Conservation
2.3 The Research Problem: Rill exists, but
is Conservation the Hay?
2.4 Rationale: The Need for Action
2.5 Objectives: Assessing th~ Viability of
the LHC Proj~ct
2.6 Research Design
CHAPTER III
TBE LABORE HALLED CITY PROJECT
3. 1 The Process of Change
3.2 The Ralled City's Activity Zones
3. 3 Change and Growth
3.4 Existing Institutional
and
Legal
Framework
3.5 The Lahore Halled City Project
3.6 Realities of the Lahore Halled City
Project
CHAPTER IV
SURVEY FINDINGS AND DATA INTERPRETATION
4. 1 Description
4. 2 People's Opinion and Preferences for
Improvement
4. 3 Building Repairs: Lohari Area
4. 4 Rillingness to Improve Buildings: Yekki
Area
4. 5 A Critical Analysis of the Findings
4. 6 Summary of Findings

i
ii

v
vi
vi
vii
vii
viii

5
9

13
19
20

21
22
23

37

39
40
50

52
56

63

70
74
74

78
89

iv

CHAPTER V
RORKABILITY OF THE LHC PROJECT
5. 1 Cost Implications
5.2 Shortfalls of the Project
5. 3 Cost Recovery: Tourism?
5. 4 Rorkability of the Project
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND
6. 1
6.2
6. 3

Appendix C:
Appendix D:
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix
Appendix

E:

F:
G:

H:

92
92

97
98

99
100

List of Appendices

Appendix B:

91

RECOHHENDATIONS
Conclusions
Possible Alternative
Recommendations for further Research

References

Appendix A:

90

Lahore Ralled City brief history,

socioeconomic
condition
and
LRC
project
information
Criteria
for Recording
Observations
on
Infrastructure
Conditions and Types of
Building Improvements
Costs of Building Repairs
The Estimated
and Improvements
Photographic
Description
of the
Study
Areas
Tables and Graphs
Cross tables on the Study Areas
Sample Questionnaire used for survey
The Bhaktapur Report

LIST or TABLES
Table Ho.
1: Data Collection.
2: Data Processing.
3: Ralled City; Major Commercial Activity.
4: Industries
in the Lahore
Ralled
City,
1986.
5: Lahore
Ralled
City
Project
Components,
Implementing Agencies and Costs.
6: Length of stay in the Ralled City.
( Lohari
and Yekki areas)
7: Income categories. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
8: 0Rnership status. CLohari and Yekki areas)
9: Intention
to shift from the Ralled
City.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
10: Knowledge
about the LRC project.
(Lohari
and Yekki areas)
11: Satisfaction
with
the
LRC
project.
(Lohari
area)
& People's opinion about
Sufficiency of the proposed
infrastructure
improvements. (Yekki area)
12: Rillingness for financial participation and
Rillingness for Labour participation.(Yekki
area)
13: Type of improvements done by the residents.
(Lohari
area) & Expected Type of Building
improvements.
(Yekki area)
14: Rillingness
to improve
buil~ings
and
Reasons
for
unwillingness
to
improve
building. ( Yekki area)
15: People's
satisfaction Rith the project and
their Intention to shift.
(Lohari area)
&
People's
opinion
sufficiency
of
the
proposed
improvements
and
Intention
to
shift. (Yekki area)
16: Intention
to shift and Income
categories.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
17: Infrastructure
conditions,
as
Reighted
scores. (Lohari area)
18: Infrastructure
conditions,
as weighted
scores. (Yekki area)
19: People's satisfaction to the
project
and
Building
improvements.
(Lohari
area)
20: People's
satisfaction to the
project
and
Period
of building
improvements.
(Lohari
area)
to labour and
21: Rillingness
Intention
to
shift. ( Yekki area)
to finance and Intention
22: Rillingness
to
shift. ( Yekki area)
23: Summary of Comments on Policy Proposals
of
the Ralled City Project.

30
35
42

43
53
67
68
69
71
72

73

75

76

77

79
80
83
83
86

86
88
88
95

vi

LIST OF HAPS
Hap No.
Location of Ralled City in Labore
Metropolitan Area
Lahore Ralled City
Location of Study areas
Lahore Ralled City; Activity Zones
Location of Hajor Commercial activity
Ralled City Population densities 1981
Ralled City Population shift (1972-1981)
Location
of Renewal Area as proposed
by the LRC project

RC. 1:
RC. 2:
RC. 3:
RC. 4:

RC. 5:
RC. 6:
RC. 7:
RC. 8:

L. 1:
L. 2:
L. 3:
L. 4:

Y. 1:
Y. 2:
Y. 3:

Y. 4:

14
16

27
38
41
46

47
93

Study area inside Lohari Gate

Observation study zones of Lohari area
Land and Building Use (Loharlarea)
Change and improvements
in buildings
( Lohari area)

28
32

Study area inside Yekki Gate

Observation study zones of Yekki area
Land and Building Use (Yekki area)
Change and improvements in buildings
( Yekki area)

29

65
84

33
66

85

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig.
1:

2:
3:
4:

5:
6:
7:

No.
Flow chart showing Approach to the Thesis
Flow chart showing Approach
to Research
Design .
Flow
chart showing Approach to
Data
Analysis
Household
Income
Distribution;
Punjab
urban,
Hal led
City
and Low
income
Localities, Lahore
Infrastructure Layout After the project
Infrastructure Layout Before the project
Comparison
between the
infrastructure
layout
proposed
by the
project
and
people's solution

xi
24

49
55
59

62

vii

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

HAVEL!:

Houses of the courtiers and elite families.

OCTROI TAX:
A tax levied by the municipal
corporations and
toRn
committees,
on consumable
items being brought into
the city or town limits.
KOOCH! AND MOHALLA:
Koocha is the term used for
street
having
predominantly
residential
land
term Mohalla
is used for a residential
area
old city, comprising of more than one Koocha.

a single
use.
The
in
the

BAZAAR:
A main street, generally the one originating
city gates and having predominant commercial land use.

from the

GALI:
A secondary street,
generally 2 to 3 meters wide
predominant residential land use.

with

TONGA:

A horse draRn cart,

used for passenger transportation.

REHRA:

A horse draRn cart,

used for transporting goods.

MARLA:

A local unit of measuring land area,

KATCHI ABADI:

1 MARLA=

Squatter settlement.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HBFC:
LDA:
LHC:
LHC:
LUDTS:
RAP DA:

House Building Finance Corporation

Lahore Development Authority
Lahore Municipal Corporation
Lahore Halled City
Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study
Hater and Power Development Authority

22 SQ. M

viii

PREFACE

This thesis is a humble effort, towards determining the

viability and desirability of the Lahore Ralled City upgrading and
conservation project, in the context of a developing country; Pakistan.
Fig.
No.1 illustrates the approach adopted in preparing this
thesis, as well as the format of the report. Spread over six chapters,
the present format of the study is necessary in view of the attempt to
explore the issues of conservation in Lahore Ralled City in an overall,
broad context of the theme of the study. Chapter No.1, provides an
insight to the concepts and meaning of conservation. Finally, providing
a brief account of conservation efforts and practices in some European
and Asian countries, the applicability of the European experience, in
the Asian context is discussed. Chapters No.2 through No.6, address the
specific topics of the study, introduced by the research framework in
Chapter 2.

xi

Fig. No. l: Flow chart

showing Approach

to the Thesis

f-----------------------------------------------------------I
I
I
I
I
I
I

THEKE or THE STUDY

COHSERIJAII OH ?

COHCEPTS AHD
PRACTICES

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

THE

t-------------------------------1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

!;;

CONIEXI

or THE STUDY

OBJECTIIJES

u iab iii

EUROPF.AH

-----------------=~~~------:::::r::::: :~~=~---------'--~--------

COHSERUATIOH:
The Lahore
Mal led City
Project

ASIAH

besi rahi Ii ty:

ty?

PEOPLE'S VIEH

EXPERTS OPIHott

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

DATA COLLECTIOH

------------------------------I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ANALYSIS

l----------------------

Feople's,
Satisfaction,
Millingness, etc

Critical
analysis or the
proposals.

SYtITHESIS

COHCLUS I OHS AKD

RECOl'fHEHDAlIOHS

-1-

CHAPTER I
URBlH COHSERVlTIOH - !N IHTRODUCTIOH

"One of the most notable incarnations of a people's

genius is its cultural heritage, built up over the
centuries by the Rork of its architects, sculptors,
painters, engravers, goldsmiths and all the creators of
forms, who have contrived to give tangible expression to
the many-sided beauty and uniqueness of that genius".
(Director-General of UNESC0,1978)

1.1 The Concept or Conservation

The Encyclopedia of Urban Planning (1974), defines that the word
conservation is used in two senses. In the broadest sense, it means the
wise management of our resources, both natural and man made, and the
careful planning of these resources to meet our future needs. The need
to ensure a continuity in the supply of the natural resources so used
and managed is often embraced by this definition. In
the
narrower
sense,
the
term "conservation" refers
to
the conservation of
buildings or groups of buildings and their protection and enhancement.
The term 'conservation' has been given a specific definition in
urban planning and is undertaken to mean the best use of resources
embodied in the physical environment, particularly with regard to urban
and rural landscapes of great beauty, historical association or cultural
identity. Rhereas historical preservation restores ancient structures to
their
original
state and seeks to perpetuate
that
condition,
conservation is a dynamic process Rhich transforms and synthesizes the
historical context within the requirements of contemporary
urban
restructuring.

term

Buchanan, in his report on conservation of Bath, defines the

as a middle path between preservation and reneRal. In his view,
"conservation is not a question of preserving buildings
for the sake of preservation; it is cherishing all the
features
from building to atmosphere, which give a
historic town its value, whilst ensuring at the same
time that the town does not become a dead museum piece
but continues as a lively.- centre of urban life".

It is not difficult to see the kind of questions this raises: Khat

is to be done about buildings which are valuable
historically but
have no contemporary function?
Khat value should be applied
to
say, a medieval street pattern when none of the buildings is of
any historical worth? How is a policy of this kind to be financed,
because it could obviously put oRners to heavy and abnormal expenses?
How is traffic to be handled in a situation where few if any of the
buildings can be touched? (Buchanan, 1968)

-2-

Kuban,(1978)
a
historian, expressing

prominent
Turkish
architect
and
architectural
his views on the subject states that

"Conservation
does
not deny
the possibility
of
change;
it does not even necessarily hinder it.
But the
process
of change must be slowed down from
its present
rate;
it cannot
continue
to be the object
of blind
aspiration
which
has
too often
been
the
case.
Conservation
is not a rigid thing.
It is not simply
a
matter of saying, 'He'll keep it because of its emotional
quality,
because it is like an open book which should be
preserved for the next generation'. It is something money
cannot
puy,
a thing beyond value and
an irreplaceable
asset".
Conservation is flexible:
it can include restoration, creation, or
simply
respect for the environment and climate.
It implies a desire to
live in harmony and sympathy within the global scheme.
So it is not a
rigid
word,
and its interpretation can differ. Thoughtful design in

recycling also provides the comfort of living, shopping, gathering,

eating or working in a friendly surrounding and the excitement of seeing
a familiar object in a new light.
Old
buildings,
sensitively
rehabili~ated or adapted, present variety and alternatives to the master
planned but often faceless designs found in many newer facilities.

1. 1.1 Hhy Conserve?

In the present day world of rapid development and changing values
changes in the urban environment have taken place at a fantastically
rapid pace, especially in the major cities of each country. Their growth
has surpassed the predictions made by planners, architects and social
scientists. Many cities which had populations of a few hundred thousand
just twenty years ago now have become cities of a million or more. The
greater ones have grown enormously, engulfing nearby towns, villages and
municipalities and at times uniting into large conglomerations forming
Megalopolises.
The conquering armies, as a normal practice of earlier warfare,
sacked the conquered cities. Today, the random demands of the modern
life: population pressures, increased prosperity, public services,
private speculation and above all, the motor vehicle, poses the greatest
threat for the present day cities. Most of these pressures are generated
within the city its~lf. New families need homes and jobs. They expect a
higher standard of life than their parents enjoyed; higher wages, better
homes, public services at their doorsteps.
The rapid growth of the world's economy has contributed to the
well-being of many and as a result the average standard of living is
higher. today for most of the people of the world. Hass production has
placed at the disposal of large groups of people articles which were
once the prerogative of the wealthy. Of these products the automobile
has been perhaps, the most pervasive and has had profound effects on the
urban environment. Even in the cities of developing countries, masses of

-3-

cars creeping
through
croRded streets is a common
sight.
This
has
resulted in a host of environmental problems: the trees Rhich once lined
streets
or highways die as an effect of high level of pollution or else
are sacrificed in order to widen streets and thoroughfares.
Private
vehicles,
the modern day monster,
must be
confined
to the service of man and not be permitted
to
destroy
his environment.
Other than the main
traffic
roads,
streets
should
be
returned
to
pedestrians"
C Biddle, 1978).
Physical changes take place as streets widen,
or become uninviting
as the abundance of cars lead to their being parked on side walks or on
curbs.
As street life disappears,
modern cities present a bleak and at
times
hostile
atmosphere,
at
night after the cars and their
owners
depart.
In efforts to reverse this trend,
the concept known as
"urban
renewal"
has guided
efforts to rebuild or redesign
the interior
of
cities
to accommodate them to the use of the car and to the change
in
residence patterns it has helped to introduce. Two hypotheses based upon
optimistic
and perhaps
mechanistic solutions
to provide
a healthy
environment for urban residents, seem to guide such programs:
1.
The need to improve accessibility for cars
(widen
streets,
provide parking,
improve access routes to the
city etc.);
2.
To demolish
older buildings
high-rise structures so as to
i)
provide
for residences,

and replace

modern accommodations

them

for commerce

with

or

ii)
permit
greater
(vertical)
density
of
population where the cost of urban real estate is high,
iii) produce greater income for the city. (Daifuku,1975)

Rilliam Lim, a pre-eminent architect of Singapore, emphasizes the

need for conservation as folloRs: "Large scale redevelopment is an
unavoidable outcome of the rapid economic growth. HoRever, in the
process it is necessary to find ways to revitalize and preserve the old
environment. OtherRise history Rill not easily forgive those Rho in
their eagerness to build a brave new Rorld in the name of modernization
have conveniently destroyed much that is valuable to and delightful for
the future generations" (Lim,1984).

1.1.2 Conservation Justified

The
influence
of history
is
different; toRns, parts
of
toRns, streets,
even individual houses may
bear
a
particular
historical stamp.
Towns which have developed in stages over the
years, constitute
a
unique open museum of diverse
architectural
forms. Although the style of the buildings may be the same, they are
not assembled on the same street in
the same sequence.
To any
generation, an identifiable past offers a line of communication with

-4-

others:
between the living and the dead, and those still to be born. It
provides
a reference
to previous
experience,
an illustration of how
men went about creating environment,
a reservoir
and perpetual source
of
historical
delight,
a culture
to be accepted, altered, rejected,
re-interpre~~d or re-discovered.
He are living in a world of mass communication and rapidly changing
values,
Rhere new developments in science,
the arts and philosophy are
fast
changing
man's
view of himself,
his world
and his society.
Unfortunately, the awareness to conserve the values of the past, and the
attempts at reconciling protection and economic development in historic
urban
settings,
have
gathered momentum at a relatively late stage
in
time,
Rhen a considerable portion of the traditional urban fabric
has
been destroyed or defaced by rapid urban growth.
Psychologists lay great stress on the importance
of
identity
to
individuals
and
groups as something they must maintain in the face of
social
and economic
developments,
that offer
physical
comfort,
security and cheaper products at the price of de-personalisation.
"The desire and determination to maintain the fabric
of
historic
towns,
villages
and
buildings draRs on very
deep psychic in national consciousness,
and on psychosocial
forces
in a nation s culture
that
are only
partly conscious" (Shankland,1975).
Finally
on the economic side,
a case for conservation
of
the
traditional settings can be based on the strong tourist potential of the
area,
the same
providing
a source of income
and economic
support.
However, another vieRpoint on this aspect is:
Tourism
is being
given undue
emphasis
as
a
justification for conservation.
Tourism is a corrupter,
a destroyer of the indigenous character.
It demoralizes
the
local populace,
leading them to false expectations
through
emulation,
and tempts them Rith the desire
to
dissimulate friendship for gain.
Tourists are alien, to
the local culture.
Alterations in the built environment
prompted by the expectations of tourists have little
to
do with conservation. True conservation should of course
be directed to benefit the indigenous society and to the
continuing momentum of their culture" (Lewcock,1978).

1.1.3 Khat to Conserve?

The
almost
magical
power
of
the past does not lie only in
the intrinsic beauty of what is being preserved,
survivals of
an age
when
towns Rere
made
by
artisans,
but above
all in the identity
they
confer.
This
sense of continuity seems
today
more
important
than
ever,
as national
groups
and
ethnic
minorities
battle
for
identity
for survival in an age of
multi-national economic
groupings,
and
uniform machine made products.
The historic
towns and
buildings
offer
this
link.
These
can
be
distinguished,
one
town
form

-5-

another,
(on
the
basis
of
its surroundings,
its design and its
history)
at
a
time
when neR urban
development
is
highly
standardized
and
de-personalized. A toRn without old buildings has

less character. This lack of personality is one of the problems of

towns.

new

Hozayeni (1978), an eminent Iranian city planner, is of the view

that, "Until recently too much emphasis has been placed upon principal
monuments of the past. But principal monuments - temples, cathedrals,
mosques, great as they are, reveal only certain aspects of the total
architecture. It is often the ordinary buildings and town structures,
the ones still surviving, that can offer the opportunity to see the
relation between man and his physical environments. Ordinary buildings
may appear humble, accidental and sometimes even without necessary
prec1s1on
in realization, but in many instances they own
high
architectural qualities. They shoR a clear and direct response to the
conditions of man's environment and his needs, and his response,
surprisingly, even when judged by accepted criteria, sometimes has
artistic value. These are described with terms like, indigenous or
vernacular; whatever the term used, the reference is to the inner
quality of these structures, their unity with natural environments and
their intrinsic relationships with people and their way of living.
Hhile
principal monuments can indicate the highest
degree
of
technological ability of an age and can be judged as the great artistic
achievements of that age, common place buildings - houses, shops,
small squares and bazaars could demonstrate the life and livelihood
of thousands of people and their manifestations in shaping man's
environment.
The
need to consciously reintroduce identity in our
built environment should correspond R~th the growing interest and
importance given to the search for cultural roots as well as personal
and
collective identity.
The old environment can
provide
the
essential context for the visual and psychological link~ges to the
neR development areas.- It is an important underpinning for
any
successful conservation strategy that both, socio-cultural and politicolegal contexts must be favourable. Rithout popular support or legal and
procedural facilities, achievements are likely to be constrained. Public
involvement remains of crucial importance, since statutory initiatives
cannot alone suffice, they be ~idely accepted and encouraged. Increasing
public involvement in decision making and an enthusiastic voluntary
sector must be important in this context.

1.2 Conservation in Praotioe

1.2.1 An Overview of the European Experience
The principle of the conservation of historic monuments was first
established by Pope Pius II in a decree dated 18 April
1462.
(Papageorgiou,1971). The legal and the technical aspects of conservation
were evolved at an early date in Italy, which possessed the most
extensive Greek and Roman remains in Restern Europe, most of which were
well preserved and had been integrated into the townscape of living
historic towns. This early realization of the need to preserve works of
art was undoubtedly prompted both by humanist ideals and by the

-6-

admiration felt during the Renaissance for the works of antiquity, which
provided the inspiration for Italian architecture at the time.
The rapid urbanization process during the industrial revolution at
the end of the last century led to the growth of monotonous and inhuman
town ~xtensions. The subsequent development of motorized tpansport
system, gave rise to the trend of movement away from the town
(suburbanization). Initially, this phenomenon was restricted to the
upper income class only,
who could afford to live on the outskirts of
the growing towns; away from the ubiquitous soot,
grime and squalor of
the industrial towns. The towns grew,
as a result of the suburban
expansion and alongwith this the intensification of land use and
congestion in the central areas continued unabated, consequently to be
inhabited mainly by the low income population. The social problems of
inner city areas became evident when development of commercial tand use
and constantly increasing traffic afflicted such historic urban areas.
In order to remedy the social and infrastructural shortcomings, the
previously neglected qualities of the inner city areas came into focus;
and comprehensive renewal schemes, were made to revive the city centre
in numerous European cities. However, the urban planning during the
early part of this century, was limited to short term adjustments in
order to remedy a particular problem. Thus in most cases the renewal of
city
centres
happened at the expense of the historical
urban
environment.
Urban
development
after
the second
Horld
Har
destroyed
comparatively more historic assets than any period before. The hectic
reconstruction period of the fifties and sixties gave a boost to the
building industry and along with this ca~e so called modern, but often
reckless town planning. Any obstruction was brutally pushed aside in
order to give way to huge modern residential and industrial estates,
shopping complexes, cars. The historic core of most cities had to be
included in an overall planning process and their fate was to be
comprehensively
redeveloped CEnders,1986).
The loss of
historic
structures and identity is estimated to be even greater than from all
the war damage. However, a few isolated instances where some individuals
and
organizations,
reactions revealed their love of the historic
past,
brought in the recognition that people were
by
tradition
bound
to
their
environments
and preferred
them
to
newer
developments.
The fact that people were interest~d in the total
environment
that
touched them in any significant way also forced
the planners to pay attention to their preferences.
The recognition
that building materials
are part of an overall series of finite
resources
and
the
escalating construction costs, introduced an
additional factor in favour of those who wanted to preserve the old
buildings. In the early 70' s,
the fact that buildings are not only
valuable because of some architectural quality or association, but also
because they are part of an existing built fabric and are valuable
just because they are there was recognized. The fact that the high-rise
and
multi-level
development
that
was
evolving
was
not
psychologically
and aesthetically
satisfactory,
introduced
an
additional factor in favour of a reconsideration of the development
process.

-7-

The urban problems created during the post-war economic miracle

finally forced the public to realize what had happened; and at last
urban conservation became an integral part of town planning and urban
development. Urban conservation gathered support, and extended its
meaning beyond the preservation of historic buildings. It came to
include the rehabilitation and conservation of whole streets and
neighbourhoods,
and
of as much old housing as
possible.
The
establishment of the "European Heritage Year" in 1975 was the climax of
a
development that had led to the formal recognition of urban
conservation as an inseparable part of urban development policies.
(Enders,1986)
In the United Kingdom, The Civic Amenities Act of 1967, provision
was made for areas of good architectural quality or important historic
significance; to be defined as conservation areas, and the act made it
the duty of the local authorities to identify and protect such areas.
The areas may comprise a whole village or even a small town, or they may
be part of a town or city such as a street, a market square, buildings
grouped around a cathedral or church, a great urban estate, or simply
a unified terrace or crescent of buildings. (Smith,1974)
Furthermore in U.K., the Housing Acts of 1964
to
1974 have
accelerated programs by reference to defined areas rather than by
individual projects. These areas are demarcated as improvement
areas
and government funds are channeled to the local authorities that are in
greatest need.
The Acts also strengthened local authorities in
their
efforts
to
renew
housing through compulsory
improvement
by
undertaking clearance and redevelopment measures if the houses
in
a
neighbourhood were completely unfit and clearance was
the
only
solution, by renovation in areas that could be improved through this
measure.
There was also a realization that when large areas were
cleared, it took a long time to replace them with new dwellings.
In
the meantime the total stock of housing was reduced and
not
only
was the cost of construction escalating, but also the financial
resources were diminishing. Thus, the Housing Act of 1974 forwarded
a comprehensive strategy for a gradual renewal that is continuous and
flexible
enough to take into account the proposals forwarded by
the
people affected in the area. It was emphasized that rehabilitation and
renewal were not substitute to slum clearance but complementary to it.
(Smith,1974)
Experiences
in
various
countries
indicate
that
the
conventional administrative structures are not suitable for complex
urban renewal. It was found in Austria, a country that has a long
history of urban renewal, that public authorities must take
the
initiative in renewal measures in areas that require it most urgently.
The later such measures are taken,
the greater is the state of
disrepair
and extensive demolition is required.
This
results
in
more
expensive redevelopment and serious
social
consequences.
(Sorlini1975)
Many
cities have initiated strong actions to preserve
the
historical environment. Old buildings are demolished only after thorough
investigation has been conducted. The height and intensity of new

-8-

development in such areas is strictly controlled. In more than 100 towns

all over Europe,
vehicular trafic is severely restricted from entering
the central
areas,
during working hours.
Thus converting
the major
shopping
streets into pedestrian malls or' pedestrian streets' a rough
translation of the German term Fussgaengerstrassen,
(Uhlig, 1979).

1.2.2 The Asian Context

In
the
developing countries,
the
desire
and
need
for
rapid development and the attitude of what is
"modern is better",
results in
complete disregard of the old and traditional except
for its touristic values.
In recent years,
there has been
a
gradual awareness of the strong sense of continuity in the traditional
areas and
the need to conserve the past.
However,
with
the
scarce resources
that
are
available
for
development in
the
developing countries,
a very clear justification is required
for
adopting conservation instead of redevelopment.
Conservation has been misinterpreted in the Asian context.
It can
be separated into two distinct parts. Conservation till recent times was
envisaged, as to cover merely the preservation of historic monuments.
The second interpretation or rather misinterpretation has resulted in a
new genre of buildings, incorporating traditional and old European
architectural motifs and elements~ in a highly absurd manne~
"Hhile such hilarious trends are definitely besides the
objectives of conservation, they might nevertheless
point
to a certain revolarisation
of
historical
building environment. It would be unrealistic, however
to expect a positive impact on conservation as attitudes
. and motivation of the latest architectural fashion are
rather incompatible with general interest in historical
values". ( Kammeier,1986)
Historically,
the various architectural styles found in the
countries of Asia, can be attributed to the various, deeply rooted
religious beliefs of the Asian people. (E.g., richly decorated buildings
of the Hindus, or comparatively simply decorated built forms related to
the followers of Islam). A second generation of built form found in the
region is an outcome of the period of subjugation and colonization of
these countries, which had a profound effect on the evolution of many
historical urban centres in the region. Though different from the
vernacular idiom, the building style of the colonial masters was a well
thought mixture of the traditional and imported built fabric, and
resulted in a richly integrated townscape.
Generally, the rate of economic growth in Asian countries has been
outpaced by the higher rate of population growth and social changes
mainly in the urban centres of the region. This is also evident in the
rapid expansion and changes in the structural characteristics of these
cities.
Until recent times, the desire for conserving the past has not
been the primary objective of the Asian governments, in general. In the
name of economic progress, the surviving traces of cultural heritage are

-9-

being recklessly desecrated and replaced by modern buildings. Apart from

a few national
monuments,
which are protected
by legislation
and
government
actions,
practically no positive action has been
taken
to
preserve
the rich cultural heritage. The few protected
monuments
that
have been restored
with
considerable
care,
(mostly
due to
their
touristic potential) utilizing various sources of finance.
These efforts
range from full restoration or protection through international support,
e.g.,
Bhaktapur,
Nepal (an exceptional case see Appendix.G),
to
mere
maintenance
and
necessary
repairs, through the use of
insufficient
finances earmarked for this purpose in the national budgets.

1.3 Ooparative Overview:

Aaian Context and European Experience

A character of an Urdu short story paraphrases to the effect that

"All cities are the same. If you have seen one, you have
seen all.
Each has avenues lined with plate glass
windows, an airport, smokey industries, slums, and
quaint old towns." (quoted in Qadeer,1983)
On the surface contemporary cities bear a close resemblance to
each other, irrespective of where they are. Cities take decades or even
centuries to develop and evolve. Their physical structure may be new or
old, as well as,
ugly or beautiful. Cities are alive, because people
live, work and die there. Historical conservation and adaptive reuse of
the existing built environment and the need to consciously reintroduce
identity in our built environment should correspond with the growing
interest and importance given to search ~or cultural roots, as well as
personal and collective identity. The old environment can provide the
essential context for the visual and psychological linkages to the new
development areas.

1.3.1 The Issue of Administrative Controls

The conservation of historic components of towns and cities has
become a focus for international concern over recent years, and yet to a
significant degree each individual national experience tends to exhibit
a particularity and uniqueness. In some respects, national problems of
urban conservation can reflect technical differences arising from the
vernaculars of architectural traditions, reliance on local building
materials and the varied histories of urban settlement. Perhaps more
generally interesting, however, are those national differences which
emerge on one hand from the socioeconomic context within which the
conservation movement is working and on the other from the political,
legal,
administrative and financial framework which provides the
effective matrix for implementing a conservationist strategy.
A viewpoint on the effective adoption of European
the Asian context states that in European countries,

experience,

"Urban conservation has become a special

planning
discipline and what is more important, a widely accepted

in

-10-

public attitude. - - - The European experience suggests

that
the
strength
of
professional
and
popular
consciousness
toRards urban conservation
is
inversely
related
to economic growth rates.
Expressed in another
way,
urban conservation movements may not realistically
be expected to gain sufficient strength during the early
stages of industrial development~ (Kammeier,1986)
Conservation
in developed countries has become a part of
economic
and strategic planning policy,
with a range of incentives in terms
of
loans,
grants and tax benef~ts to reinforce what is an accepted part of
the general system of urban management.
On the other hand, presently in
the Asian
cities,
there
are more
vital
and important
issues
of
development that have priority over conservation. Moreover, the existing
situation
of constrained resources,
ineffective institutional
control
and absence
of
popular support are not conducive for implementing
a
conservation strategy.

1.3.2 Growth and Development

Issues

The cities
of the Third Rorld are groRing rapidly.
In fact
the
growth of the urban population in the underdeveloped world appears to be
occurring
at a much faster rate than the growth of urban population
in
their
comparable
period
of European growth. Third
Rorld
cities
are
large,
sprawling, lacking in jobs, houses, public services, and poorly
financed
and organized. The majority of the population
in the Third
Rorld countries have a standard of living so low as to be
inconceivable
to the average citizen of an industrializ~d country. For many the quest
for food, for themselves, for their children, is a daily
struggle
for
survival.
According
to a Rorld Bank Report (1972);
"Rhat
most
distinguishes
the current
urban
problems
of
the
developing
countries is their scale and intensity.
The
severity of the problems reflects primarily the rapidity
of
overall
population
growth and acute
shortage
of
resources
with
which to equip the additions
of
urban
populations. (quoted in Qadeer,1983)
An important consequence of this rapid growth process is the need
for more shelter,
production and commercial space, public amenities and
facilities. The rapid growth of urban areas has far outpaced the ability
of Third world governments to provide adequate services.
Urban
living
has increased
both the quantity and the quality of the economic
needs
and desires of the population.
Such changes are very important
since
they
raise individual expectations and impose added constraints on the
economic policies of governments.
Rhen the European countries began to industrialize a century or two
ago,
there
were
functional
links
between
industrialization
and
urbanization.
Directly or indirectly it was chiefly the factories which
made
the cities grow.
Rater and steam power multiplied the numbers
of
unskilled
manufacturing
jobs,
made
them
productive
beyond.
any

-11-

contemporary competition, and concentrated them into cities. Thus, the

force which made the cities grow also kept most of their people
employed, however irregularly at times. It is no longer possible to
repeat those particular industrial and urban sequences which enriched
one western country after another from the 18th to early the 20th
rrentury. Mainly due to the fact, that in the developrng countries
(usually have constrained economic resources) the advanced capital
intensive elements are hard to start, for want of capital and skill.
Alternatively, a lot of low skilled labour intensive production may be
needed, in view of the lack of capital.
But it is difficult for those
labour intensive methods to succeed in a world which now includes
advanced competitors with many times their efficiency.
The principal economic feature of the process of urbanization is
the shift from agricultural to non-agricultural occupations.
The
historical experience of the developed Restern Rorld was that this
process, while it occurred at varying rates from country to country, was
the basis of their increase in the levels of economic productivity. The
reason was that the rise in technological enhancement of
human
productivity, together with certain constant factors, rewarded urban
concentration. Hence, urbanization in the Hestern Horld has given rise
to the understanding that, urban groRth is connected to economic groKth.

1.3.3 The Problem of Continuity

The importance of conservation is not limited to maintaining the
forms of historical buildings for posterity; conservation is also the
mechanism for carry-over of the old ~uilding traditions, from the
conceptual as well as the functional vieRpoint. Conservation
is
essentially a cultural decision; thus the experience or approach to
conservation in one context is not suitable or acceptable in anothe~
Conservation demands a careful evaluation of the
environment as a
function of the people, as the raison d'etre of their history and as a
provision for historical continuity.
Education
is
universally important to
instill
pride
and
identification with place.
This pride can only be achieved through a
sense of continuity of the past.
In the European context, where the
modern theory of conservation took shape, the problem of historical
continuity between the preindustrial and industrial city did not arise;
since the change that occurred at the time of industrialization,
although unprecedented was what may be termed as "home grown or local".
History did not have to be denied or rejected before it could become
modern. In comparison, in the Asian context in general, the change from
the past has taken place at many different times. In the past, cultural
change has been forced and Hesternization superficially imposed, mainly
through colonization. Thus, in Europe, change has continued along the
same
lines,
while in the colonial countries change
has
been
diametrically contrary to the traditional culture. For example, in
Britain there are many towns where one can experience the various stages
of growth; walking from the centre to the outskirts, one passes from
narrow
medieval streets, through dignified renaissance
terraces,
followed by Victorian bye-law streets, and finally in the open suburbs

-12-

of
present
time.
Comparing
this with the case of
Lahore,
where
the
continuity
of
the
traditional
past was severed
during
the
British
colonial rule, (the colonial past is very much a part of the history, no

denying the fact),

no such gradual change can be experienced
in this
city.
Rhat is visible is the pronounced difference between the local
traditional past and the colonial past.

1.3.4

Values and Needs

In developing countries,
the traditionalists who wish to retain as
much of the cultural heritage as possible find themselves
in constant
conflict with modernisers whose main concern is economic development.
Furthermore,
conservation is generally seen to be mainly the concern of
the "idle" middle class and the elites.
However, there is no denying of
the fact that conservation helps save some of the buildings which
provide low-cost
or low rental housing,
commercial
and even light
industrial space in the urban areas.
Another undeniable fact is that conservation costs money,
at least
to the authority which is entrusted in carrying out the programs.
Some
funds have to be spent on giving grants to owners of listed buildings
to carry out renovation works. Funds are also needed for the initial
work to rehabilitate the area earmarked for conservation. For instance,
it was reported that in Singapore1 about$ 2.5 million was spent on the
conservation
project in the Emerald Hill Road. In the Netherlands,
an
annual
budget of 160 million florins Ras spent to protect
and
rehabilitate
some 40,000 monuments. In the United Kingdom 3 million
Pounds is expended annually in grants and loans for conserving
240,000
listed buildings and over 3000 conservat1on areas.
But most authorities
in charge of conservation, such as the local authorities in the Third
Rorld cities usually face fiscal crisis - even to carry out ordinary
municipal tasks.
The trend and pace of value changes in some developing
countries
prior to a~hieving full employment,
economic take-off, and higher wages
for the masses already pose a serious dilemma.
In vieR of the clamour
for scarce resources,(both at the institutional and individual level) in
the developing
countries,
the decision
to invest in conservation
projects can be crudely,
yet best represented
in David Eversly's
question,
"The house is on fire, which would you save, the baby, or the
Rembrandt?" (quoted in Cantell, 1975).

-13-

CHAPTER II
- COHSBRVIHQ TBE RALLBD CITY:
THI HEED FOR A VIABLE STRATEGY

This chapter comprises two subjects. Firstly, a profile of the

Lahore Ralled City and secondly, the research approach to the study. In
order to provide a better understanding of the Lahore Ralled City, an
introduction has been included for the convenience of readers unfamiliar
with this historical artifact.

2.1 Lahore Walled City

2.1.1 Location and Importance
Lahore is an historic city,
with a recorded history of about 1000
years, though references to its existence can be traced back to the
distant past.
It is both physically and cul~urally an Islamic city.
This does not imply that only Huslims have lived in it or even ruled
it.
Lahore
may have originated in antiquity, but its evolution has
been determined essentially by nine centuries of Huslim rule in India.
It is only that the Islamic Turko-Iranian cultural characteristics
had a dominant influence in the evolution of the city. The Halled City
is the
historical core of Lahore, its network of narrow winding
streets, clan quarters, congregational
squares, bustling bazaars,
turquoise mosques, imposing walls, gates and ramparts
are living
testimony to its Islamic heritage.
"Lahore can boast a long and proud history, a splendid
architectural and urbanistic heritage and
thriving
cultural life.
A major national center of trade and
communication, and at the time of Independence the
largest city of the new state,
it had strong claims
to become the capital of Pakistan in 1947.
But the city
located only 20 miles from the frontier with India, was
strategically vulnerable and the role of capital passed
it by first to Karachi and subsequently to Islamabad.
Overshadowed by the extremely rapid growth of
Karachi,
it is now the second biggest city and continues to be a
place of immense vitality and variety. A feature of the
city
is the continued and flourishing existence of a
traditional bazaar economy arguably paralleling rather
than subordinated to the sectors of
government and
modern
business.
This dualistic
structure
poses
questions
of
great
complexity for
the
future
development of Lahore,
and especially for the future
of the Ralled City;
the historic core of Lahore."
(Qadeer,1983)

-14-

Map No.
LOCATION

wc.n
OF THE WALLED CITY IN LAHORE METROPOLITAN

/\REI\

-15-

The social structures

and institutions in Lahore have
gradually
been eroded
by
the
process
of
industrialization,
technological
change and establishment of formalized
civil administration.
HoRever,
the physical
structure of the Ralled City remains
largely
unchanged
from its traditional
and spontaneously developed form.
This is
so
because
the
population
of
the Ralled
City
still
lives
under
circumstances
which
exclude
them
from
the "modern"
life
style
accessible
to other "Lahoris",
and because new Restern
style
urban
development
has
been accommodated
in the more compatible
and lower
density "British city".

2.1.2 Evolution

through

Centuries

Lahore was originally

a Hindu
city,
but in 1021 AD.
the city
was conquered
by the Afghans,
under Mahmood of Ghazni.
The Ghaznavid
Sultans
later
made
it their
capital.
Unfortunately
such
a city,
strategically
located in an unstable
region,
remained
an important
military
objective.
Thus,
the history of Lahore is one of alternating
periods of devastation,
decay and imperial building;
the constructions
of
the Hughal
era
(1526-1767)
being clearly the most
significant.
The Hughals consolidated, refortified and embellished the city they
inherited.
Outside
of their Ralled City they covered a vast area
with
the richly designed mosques, tombs,
mansions
<b2Yli)and gardens for
the aristocracy.
All of this was watered by an elaborate and extensive
system of canals.
During the subsequent struggles Rith the Sikhs,
Rho
eventually
gained
control of the area,
these "suburbs" were
largely
abandoned.
Visitors
in the nineteenth century found them in ruins
and
partially buried.
Around and over these remains the British built
their
oRn
extensive
establishment.
This
legacy
of
Restern
colonialism
remains today,
largely uncha.nged,
side by side with the old Muslim city
each area retaining its distinctive character.

2.1.3

Socio-Economic

and Demographic

Characteristics

Lahore
Ralled City,
(Map RC. 2) the historic
core
and ancient
Lahore
is
spread over 2.5 square kilometers which until 1859
AD
was
enclosed by a double defensive wall,
Rith 12 gates and a moat.
This is
the most densely
populated
quarter of the provincial
capital
of
Punjab;
Rith
an estimated density of approximately 1100
persons
per
hectare, and an overall population of approximately 260,000 persons.
The inner city continues to play a central
role
in the life
of
the metropolis
providing
shelter
and employment
to
approximately
eight
percent
of the
metropolitan population.
It also makes a major
contribution
to
the
urban
economy
by
providing
Rs.4.0
million
annually
to
the
urban
exchequer as property
tax alone.
The
high
concentration
of commerce and small
scale
industry in the old city,
accounts
for
an additional
revenue
in
terms
of QQtr2i
t2~g~;
conservatively
estimated to be Rs. 13.0 million annually.
In terms
of
real estate and capital invested in buildings,
utilities, technical and
social
infrastructure,
the Ralled
City
is valued
between
Rs.5-7

>
!-

u
Q

o
u
0
~ ~ g
...J

z0
0.
Ill

--

~
9

....

<

4J

...J

Ill

-17-

billion
and 2.5 billion
respectively.
Its
approximately
15,000
industrial
and commercial enterprises provide employment to well over
40,000
persons.
Those of its working
population
not employed
Rithin
the old city are employed at walking or cycling distances in what may be
termed as the CBD of Lahore metropolitan area.
Furthermore, the average
monthly
income of a household is Rs.BOO/= (US$50/=);
implying that the
majority
of
its population
belong
to the low-income
group.
(LRC
Study,1978)
Socially
it is a well integrated society
with roots
and family
ties,
which
bind its members
together
into
an intricate
web of
kinships,
clans,
fraternities,
ethnic and religious
groups;
which
provides
every
resident
a sense of security
and
belonging.
The
incidence
of
crime is extremely low and the one quality
that strikes
any
visitor to the Ralled City is the friendliness and hospitality
of
its residents.
The
intricate
pattern
of narroR
winding
lanes which
provide
the circulation
network
within
the ~QQgb2
sDQ
IDQhs!!s,
is
a
characteristic
feature
of the Halled City.
Access to the lanes
is
gained
through a number of bazaars,
which
serve as arteries
to and
from
each of the 12 gates of
the city.
The width of these lanes and
streets has helped in keeping the intrusion and penetration of vehicular
traffic
at its minimum.
The main mode of transportation Rithin the
Halled
City
is pedestrian.
However on wide arterial lanes
and main
bazaars
this is mixed
with bicycles,
motorcycles,
light
vehicles,
and
animal
drawn
carts;
(IQng2~
B~br2~
~tg~).
Several forms
of
public
transport
are available immediately outside each gate.

2.1.4 Ralled City:

Splendid

Past

The Ralled
City
of Lahore is one of the outstanding
surv1v1ng
examples
of
a traditional
city
in the Indian sub-continent and the
Islamic
world.
In 1641,during the reign
of
Shah Jehan,
a Portugese
Fray Sebastiao Manrique observed:
"(Lahore)
is beautifully situated commanding
agreeable
views,
having on one side a river with crystal
waters
which
descend from the mountains of Kashmir It
is a handsome and well-ordered city with large gate-ways
and pavilions
of various colors
- - - I
entered
the
city,
a difficult undertaking on account
of the number
of
people
who filled
the
streets,
some on camels,
some on foot,
some on elephants, others in small carts,
jostling one another as they went along.
Those who best
could passed first".(quoted by Leonard, 1985)
Nearly
three centuries later,
Sir Patrick Geddees
Toan Planning report for the city in 1917,said of it;

who prepared

"no ordinary
coldness
of phrasing
can
express
the
surprise and admiration,
the delight, with which
one
makes
acquaintance
with Labore;
even as a
veteran

-18-

tourist,
long
familiar
with
many
of
the great
examples
of
Muslim
architecture;
domestic,
palatial
and
monumental,
and
these
from
Constantinople to Delhi and Agra,
and across India from
Dacca
to Ahmedabad.
For here is certainly one of
the
most picturesque of them all,
with
its piled up, many
storied
groupings,
its
endless
variety
and
enrichment".(quoted
by Leonard, 1985)
Between
then
(1641) and now (1987) a lot
of
time
has passed.
The
river
has
now receded,
and
is
scarcely
crystalline,
the
elephants
have gone and the camels are
rare,
(although
the traffic
behaviour has changed little, but inspite of much
neglect and decay the
Halled
City still retains much of the former vitality
and excitement,
both of its architecture and its popular life.

2. 1. 5 Ralled City:

Present Squalor

The
present day Ralled City of Lahore faces a host of problems
of
which the most pressing relates to
buildings and utility services.
The
building stock in the Ralled City has effectively reduced over the time.
The
man
made mound
of the old city provides
an unstable
base for
foundations, this coupled with a falling
water table, frequent seepage
of
water
mains and age has resulted in many of
the
buildings
being
structurally
weakened
and even dangerous. Of the 22,500 premises more
than
one-eighth
lie vacant,
where houses have collapsed and not been
rebuilt.
Hore
than
one in every twelve is structurally
unfit for
habitation.
As a result,
about one-third of the population now live in
dilapidated buildings and most dwellings
are over crowded, with nearly
7 persons per household. The structures mainly of burnt brick walls and
timber floors and balconies etc. are densely packed into tiny plots of 2
to 3 ffigr!g(40-60
sq.m) each,
rising to a height of 3-4 storeys.
More
than
half the premises are occupied by a single
household,
about
one
quarter contain
two households each, while the remainder house three or
more households each CLHC Study,1979).
The
existing service infrastructure is in a deplorable
condition.
The
Ralled City,
which was originally served
by a number of
private
and
public
wells,
was furnished by the British
with a
piped
water
supply system fed from a reservoir located
at the highest point.
This
has
since
been augmented by a ring of
tubewells
which
feed
into
the existing
system.
As
these
and
similar
tubewells
in
the
metropolis
deplete
the aquifer,
a large draw-down
cone
of
falling
levels
of underground water has formed with its lowest
point
directly
under
the Ralled
City.
The devastating effect of this is evident in
the settlements below the foundations
in the old city (Appendix D).
The network of cast iron pipes is in places a hundred
years
old;
each
ferrule
which
taps
the mains
to feed
thousands
of
house
connections,
is a potential point of leakage into the parched soil.
As
the soil collapses into myriad crevices,
the mains itself is deflected
and cracked.
The leaks multiply,
the pressure drops, the mains silt up
and the flow is reduced to a trickle.
To the structural damage is added

-19-

the problem of insufficient water,

and in turn an inadequate
flushing
of
the surface
drains.
Open surface drains in
every
street
and
bazaar,
helped
by the contours of the man made mound,
have adequately
served
for centuries to carry storm
water,
sullage
and night
soil
from each house and street to the main drains outside the walls.
The
slopes
of
these drains although quite steep
in most
reaches,
vary
awkwardly creating unfavourable
hydraulic
floR
conditions.
Moreover
the
inadequate
flushing
of
drains
due to low
Rater
pressure,
compounded
with
uncollected garbage and waste
from
tiny
industries
choke
up these drains and cause them to overflow.
Thus resulting in an
overall
decay
of the environment and physical form
of
Lahore
Ralled
City.
The
Halled
City is well provided
with
an infrastructure
of
social
services
as
compared
with
the other
districts
of
Lahore
Metropolitan Area.
There are 65 schools and 7
dispensaries
run by the
Municipal Corporation.
In addition
four
hospitals
are located either
within the Halled City or in easy reach of
it.
Besides, there are some
300
mosques
within
the area
and
accessible
public
parks
and
recreational
facilities
adjacent to it.
Rhat it mainly
lacks are
organized play lots or community open spaces at the level of the ffiQh~!!g
gilQ }sQQbg.

2.2 The LRC Project - An 1rrort toward Oonaervation

A detailed study of the Lahore Halled City was carried out by
the Lahore Development Authority, as a part of Lahore Urban Development
and Traffic
Study (LUDTS) during 1978-81. The Halled City study
provides a detailed account of the prevailing state of affairs in the
historic core,
alongwith the possible future for the Ralled City, if
the present trends of deterioration of utility services,
water,
sewerage, refuse disposal, electricity, and gas and the dilapidation of
buildings are allowed to persist. The objective of the LUDTS was to
formulate a substantial program of improvements in the living conditions
for
the low-income groups,
mainly by improving the
level
of
environmental sanitation and providing social support programs.
The study suggested policies to serve as a guiding frameRork
planning,
development,
renewal and redevelopment activities in
Halled City:

for
the

1.
No
action should be taken which is likely to result in major
changes in the population size, overall density and income patterns.
2.
No action should. be taken which
changes in
the present economic
manufacturing.

major
is likely to result in
base of commerce and small-scale

3.
Internally the Ralled City should retain its present structure of
functional zonesi.e., residential neighbourhoods; commercial spines;
regional
commercial centers; public
areas
(regional
hospitals,
mosques, monuments, recreational centers and parks).

-20-

4.
The present
street
system
and
transportation network should
be
retained
with
local
improvements
to insure a network
of adequate
pedestrian
access to every premises and access to a vehicular
street
not more than 100 meters for any premises.

5.
Rater supply and distribution network,
sewerage, drainage_ and
solid waste collection and disposal system should be improved.
Structurally
unsound
or otherwise
buildings should be improved or replaced.

6.

7.

dilapidated or

inadequate

Culturally valuable elements should be preserved or conserved.

8.
The
city should be divided
into residential neighbourhoods of
about 2,000 persons, and each neighbourhood should have the following
basic community facilities: a boys primary school; girls primary school;
a basic health unit; community space.
9.
The circular garden around the Halled City should be developed as a
public park with school sports
fields and other outdoor recreational
areas.

2.3 The Reaearoh Problem:

Rill exiata,

but ia Conservation the Ray?

The concept of cultur~l identity is embodied in the

cultural heritage, which is made up,
inter alia, of
those works- buildings, towns, monuments and objects,- that constitute an expression of cultural identity.
Hence
the
flowering
of
cultural
identity
is
inconceivable if the cultural heritage is destroyed."
(UNESCO,1978)
As an outcome of the 1978 Lahore Urban Development and Traffic
study, the Lahore Ralled City project was prepared for implementation.
Implementation of the First Phase, serving about one third of the Ralled
City area, commenced, with the financial support of the Rorld Bank/IDA,
in 1981 and was completed by the end of 1984. The stated objectives of
the project are to improve the basic living conditions within the
Halled City and to help conserve the culturally and historically
important assets; through a concerted effort on the provision of
improved water supply,
sanitation and related services, community and
educational facilities and provision of loans to individual owners for
house reconstruction or repair.
Secondly~ the Sixth-Five Year Plan of Pakistan emphasizes the
cities,
importance of archaeological sites, historical monuments, old
museums and art galleries, in the educational, cultural and economic
development of the nation; It states that it is through these historical
artifacts that the heritage of the nation is passed on to the younger
generations.
These historical and cultural centers if developed as
organic
institutions
and
run efficiently, can be an
living,
effective source of education for the corning generations and can help

-21-

A.l.T. LIBRARY
the youth in
gaining insights into the past
possible to get through in printed words.
The Sixth
as folloRs;

Plan

states

the

policy

Rhich

are

often

not

objectives of the government

is
an ideological state and
it
is
"Pakistan
that all Pakistanis particularly the youth
necessary
fully acquainted with the Islamic values,
are made
Scientists, Islamic
important discoveries of Huslim
architecture, art,
museums, paintings, etc.
- to
develop a sense of pride in the achievements of the
Muslims".
However,
large
scale conservation
measures
require
both
governmental and public action.
The public reaction and attitude is in
no way less important or significant than the governmental decision or
commitment for an action in the field
of
conservation.
Rithout
public willingness or desirability for a conservation program, either
little Rill be done or Rhat is done will be of poor quality.
This research has been conducted to provide an answer to the
crucial question:
II yggr1~ing ID~ QQD~t~ltign I ~itibl ID~ ~ilbl
ggti2D [Qt LlbQt Hill~ Qit~ 1 In more simple terms this implies:
Should developing countries like Pakistan indulge in upgrading and
conservation projects or not.

2., Rationale: The Need tor Action

Environment is enriched by historical continuity; just as a person
is enriched by culture, language and tradition.
The environment can be
enriched by the historical monuments, clusters of old buildings, the
intimacy of old streets,
man made landscapes, buildings and other
incidental Rhich acquire special significance Rith time.
"A country Rithout a past has the
emptiness
of
barren continent and a city without old buildings
like a man Rithout a memory" (Shankland, 1975).
The conservation of old areas require

a
is

a very clear justification.

"- - - conservation takes a disproportionate amount of

time,
money,
administrative
and
political
negotiations as compared with that normally demanded by
planning;
administration and building. It is quicker,
politically
more dramatic and often
cheaper
to
bulldoze or build on open fields" (Shankland, 1975).
The question of a very clear justification for conserving old
areas, is doubly important in the developing countries,
in view of
the scarce economic resources in which the scramble for development
on almost any terms tends to sReep all other considerations aside.
Hitherto, the
justifications forwarded in support of conservation

-22-

vary
from
psychological to aesthetic reasons and from social
to
economic aspects.
HoRever,
from a developing
country's point of view
the conservation and upgrading of Lahore Ralled City (with a housing
stock for 8% of the metropolitan
population)
is necessary because if
the present trend of deterioration and decay is allowed to continue, the
quality of the environment
Rill deteriorate to such a degree that the
wealthier sections of the population will move out of the Ralled City,
ultimately to be inhabited by the poorest sections of the population.
For nowhere else will they find accommodation as cheap and as close to
their places of work. At the risk of facing death, injury and disease
due to the unsanitary,
unhygenic and structurally
unsafe
living
conditions; only because they are too poor to move.
As a result the city will turn into a stinking and dangerous
slum,
property values may begin to fall,
possibly then powerful
business interests will step in to buy up large areas,
and
clear
them for redevelopment causing massive displacements
of
population,
and also irreparable
loss of the rich cultural
heritage
of
the
nation.
The Ralled City of Lahore is one of the richest repositories
of the nation's cultural heritage, with some 20 protected national
monuments
and another 4,500 buildings of cultural value representing
a
thousand years of regional and national history CLRC Study,1978).
Hence,
conservation
humanitarian

this recurrent and crucial question of viability of

projects in the context of Lahore Halled City and the
aspect of such projects forms the rationale of this study.

2.5 Objeotivea:

iaaeaain; the Viability or the LRC Project

As a broad objective,
this research aims at assessing the
workability
of the LRC project both in economic/financial
and social
terms.
Arising from the necessity for adopting manageabl~
research
approach for the tRo study areas, the overall objective can be divided
into the folloRing implied objectives;
1.

Evaluating the LRC project in the pilot project area,

a)
by assessing its impact,
in terms
triggered by the implementation of the project.
b) by examining
towards the project.
2.

the satisfaction

of the

of

development/change

pilot

Exploring the project viability in the representative

area

population

test area,

a) by assessing the people's preferences and priorities for an area

improvement project.
b)
by assessing the Rillingness and capacity of the people to
contribute financially and voluntary labour, towards an area improvement
project.

-23-

2.6 Research Design

Fig.2 represents the research methods and procedures adopted for
the study. The implementation of planning proposals, without doubt
affect the well being of the members in a society (for better or worse).
The cumulative consequences of planning proposals are important, since
they affect the lives of a large number of individuals. Thus, their
relative merits/demerits should be judged by their potential effect on
the society as a whole; this process is termed as evaluation.
Evaluation of project results can be done at two stages:
i)
evaluation.

Rhile the project is under

ii)
evaluation.

After

the implementation of

implementation,

the

project,

i.e.

on-going

i.e.

ex-post

Further, an evaluation may be concerned with the whole range of

planning proposals, covering all members of the general public affected
by such proposals: comprehensive evaluation. Alternatively, it may cover
the effect of some specific part of the overall proposals, covering some
subset
of
the
general
public:
partial
evaluation.
Justifications for partial evaluation .may be hard to find because
planning decisions should be seen. to be,
in the interests of the public
at large. Hence exercises which formally consider all effects and
repercussions are considered more accurate and authentic; however, the
partial evaluations complement comprehensive evaluations in the sense of
identifying particular incidence effects. Thus the expected consequences
of the planning proposals can be measured in relation to the manner in
which members of the public would consider themselves to be better or
worse off.
Hence, the comparatively small sample size from a population
as large as,
that of Lahore Ralled City and the selection of some
specific proposals of the 1978 Lahore Halled City Study, are justified
in the context of this research.
On one hand, in the context of the pilot project area, this study
is an ex-post partial evaluation; as it aims at analyzing the effects
and impacts of a distinct phase of the project. Rhereas on the other, it
is also an ex-ante evaluation - i.e., assessing the question or project
viability in other areas. The study is aimed to reveal as to what extent
the proposed objectives have been achieved by improving, water supply,
sewerage, drainage and street conditions in the project area. Through
providing an answer to the crucial question of; How far the planning
proposals and people's preferences are in harmony. Secondly, the study
assesses the ability and willingness of the people to pay for a
particular preference.
Questionnaire and Observation surveys, alongwith Interviews of
Technical experts were conducted to collect primary data.
The secondary
data source utilized for the study, is the stream of data available in
the form of reports on the Ralled City, such as; Gilmore study, Causes
of endemic failure of buildings in the LRC, PEPAC study, Conservation
policy for LRC, LUDT study and various survey reports by LD!.

.~

-24-

Fig. No. 2: flow

chart

showing Approach

to

Research

Design

UHDERSTAHDIHG "
CONIEXT

'-

/ OBJECTIUES

or THE

or ,.

THE STUDY

STUDY

.)

"'

PRIMARY DATA
'-

SECOHMRY AIA
\.

.)

i
r

"

OBSERIHtTIOM AH"

r GILMORE STUDY
PEPAC STUDY
WDT STUDY
\.. LA SU RIJ EYS

QUESTI OHtMIP.E
SURVEYS, EXPERTS
'- IHHRIJ I EWS

~
r

COHPI~TION or

'

~ DATA COLLECTED
\..

.)

i
''ATA

'

ANALYSIS
SPSS,
\.. LOTUS12~

t
!IOCUKEHTAll Ott

'

AHD
PRESOOATl OH
\.

.)

'

-25-

2.6.1

Data Collection

A comprehensive study towa~ds conservation in Lahore Ralled

City,
should
preferably cover a large section of the
city.
However,
it
is
rather impossible, both
physically;
(in terms of manpower and time) as
well as financially,
to cover
the whole
old
city in this study.
As
such,
it Ras desirable
to
select a Rell defined smaller section or a
part of the city for detailed study.
Thus,
the research was conducted
in tRo different sections of the Ralled City,
(Map RC.3) viz;
Lohari
area and Yekki area.

The first area located inside Lohari Gate (see Hap L. 1

termed
as
pilot
project area is a part of the Ralled City,
where the first phase
of the project has been implemented.
The LRC study,
proposed two areas,
1.
Mohalla
Mollian,
inside
Lohari
Gate and 2.
Hohalla Kakazaiyan,
inside Dehli
Gate,
as pilot
project
areas to demonstrate the application of the proposed principles
of
area upgrading in the Ralled City.
However,
in order to
test the
proposed
design
principles,
a sample
area in Hohalla
Hollian
was
selected.
Thus, the study area inside Lohari Gate became the first area
in the Ralled City,
where the project commenced work in January
1982,
and completed in March the same year.
It was for this reason that the
pilot project area inside Lohari Gate was selected as a study area.

The second area,

located inside Yekki gate (see Hap Y. 1) termed as
test area is situated outside the first phase area of the Lahore
Halled
City
project
and
hence the project has not been implemented
in
this
area.
This area is comparable in size and features to the pilot project
area,
and at the same time is a representative sample of
the Lahore
Ralled City in general.
Furthermore, the study area inside Yekki Gate,
was selected as it would be the area from where implementation
on the
second phase of the Halled City will commence.
The two study
areas
have
a
total
of 305 and 376 premises
respectively.
The questionnaire survey was conducted in both the areas
using
systematic sampling technique:
taking every third premises as
a
sample
unit,
in which
any adult resident of the unit
was taken
as
respondent.
In case of vacant plot or non-availability
of a respondent
any adjacent
premises
was taken as a sample.
The interviews
were
conducted
by
3rd and 4th year
students
from
the Department
of
Architecture,
University
of Engineering and Technology.
Fortunately,
these
interviewers
were
quite
conversant
with
the techniques
of
conducting questionnaire surveys.
The observation surveys in the two study areas Rere
conducted
to
assess the quality of physical infrastructure in these areas,
using a 5
point Reightage scale,
from 0 to 5,
(see Appendix Bl. Furthermore, the

improvements and repairs carried out by the residents and/or owners were
observed using a 3 point classification scale, (see Appendix B).

-26-

A serious limitation at the data collection stage of the

encountered
during the conduct of structured interviews with
officials.
The interviewees from this category were reluctant
any
comments
on the government policies or the proposals
Walled City Study,
in particular.
However,
the discussions
them
were possible
only after the assurance
to maintain
confidentiality about their identity.

study, was
government
to record
of
Lahore
held
with
complete

-27-

(t

~
~
e
>
~
~
~
(f)

~ ~

-28>i

t.J

~
e
~
z
~

t-'

"
-

:S
0

<: .

w
c

<::

~
z
~
0
~
~

-e

0
r:Q

~
~

z;

f-

...J

VJ

I.

..J

0.

0
z
l'O

<

a:

<

....0

0
0

V)

41

:::>

l'O

V)

V)

f-

-29-

z~I
~

t.J
Q

Ill

-30-

The
objectives

data
collected
alongwith
their
are as shown in Table.1
and Fig.2.

Table. 1:

category,

source

Data Collection

+===========================================================+
:

Task

Objective

Category :

Source

: =============: ===============: ===========: =================:

l

Overview of
: the concept
: and role of
: conservation

Definition of:
and concept or:
conservation
l

Secondary

Existing studies:
-As shown in t he]
Bibliography

l
l
l

Conservation
ef farts and
experiences ofl
- Developed
countries

I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I

Secondary

Existing studies:
-As ahos n in the:
Bibliography
l
Existing studies:
-As sho an in the:
Bibliography
:
Existing studies:
-LRC study 1978
-Rorking papers
on LRC Project l

-Developing
countries
I
I

Description or:
conservation l
efforts in t he]
Lahore Ralled
City
1. Pilot area
2. Test area
I

Determi nation:
of the
workability
of selected
proposals of
LRC study

Critical
assessment of
selected
policies of
LRC study

Secondary

and

Primary

Observation
:
l surveys for bldg. l
: change and infra-:
: structure.
Primary
Structured
interviews
with,
I
Consultants
I
I
Experts
I
I
Politicians
Secondary
Existing studies:'
-LHC Study 1978 l
-Rorking papers:
LHC project 1979:
-LJfC Study of
socio-economic
conditions 1979
-LHC Study of
Sanitation &
Household
conditions 1984
-GILMORE study
l of 1986.
: -PEP AC study of
: 1986
:

+===========================================================+

and

-31-

Table.1 (continued)

+===========================================================+
!

Task

Objective

Category:

Source

: =============: ===============: ===========: =================:

: Evaluation or: Determine
l the impact of' people"s
: LRC project
attitude
towards the
project.

Primary

Primary
Assess the
improvements :
in physical
l
infrastructure:

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Assess the
quantum of
improvements
in individual
buildings.

Questionnaire
survey in the
study areas

l
:-

Observation
survey for
infrastructure
conditions

Primary

Questionnaire
survey in the
study areas.
Observation
surveys for
building
conditions
I
I

l Assessment ofl Determine the

l desirability l people's
l and
l preferences

Secondary :Existing studies

-As mentioned
above
: affordability'and priorities : Primary
Questionnaire
: of the
for improvement!
survey of the
I
l project
:
study areas.
I
Determine the :
l Observation
I
people's
surveys for
I
I
ability and
infrastructure
I
I
willingness to
and building
I
I
contribute
improvements
I
I
, towards the
I
I
: project
I

+===========================================================+
The two study areas were divided into
shown in Haps L.2 and Y.2, for the purpose of
observations on infrastructure conditions and
improvements.

zones as
recording
building

-32-

-33-

----

-34-

Fig. No. 3: Flow

chart

showing

Approach

to

Data

Analysis

DATA ANALYSIS

Desirability of
the project

Practicali ty of
the 1979 study

Questionnaire
Survey; LOHARI

Structured

lntHVl~WS:

Questionnaire
Survey; YEKKI

Experts,Officials
and Politicians

Bldg iMproveMent

Infra iMproveMent

*Description
*Preferences

*Uillingness
*Financial Aspect
*Description
*Satisfaction
*Pref er-ences
*Financial Aspect

...

SYtiTHESIS

COHCLUSIOHS

'

-35-

2.6.2

Data

Processing

Techniques

Fig.
3 represents
the approach adopted for analyzing
the data
collected.
The primary data was processed using computer
packages,
namely SPSS,
the Statistical Package for Social Scientists, Lotus 123
and FloRchart for analyses, presentation and documentation of the study.
The data collected by various techniques, alongwith the sample size, the
analysis technique,
presentation
technique and purpose is shown in
Table. 2.

Table. 2:

Data Processing

+========================================================+
Data Collected
and
Sample Size

I
I

Analysis l
and
I
Presentation:

Purpose

: ====================:============: ======================:
:
:
:
:
:

Structured
IntervieRs
Experts,
LHC and
LDA Officials

: A critical o ver-v i e a
CHART

of the LRC project

policy points

:
:
:

l
:

Il --------------------1
------------1: ----------------------'
Description of presentl
Reports &
: Studies on
: Lahore
l Rall ed City

: costs of
building
in Lahore

HAPS
TABLES
FIGURES

: conditions, changes in:

l population, land and
l building use
1
I ----------------------'

I--------------------'----------: To
: Estimated
l
TABLES
GRAPHS

assess the
l
financial implicationsl
of various categories
of improvements in
private buildings

:
:
:
:

========================================================:
1.LOHARI GATE
Questionnaire
Survey
Household data
Sample: 132

I
I

SPSS
TABLES
GRAPHS

l
l
l

Description of socio-:
economic con di ti ans
:
and Household
:
information
:
I

Respondents
Sample: 99

view

Observation surveys
Building
improvements
Sample: 305
Infrastructure
conditions

SPSS

TABLES
GRAPHS

SPSS

TABLES
GRAPHS
HAPS
TABLES

I
People's attitude
I
toRards the project :
and their preferences:
for improvements
:

To assess the impact:

of LRC project on the:
I
pace of building
I
improvement
:
I
To assess the quality:
I
I
of infrastructure
I
: conditions

+========================================================+

-36-

Table.2

(continued)

+========================================================+
Data Collected
and
Sample Size

Analysis
and
:
: Presentation:

Purpose

:
:

--------------------
--------------------, ------------
------------, ----------------------
----------------------,
2. YEKKI GATE

Questionnaire
Survey
Household data
Sample: 162

SPSS
TABLES
GRAPHS

l
:

Description of socio-:
economic conditions
and Household
information
l

========================================================:
Respondents view
Sample: 119

SPSS
TABLES
GRAPHS

People's preferences
for improvement and
their willingness to
contribute towards
the project and to
:
improve the buildings:

--------------------'
------------' ----------------------'
--------------------. ------------,
----------------------,
Observation surveys
Building
improvements
Sample: 376

:
To assess the pace or:
building improvement:
in the absence of t he]
LRC project

SPSS
TABLES
GRAPHS
HAPS

I
I

Infrastructure
conditions

TABLES
:

To assess the quality:

of infrastructure
conditions

+========================================================+

-37-

CHPTER

III

TBE LABORE RALLED CITY PROJECT:

ITS CHANGING CONTEXT AND REALITIES

This
chapter addresses the changes in socio-demographic and
economic base of the Ralled City. A description of the Ralled City
project alongwith a critical review, in the context of existing
institutional and legal framework form the second part of this chapter.
The description of change process has been provided to illustrate, the
overall context, which should be taken into account while proposing any
future program for the Ralled City.

3.1 The Prooeaa ot Change

The Ralled City of Lahore is a pre-industrial, pedestrian oriented,
residential cum commercial built up area.
The organic manner in which
this traditional urbanism- took shape is not necessarily random.
The
Ralled City, upto the beginning of the colonial period, was well
structured in the extent of its domestic or community territoriality and
of ethnic or trade groupings.
The hierarchies of political power,
of
social strata representing prestige, caste and calling were equally well
represented in the physical form.
The intricate pattern of streets was
structured according to progressively localized domains of privacy, a
hierarchy of main spines, neighbourhoods LIDQflg!!9bL and streets/cul-desacs
Lg2l!t. This hierarchy of street network, coupled with the
closepacked individual buildings of various denomination of use
domestic, commercial, service, social and religious - as well as open
squares and gardens, created the traditional urban form of the Ralled
City.
The major changes wrought in the historic structure of this
traditional urban form, date from the time of the British annexation of
the Punjab in 1849, which was soon followed by the demolition of the
historic
fortification.
This intervention,
caused by political
necessity, was a sign of the opening up of the Ralled City to a changed
political, social and economic obj~ctivity outside its precincts, and
led to the start of a process of migration of the Ralled City elite into
the colonial city outside.
The second phase of major change, which
affected the religious and ethnic distribution of the Ralled City took
place at the time of partition of the Indian sub-continent in 1947. A
mass exodus of the Hindu and Sikh population was accompanied by the
influx of an equally sizable number of Muslim refugees from across the
Indian border. The empty Hindu and Sikh houses offered themselves as
shelter for the Muslim immigrants. Many of these immigrants who settled
in the Ralled City were poor, as it was here that the "evacuee property"
was in the least demand. The resultant increase in the lower income
strata of the Ralled City population, was accompanied by an increase in
the tendency for makeshift shops and workplaces in either existing
buildings or as encroachments into public space.

-3B-

-7'
t!--c

~:::r;::
n.
=:::a:-. '. .
.,,.,

<
0.

w
c..
ell

u
::s

'-

0
Vl

-39-

At
the time of partition,
large parts of the historic fabric were
gutted amid unprecedented inter-communal strife.
In the early
fifties
the gutted
areas were demarcated and steps were taken to
redevelop
them
with the powers vested in the Punjab Development of Damaged
Areas
Act,
1952.
The government sponsored redevelopment of the burnt
down
areas,
took two forms:~
Firstly,
a medium rise, low density commercial
cum office type development (Shah-Alami),
with a broad divided street,
bordered with arcaded ground floors.
This enabled a manifold expansion
of vehicular access into the Ralled City.
Secondly,
a relatively dense
development
of
rows of
very
small
shops
(Azam
Cloth
Market),
a
curvilinear
pedestrian
market for the transfer of
retail
enterprises
operating in shacks encroaching into public space.
In the former case,
the construction of buildings was done by private developers,
according
to a fairly strict set of building regulations.
Rhereas,
in the latter
case,
the shops were first built,(by LHC) and then rented out to
the
resettled
shopkeepers,
{later converted into full
ownership).
There
were only
nominal regulations controlling
rebuilding,
alteration
or
expansion
of
the buildings or regulations for private
development
in
extensions
of this market complex.
In recent years the Ralled City has
been subjected to functional pressures it is not inherently capable
of
confronting,
as traditionally the Ralled City was mainly a residential
precinct.

3.2 The Walled City'a Activity Zonee

The
traditional balance between residential and non-residential
use of the Ralled City appears to have been drastically affected by the
commercial developments resulting from government interventions aimed at
redeveloping damaged property.
This has caused a major cleavage in the
centre
of the Halled City,
rendering it from a more or less
homogeneously differentiated functional organism into a new assembly of
six functional zones, (Hap RC. 4) that may be described as follows:
A) A lower density, chiefly residential zone in the
north that is indicating increasing vulnerability to
expanding commercial pressure.
B) A western residential zone that commands relatively
better access to the areas of downtown colonial Lahore
that contain employment in the service sectors.
C) An intermediate western residential zone bounded by
the Hori Gate Bazaar leading north along Said Hitha
Bazaar on the west, and the Shah Alami Commercial zone
on the east, the Bazaar Barud Khana in the north and
the
Circular Road in the south.
This zone
is
characterized by a preponderance of non-Huslim evacuee
property, a visibly poorer resident population and a
marked
occurrence of production functions
chiefly
relating to the manufacture of footwear.

-40-

D)
A central inverted L-sbaped zone constituted by the
Shah Alami Bazaar and its adjunct regional wholesale and
retail
functions,
the arm of the inverted-L formed
by
the Azam Cloth Market,
the Pakistan Cloth
Market
and
their expansions.
E)
An intermediate eastern zone,
chiefly residential,
marked
by tRo noteworthy trends - firstly the presence
of
a largely lower-middle income
resident
population
Rith an increasing tendency to migrate
with
socially
declining residual or replacing population and
secondly
the increase in the conversion of houses into warehouses
F)
An eastern
most zone comprising
chiefly
of nonresidentary
uses relating
to the grain
and spice
wholesale and,
through the intermediary of the trucking
terminus, of godowns for certain commodities sold in the
areas
of Brandreth
Road and other
adjoining
areas.
CPEPAC Study,1986)
Thus
the residential parts of the western side
Rhich
show (Hap
RC. 7)
natural growth rates tend to dissipate themselves approaching the
Shah Alami area,
into a greater preponderance of industrial
use,
and
finally
into fully commercial wholesale/retail functions.
Zone E is
still primarily residential, owing apparently mostly to its geographical
qualities as it is a large tract not penetrated by any major circulation
route but only bounded by three important ones.

3.3 Change and Growth

3.3. 1

Commerce

and Manufacturing

Activities

Since Independence,
there has been dramatic increase in commercial
and manufacturing activities within the Halled City.
Pakistan Cloth,
Shah Alam and Azam Cloth Markets Rere introduced in a planned manner
by
the LHC.
However,
the bulk of commercial growth has been organic
and
incremental.
Catchment areas of certain trades extend over whole of the
country,
specifically
wholesale
of cloth
and
shoes.
Secondly,
commercial
activity
is not uniformly spread across
the Halled
City.
Apart
from
neighbourhood serving retail shops,
22 distinct linear
or
compact clusters for Rholesale and retail trades of various types may be
discerned.
Map
HC.5
shows
the location
of these
major
commercial
clusters.
Some
of
the clusters
are rapidly
intruding
into the
surrounding
residential
fabric.
Though the local
trans-shipment
of
products
has
been remarkably adapted to the pedestrian nature
of
the
Halled
City,
commercial activity inevitably causes traffic congestion.
Table.3
lists the relevant characteristics such
as,
origin,
mode of
transaction,
as well as form and recent spatial extensions
of
major
commercial activities in the Ralled City.
a host of small scale manufacturing has taken root
Simultaneously,
Some activities have built upon historical
craft
in the Halled City.
while others have newly emerged.
It is apparent
traditions and trades,

-41-

Q,I
.!(

Q,I

tr:i

l'6
1:

t6
I:

....
~

w
0
w

..C

k
tr:i

tr:i
N
<:C

,Q

<:C

.t:

(I)

Q,I

Cl

k
..CM~
't:St6 (I) ~
Cl
,.t6 Ctr:i
l!SN C: .!(
tf, :Etr:i .,.c
k
t6
1
~Sc
..C
t6 I:
k s.,'"'..,

<:C

l'6
I:

....

...

..C

+l

.x ...~
<:C

Q,I

tr:i
.-1

.:=:
M ~

ITS
..-(

(.)

~ ~

- ... - .

1: ..C
,. 'O

.x ~

....
~

.,.c

Ill

ITS

IW

t6

~ .:a:

..c

lf:tl

It')

ITS

.t:

O::i t6
.,.::, I:

L"-

k
t6
tr:i
N

tr:i

k
tr:i
tr:i

"'tr:i

N
ITS

...c
(.)

....

I:

t6

..C

10 !Ill

GJ
GJ
Ill
tr:i

(I)

CJ)

co

..C

C'\

,.

tr:i

.::

tr:i

><

Cl

k
t'4
t'4

tr:i

'4

::: x
~
~

..-{

tr:i
+l ~
Ill Q,I

""'
.x
,:=: M
tr:i ITS

~ I:
N

k
t6
t6

Cl
..,,

k
tr:i
ITS

....e
~

t6

I:

M
.-4

N
tr:i

tr:i

G.I

k
..C

t
...c
<:C

,..

....

'""~ ~ ~t'4 .::tr:i

(I)
c:

t6
:E

..C
k
t6

c: e
ITS
...."""

:I

lf:tl

...

It')
.-(

'"'.::- .::
CJ

..C
C)

I:

~
~

I:
L".-(

tr:i

...c

t6
3

s
0

e
ITS

:I

co
.-(

WJ

tr:i

N
tr:i

..C

<

u
ex:

tr:i

...J

Q,I
.!(

1:
tr:i

'O

tr:i

.::..,
v

"i

....~

C'\

M
I'(

~
t
t6

...c
<:C

tr:i
tr:i
N

tr:i

~
Sc
tr:i
:E

..C

l
CJ

z
~

"4

I:

"
...,0

Cl

.x

<

~
It')

~
0
z
0.

.-4
N

N
N

~"

L...

z >0 :-

;:

<
u
0
...J

.....
>

~u

<

0
0

t.,;

0
0

-~

"u

V)

-;:.

C;..

~
:::

:;:)

0
Vl

-42-

Table

No. 4: Industries

in

the

Lahore

Walled

City.

1986.

S.Ho

Ty~

of Industry

i Shoe Ha.king

I SilKa. Satara

ttu.".hH

Percen ta.ge

74

35.1

13

6.2

Printing Press

4.3

Je1i1el lery

3.8

Cardboard boxes

3.3

s~itcases and Bags

2.S

llandi crafts

2.8

Book Binders

2.8

Wooden Furniture

2.4

HI

Et\broida.I'y

1.4

11

Toys

1.4

12

D~e Ka.kers/cutters

1.4

Bwgle Hakinq

0.9

0.9

S1i1ee ts/I off ees

0.5

Rubber seals

0.5

c~.rrets

e.s

l 18 l Belt Buckles

8.5

0.5

0.S

13
14

l Wheat/Rice

15
16
17

I
I

gr,inding

A.

19

I 20
21

Iron windows and chairs

l Grass

-!-

Cutting Machines

Kisce!laneous/Undefined

58

27.5

TOTAL :

211

lOOY.

~
!
I

Source: PEPAC, Reconnaisance Surve~, 1986.

-43-

Table

No.

3: Walled

Major

Commercial

Activity.

Recent Spatial
Extension
Yes

Azal'\ Cloth Market

Planned

Col'\pact

Irensaet ien
t<\ode
MJ1olesale

Akbari ttandi

Orqanic

Linear

Mholesale

Shah Alai'\ Market

Pl anned

Linear

Plastic

0r9'anic

Linear

Hholesale

Yes

Y?bari-Sha~
A\a"'i
l f':"l l U , Q

Planned

Linear

Re tai 1

Ho

bohiriBMandi
to
u11.1
azaar

(\.

_r9amc

Linear

Retail

tfo

S.Ho

H~ of the Area

Market

-, I,

Origin

FON\

Wholesale/Retail

Ho
Ho

.3_ '..;..'

l 11a.ha.iarin Street

Org?.nic

Col'\pact

Wholesale

Yes

Shoe Market

Planned

CoMnct

Wholesale

Yes

Socha Bazaar

Organic

Lineal'

Retai 1

Yes

K<i.shMiri Ba:na.r

0rf.lanic

Linear

Retail

Yes

Maseera Ba.za?J'

Organic

LinetiJI

Pakistan Cloth Market

Planned

CotrPact

Planned

CcMnct

Qrqanic

CoKpact

Qr~anic

Linear

Hholesale/Reta.il

Yes

Org~_nic

Linear

Rho Iesale/Be tail

Yes

Or(fti.nie

Line?-.r

Wholesale/Retail

Yes

18

Machi-~hah
Al~~i
1.,.f'! ar- p.-,~:1
Wacchtlwali Bazaar

Organic

Linear

Mholesale!Retail

Yes

19

Chowk Jha.nda

0f'(.fanie

COt\N\Ct

20

Hew Al~gir

Or9anic

Co11vact

21

!1ot i Bti.z aar

Organic

Linear

0?'(fanic

Co11pact

10
I

City:

11

I-Om I esal e/Re tail

Sotte

..i.

12
13

I Madina Ha.rket

WholesiiJe
Hholes~.le/Retail

Ho
Sol'le

..i.

14
15

Han Mandi
I Ir1 nan . B tl.Za-ar
1

Ret~.i l

Yes

..i.

16
17

l Mochi Gate Bazaar

(1
.

22

j Ri 11 "a.rke t

1 .....

Market

Source: PEPAC, Reconnaisance Survey. 1986.

Retail
l-0\0 l esal

Ho

e/Re tail

Wholesale
Wl\o l esal

e/P.e tail

Yes
Yes
Yes

-44-

from Table. 4,
that the most prominent fabricating operation
in the
Ralled
City is shoe-making,
specifically the manufacture of
synthetic
and leather ladies sandals.
Other prominent sub-sectors are tinsel work
on cloth,
jewelry, printing and suitcase fabricating
industry,
these
have
regional/metropolitan
catchments.
On the other
hand,
furniture
making, wheat and rice grinding have essentially markets limited to the
Halled City.
The growth
of wholesale activity with its heavy
transport
demand in an essentially pedestrian precinct is surprising. Explanations
may be sought in the intense communication,
(in order to fix processes,
ensure
deliveries
and
avoid
formal
documents
with
taxation
implications), required in the informal or bazaar mode of transactions.
Furthermore,
the Ralled City is surrounded by the central business
district of Lahore metropolitan area with high order trading and intense
traffic.
There
are close linkages between these metropolitan
trading
centres extra muros with the Ralled City, specially in terms of journey
to work,
manufacturing and storage.
The bulk of employees working
in
Anarkali,
Ganpat Road, Urdu Bazaar and Landa Bazaar, as well as most of
the traders
working in Anarkali and Landa Bazaar reside in the Ralled
City.
Urdu
Bazaar
has production
linkages
with the Ralled
City,
generating
hand cart traffic;
whereas
trades
on Ganpat
Road and
Brandreth Road require voluminous amounts of storage.
Five percent
of
Brandreth Road godowns are located in the Ralled City.
In short,
the historical fabric of the Ralled City continues
to
this day with an observable resilience. External circumstances, powerful
and often violent,
have caused the changes in this area. In the absence
of such
external
circumstances,
the traditional
patterns
of
urban
behaviour survive as much as traditional urban form and space.
Thus the
laws internal to the traditional city,
of property ownership,
use and
transfer
of
holdings promote close neighbourly
relationships,
social
interdependence,
the warding off of outsiders from private
residential
streets through the mechanism of close and vigilant visual surveillance,
and
their correspondent physical attributes in the urban
form,
remain
quite
well entrenched in those parts of the Ralled City which have not
yet
been subject to external political or economic pressures.
The plot
sizes
continue
to remain at around the same average
size
as before,
owing
to premises still largely being sold as single
properties,
and
reconstruction of new buildings mostly on an older plot of land.
There
is still a fair degree of respect for the privacy
of
neighbours,
the
graded
change
from noisy public to quite private areas is marked
and
noticeable.

-45-

3.3.2 Demographic

and Socio-Economic

Changes

In
the Lahore Ralled City,
the pattern of urban spaces and street
system
is similar to other traditional cities in the Middle
East and
South Asia, although their the densities may not be as high. The average
population
density in the Ralled City (400 persrins per acre),
is
six
times
the average
for the inner metropolitan area
as a Rhole,
(65
persons
per acre).
Horeove~
there are significant differences within
the various sectors of the Ralled City.(Hap RC.6).
The
northern
and
eastern
sectors
of
the Ralled
City
are
relatively
less densely
habitated,
(300
persons
per acre),
while
the southern
sectors,
comprising
old Hindu ffiQD2llgfl not burnt down,
facing Anarkali/Urdu

Bazaar are highly congested, (600 persons per acre). The south-western
sector facing the Grand Trunk Road is also densely populated, (450-500
persons per acre). (Source: 1981 Population C:ensus)
The Ralled City experienced an absolute decline of 16,000 persons
between 1972-1981. Considering the nation-wide natural increase of 3%
per annum,
the decline in fact reflects a net emigration of 72,000
persons, or 29% of putative population. However, the population change
in the Ralled City is not uniform.
The western sector adjacent to the
Grand Trunk Road show no net emigration, while the eastern sector from
Azam Cloth Market to Shah Alami have experienced sharp decline of
population, specially along the peripheries of the Circular Road, (Map
RC. 7).
Apparently, the population emigration is related to a shift
toRards non-residential activities.
After 1947, a number of regional scale commercial and industrial
activities have emerged in the Halled Ci~y.
The sections of the Halled
City which have experienced heavy emigration:
i)

have conspicuous concentration

of

warehouses; and

ii)

are contiguous to the segment of the Circular Road

heavily
encroached
upon
by
metropolitan
scale
warehousing and retail of hardware,
chemicals and
ancillary industry, making vehicular movement difficult.

iii)

are spatially correlated with residential areas

that have been historically Muslim IDQh2!!2h,
that do
not represent a predominant refugee population (PEPAC
Study,1986).

Thus, in the eastern sectors, the process of building use change

from residential to storage function is responsible for the sharp
population decline, exceeding 3% per annum. The intrusion of godowns can
be associated with the adjacent metropolitan trade in hardware and
chemicals on Brandreth Road and Ram Gali and the post-Independence
regional commercial and small scale industrial activities with-in the
Ralled City.
All of these have had profound impact on the physical
fabric of this historic urban centre and has caused major changes in
movement patterns and socio-economic characteristics of the area.

-46-

z
0
~

41
Soe

e
<::
-,
Ill
e

z;

Cf'!

e "'I"'C'I')

~
~
tr)

N
N
\ti

Cl.

0
Ill

~
z
~
0
~
~

<

..J
::J

cc ~ ~ ~
~ r- ~ In Cf'!
C'I')
OJ N
~ tr)
~

[Illfilli.

u
;?';

Cl.

>

....

GQ

CT\

t-

u
0

Vl

~.....

0.

..J
..J

< zw

n)

Vl

<
0..
w

c,

Ci

:;:)

0
Vl

-47-

....

t""

:s

ec

oc:
..C~

+>-...

z;

ft)o.i

...ctr!
:IC:

~
l

z
w

e
w
~

0::

I'(
.-(

~"

e
N

~
$:l.i
~

~
e

....
.-(

e
Cl
~

r-

!=
...

c:
'"'

Vi

o-(

z
0
~

e
41
Q.

<

..J

::>
e,

":>0

iDfilIII

t:
u

Q.
nl

c..
>r-

u O'\co....

0
l.iJ
..J
..J

<

wc,

'1

Cl\

;:!

,...N

t:

0
V'l

-48-

An analysis done by PEPAC (1986),

of the critical
socio-economic
characteristics of the various sectors of the Ralled City, revealed that
there is no necessary correlation between population change,
household
size,
households
per premises
on one hand and the pace of
new
construction,
average age of building and concentration of
commercial,
industrial
and storage activities in certain localities.
Rhile
socioeconomic
variables
are interacting
in complex
ways,
the marked
concentration
of commercial,
industrial
and storage
activity
is
apparent.
The impact of such concentrations on the state of
building
stock
is un-ambiguous and strong,
whether through reconstruction (Shah
Alami
and Hasti
Gate),
or simply change of
use (Dehli
Gate).
The
following generalization may be deduced:
Sectors
retaining
residentary character tend to have
lower
levels
of
dereliction.
On the other
hand,
concentration of industry and godowns is correlated with
severe building dereliction. CPEPAC Study,1986)
Consequently,
significant
changes have taken place in the social
and economic structure of the Ralled City.
Broadly the social
change
can be
characterized by emigration of upper income families
from
the
Railed City to suburban locations, since the richer property owners
and
traders have invested their surlpuses in plots and houses in Samanabad,
Shadman,
Gulberg,
etc. leaving behind the older
generation
and poor
relatives
in the Ralled City. This observation is
supported
by
an
analysis
of the income distribution.
The residents of the Halled
City
in
1986
were
significantly
poorer than
the Punjab
urban
average.
However,
the situation has not deteriorated to the extent
of
poverty
concentration found in low income localities of Lahore CFig.4).
Closely
linked Rith social decline are the changes that have taken
place and are taking place in the economy of the Ralled City.
These are
characterized
by
residential premises being converted
to commercial,
fabricating
or storage use.
Hhile the nature of commercialisation
has
been
generally
adapted to the transportation
constraints
within
and
around
the
Halled
City, commercial activities by sheer
pressure
of
storage
space
requirements
are
accelerating
the pace of
building
demolition
and reconstruction.
The rebuilding idiom deviates from
all
aesthetic norms which should prevail in a historical locality.
Certain
traditional
commercial operations in the Halled City, (e.g.
grain
and
spices
wholesaling), with heavy transport requirements have suffered
a
relative
loss of market and size of catchment.
Specialized
wholesale
and retail
sub-sectors show pervasive growth.
However most
shop
and
plant oRners no longer reside in the Halled City, thus their interest in
maintaining its physical and social structure is diluted and the danger
of the Hailed City becoming a commercial dead-at-night district is real.
The tRo limiting factors to this conversion process are;
i)

The increasing non-centrality

to the groRth of Metropolitan

of Ralled City relative

Lahore.

ii)

The acute
housing pressure in the Metropolitan
Lahore which will continue to force poorer residents
of
the Railed City to remain living in dilapidated housing.

-49-

0
0
0
io

\'
0
0
io

'v

CT)

E
0

c
0

.0
{U

....,

0
0

("')

:::! ~

0...

0
....J

0
io

C\2

<l)

0
0
0

C\2

s
0
0

1-(

0
0
io
..-t

0
0

0
..-t

0
io
0
0
..-t

0
0)

co

co

0
io

C"J

-so-

On the other hand, the natural trend of metropolitan growth of

Lahore is towards the Hudiara Drain, in the southern direction.
The
Lahore Structure Plan has complimented this trend, implying in future
more and more consumers of the metropolitan area will be located at
farther distances from the Ralled City. In vieR of the problems of
transportation this in turn, impries that it will continue to lose more
and more of its retail functions to outlying business districts.
Consequently, to be filled in by wholesaling and small scale industries,
then the Ralled City may become a commercial dead-at-night area.

3., Exiatin; Institutional and Le;al Fraework

3.4.1 Mismanagement
There is no dearth of agencies involved in city management in
Lahore.
The two main institutions responsible for planning and
management of Lahore are;
1.
Lahore Municipal Corporation CLHC), an autonomous body under the
Secretary of Local Government and Rural Development, Government of
Punjab.
LHC is the agency primarily responsible for environmental and
building control in the Ralled City.
2. Lahore Development Authority (LDA}, also an autonomous body, is under
the Department of Housing and Physical Planning, Government of Punjab.
LDA
is responsible for development planning and
implementation;
including provision and maintenance of physical infrastructure and
building control functions in the city of Lahore.
The city management agencies in Lahore, are seen in their most
intense interface in the Ralled City.
However, the management and
control of the Ralled City has traditionally been under the LHC, since
despite its wide spatial jurisdictions, the city management functions of
LDA have remained confined to the areas developed by the Authority and
its predecessor, the Lahore Improvement Trust. The Corporation through
its bye-laws controls building construction within the Ralled City.
In
spite of this authority there is a total absence of municipal control of
physical development in the area.
The same is glaringly visible for
instance in a new building that has been allowed to rise 7 storeys in a
stretch of a bazaar where the average height of buildings is 2 or 3
storeys.
The lack of control (intentionally or otherwise) extends to
other functions of government as well.
The case of "Eviction of Milch
Cattle" from the metropolitan area is a good example of this lack.
The
city administrators decided to restrict keeping of milch cattle (for
both private and commercial purposes), within the metropolitan limits,
an area was designated and developed for resettling the cattle and their
owners
(commercial only),
It took the Martial Law
authorities
approximately three years and substantial physical force to evict cattle
from the Ralled City, whereas the same task was accomplished in other
areas with far less problems within 6 months.
The overall situation of
management and control in the Ralled City has been best summed up by one
elderly resident as the "prevalence of the law of the jungle".

-51-

3.4.2 Legal Framework

In the national context,
no comprehensive legislation, adequate to
meet the objectives of conservation exists to this day.
However,
the
various legislations, derived from the British legal framework have been
used
for the protection
and preservation
of declared
"National
Monuments",
under
the control
of Archaeology
Department,
Auqaf
(Religious
Affairs) Department and Evacuee Property Trust
Board.
The
Antiquities Act,
proclamated in 1975,
also relates to the preservation
and protection of "antiquities". The Act defines "antiquity" to mean;
any ancient product of human
activity,
movable
or
immovable,
illustrative
of art,
architecture,
craft,
custom,
literature, morals, politics, religion, warfare
or science or of any aspect of civilization or culture -

The Act enables the Federal Government to declare,

through
notification in the official Gazette; any antiquity as a "protected
antiquity". The Director of Archaeology, Government of Pakistan has
complete powers to take steps for the custody, preservation and
protection of any antiquity.
At the Provincial level,
preservation are,

two principal legislations used for

the

- The Punjab Development of Damaged Areas Act, 1952.

- The Punjab Special Premises (Preservation) Ordinance, 1985.
The former legislation was proclamated for the protection and
development of areas/property damaged at the time of partition and is
applicable to declared da-aged areas only. The second legislation
folloRs the general pattern of the Antiquities Act, 1975 and any premise
declared as a special premise would be treated in substantially the same
manner as an antiquity under the Antiquities Act.
Specifically, in the context of Lahore, the Lahore Development
Authority Act 1975, set up the Lahore Development Authority. Under subsection 1 and 2 of section t3 of the Act, the LDA may;
i)

prepare,
implement
and enforce
schemes
for
environmental improvements,
housing,
urban reneRal
including slum improvement and redevelopment, solid
Haste disposal, transportation and traffic, health and
education facilities and preservation of objects or
places
of historical,
archaeological,
scientific,
cultural and recreational importance.

ii)

take any steps or adopt any measures for

lifting and beautification of the area

the

face

In the absence of a comprehensive legislation and specific agency

for conservation, both at the Federal and Provincial levels, the Lahore
Development Authority has undertaken the conservation of Lahore Ralled

-52-

City,
primarily
with the objective to improve the living conditions in
the area,
through
improvement of physical and social
infrastructure
facilities.

3.5 The Lahore Halled City Project

The Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study (1978-81}, financed
through a Horld Bank loan, was undertaken by a joint team of foreign
(CCH
Associates,
Denmark)
and local (BKM
Associates,
Lahore)
consultants, for the Lahore Development Authority CLDA). The major
thrust of the LUDTS, was at the level of basic housing, health and
social infrastructure needs of metropolitan Lahore as a whole for the
ensuing five year {1981-1986) period, through proposals for concerted
efforts on land and the infrastructure development aspects of the
foreseeable growth of Lahore. The Lahore Ralled City Study, is a part of
the LUDTS with primary emphasis on the improvement of living conditions
of the inhabitants of the Ralled City. In order to achieve the goal of
improving
living
conditions of the Ralled
City
population,
the
objectives of the development and upgrading program as recommended by
the LDA study are:
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

To
To
To
To
To

improve sanitation,
encourage building renewal,
strengthen community and social infrastructure,
strengthen the economic base,
conserve culturally valuable elements,

The action program proposed by the study, specified projects to be

implemented in the five year period 19~1 to 1986.
Furthermore, the
Halled City project was divided into three phases, each covering an area
of approximately 50 hectares {Not proposed by the project, this was a
later addition).
Table. 5 sboRs the various elements of the program
alongwith the quantum, cost and agency responsible for implementation.

-53-

Table

No. 5:

Ralled City Project

Agencies and Cost

Lahore

Components and

Implementing

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Component

: Quantum :

Total
Cost
:
(million
Rs.):

Implementing
Agency

: ------------------: --------: --------------: ------------------------:

Rater

Supply

:
:

150 ha :

12. 5

Lahore Development
Authority

Lahore Development
Authority

Lahore Development
Authority

:
:

Rater and Power

Development Authority

: ------------------: --------: --------------: ------------------------:

:

: &

Sewerage Disposal:
Street
Paving

150 ha :

9. 6

: ------------------: --------: --------------: ------------------------:

Garbage

Disposal

150 ha :

1. 3

: ------------------: --------: --------------: ------------------------:

: Electricity
&
: Street
Lighting

150 ha :

------------------:

2. 0

--------

I
61
I
uni ts :

Schools

-------------- ------------------------:
Lahore Municipal
Corporation

4.9

------------------: --------: --------------: ------------------------:

Community Centresl

10
:
uni ts :

3. 6

Lahore Development
Authority

------------------: --------' ----~---------: --~---------------------:

I
I

Bldgs.
2391
2189
266

Building Rene aa I
1.Replacement
2.Improvements
3. Redevelopment

86. 1
39. 4

59. 1

I
I

:
:
I
I

Owners
Owners
Lahore Development
Authority

------------------: --------, -------------- ------------------------:

I

Other Expenses
i.e. , Design fee,
Management,
Supervision,
Tourism campaign

20.9

------------------: --------: --------------, ------------------------

Physical
Contingencies

17.9

l
:

------------------: --------: --------------: ------------------------:

Price
Contingencies

141. 7

l
l

------------------: --------: --------------: ------------------------:

Total Cost
1981-1986

398. 8

+-------------------------------------------------------------------+
Source:

LUDTS, Lahore 'Ralled City

Report

1980.

-54-

Fig. 5
shows the design of infrastructure layout as
proposed
by
the project.
The nature
of various components of the Halled
City
project
impli~d
that most
of
the
urban
agencies
participate
and
coordinate
their efforts. Since the action program overlapped onto
the
field
of several agencies, the study proposed that the task of
central
monitoring should rest with the Lahore Development Authority, through
a
proposed
newly
established
Ralled
City
Project
Unit.
The project
operations were envisaged to start in 1981. The execution of development
upgrading
work was proposed to be carried out the approved
contractors
of
various
agencies.
The community centres as proposed
were to
be
constructed
at
a rate
of
2
centres
per year by
LDA and after
commissioning
these
were
to be handed over to to LHC.
The school
program was proposed to be carried out at the rate of 7 schools per year
by LHC and later handed over to the Education Department. The building
renewal program was to be carried out by the owners/occupiers under
the
guidance
of
LDA,
and with the financial
support
of
House
Building
Finance Corporation (HBFC), in the form of soft term loans.
The study proposed that the costs of the technical services,
i.e.,
water
supply, sewage disposal, garbage disposal, street paving,
street
lighting and electricity supply be recovered indirectly through
tariffs
and taxes.
Rhereas the cost of school upgrading, was to be
financed
through
a grant to LHC and was to be recovered through indirect
means,
the cost of community centres was proposed to be financed by a loan to
the Auqaf
Department.
The recovery of the capital
cost incurred
on
construction
of
community
centres was proposed to be
done directly
through rentals for use of of the centre. As mentioned earlier the cost
of building improvement program was to be financed mainly through
loans
from
HBFC, recoverable at 11% interest over 20 years. The improved
and
preserved form of the Halled City was envisaged to be projected
through
a
promotional
campaign, so as to attract domestic as well as
foreign
tourists. The after project Ralled City,was conceived to become a major
touristic
attraction,
thus
resulting
in an increased
income
from
tourism,
which
would
become a perpetual source
of
revenue
for the
government and better income levels for the Halled City residents.
The two principal channels for the flow of funds proposed by the LRC
study
were
the Federal and Provincial government
loans,
of
Rs.238.4
million and Rs.160. 4 million respectively,
over 1981-1986.
The cost of
street
lighting
and electricity component was assumed to be
financed
from
the internal resources of HAPDA.
Thus only the cost of
building
renewal
program was a directly recoverable cost from the residents
of
the Ralled City. A point worth mentioning at this stage is that the cost
of
building
renewal
shown
by the
study,
(Building
replacement
@

Rs. 36,000/= and Building improvement@ Rs. 18,000/=) are estimated basic
unit cost for bare structure only and do not include cost of finishes
and fittings. The affordability analysis in the Ralled City revealed
that at the normal commercial loan terms of 14% over 20 years, building
replacement program was affordable to the upper 17th percentiles and the
lower SOth percentiles could not afford the building improvement
program suggested by the study. Hence, it was proposed that loans on
concessionary terms of 11% over 20 years, be provided which made the

-55-

U1h Cud;

=2{

Water Closet

:P

JI '{"'" I 1 .... ,

4" A.C'. Soil Pipe

Tvpicat House Toilet

4" C.i Soil Pipe

3" (.i Wah:r pipe

-.

ICC .C. p r e c a st sl;i h\

Briel-

4"6" ( oucrctc Drain

1111

1111

l.dcc Pavi11J-)

.." s:111tl

111hl1k

liJI

bed

n.is1i11:c street

---Typical Gali

Typical Street/Bazaar

Proposed Street Dr ainaqe and Plumbing

Fig. No. 5: Infrastructure

Layout After

the project

1111

Oil

-56-

building replacement program affordable for the upper 23rd. percentiles,

whereas there is no change in affordability of building
improvement program, even after provision of concessionary loans for the
purpose.

3.6. Realities of the Lahore Ralled City Project

3.6. 1 Feasibility?
The Lahore Ralled City project was jointly financed by the
Government of Punjab and Rorld Bank/IDA. In Pakistan, prior to approval
of a project, a financial feasibility study is required for Government
financed
projects
in general,
and
projects
financed
through
International Aid or Loan in particular.
However, in the case of the
Lahore Halled City project, the normal procedure was not followed and
approval was granted, without conducting any financial feasibility for
the project. Later, in order to complete the formalities of the project
approval process, a pseudo feasibility report (reliable source) was
prepared through which the project was shown to be financially feasible.
As proposed by the Lahore Urban Development and Traffic Study, the
recovery of capital investment on infrastructure improvements was to be
done through indirect means, i.e., property tax etc.. The
feasibility
report concluded a 200 per cent increase in rental values in the area
after the implementation of the - project, implying a house rented at
Rs. 100/= per month before the project, will have a rental value of
Rs. 300/= per month after the project. The increase in rental values will
result in a corresponding increase in property tax, which is levied on
the basis of the assessed rental value of a property.
Hence, through
increased property tax the Government will be able to recover the
capital cost and repay the loan within the stipulated period of the
loan.
The stated figure of 300 per cent was derived through simple
mathematical calculations and was adopted, since at this value the
project became financially feasible. The ultimate result is that
the
Horld Bank has discontinued financial support for the remaining two
phases of the project, the first phase of the project covers an area of
45 hectares only.

3.6. 2 Loans by the House Building Finance Corporation

The prime objective of the Lahore Halled City project may be
divided into tRo parts.
First, to improve the living conditions within
the Ralled City; Second to help conserve culturally and historically
important assets.
The first part of the objective was to be achieved
through a concerted effort on the provision of improved infrastructure
facilities (both physical and social) by LDA.
It was envisaged that
the improved infrastructure facilities Rill trigger a process of
building improvement and reconstruction by the individual owners. It was
proposed that to channelize the process of building improvement through
provision of soft term loans, by House Building Finance Corporation
(HBFC), the owners making application for such loans would be educated
and convinced about the value of conserving the cultural heritage; thus
the objective of conservation would be achieved.
Unfortunately, the

-57-

effects
of
upgrading
operations
on the
social,
economic
and
institutional
components
of
the
Ralled
City's
functions
Rere not
anticipated
Rith
adequate
clarity,
in particular,
relation
to
conservation
aims,
and no necessary
institutional
and regulatory
frameRork Ras set up for control and guidance of building improvements.
Although more than 70% of the occupants are owners of the property,
most
of them have acquired ownership through inheritance
and do not
possess
the necessary
legal
documents
to
prove
their
oRnership.
Rhereas,
HBFC rigidly folloRs a set criterion for extending loans,
the
core of the procedure is possession of some non-encumbered,
immovable
property
which
can be mortgaged to the Corporation.
Thus,
in the
absence
of
documentary
evidence, the loans from
HBFC did not come
through
and consequently the people could not be educated
about
the
value of the rich heritage they possess.
The people mobilized their oRn
financial resources (generally through "committee system", a short
term
communal
saving
scheme) for building repairs and improvements.
As a
result, a number of buildings of undoubted architectural merit have been
torn doRn
or at least their street facades have been repaired
beyond
recognition.

3.6.3 Uncoordinated

Coordination

The Lahore Development Authority,

Ras the main agency responsible
for the implementation
and acted as a coordinator
for the project.
HoRever
a
host of
other
agencies
Rere
also involved
in
the
implementation
of
the project and later with the maintenance
of
the
improved
facilities.
The various functions
performed
by different
agencies are as follows;
Street Paving, Rater Supply
and SeRerage Disposai
Solid Haste Collection
and Disposal
- Implementation
- Maintenance

Street Lighting
Electricity

and

Schools
- Land and Building
- Maintenance

Lahore-Development
Authority (LDA)

Lahore Development
Authority (LDA)
Lahore Municipal
Corporation CLHC)
Rater and Power
Development Authority

Education

Department

Lahore Municipal
Corporation

(RAPDA)

-SB-

Community Centres
- Land

- Building
- Maintenance

Auqaf Department
(Religious Affairs)
Lahore Development
Authority
Lahore Municipal
Corporation

As mentioned earlier,
the Ralled City is under the administrative
and management control of LHC,
the project was viewed by
the
Corporation,
as LDA interference in its domain,
resulting in frequent
coordination problems.
The project proposed an elaborate system for solid waste collection
and disposal.
The necessary set-up i.e., garbage cans etc. for garbage
collection was to be provided by the LDA, and disposal of the waste
collected Has to be done by the LHC.
This part of the package project
is a fiasco, as residents complained that garbage cans are placed only
before some major inspection of the area, otherwise
the garbage is
heaped in the streets as before the project.
Ironically, both agencies
blame each other of not fulfilling their part of the job.
The land for community centres Ras to be provided by the Auqaf
Department,
later due to dispute on the price of land between LDA and
Auqaf,
the community centre project never materialized.
The fate of
School buildings was not different than that of community centres,
in
this case the two rivals were LHC and Education Department.
RAPDA was
unable to fulfill its obligation due to non-availability
of finances
specific for this project in its annual budget.
Hence,
the final
implemented
project package included improvements
in Rater Supply,
Sewerage Disposal and Street 'Pa v i nq only.
s:

3.6.4 The Reasons for Building Failure

Following the improvement works carried out by the LDA, an increase
in the incidence of building failure in the affected area has been
reported.
In 1986,
a Rorld Bank financed study by foreign consultants
(H/s Gilmore,
Hankey & Kirk,
London) Ras carried out, to look into the
possible causes of building failure in the Ralled City (both in the
improved and unimproved areas).
The study concluded among other causes,
the poor quality and bad workmanship of the concrete pipes used for
seRerage disposal,
as a contributing
factor towards the cause of
building failure in the improved areas.
A close examination
of the
social habits,
living style and the old system of water supply and
seRage disposal Rould provide a better understanding of the situation.
The old system of sewage disposal and water supply in the Ralled
City,
included conveyance of seHer through open surface drains (Fig.6).
Previously, the drainage channels were located on both sides of the main
streets and in the centre of the street,
in case of secondary streets.
The residents of the area,
as well as,
the LHC sweepers used these
drains for conveying the garbage, which was flushed by the refuse water,

-59-

Typical Gali

Tvnical Street

Mnsonory Platforms
Platform

S tree! Drain

Detail st 'A'

Detail at 'B'

Typical Existing Gali mul Street Section

Fig. No. 6: Infrastructure

Layout Before the project

-60-

to the main drain outside the Ralls.

In case of choking up of a drain,
the overflow Rould be soon detected and a slight push at the point
of
choke
would relieve the constriction,
and the flow of sewer would
be
restored.
Secondly,
the municipal water supply pipes were laid in the
main streets only,
and each house connection had to originate from
the
municipal
supply pipe. This resulted in lengthy house connection
pipes
and on the other hand, bundles of such pipes placed on the street floor,
generally
covering
half the street width.
Furthermore, as the pipes
were exposed any leak Rould be detected immediately.
The neR system
adopted by the project,
for water
supply
and
sewerage disposal (Fig.5), included laying of the municipal water supply
pipe in the surface drain and provision for sewerage disposal pipes
on
both
sides
of
the street,
and each house
was connected
to
them.
Furthermore, in order to drain the storm water and roof run-off, a catch
pit with
cast iron
grating was provided in front
of
every
house.
Repaving
of
streets,
after
raising
their level
by 10-12
inches,
consequently concealed the sewerage and water pipes.
This resulted in a
wider
street surface, clear of open drains and bundles of
water
pipes
and a clean environment.
As mentioned earlier,
the residents, as well as, sweepers found it
more
convenient
to dispose
off the garbage
into the open drains.
Moreover, traditionally the Ralle9 City residents use r!gg hY~ 2ng !rg

!QQQ 2h for washing dishes and the same is drained off with Rater. The
old practice of throwing the house garbage into the drainage channel
continued, and occasionally the sweepers would dump their garbage load
into the seRer pipes through the catch pits.
Consequently, this misuse
of the piped sewer system led to frequent choking up of the sewer line.
Coupled with the sub-standard sewerage pipes, this results in leakage of
Rater into the parched soil._
The problem is detected once the gutters
overflow, the choke is cleared, but the multiple occurrence of this
problem, ultimately, results in soil subsidence, that affect the water
supply pipes, since a slight settlement of soil leads to the breaking up
of the ferrule joint, with more water entering into the soil.
The
problem becomes evident only when building settlement takes place or
cracks develop.

3.6. 5 People's Solution

During the course of field survey, a street section of about 100
meters in length, in the Yekki area, was observed to be markedly
different than the other parts. The street surface in this area is
wider, with covered drains and no water supply pipes visible. An inquiry
into the cause of this drastic change, revealed that the particular
section is inhabited by Shiite's C a sect of Muslims, Rho trace
ancestry to the fourth Muslim Khalifah Hazarat Ali). As a religious
ritual, the Shiite's mourn the day of death of Hazarat Hussain (son of
Hazarat Ali) on the 10th. Huharram (first month of the Hijra calendar),
by taking out processions, which moves along a certain designated route
every year. A horse symbolizing the horse of Hazarat Ali is an essential
part of this religious procession. The section under discussion falls
within the designated route of the procession, and the Shiite leaders of

-61-

this area through their community resources improved the area for easy
and convenient
passage of the Huharram procession.
Though necessitated
due to reasons
other
than improving
the area for better
living
conditions
the people's solution is much more effective
and workable
than that proposed by the LRC study.
Moreover
in comparison
to the LRC proposal,
the improvements
designed
and executed
by
the people
is quite
simple
and easily
replicable. It included raising of the street surface by 6 to 10 inches,
so as to conceal the water supply pipes, as a result the effective depth
of
the open drain increased,
the same was covered by
concrete
slabs,
with a 10 by 10 inches steel grating (which is hinged to the frame),
at
every
10
feet
interval.
The design
solution
provides
both,
the
convenience
of
the open drain as well as the wider,
cleaner
street
surface offered by the piped sewerage system (Fig.7).

-62-

.f C.I Soil rlrt'

Fig. No. 7: Comparison

layout
people's

betw-een
proposed
solution

-.

the
by

the

\..l Hoo~c \nnncctlon

tlrkl<
on

on

l:.d1~('

r:ivinr

j:1ncl heel on

rnhhk n11 on

c:d~Hn~~tm:t

'<.;

\ '~__,---

Street Drain_--

infras true t ure

project

and

-63-

CHAPTER IV

SURVEY FINDINGS AND DATA INTERPRET!TIOK

The data collected from the tRo study areas can be divided into
folloRing categories:

CATEGORY
No.

the

NUMBER OF CASES

INFORMATION

LOHARI AREA= 305

YEKKI AREA = 376

*Size of Plot
*Building use.
*Height of Buildings
*Number of
H.Holds
per Building.
*Type of improvement
in buildings.
*Number of persons
per H. Hold.
*Occupancy status.
*Rental values.
*Length of stay.
*Socio-economic
characteristics.
*OKnership status.
*Attitude
towards
the project.
*People's opinion and
preferences
for
improvements.
*Rillingness towards
participation.

No. 2

LOHARI AREA= 132

YEKKI AREA = 162

No. 3

LOHARI AREA=
YEKKI AREA=

99
119

A comparison of the two study areas,

using the
percentage
frequencies of various variables and results of correlation tests are
presented in this chapter. The suffix E and Fin table title represent
the relevant Appendix in which the table is placed.

.1 Description
,.1.1 Building Characteristics
The tRo areas represent the built form of the Lahore Ralled City,
with building heights ranging between 1 to 5 storeys and the plot size
range from 1 to over 16 marlas. However, in both areas the predominant
plot size range
is the 3 to 6 marla category and generally the
buildings have a height of 2 to 3 storeys; (Table E-1 & E-2). The
observation is further
supported by the data on building heights
collected through questionnaire survey (Table E-3). Rhereas, in the
two study areas the predominant use in the ground floor of buildings is
residential, in Yekki area the percentage of buildings with commercial
use in ground floor is significantly higher than in Lohari (Table E-4).

-64-

Moreover, the Yekki area falls within the Ralled City activity zone with
fast changing
land/building
use.
No
significant
difference
was
observed
between
the
percentage
of buildings/premises
in the two
areas,
regarding change and improvement in buildings.
However, Hap L.3
and Y.3 reveal that the percentage of vacant plots and buildings with
no improvements is slightly higher
in Yekki area (Table E-5).

4. 1.2 Household Characteristics

Tables E-6, reveal that in both areas, there are some cases with
more than 5 households per building, whereas over 80% of the buildings
house upto two households and approximately two-thirds of the buildings
are occupied by a single household. Furthermore, the majority of the
household, have upto 7 members and about one-third have between 8-14
members, only a few households have more than 14 persons (Table E-7).
Host of the households have been residents of the Ralled City for more
than 30 years (Table.6).
Generally the buildings in Lohari, as well as Yekki area are
owner occupied, thus very few buildings have been rented out. The rents
paid are extremely low,
with the bulk of the rented buildings having a
rental value upto Rs. 225/= per month. However, Lohari Area
has a
greater number of rented buildings, which have rents higher than
Rs. 225/= (Table E-8 & E-9).

4.1.3

Socio-Economic Characteristics

The economic profile of the two areas is such that, nearly twothirds of the households fa~l in very low and low income categories;
compared with Yekki area, Lohari has a higher percentage of households
in high-medium and high income categories (Table.7). HoReifer; in the tRo
areas, majority of the heads of household have Shopkeeping, Business or
Self-Employment as occupation and respectively 41% and 35% of them in
Lohari and Yekki area are illiterate (Table E-10 & E-11).

4.1.4

Ownership Pattern

The buildings are generally owned by a single owner, joint

ownership is the second popular tenure form in both the areas, with 22%
and 31% buildings in Lohari and Yekki areas respectively in this
category. A few buildings are owned by Government or the ownership is
disputed (Table. 8). In the Lohari area, 49% of the owners have acquired
ownership of the building through claim (in 1947) or inheritance
whereas
43% of the owners have purchased it.
In comparison, in the
Yekki area the percentages are 69% and 28% respectively. Moreover, in
Yekki area 60% owners have Inherited the property, implying that the
area was predominantly Muslim area before 1947. This cannot be implied
for the study area in Lohari (Table E-12).

-65:_-

---------

-66-

.J
..J
<::

....
t...

t:J

~
z
~

0
t:J
.J

....
(I)
w
i:::

(C

.J
(C

....
o
i:::

t;J

I:
I:
0

z
0
....

~
~
~
....
~
~"'-

....

(I)

~
t;]
~
....

U')

....

...,
""'

....J
0

...

{.;;.)

0
..J

(:

-.

::)

U')

....z

>..

..J

~::>-

3
c

i:::

0~110111 ii
i i i:

::>

(:

....

~
~
e

w
V)

.......

(')

;..:
0

Q.
I'll

5
c
0

<w
ex:

z <
< .....
:..::
0
z :.::
w
<
...J
::::.

0
0

VI
"O

&!)

....

""'~

ti)

u
V)

::)

0
VI

-67-

Table No. 6: Length of stay

and Yekki areas)

in the

Walled

City.

(Lohari

Lohari

llO

r?,/7~

/',-/.//,

////

%>'%

~>~~
~>/
/

!
30 -

//'/
/. / /.

40..;

'

/%

//

r1-.;;
0 ~/~~
I

~
~

~/~
v:~

~~-a
///.%

~
~-.//'.;

Yt,

Coded lh:mber

II

I
I

%///
%///

w
V/~

U!'!O 9 H.~RS

%>.

re-is

28-29 YEARS
39-39 YEARS
48-49

~-;;~

V/<;j
V/(11 ~

or ci. .....

II

Se-59 yr..qp.s

60 YEARS & ABOl.'E

~
HUKBER

or

I 11.41.l

II

Hl"I.

l~'l.

lU'l.

'7 ""''

')1

271.

12.9:~1

4B.2t.

40"!.

66

s0.e-1.I

9Ui.

93'!.

4.51.i

H.7'l.

l!

17 II

tom

"I

mRS

...I

9 .S'l.

6.d!

II

RC<IJH!'!]
IJAL!JI

15

~/~

///~
//,-

+
l

..I

CfJK

Pn'<'!MI
i ~~"

u1.I

13

II

n:f1RS

///,/.

10~

ICOUEJ>!,
I'll .
'VAun:i!'eq"':::RCOOI

LABEL

I
II
II

///~
%-, /'
/'///
211;

UALUE

///

area

s '")I.,I

I
I

951.

1~~

100'!.

CASES: 132

Yekki area

u...--------

VALUE

L.6.BEL

II CODED I

II DERCDfr I

t'

I llALU~
LII' n!q. ... ...

i
20..,

22

UPTO 9 H.qRS

I
I

iur.1

13.61.

141.

13.61.

21 .21.

211.

u1.I

36 .sx

361.

13 .It!.

49.SY.

11.7Y.

61.Zr.

~c

HH9

YEARS

I 22 I

..~

2lH9

YtqRS

',
I
t

I
I

30-39 YEARS
48-49 mRS
5M9

Y!AP.S

60 YEARS & ABOVE

Coded

Kumboar of Clau.c

II

is 1
21

I
Z7 I

19

36

ROU~r
1JAL.UE

0111
........~.

!ln11D<!

49Y.

611.

16.?'l.l
2ur.l

77.~'l. I

lW.B"!.

n1.
129'!.

-68-

Table No. 7: Income categories.

(Lenart and Ye kki areas)

Lohari area

~I

' -i
II

mur tssn

'
..:

30

20

l1111 l

11111

tom

o! Clu ...

Yekki

60"!.

SS'l.

.i.

,5 ,,'l.

961.

41

u1.I

99.91.

100'1.

IIQAtutif~q.
mo!

PU.COO

area

'
..'f

VERY LOW

LABEL

LC.W

!WIUK

84.81.

25.21.1

.i

ti'JKBER Of CASES: 99

UALUE

111.

11.11.1

~c

59 .sx

4e.s1.1

4
I

HIGI

! as I
I 11 I
!
!

HIGH KnIUt1

Coded ){umber

. .,

111 ,,

MEDIUM

I
I

48

CU!'!
PEP.COO

I.

I
I

LOW

v zru

.1

:com!,
! VAIJJE I' ~q' ljprt\l'nnl
....-.

l
I

Hiel M!lIUK
I

HIGH

1
I

ROUHDElt
QA LUE

CUK
PERCrnt

26

21.81.

21.81.

22'l.

59

42.r1.I

63.81.

641.

34

28.61.

92.'11.

921.

5.9'l.

9U'l.

9S'l.

1.71.l rnu1.

lW"I.

l
I

TOTAL NUXEr:R

or CASES: us

-69-

Table No.

8:

Ownership

status.

(Lohari

and Yekki areas)

Lohari

area

~c

'~

UAUJE

I
lcoDr!
1UAUIE1 Freq PERCOO

ll!BEL

CUM
PERCOO

lo

71

71.7Y.

71.71.

72Y.

JOI KI

22

22.2Y.

93.9'l.

94J.

GOOmoa

4.ll'I.

97 .9/.

98Y.

2.9'1.

99.9'l.

100'!.

com f!"('q.

PEP.COO

CUM
PrRCOO

TOTAL HUMBER

of Clutu

ROUH:DED
UAUIE

SIHiJ.LI

~mum
Coded !\umbel'

or

CASES= 99

Yek.ld area

UAUIE

UlllrL

UAUIE

ROOH:Dt
UAUIE

SIHGIJ:

78

6s.5Y.

65.St.

66/.

JOih1

37

31.1/.

'6.6Y.

97/.

GOO EP.HXD<I

1.71.

98.JY.

981.

DISPUm

1.7Y.

lgQ,Q-1.

100-1.

77T~7ZZJ

Coded !\uml>er of Cluau

TOTAL tJXBEP.

or

CASES= 119

-70-

,.1.5 Intention

to Shift

On the basis of the respondent's view,

most of the residents do not
intend to shift from the Ralled City (Table.9),
due to various reasons,
such as,
economic constraint,
satisfied with the living in the Ralled
City,
better
understanding and social interaction with neighbours
and
proximity
to work place (Table E-13).
On the other hand,
in both the
areas, most of the respondents who intend to shift from the Ralled City,
besides other reasons,
stated the deteriorated environmental conditions
as the main
cause
of their
intention
for shifting
(Table
E-14).

'2

People' Opinion and Preferenoea for Improveent

4.2.1 Knowledge of the Project

Although
over three-fourths of the respondents in Lohari claimed to
have
knoRledge
of the project (Table. 10),
only a feR had complete
knoRledge of the proposed infrastructure improvements and more than half
had no knoRledge about the infrastructure improvements actually
carried
out by LDA {Table E-15).
In response to the question on satisfaction
toRards
the Rorks executed,
majority of the respondents replied
'NO'.
However
in comparison,
majority of the respondents in Yekki area were
unaKare
of the Lahore Ralled City project.
The interviewers
briefed
them about the project and explained the proposed improvement works, but
most
of the respondents
expressed the
opinion
that,
the proposed
improvements are not sufficient for improving the area (Table.11).

4.2.2 Infrastructure

Improvements:

Opinions,

Preferences

and Rillingness

to Participate
Respondents
from the two areas expressed the opinion that any area
improvement
project
would
be incomplete if provision of gas
is not
included
as part of the project.
On the basis of the response
from
Lohari area, people's priorities for various facilities, arranged in the
descending
order are as follows:
Hith gas supply as the first item on
the list,
other facilities are sewage disposal,
electricity
supply,
street paving,.
garbage disposal,
other facilities, such as, play lots,
hospital
etc.
and
Rater supply being the last item on the priority
list.
The Yekki area respondents seem to be in full agreement with the above
mentioned response from Lohari,
atleast so far as, the supply of gas is
concerned.
The ranking of people's opinion from this area, on provision
and improvement
of facilities for upgrading the area
is as folloRs:
first
being gas supply,
next sewage disposal,
street paving,
garbage
disposal, electricity supply and last of all water supply (Table E-16 to
E-21. 1).

In

to cross check the people's

priorities

for

provision
and
improvement of facilities,
the respondents were asked to specify, which
in their opinion were the five most essential and preferred
facilities
for improvement of their area.
Consequently,
a slightly changed
order
has been observed.
The changed order for various facilities based on
order

-71-

the maximum percentage of respondents choosing it as the first or second

preferred facility is as follows: the Lohari area respondents, preferred

Table No. 9: intention

to
shift
(Lohari and Yekki areas)

from

the Walled

City.

Lohari

area

.',.
..
~

mm:

I ROOKDED
OJK
VAUll: req. PER COO PERCOO
VAUIE
l
..
i
1
32.3/.
32/.
32.31.1
32

com!

LABEL

KO
K.A

or Clauu

VALUE

Cod~

llutnber

or Clanu

66

TOTAL ~MBER

Yekkl

YES

Cod~ :'\1.11:nber

if

or

66.71.

99.8'!. II

Lit!.

1011.9"1.

VALUE fl"fq. PERCOO

OJK
PEP.COO

991.

le0'!.

CASES= 99

area

com I

LABEL

ROOHED
UALUE

YES

29

24.41.

24.41.

241.

HO

89

14.81.

99.2/.

99!.

H.A

190.9'/.

lQQ"/.

TOTAL tJKBER

or

CASES= 119

9.81.

-72-

iable

No. 10: Knowledge

and Yekki areas)

about

the LWC

project.

(l.ohari

Lohari area

~c

,
'
..~

.
a'

com!

CUM
VAUJIFroeq. PERCOO PrRCOO

VALUE

YES

lfO

LABO.

75.S'l.l

75.S'l.

76'l.

29

29.21.

96.B'!.

961.

4.9/.

189.8'!.

190'!.

Yekld

'

eo -I
I

~e

;
.~'

~~

.w...:

lcoml eq. (rncoo

I
1uwn:(f'

CUM
PrRCOO

ROOr<DD
VALUE

30

..!

l
I

zo..;

41

TOTAL MJKBER

or

'ROUHDD
UAUJE

75

H.A

Cod.cl. lh:u:nlMr at Clau"

CASES: 99

area

[:7,
0
~ 0//

~t'
W~,,;%
@
~/'/~

/.'./

///

, //

'

?;///

~!~~
~://~

%~',,/,'.<-. ~

%'/j/,~

0 . ~~~ ~
~'~
/

LABI:L

YES

HO

H.A

tom

HUMBER

UY.

9.21.

761

63.21.

73.lf!.

321

2U'l.

99 .9'l.

I 11

!
I I

Cod.cl. .liumlMr of Clu..s

UAUJE

or CASES= us

9'l.

73'l.
lW'!.

-73-

Table

No. 11: Satisiaction

(Lohari
area)
&

with
Pe oples

Sufficiency of the proposed

improvements. (Ye kki area)

the
opinion

LWC
about

project.

infrastructure
Lohari

area

~]
oo

11()1

'-; I
30...!

CODED

YIS

NO
K.A

uaua:

ul\wrfrreq.

~BD.

I
I
I

zo

1
!

10

rom

MJKBD

or

PEP.COO

CUK
PrRCOO

ROUHDED
UAWI

13

13.1xl

13.l'l.

131.

,3

63.1.

76.71.

711.

23

23.21.

99.91.

lBQ!.

CASIS= 99

Yekki area

eo

l ()j

i ~~

30

-I

Ul\UJI

I
21)~
I

I
I

101 ,.,._,.__,..,..~-r-7"...,...,
Coded

lh:1mhu of cu ..

~BEL

com

CUK
JALUI f~'t. PrRCOO P!:RCOO

YIS

HO

K.A

TOTAL HUKBD Of CASIS= 119

ROUHDID
UAWI

S.9Y.

5.9Y.

61.

43

36.l'l.

42. 8'!.

4.2Y.

69

58 .9"!.

180.8'!.

leQ'/.

-74-

gas supply over sewage disposal,

garbage disposal,
electricity supply,
street
paving,
Other facilities and water supply still being the least
preferred (Table
E-22 to E-27. 1). The same cross check applied to Yekki
area revealed
the following sequence
of
preferred
facilities:
gas
supply, sewerage disposal, water supply, street paving, garbage disposal
and electricity supply being the least preferred facility.
Furthermore,
the majority of the Yekki area respondents refused to provide assistance
both financial
as well as,
labour to the area
improvement
project
(Table. 12).
Most
of
the respondents who agreed
to participate,
are
willing to provide financial assistance ranging from Rs.SO/= to Rs. 300/=
per member of the household as contribution to the project cost and/or
voluntary labour upto 32 hours per week till such time that the work is
being executed in their area. (Table E-29)

''Building

Repaira:

Lohari Area

Approximately
73% of the respondents stated that
they had made
improvements
in their buildings (Table E-28).
Hhereas the time period
for such building improvements varies from one month to over 5 years, in
majority of the cases improvement works have been carried out within the
last 3 years (Table.
E-30). Building improvements can be categorized as
new construction,
major repairs,
minor repairs and maintenance
works
(Appendix B).
The largest number of building improvements executed fall
in the category
of major repairs (Table 13) and the costs
of
such
building improvements vary considerably.
In most of the cases, personal
savings
have
been utilized
to finance
the cost
incurred
on such
improvements, which generally range upto Rs.25000/= (Table E-31 & E-32).

'' Rillingneea to Improve Buildings:

Yekki Area

The majority
of the respondents in Yekki area are not willing
to
improve
their buildings,
consequent to an infrastructure
improvement
project.
Their
unRillingness is mostly due to financial constraints or
alternatively,
the
building
has
been recently
repaired/improved
(Table. 14).
The respondents willing to improve their
buildings,
are
generally
interested
in carrying out major or minor repairs,
and can
spend
upto Rs.25000/=
from their own resources (Table
E-31 & E-32).
However,
if
the
cost of such improvements exceeds
their
estimated
cost,
a
fairly large percentage of these willing respondents do not
want to take
loans so as to meet the deficient amount.
Hhereas most
of
them
are of the opinion that they cannot repay the loan amount,
others
consider that to take a loan for construction is socially
not
desirable.
Host
of
the respondents who are prepared to take a loan,
have
preferred
to take
the same from
a commercial
bank and were
generally
ignorant
of the existence
of
House
Building
Finance
Corporation (Table E-33 to E-35).
It is evident from the aforementioned account,
that the two areas
are fairly
similar to each other,
in every respect,
in the broader
sense,
the trend is the same for various data
items.
However,
the
insignificant differences between the socio-economic characteristics may
ba attributed to the sampling technique adopted for data collection.

- 75-

Table No. 12: Willingness

for financial
participation
Willingness for Labour participation.(Yekk.i
area)

and

Yekki

area

'
'
'

a.

JAWE

coml

LABrL

cu11

IJAT.1Jr!f~q.1PIRCOOj PrtV'OO
Ml
I
I -v '
w

43

36 .l:r.

36.11.
98 .2'!.

HO

741

62.li.

M.A

21

1.71.1

Coded !ilu:nber of Clue"

TOTAL NUMBER

ROOMDED
IJAWE
361.

981.

99.91.1

100'.I.

or CflSLS: 119

Yek.ki area

''

..
l

IJALUE

LABEL

\mEDI

\ IJAWE frtq. PERCOO

YES

HO

4Q

73

CUI!
PIRCOO

ROOHMD
IJAWE

33.61.

33.61.

341.

61.31.

94.91.

95Y.

5 .it.I.

99 .9Y.

100'.I.

j,

M.A

Coded

:!\umber o! CIUH

TOTAL HUMBER

or CASES: 119

-75 -

Table No. 13: Type of improvements done by the residents.

(Lohari
area} &. Expected
Type of
Building
improvements.
(Yekki area)
Lohari

area

29 ....-----------

VALUE

LABEL

lco1n:nl

juwn:

freq. ,PI:RCOO

.i.

HDl COXSIIDCllCi'i
MAJOR F!PHIRS

3
2

MAIKTDiAHCE

8.11.

24

24.21.

llumber o! c11 .....

LABEL

a,

"

31.

321.

521.

.I.

20.21.I

52.s1.

29

29.2'l.

72.71.

27

27.2'l.

-9U'l.

73'l.
1Q3'/.

area

UAUJE

',:
!

TOTAL HUMBER Of Cl!SES: 99

Yekki

~4

32.31.

29

s.11.

.I.

Coded

ROOt<DED
UAWE

.i.

MIHOR RrPfllRS

ff.A

CUM
PERCOO

COHSTF.UCTIOH

CODED
CUM
freq. PERCOO
UAUIE
PERCOO
4

MAJOR RrnIJtS

KI HOR R1J>fl I RS

P.OOHDED
VALUE

2.5Y.

2.SY.

2'l.

21

17.61.

23.l'l.

2B'!.

32

26.9/.

46.9'l.

471.

MA I MI DtfltiCE

l.7Y.

48.61.

491.

K.A

61

51.31.

9U'l.

100-1.

TOTAL NUKBER Of Cl!SES: us

Table

No. 14: Willingness

to
improve
Reasons
for
unwillingness
to
building. (Yekki area)

buildings
improve

and

Yekki area

..':

~G

..

'iVALUEIF1'1!q.
cnml I!PERCOO I PENCOO
cu~ II
i

1
Coded }lumber

Of

rom

ClUH'I

Yekld

or

CASES:

us

area

VALUE

com

LABEL

IJALUE

CAHHOT AFFORD

REPAIRED RECOOLY

HOT OWNER
BAD IHVrstlfr
H.A

HUMBER

fNq. PERCOO

CUM
PI:RCOO

R!JtmED
VALUE

32

26.9'l.l

2U'l.

27'l.

161

13 .4Y.

40.31.

4Q"/.

s.sx

46.2'l.

46'l.

UY.

47.8"1.

411.

63

52.,/.

"'/.

100'!.

TOTAL HUMBER Of CASES: 1B

.i.

61

.1.

51.3"/.

11!9.9"/.

P.OIJXDED
IJALIJE

l~/.

__ ..., n -

'5 A Critical Analysis of the Findings

A critical analysis of the information collected, through both
questionnaire and observation surveys, from the two areas Ras done using
non parametric statistical tests. The following is a summary of results
of the tests conducted to find out the relationship betReen various
variables.
4.5.1 Socio-Economic Variables
The income level of the residents and their length of stay in the
Ralled City, have shown to be correlated, as generally it is the very
low to medium income level categories Rho have resided in the area since
Independence in 1947 (Table F-1). On the other hand, the income level is
not related to the occupation of the head of household (Table
F-2).
This implies
that although most of the heads of household are
shopkeepers or businessmen by occupation, they generally have the same
income level as other households, that most of the shopkeepers and
businessmen oRn a very small setup. This supports the observation that
in general, the residents of the Malled City are low income households.

4. 5.2 Intention to Shift from the Ralled City

An analysis of educational background and occupation of the head of
household, length of stay, and building oRnership, on one hand, with the
intention to shift has revealed no correlation (Table F-3 to F-6).
The
majority of the respondents, in Lohari area, who intend to shift are not
statisfied with the improvement works executed by LDA.
In Yekki area no
correlation has been found between the people's opinion on sufficiency
of the proposed improvement works and their intention to shift from the
Ralled City (Table.15).
A probable justification for this result is the
lack of response from a majority of the respondents (58%), on their
opinion about sufficiency, which may be attributed to the inability of
the respondents to perceive conditions after the project has been
implemented. However, the respondents who have expressed their opinion
on sufficiency, most of them are of the opinion that the project
proposals are insufficient for improvement of the area, and they intend
to shift from the Ralled City anyway. Moreover, the intention to shift
is not correlated to income of the residents CTable.16).

4.5.3 Opinion and Preference for Infrastructure Improvements

A cross tabulation of the data on people's opinion and preference
was done for two reasons.
Firstly, as an indirect test of the
validity/genuineness of the people's response on satisfaction (Lohari
area) and opinion sufficiency (Yekki area), of the project proposals.
Secondly, to determine the people's priorities for an infrastructure
improvement project. The results reveal that the people's priorities for
the same are different from those proposed by the Lahore Ralled City
project.

-79-

Table

No.

l S: Peoples

satisfaction

wi th the

their Intention to shift.

(Lohari
People's
opinion
sufficiency
proposed
improvements
shift. (1 .:iu .. i dr.:c.}

area)
of

and

Lohan

project
&

and

the

Intention

to

area

PEOPLE'S

IHTOOIOH

SATISfACTIOH

sam

YES

HO

H.A

tlwt.

11

1.

11.

11.11.

11.

Hill(.

25

1.

25.31.

38.31.

HuK.

17

I.

6.11.

17 .21.

NO

H.A
COWMH

TO

TOTAL

Hwt.

:t.age

13

38

131.
63
641.
23
231.

Hux.

32

66

:r.

321.

671.

l:r.

rom

ROU

99
100'1.

Yek.ki area

OP!HIOH
SUITICDlCY.

YES

HO

H.A
COUJKH
TOTAL

IHTOOIOH

TO SHifT

R0'1

~.

YES

HO

Nwt.

2.SJ.

3 .41.

61.

HuM.

12

31

43

Y.

19.11.

26.li.

361.

~.

14

54

:r.

11.81.

45 .41.

9.S'l.

MWI.

29

89

'l.

241.

751.

li.

K.A

TOTAL
Y.a.ge

131.

641.

69
581.

231.

us
!RB"!.

-80-

Table

No. 15: Intention

(l.cnart and Yekk.i

to

shift

and

Income

categories.

areas)

area

Lenart

Yekld area

IHCC-KE

IMTOOIOH
TO

sarrr

'J!J('t

I.OM
tit.It.

I.

31.

Nu~.

CA!EC-ORI!S
ROW TOTAL
iHIGH
I.OM Mm{, KEDM. HIGt HuM. i'.age
17

YES

'

17 .21. ,,1/.
31

15

3Z

31.
8

321.
4

It!CC-KE

~I.

Hu.lo\,

67

CATEGORIIS

F.1~

liil(ili

IVLJ\1'.

LOW

~rs

HO

IMI MEN!. l'Jl-H. HIGJ

12

11

TOTAL

liux.

i'.age

I 29

3.41. 19.lY. 9.21. 1.7'/.

22

37

22

241.
2

89

NO
I.

8.11. 31.31. 15.21. S.11.

Hwt.

671.

4Y.

'/.

18.SY. 31.l'l. 19.3'/. 4.2:. 1.7/.

tliJK.

M.9

751.
1

H.A
Hu~.
Y.

11.

11.

Y.

COUJMH
TOTAL

H!TOOIOH
IO snrr,

11

48

25

11

111.

49'l.

251.

111.

4Y.

''
199'!.

9.81.

I.

COUJ!'Ji
IOTRL

~.
'l.

lY.

26

59

34

221.

421.

231.

6Y.

21,,

119
100'1.

-81-

Furthermore,
assuming that the response of the intervieRees from
Yekki
area on the subject is representative,
the priority list for supply and
improvements in infrastructure facilities is as folloRs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Gas supply
Sewage disposal
Street paving
Garbage disposal
El ectri city supply
Rater supply

Additionally,
the Lohari
certain
social
infrastructure
project (Table F-7 to F-13).

4.5.4

The Project and Building

area respondents consider

facilities essential
for

provision
of
an upgrading

Improvements

Tables
17
and 18,
s hon the condition (in
numeric
values)
of
physi~al
infrastructure in the tRo areas,
on the basis of
a standard
scoring procedure (Appendix B) for recording observations on the present
conditions.
The results show that in the Lohari area,
with an average
score of 3.4 the conditions are much better than those observed in the
Yekki
area (an average score of 1. 6).
This implies that
the after
project conditions are better and improved'(Lohari
Area) than the before
project conditions (Yekki area).

the

However,
results of the observation survey conducted to
determine
building change/improvements
Map. L. 4 & Y.4 reveal that there is no

significant difference between the percentage of buildings improved in

the two areas. A critical analysis of plot size, number of households in
building and building improiements, show that there is no relationship
between size of plot and building improvements, but there is a
significant correlation between number of households in the building and
building improvements, with majority of the buildings improved being
occupied by a single or two households (Tables F~14 & F-15). On one
hand, this implies that generally the multi family houses are poorer, as
compared to single family houses and on the other hand, the plot size is
independent of economic condition of the dweller.
On the basis of data collected through questionnaire survey from
Lohari
area,
building
repairs have been carried out
by
the
owners/occupiers irrespective
of the educational background
and
occupation of the head of household, income level of the household and
ownership status (Table F-16 to F-19). Furthermore, at significance
level=0.23 with Cramer's value=0.20, the improvements in buildings are
not correlated to the people's satisfaction derived from the project.
Inspite of the fact that, the maximum number of buildings have been
improved during the last three years,
the analysis on people's

-82-

satisfaction
improvements
significance
(Tables. 19

derived
from the
project and
show
that
there
is
level=0.90, Cramer's value=0.15),

the period
of
building
no
correlation
Cat
between the two variables

& 20).
This
implies that the project assumption of
triggering building improvements through infrastructure improvements is
not correct.

-83-

Table No. 17:

Infrastructure
scores. (Lohari area)

conditions,

as

weighted

I Stl'!et

conditions.

Infra.stroctUN

, ~.

Water l Sewerage
; Supply ! Disl-'QsaI

'

Facilities

Score

St?'fet i G.ll'hage . Electricity

Pa.ving i Disrosal ! Supply.

i total

lI

Scere

11._

I
I

11

1.80

o.?5

1.W

9.50

9.50

3.25

9.75

0.50

s.se

3.ZS

9.50

0.00

0.25

9.50

0.59

3.29

0.50

9.59

ll.75

s.ss

0.59

0.W

9.25

9.00

us

0.25

e.gg

0.50

9.50

3.75

0.75

9.75

0.59

9.50

3.50

9. 75

a.75

Q.59

ue

a. 1s

9.75

B.S0

10

1.00

0.75

us

11

1.W

0. 75

12
13
I

0.75

0.50

0.50

1.09

_,,.

e.59

0.75

9.00

9.50

e. 15

75

___,,,-----l

i
0.5@
0.50
j
.___ ..__0_.-se----"--o-.-e0--"'--0.-25~..__-0_.1IB_ _,,.___0_.0_g__ ~~

9.50

~4

weighted

Infra.stl".rct11.~
facilities
Score
~. St~et
1----...-----------r--.---l. Ictal
i Hater
'., Sewerage , Street
Garb.age Electnici ts
;_. Score
!fo.
Suppl':I ; DisPQsal ; Pavins Dis~m.q
Suppl':I
0.50
B.IIB
9.25
i---~"'----'"------"'---_.,._ __

II

as

Yekki area

Lohari area

Table No. 18: Inf rast ructure

scores. (Yekki area)

')

'-

1.59
2.75

0.30

0.75
1.50

3.59

0.50

Q.75

8.50

0.50

2.75

0.59

3.25

0.50

0.25

9.50

0.50

us

9.SQ

9.50

3.50

0.75

B.SQ

0.50

3.59

2.75

0.75

0.59

0.25

0.50

2.25

0. 75

0.75

0.50

Q.50

9.50

9.75

3.50

12

0.50

0.50

3.50

13

9.50

us

9.50

3.25

14

0.50

0.25

0.50

1.50

15

0.59

2.50

1. 75

0.50

1.20

9.09

0.75

Source: Obs~I"Htion Survey, 1937

16
1

0.25

0.W

0.25

9.eQ

0.25

U0

~l~_0_.e_0~~~e_.0_0~+~0_._oo~_,.__e_.1_5~

18
Source:

0.59

Obserntion

0.00

UQ

SU1"1ey, 1937

11.00

0.50

-84-

z
0

-85-

z
0

"""'

- -...
... ....
- z-

!-

o
~

!-

tr)

t.~

c"""'
e,

i;:J

l;J

.....

:z:
l.:J

e.
~~

:I

....l.:J...

,...

"""'
c

,...
....
.....

~
c
I:

tt)

''"oC

I:

!-

zw
~
w

!0

~
~

!-

z
e
o
e
::)

l;J

<
>
0
a: ;;2
0..

.....
'"
z
c

o
,.....

z'-"

mrrmmo

<

w
a:

~
;...:

0.
I'll

s
u

"'~

:::)

::.
Vl

~
< z

~
z

e-,

:.::

0
....l

:;)
Q

0
0

-It')

CJ

n!

Vl

Vl
"O

"'

"'-

~u
:;
0
Vl

-86-

Table No. 19: Peoples

staisfaction
to the project
Building improvements. (Lohari area)

and

Lohari area

PEOPLE'S
SATI men OK

YES

YES

ROW

FJ:Pf!IRS

BUILD I HG

~.

H.A

HO

l'lillt.

;:

9.1/.

3/.

1/.

44

19

;:

44.4'l.

19.21.

tiwt.

19

I.

19.21.

4'l.

Hwt.

72

26

;:

731.

261.

11.

Table No. 20: People's satisfaction to the project

Period
of building improvements.
(Lohari
area)

and

Ii.A
COLUKH
TOTAL

/.age

13
13/.
63

liwl.
HO

TOTAL

64'l.
23
23/.
99
100'!.

Lohari area

PEOPLE'S
SA!ISfACTIOH

YES

H.A
COLU~
TOTAL

Ii.A

or

BUILDIHG

1-li!

n-ss

~~ITllC:

~!tTllC:

I KPROIJDIDrr
1H.t1.iVt b!J
Mi:./l'iW\ lf('.'tTP.<;
J'l-&tl

Hux.

Y.

31.

4'l.

31.

11.

21.

tiWI.
HO

PERIOD

19

16

19

I.

B.21.

16 .21.

19 .21.

7 .11.

2'',,

tlw(.

5Y.

6.lY.

S.!Y.

2'l.

21.

27

26

39

19

27 .sx

261.

30.St.

Ht!.

61.

1.

tiwt.
'l.

P.W

TOTAL

tluM.

i'.age

13
13/.
63
641.
23
231.
99
100"!.

-87-

4.5.5 Rillingness for Participation: Financial and Voluntary Labour

The majority of the respondents in the Yekki area are unRilling
to
contribute
(financially
and/or
through voluntary labour) to an area
improvement
project.
The results
of the correlation
test
between
occupation,
educational
background of the head
of
household,
income
level
and building ownership on one hand and willingness for financial
and/or labour participation on the other, reveal negative results (Table
F-20 to F-27).
Finally,
as a check for the genuineness of the above
response,
the analysis of people's willingness for participation
with
their
response on intention to shift,
also revealed negative
results,
implying
that there
is no correlation
betReen
them.
Moreover,
the
majority of the respondents, with no intention of shifting are unRilling
to participate, both in terms of finance and labour (Table 21 & 22).

4. 5.6 Rillingness to Improve Buildings

Majority
of the respondents from Yekki area have expressed
their
unRillingness to improve the buildings,
consequential to an improvement
in infrastructure
conditions.
Results of the analysis shoR
that
the
response
on willingness
to improve
buildings
is independent
of
occupation, educational background of the head of household and building
ownership' (Table
F-28
to F-30).
Simultaneously,
an insignificant
correlation
between
willingnessto
improve building and intention
to
shift
exists,
and majority
of the
unRilling
respondents,
have no
intention
of
shifting rrom the Ralled City (Table F-31).
The results
from Yekki area also support the interpretation made earlier,
about the
project assumption on building improvements.
Table
F-32,
shoRs (at significance level= 0.00,
Cramer's
value=
0.41)
a significant correlation betReen income level of the household
and willingness
to improve buildings,
surprisingly with most
of
the
willing respondents from low and medium income level.
It may be implied
that the building conditions of the houses occupied by high income level
households, is significantly better than the buildings occupied by other
income
categories.
Furthermore,
majority
of the willing
respondents
intend
to take loan,
in case the actual cost of construction
exceeds
their estimated cost (Table F-33).
Table F-34,
on people's trend trend
towards
loan and preferred
loan
source shows a
bias i
favour
of
commercial
banks.
However,
the trend is not significantly related
to
income
level of the households.
Moreover,
the preferred
source
of
finance
is unrelated
to the educational background of
the head of
household, but shows a significant relationship to the occupation of the
head (Table F-35 to F-37).

-88-

!
tI

Table No. 22: Willingness

shift. (Yekki area)

Yekki

to

finance and

Intention

Willingness
(Yekkl area)

IKTOOIOM

IO SHifI

ROW

TOTAL

H.A

Hux.

i'.age

us

HO

H1.1x.

14

29

11.7'l.

24.li.

tm. is
'l.

12.&'l.

rnmrrrot<

mLW!Gm:SS
TO LAEOIJR
PARTICIPilTIOH

43

TO

ROW

and

I.

S8

43.7'l.

Q.S'l.

74

Hill(,

62'l.

HO

31

H.A

IHi.ot.

I.age

49

7 .6'l. 26/.
19

SJ

34/.
1

73

HO
1S.9'l. 44.51. 9.S'l.

61:1.

2
21.

1.71.

'l.

YES

tom

YES

'l.

COLU~
TOTAL

labour

~!ITM

Hwl.
361.

tluM.
H.A

to

Yekki area

llILL H!GN!:SS
FINAtlCIAL
PAR11CIPHTIOH

liO

Table No. 21:

shift.

area

YES

to

Hu.it.

29

89

I.

24/.

7Si.

11.

Hux.
I.

119
100"1.

0.Si.

4.21.

2~

89

241.

7"'

11.

H.A

COUH9{

rom

Hu.~.
'/.

V/1

Si.
119
100'1.

Intention

to

-89-

.6 Summary of Findings
Normally
the socio-economic characteristics
such
as,
education,
occupation, effect the behaviour pattern and response of the person. The
results
of the statistical analysis of the data collected reveals
that
in general, the residents of the Halled City are unique, in this respect
as no effect of these characteristics is visible.
However, on the basis
of the test results, following generalized deductions can be made:
1.
The majority
of the Ralled City households fall in the low
category.
Host
of
them do not intend to shift to some
other
mainly due to economic reasons.

income
place,

2.
The people's
preference
and priorities for an area
improvement
project are different from those proposed by the project. Moreover, most
of
the Ralled
City residents are unwilling
to contribute
financial
and/or voluntary help to any such project.
3.
The project has
conditions
in the
initiating
building
improvements has not

partially succeeded in improving the infrastructure

Ralled
City.
However,
the envisaged
impact
of
improvements,
consequential to the infrastructure
been achieved.

-90-

CHAPTER V
RORI1BILITY OF THI LRC PROJECT

The Lahore
Halled
City is an historical artifact as Rell as a
living community, providing shelter to around 27,000 households and also
around 30,000 loR cost jobs. It is not a dormitory residential district,
as 85% of the residents in the labour force Rork Rithin the Ralled City,
of
Rhich 75% work on residential premises (LDA Survey,1986).
Thus- the
Rage income factor infloRs are limited.
The economic base of the Ralled
City
is
regional
and
metropolitan
commerce
and
small-scale
manufacturing,
and the predominant factor inflows are from whole/retail
sales of goods, of Rhich feR, such as shoes, jewelry etc. are produced
locally, by the Ralled City small-scale manufacturing units. The present
economic
base is incompatible with the fabric of this artifact,
posing
the danger of irreparable damage to its physical form (the crux of
a
conservation
exercise is prevention of this damage).
But on the other
hand,
any radical
disruption
in the present
economic
base
implies
pulling out of the economic carpet from the Ralled City,
which would be
a political bomb.
As mentioned earlier, the majority of the Halled City
residents
fall in
the low income category and are residents
of
this
area,
out of sheer necessity, since they cannot afford to live anywhere
else.
The vital
question
at this juncture,
to the advocates
of
conservation
is,
"Rhat is more important flesh and blood
(people)
or
bricks and mortar (buildings)?"

5. 1 Cost Implications
Table C-2
to C-4,
s~oR the estimated costs of various
type of
building
improvements
for structures on the smallest
plot
in each
category.
The estimated cost of minor repairs for the smallest size of
building
in the Ralled City at the present cost
is unaffordable
for
majority
of
the households.
This fact has been recognized by the LRC
study as Rell, and according to the affordability analysis of the study,
building
replacement
is affordable to the upper
23rd
percentiles,
whereas
only the upper 50th percentiles can afford the cost of building
improvements,
even
with
concessionary
loans at 11% over
20
years.
(Appendix A)
proposed
by the LRC study,
the alternative
strategy
would
As
giving out of soft term loans to the owners/occupiers,
so as
require
to
enable
them to improve and repair the buildings.
Not any elaborate
mathematical calculations,
only a glance on the figures in Table C-4,is
sufficient
enough
to provide an insight into
the enormous
financial
implications
of such
an undertaking.
In the
existing
resource
constrained environment at the national level, generation of such a huge
financial
package
from local resources is highly improbable.
"How is
such a project to be financed?" Through
International
Aid,
Loan or
Grant!

-91-

It is ironical to even talk about conservation and rich

cultural
heritage,
with
people
who are unable to afford a decent
living.
As
majority of the Ralled City residents are low income households,
unable
to
fulfill
their need for basic necessities of life.
In view
of
the
existing
income
status
and economic situation
of
the Ralled
City
-population,
expectations
for the successful
implementation
of
a
conservation
project,
can be
best
termed as "living
in a fool's
paradise".

5.2 Shortralla of the Project

As pointed out earlier, the Ralled City has changed considerably in
the last forty years.
Rhile the process of change has continued
unabatingly, certain areas within the Ralled City have changed far more
drastically or differently than others, attended by circumstances
peculiar to each one of them. For example, the areas of rampant
commercial growth have arisen in areas damaged by the 1947 riots, the
areas
of the poorest residential population is also one which nurtures
the major industry of shoe making. Thus in any one of the analytical
zones (Hap RC. 4), a number of characteristics are apparent, some of them
having strong linkages with, or even extending into an adjacent zone,
different otherwise on the basis of a markedly different primary
characteristic. Technically, recommendations for the planning framework,
must take into account the various parts of the Ralled City~
on the
basis of their respective characteristic. However, the LRC study has
totally missed this vital aspect of the Halled City.
Furthermore, the project has missed on among other things, the
existing but ineffective institutional control, Rhich has resulted in
the uncontrolled change in its built form, in the first place. Secondly,
it overlooked the informal (in the absence of ownership documents)
property oRnership existing in the Ralled City, in the context of the
formal mechanism and procedures followed by HBFC for granting loans. The
third oversight, is the wide gap between the project/consultant's
(conservation)
definition
and people's
perception
of
building
improvements. The gap could have been narrowed doRn through educating
the residents on the real value of the assets they possess.
Although a stated objective of the project, conservation was
envisaged as a by-product of the infrastructure improvement Rorks
proposed in the LRC study. A by-product in the sense that, the
infrastructure improvements were assumed to initiate a process of
building improvements to be carried out by the owners/occupiers, as
mentioned earlier, this process was to be channelized towards achieving
the objective of conservation, through provision of HBFC loans for
building repairs and improvements. It is true that the area improvement
project did trigger building improvement activity in the Lohari area,
where the percent of building improvement/repair is slightly higher than
in other areas, credit for the same cannot be attributed solely to the
improved infrastructure conditions. As evident from the survey findings,
a similar trend was observed in the non-project (Yekki area) area as
well.
Furthermore, the building improvements carried out by the
residents of Lohari area, are contrary to the traditional built idiom of

-92-

the
Ralled City.
In fact it is true for the building improvements
and
reconstruction done in any part of this repository of cultural heritage.
Residents
of
the Halled City are of the opinion that,
it is no more
possible
to
build in the traditional
style,
since
the contemporary
builders
do not possess
the same skill and
craft,
as the master
builders of the past.
Secondly, they fail to understand, Rhy the modern
built
form is undesirable and Rrong in the context of the Ralled
City,
Rhereas, in suburban areas, generally buildings have been and are being
built in this form.

5.3 Coat Recovery:

Touriam?

The LRC study proposed indirect recovery of capital costs of the

project. One of the recovery channels as proposed by the project was the
increased economic gain from tourism. The improved and conserved Ralled
City was envisaged to become a major tourist attraction. This can be
termed as nothing else, but wishful thinking. An area of 2. 5 sq. km,
cannot become a major tourist attraction in a non-touristic country (may
be except for a few historians or architects).The Halled City alone,
even in its best conserved form, cannot become such a forceful tourist
attraction, that it can be considered as a recovery source for the LRC
project. It is only when the tourism industry of a country is well
developed, such areas become an added attraction for the visitors to
that country. For example, Bhaktapur, has become a major tourist
attraction of Nepal, a country Rhich has much more to offer to its
visitors, in terms of tourism.

5.' Workability or the Project

5. 4. 1 The Consultant's Response
The workability of the LRC project proposals can be best judged in
the light of the project consultant's response to questions on various
aspects of the project. Firstly, in response to the workability of the
policy framework of the project, the consultant stated:
"In seven or eight years since the formulation of these
policies significant changes appear to have taken place>
effecting population densities and income patterns,
which have adversely disturbed the internal 'balance' of
the Ralled City.
The present situation calls for
'active'
policies and' positive' action to restore the
internal
balance between income groups,
land use
patterns and population etc.".
The project policies and recommendations, are in conflict in the
sense that; the policies emphasis 'NO ACTION' to disturb the internal
balance of the Ralled City, Rhereas the proposed urban renewal project
is located in an area (Hap No. RC. 8) very near to the General Bus Stand
of Lahore, an area with high concentration of business activity just
across the road. The project seems to have totally missed to realize
that by locating the renewal area at this point, implied inviting the

...J

-e

w
zu
w~

a: ..J

z=
< !cc

0:
:)

rii

u
~

e-

Cl

'

t... w

i=
...J

0
0

V)

0..

0
0:
c,

-c
<
u w
0

. :~<,.

O'I

>-

"-c

0
!-

CtJ

....
0

c::

0..

.!

vi

f0

::)

...J

-94-

penetration
of
commercial
activity
into
the only
predominantly
residential
zone of the Halled City.
On the subject
of
contradiction
between project policies and proposed urban renewal program (was to he
initiated
in
the
second Phase of the project,
hut now it has been
dropped),
of the study. The consultant responded; "The policy framework
was prepared
during the initial stage of the study~
about
two years
prior to making recommendations.
Thus they were more or less interim".
Furthermore,
on the question of incomp~tible design of
sewerage
system,
in
the context of living style and habits of the Ralled
City
residents,
the consultant forwarded the most naive justification,
"The
proposed
design of the sewerage system was to be implemented on a trial
basis in the 'Test area only' and subsequently the proposed design
was
to
be modified for application in the Ralled City.
The results of
the
test project
were very encouraging and the LDA officials
got carried
away by
the success of the test project and adopted
the design
for
implementation in the first phase area".

5.4.2 Opinion

of Technical

Experts

Interviews with technical experts were conducted,

so as to
obtain
there opinion on the workability of the policy framework of LRC project.
The policy point, Int~rviewee's response and summary of the comments are
presented in Table 23.

-95-

Table No. 23:

Policy
I

Summary of Comments
Project
:

Response :

on Policy

Summary

of

Proposals

of the Halled City

Comments

I-----------' ----------1 ---------------------------------------------'

* Any radical physical intervention would
I
I

: No action
: to change

AGREE
3

: population,:
: income and:
: density.
:
:
I

I -----------1

deleteriously affect both the artifact

and the organism.

:
:

:---------------------------------------------:
: *Shift from passive to active approach.
DISAGREE:
*Action to reduce densities and increase
income 1 evel s.
4
:

----------1

---------------------------------------------
Control expansion of commerce, but

AGREE
3

----------'
DISAGREE
4
I

I
I
l

No action
to change
present
economic
base.

I
I

I
I
I
I

encourage expansion of small scale

manufacturing Kith effective control
mechanism.

---------------------------------------------'
*Action necessary to control the expansion
of both commerce and manufacturing
residential quarters.

into

----------- ----------' ---------------------------------------------'

I
I
I
I
I

I
I

:
I

I
I

I
I

: No change
:in
: functional
: zones.

*Financial
implications of any other
policy Rould be prohibitive

AGREE
I
I
I

7
I

I
I

I
I

I ----------1 ---------------------------------------------'
DISAGREE
0
I

-----------': ----------': ---------------------------------------------

*Concept of pedestrian precinct Rith local

improvements to street network and only

controlled vehicular access, desirable.
*Limit of 100 meters questionable.

AGREE

No change
in
, transport: ation
: system and
street
layout.

----------'

I
I
I
I
I

---------------------------------------------

I
I

I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I
I

I
I

DISAGREE
0
I

I -----------1 ----------1 ---------------------------------------------'

I
I

: Physical
1
: infrastruc-:
: ture
l
: improvement:

AGREE
7

*Accompanying
improvements

control of building
essential.

: ---------------------------------------------:
:
DISAGREE :
I
0
I

----------- ----------' ---------------------------------------------'

-96-

Table. 23 (continued)
Policy
1

Response :
I

Summary

of

Comments

I-----------'-: ---------'---------------------------------------------'
: *Makes good economic sense to repair the
: Building
l
: r-e ne aa I and:
: improvement:

AGREE
7

: program

existing building stock.

* Replacement/Improvements
regulatory framework.

Ri thin strict

:I ---------------------------------------------:
I

:
:
I
I

DISAGREE
0
I

I -----------1

----------1

I
I

---------------------------------------------
*But consideration not just buildings,

I
I

human aspect equally important.

*Selection criteria must be established
first and people should be made conscious
of the value of conserving the heritage.

AGREE
7

Conserva: tion and

l Preserva: tion

I
t

I
t

----------' ---------------------------------------------
DISAGREE
0

:
I

I: -----------1: ----------1l --------------------------------~------------'

*Provision of community facilities to the
: Community
l
: facilities :
l on basis or:

AGREE
5

:
:
:

: neighbour: hood size

: of 2000.

DISAGREE
2

l
:

I: -----------1 : ----------1 : ---------------------------------------------'

*Removal of encroachments necessary.
: Development:
: of Circular:
l garden as
l outdoor
: recreation:
l area and
:
l as sports l
field.
I

:
Desirable due to lack of open space in
the Ralled City.
*Segregation of outdoor recreational areas
and school sports fields necessary.
:

DISAGREE
0

:---------------------------------------------:
:

:
:

I-----------' ----------1 ---------------------------------------------'

Source: Structured

AGREE
7

:
:

*Concept of neighbourhood merely on number

of persons incorrect in the 'Ralled City.
*Catchment population of 2000, arbitrary
and is far less than National standards.
*Availability of land in the Ralled City.

l
I

Rall ed. City population is their right

Size of catchment only after survey.

Interviews

Rith Technical

Experts.

-97-

CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS AND RBCOHMENDATIOHS

6. 1 Conoluaiona
As evident from the aforementioned account,
the Lahore Halled City
is greatly overpopulated for its size,
mainly inhabited by low income
families.
It is rapidly decaying - its very fabric is falling
apart.
Simultaneously,
the fast groRth and intrusion of
commercial
activity
into residential
areas,
is resulting
in a rapid
change
process
conversion
of residential
premises
into
commercial
building
use.
Moreover,
as mentioned
earlier,
majority of its economically
active
population work Kithin the Ralled City.
Rhereas, on the one hand this very commercial activity is intrusive
and destructive
for the physical fabric of this artifact (due to
the
nature and quantum of trade),
on the other hand it is a major source of
employment
and income
for the Ralled City's
resident
labour
force.
Technically,
the successful implementation of a
conservation
program
would
require
radical
measures,
to control and change
the existing
situation,
through
removal of such intruding and destructive
factors.
HoRever,
such an intervention, amounts to cutting off the economic life
line of the Ralled City population.
Secondly, strong enforcement poRer, effective institutional control
and
fairly
enormous
amount
of
public
investment
are
essential
prerequisites,
for the successful
implementation of
a
conservation
program.
The effectiveness of institutional control,
as Rell as the
strength of enforcement powers, are reflected among other things, in the
examples
cited
in Chapter 3 (Building control and Eviction
of
milch
cattle
cases).
This situation,
coupled Rith the constrained
national
economic environment of Pakistan,
make the achievement of a large scale
and ambitious in scope conservation project,
such as the Lahore
Ralled
City project,
highly questionable.
However,
an expenditure of Rs. 400
million is justifiable only on the basis of the envisaged improvement in
the living conditions of the Ralled City residents.
Thirdly results of the analysis,
of data collected for this study,
as Rell as the various surveys conducted by the Lahore
Development
Authority,
clearly
indicate
that
the majority
of the Ralled
City
residents,
fall
in the loR income category.
In vieR of the existing
economic
level of the residents in general,
there is a genuine
danger
that the upgrading of physical and social infrastructure,
Rould result
in gentrification
of the Ralled City.
Since
an improved
level
of
infrastructure
facilities Rill increase the economic pressure (in terms
of increased tariffs and taxes), on the residents, unable to afford this
increase,
they
Rould
be forced
(economically)
to shift.
Another
probability
is that
the improved
infrastructure
facilities,
Rill
consequently
raise
the property
values
in the Ralled
City,
this
appreciated
property
value may become lucrative enough
for the poor

-98-

residents, who may sell it and shift to some other place outside the
Ralled City. The probable new abode in both the above mentioned cases,
Rould be in some squatter settlement or a new squatter settlement. Bence
in the process of solving a problem, another problem Rould be created.
This observation is strongly supported by the results of "Katchi Abadi
upgrading and improvement projects",
where the squatte~s of
a
settlement sold their houses after the implementation of the project, at
a relatively higher cost and settled in some other settlement, not yet
improved or established a new squatter settlement.
Finally the project cost of Rs. 400 million, for the benefit of
population (LRC study), implying a per capita public investment
of Rs. 1500/=.
On the other hand, the project proposed building
improvement cost of Rs. 18,000/= per building implies a per capita
investment of Rs. 3000/=, on the basis of average household size defined
by the project. The project assumption of initiating home/building
improvements as a result of infrastructure improvements, is totally
wrong, since a relatively small amount of public investment cannot and
will not trigger a private expenditure of approximately two times its
value. Moreover, conservation is not an economic generator, it does not
produce revenue to repay debts. Rhereas, the project proposed cost of
building improvement of Rs. 18,000/= financed through BBFC lqan at 11%
over 20 years, implies an annuity factor of 12. 75% which in turn implies
a
monthly repayment installment of approximately
Rs. 200/=.
The
affordability of such-a loan can _be very Rell judged by comparing this
figure (Rs. 200/=),
with the average monthly
household income of
Rs.B3B/= (LUDTS, 1979).

260,000

In vieR of the present situation of lack of funds, effective

institutional control,
strong enforcement power,
lack of public
awareness and low income level of the Ralled City residents, the study
concludes,
"Upgrading and Conservation is not a viable and desirable
option for Lahore Ralled City".
The chances of success for any action or strategy for
and upgrading of the Halled City, without:

conservation

1.

Improving the income level of the Ralled City residents,

2.

Educating the residents and making them conscious of

value of their possession.

the

real

are very limited, if not" NIL".

6.2 Poaaible Alternative

Rhereas, a comprehensive and large scale program for conserving the
Lahore Ralled City is unaffordable for a poor country, Pakistan. On the
other hand there is a real danger that if no measures are taken, the
rich repository of cultural heritage, Lahore Ralled City will be
completely destroyed. Thus, a conservation program for the Lahore Ralled
City should not be assessed entirely in economic terms, as the future
groRs out of the past, and the pride in cultural heritage, acts as a

-99-

strong motivating force in a society.

In realization of this fact,
the
Government
of
Pakistan,
in its Sixth Five Year
Plan
( 1983-88),
has
expressed
its strong
desire and commitment to conserve
the Islamic
cultural
heritage,
as a source
of
inspiration
for the
future
generations.
Furthermore,
conservation of old historic areas, has been
acknoRledged
as a highly desirable policy option.
In such a situation,
the probable strategy to achieve maximum benefits with least cost Rould
be to identify small pockets Rithin the Ralled City and preserve them as
living museums - symbols of the rich heritage, by utilizing public money
for financing,
such a strategy.
The remaining areas of the Halled City
should
be declared as free zones,
and building change and replacement
allowed as in other parts of Lahore Metropolitan area.

6. 3 Reoommendationa for further Research

Due to the time and budget limitations, the present study Ras
confined to a small part of the Halled City. For better understanding of
the problem, further study on the subject is recommended as a follow-up.
Following aspects, among others Rarrant such a study:
1.

Alternatives for conservation of Lahore Ralled City.

2. Conservation Policy for Lahore Ralled City.

3. Cost Implications of the Conservation Policy for Lahore Halled
City.

-100-

REFERENCES

Socio-Economic
Study of the Halled City of Lahore;
Metropolitan
Planning Hing, Lahore Development Authority, Lahore, 1979.

Ashworth,

Graham

~rQgD

"Environmental

H~rY~t~

Judgment"

in Millward,

YrQgD B~ngRg! !n B~trQQ~t gDQ

Keep, U. K.,Geographical

Publications,

1977,

pp.

Stanley

ed.
The

~rQQ~t:~

1-22.

Biddle, Hartin in "Conse~vation as Cultural Survival" Renata Holod (ed),

The Aga Khan Award, Philadelphia, 1980.

BKH.

Associates,

uRalled

QY!QQffi~nt gDQ Ir2i

City

Upgrading
Study",in
~tYQY~ vol.4, 1980.

Buchanan,
Collin and Partners,"Bath:
A Study in Conservation", Report
to
the
Minister
of Housing
and
Local
Government
and
Rawtenstall
Municipal
Boroughs,
Department
of the Environment,
London, HMSO, 1971.
Chadwick,
George F., "Evaluation"
in ~
Pergamon, New York, 1972, pp. 258-271.
Chapin,

~~t~ID

Yi~R

Stuart
Jr.
and
Kaiser,
Edward J. Yr92n
University of Illinois Press, Chicago, 1979.

L2ng

Y~

E!2nning~

Daifuku,
Hiroshi, "Urban Retrieval Too", in
UNESCO, The Unesco Press Paris, 1975.
Enders, Siegfried
Conservation
presented at
and Planning;
GHK.

"The Administrative and Judicial Aspects of Urban

- illustrated by examples from Rest Germany",
A paper
the International
Conference
on Urban Conservation
Penang, Malaysia; June 1986.

Associates,
"The Ralled City of
Traditional Buildings", London, 1986.

Haaland,

Ihg QQngrygtiQn Q( Qitig~

Ane, "Bhaktapur-

Town

Lahore

Changing",

Endemic

(2nd.Edition),

Failure

GTZ,

in

1985,

Iammeier,
H.Detlef,"Squaring
the Circle,
or Urban Conservation
with
~conomic
Development:
The experience
of
Thailand";
A paper
presented at the International
Conference
on Urban Conservation
and Planning; Penang, Halaysia; June 1986.
Iuban,

Dogan,"Conservation:

Design

and

Planning"(unpublished

paper).

Lahore Ralled City:

Study of Household
and Sanitation
Conditions;
Metropolitan Planning Ring,
Lahore Development Authority, -Lahore,
1984.
Leonard,
James B."City Profile:
London.

Lahore",

Qiti~2~

Feb. 1986,

pp. 12-23,

-101-

Lewcock, Ronald
in "Conservation as Cultural
The Aga Khan Award, Philadelphia, 1980.
Lichfield,
Plans:

Lim,

Survival"

Renata Holod Ced),

Hathaniel,"Evaluation
Methodology
of Urban and
A Review",B~giQDgl ~tyg!~ 4, 1970, pp. 151-165.

Rilliam
S.H."Environmental Identity
and
!ntrnstiQn2l vol. 8, No.3/4, 1984, p~ 181-192.

Regional

Urbanism",H2bit2t

Hozayeni, Hanootchehr "In praise of indigenous man-made environments:

Massuleh in Iran".EkitiL No. 271, July/Aug. 1982, pp. 304-305.
Hoe,

Samuel V. "In search of 'the'

traditional Islamic city:
an
analytical
proposal
with
Lahore
as
a
caseexample"(extract),EkitiL No. 280, Jan/Feb. 1980, pp.69-75.

Noe,

Samuel V. "Old Lahore and Old Delhi:

Variations on
Theme",EkitiL No. 295, July/Au~ 1982, pp. 306-319.

P-age,

Charles H. "Saving the Past for the Future",Eki2tih No.

July/Aug. 1978, pp. 283-284.

Papageorgiou,
1983.

Alexander,

QQntinYit:i silQ Qhsng,

Praeger,

New

Mughal

271,

York,

PEPAC Ltd.
"Conservation Issues and Intervention
Strategic Framework", Lahore, 1987.

Alternatives:

Qadeer, Mohammad.A,
YrQsD
IJ:i!H!!!!i.Q
Qf bsbQr~L

KQr!g;_ !nt~rns!
Praeger,

New

Roberts, Margaret "Evaluation" in ~n !ntrQQYt!Qn tQ

Igbn!gy~ Hutchinson, London, 1983, pp. 125-160.

York,

1983,

IQRil f!2nning

Shankland,
Graeme,"Rhy trouble with Historic
ToRns",
in
QQDrYgtiQD Q( Qitig UNESCO, The Unesco Press, Paris, 1975.
Smith, David L.

Ih~

Am~nit~ gDQ Yr~2n f!2nn!ng, Crosby, London,1974.

Sorlin,
Franoois,"Europe:
The Comprehensive Experience",
in
QQn2~rY2t!Qn Qf Qiti~ UNESCO, The Unesco Press, Paris, 1975.
The

Year
Sixth
Five
Government of Pakistan.

Plan:C1983-88);

Planning

Uhlig, Klaus
"The Pedestrian Orientated City",
Stuttgart, 1979 (German/English).

Verlag

Ib

Commission,

Gerd

Hatje,

Heber, Peter,"Urban Renewal in Austria, Vienna", Geschaftsstelle der

Osterreichischen Raumordnungskonferenz (OROK), Hien, 1981.
Hhyaall,P.T."Urban conservation in the Netherlands",gki2ti9L No. 295,
July/Aug. 1982, pp. 342-347.

Appendix

A: Lahore
Walled City brief history.
socioeconomic
condition
and
L WC
project
inf ormatlon

A-1

BRIEF HISTORY OF LAHORE

1.

Emergence of earliest occupation.

4th to 5th century

2.

Emergence as Provincial capital.

11th to 13th century

Mahmood, Sultan of Ghazni annexed Punjab

in 1021 and made Lahore the Provincial
capital. Later other kings also
maintained
Labore as their
center.
During this period the city prospered
economically and culturally.
3. Decline under Mongol attacks.

(1021 - 1241)

13th to 15th century

From 1241 onRards for a period of about

200 years the city Ras attacked many
times by the Mongols and Ras reduced to
a town of no political importance.
4. Renaissance under Lodhis.

Hid 15th to mid 16th

century.

During this period the city Ras rebuilt

and numerous educational
institutions,
gardens,
water tanks,
etc. were built.
The fort and the city Ralls were also
rebuilt during this period.
5.

Regional center under the Hughals.

During this period the city grew and

spilled over and beyond the walls of the
Ralled city.
By the 18th century the
population
is said to have
reached
500,000.
6.

Destruction

by the Sikhs.

.,.;;,.

Mid 16th to mid 18th

century.
(1542 - 1750)

Mid 18th to mid 19th

century.

The city was destroyed considerably

by
the Sikhs and it is said that the
population
Ras reduced to about 50,000
only.
7.

Annexation by the British.

During this period the city prospered

economically
and
politically.
both
Cantonment
area was constructed by the
British government and at the time of
Independence
(1947)
the population of
the city was 700,000.

Hid 19th century to

1947.

A-2

LABORE

RALLED

CITY IN BRIEF

-Area

2. 5 sq. km.

-Population
2, 60, 000 persons
provides shelter to 8% population of the city.
-Population density
1100 persons per hectare
-Housing stock
22,500
-Population living in dilapidated
33%
houses.
-Housing units lying vacant
12.5%
-Average monthly income per
Rs. 800/= (US$ 50/=)
household
Hall ed city;
contributes 8% to property tax.
contributes 13% to Octroi.
real estate valued at Rs. 5 to 7 billion
infrastructure valued at Rs. 2.5 billion.
Social Infrastructure:
-Schools
-Hospitals
-Dispensaries
-Mosques
-Public open spaces

65
3

300
nil

Buildings
of cultural and
historical value.
C LHC study, 1978)

Source:

Lahore Ralled City Study,

20 protected national
monuments.
4500 other buildings.

1979

A-3

Walled City - Affordability

1.

Target Population (Percentiles)

2.

Income Range - Monthly

-Annual

3.

Analysis

10-43

44-81

81-93

94-96.3

96.4-97.2

280-500
3,360-6,000

501-1,000
6,001-12,000

1,001-2,000
12,001-24 ,000

2,001-4,000
24,001-48,000

4,001-6,000
48,001-72,000

% of Lowest Income Available

for Shelter

10%

20%

30%

35%

28
336

100
1,200

300
3,600

660
7,920

for Downpayrnen ts

20%

20%

40%

55%

60%.+

6.

Downpayment (Rs.)

672

1,200

4,800

13,200

28,800.+

7.

Loan Affordable (Rs.)

@ 14% over 20 years
@ 11 % over 20 years

2,225
2,676

7,948
9,556

23,843
28,668

52,455
63,070

127,164
152,896

Capital Value Affordable (Rs.)

@ 14% over 20 years
@ 11% over 20 years .

2,897
3,348

28,643
33,468

65,655

155,964
181,696

4.
5.

8.

Monthly Repayment (Rs.)

Annual Repayment (Rs.)

40%
1,600
19~00

% of Lowest Income Available

. 9,148
10.756

76,270

A-4

Walled City - Affordability Analysis

100% Households

-----------Median Household Income

Rs.
Rs.

% of HH Income Available for Shelter

Monthly Repayment

Down payment

40% of HH Income)

Capital Value Affordable (including a loan

@ l 4% over 20 years)
(including a loan @ I I%
over 20 years)
Cost of Building Replacement
(Deficit)

(14%)
(l 1%)

Cost of Building Improvement

Surplus/(Deficit) (14%)
(11 %)

500
6,000

Rs. 15,896
Rs. I 9 ,112

Rs.
Rs.

7,948
9,556

2,746 (20% of HH Rs.

Income)

1,200

Rs. 18,642
Rs. 21,858

----------
36,000

(17 ,358)

- (l 4,142)

-------------18,000
642
3,858

per month
per annum

20%

Rs.

-----------

Conclusion:-

per month Rs.

per annum Rs.

200

Rs.

Percentile Households

-----------------

35%
Rs.

Loan Affordable f@ 14% over 20 years~

@ 11 % over 20 years

572
6,864

10th-80th

Rs.

100

9,148

Rs. 10,756

---------
36,000
(26,852)
(25,244)

--------------18,000

(8,852)
(7,244)

--------------

I.

The Building Improvement Programme would only be affordable to the upper 50rh
percentiles. The 50th percentile represents the threshold below which this programme becomes not affordable even if concessionary loans @; 11 % over 20 years are
made available {but see following schedules).

2.

On the face of it the Building Replacement Programme is not affordable at the

median (but see following schedules). The threshold for this programme appears
to be the 83rd percentile. Only upper I 7th percentiles can afford this programme, if
loans on normal commercial terms only are available. If, however, loans on concessionary terms (say 11 % over 20 years) are available, the threshold drops to the 17th
percentile and on these terms Building Replacement becomes affordable to- the upper
23rd percentiles.

A-5

Walled City ~ Affordability Analysis

Household Income of the 83rd Percentile=

Rs.

% of Household Income Available for Shelter=

1,150
35%

Monthly Repayment

Rs.

Loan Affordable(@ 14% over 20 years)

Rs. 31,990

Downpayment (40% of HH Income)

Rs.

Capital Value Affordable

Cost of Building Replacement

(approx.) per month

(Av. for Walled City as a whole)

403

5,520

Rs. 37,510

------

Rs. 36,000

-------If. however, concessionary terms are available for the loan, the Building Replacement Programme becomes
affordable to the 77th percentile as calculated below:
Household Income of the 77th Percentile

Rs.

% of Household Income Available for Shelter=

945
35%

Monthly Repayment

Rs.

Loan Affordable (@say 11%over20 years)

Rs. 31,630

Downpayment (40% of HH Income)

Rs.

Capital Value Affordable

Rs. 36,166

Cost of Building Replacement

Rs. 36,000

331

4,536

(Approx) per month

A-6

Walled City - Affordability Analysis

Building Replacement Programme

The proposed Building Replacement Programme recommends that for each premise, 2 units
should be constructed - one for the owner/occupant and the other to be rented out. Each
unit comprises 30 m2 and anticipated rent from the unit to be let out = Rs.300 per month.
If this rent is applied to the repayment of a loan to meet the cost of the 2 units (Rs.36,000)
it becomes possible to lower the affordability threshold to the 57th Percentile (if normal
commercial terms - 14% over 20 years - are applied to the loan) and the 40th Percentile (if
concessionary terms - say 11 % over 20 years - are offered)
Commercial Loan

Concessionary Loan
Percentile

Percentile

57th

Household Income

of Monthly HH Income

Rs.

665

per month 40th Rs.

20%

Available for Shelter

438
15%

Monthly Repayment

Rs.

133

Rs.

66

Add: Rent from 2nd unit let out

Rs.

300

Rs.

300

Increased Monthly Repayment

Loan Affordable(@ 14% over 20 years)

433

34,414

per month

366

{@ 11%

34,975

over 20 yrs)
Downpayment (20% of annual HH Income)
Capital Value Affordable
Cost of Building Replacement

1,596

{20%)

1,051

36,010

36,026

Rs.36,000

Rs.36,000

It is suggested that the tenancy agreements be framed in such a manner that the owner/landlord should not suffer the
consequences of tenants' delinquency in rent payments as far as his own loan repayment installments are concerned.
Tenants should face eviction in case of delinquency in rent payments and the owner/landlord (himself in the lower income
groups) should not be penalised nor charged interest for the period he is unable to meet the installments because of his
tenants' delinquency. (For the legal aspects of such tenancy agreements see Chapter 10).

A-7

Walled City. Affordability

Analysis

Building Improvement Programme

The proposed Building Improvement Programme, on further analysis, proves affordable to

the 80th Percentile and above at Commercial Loan Rates ( 14% over 20 years) and to the
71 st Percentile and above at Concessional Loan Rates ( 11 % over 20 years).

Commercial Loan
Percentile

Household Income

80th

Percentile

Rs.

% of HH Income Available for Shelter

984

Rs.

Loan Affordable(@ 14% over 20 years)

Rs.15,639

Capital Value Affordable

Av. Cost of Building Improvement-

Note:-

838

20%

Monthly Repayment

Downpayment 20% of HH Income

per month 71st Rs.

20%

197

Rs.
(@11%
over 20 yrs)

167

Rs.16,016

2,362

2,0ll

18,001

18,027

------18,000
--------

per month

18,000

-----

The Capital Value Affordable by the IOth percentile corresponding to a monthly income of Rs.280 is Rs.2,897
(@ I 4% over 20 years) or Rs. 3,348 (@ 11 % over 20 years), This indicates that at a minimum the installation of

a flush-toilet would be affordable even by this 10th percentile (Cost of flush-toilet Rs.1,150).

Appendix

B: Criteria
for Recording
Observations
on
Infrastructure
Condi tlons
and
Types of

Building Improvements

B-1

Municipal supply pipe within Sm from each premises. Score=0.50

Hore than 60% premises connected to municipal water
supply
Score=0.50

All sewer conveyed through covered channels. Score=0.25

- No overflowing of mains and secondary channels. Score=0.25
- Cover catch pits for roof run and ground run off. Score=0.25
Hore than 60% premises connected
to municipal
sewerage
Score=0.25

system.

system.

~!~triiY 2ng tr~~t !igbting~ ggr~ l~Q

- Supply lines not criss-crossing
each other. Score=O. 50
- Street lighting after every 50m. Score=O. 50

No uneveri surface. Score=0.25

Street level lower than adjoining houses. Score=0.25
No encroachments. Score=O. 25
Absence of pits and crevices. Score=0.25

- Covered filth bins in every Hohalla. Score=O. 50

- No heaps of garbage in streets and gallies. Score=O. 50
- Maximum score=
On
classification

5.00

the basis of the above mentioned

has been developed.
- GOOD
FAIR
- POOR

=If
=If
=If

criteria

the

following

total score is 4 and above.

total score is between 2 and 4.
total score is less than 2.

B-2

H~H QQH~IBYQI!QH~

External;

Internal;

External;

Self explanatory

Improvements
involving
changes/improvements
of structural
elements; e.g., Change of Lintels, Change of balconies, etc.
Addition

of rooms/rooms,

Improvements
not
structural elements

Internal;

Addition

of bathroom,

Internal;

Paints, Renovation

Change

of roof slabs etc.

involving
any
change/improvements
of
in the building; e.g., Plastering etc.
Repairing

of Kitchen,

of floors,

bathroom,

etc.

etc.

Appendix

C; The
and

Estimated

Costs

Improvements

of Building

Repairs

C-1

Table No.C-1:

Category of Plot Sizes in Lahore Ralled

City

Category

Abbt'eviation

Plot area

Very Small

vs =

Small

= 2

3 - 6 Harlas

Medium

= 3

6 - 8 Har-Las

Large

8 - 16 Harlas

VL = 5

Above 16 Harlas

Very

Large

Source:

Table No.C-2:

Measurements
Seal eogram.

U'pto

in Lahore

Rs.130/= per sft.

Major repairs/improvements@

Rs. 70/= per sft.

Minor repairs/improvements@

Rs. 30/= per sft.

Addition of a Bathroom@

Source:

PEPAC,

Harlas

of plots in the study areas using

Estimated Cost of Construction

CB. Class)

New construction@

Rs. 10,000/= per bathroom.

Structure and Construction

Section

C-2

The houses
in the Ralled City were categorized
on the
basis of plan
type and ground coverage.
Using
the
data
on ground
coverage,
size of plot and number of storeys in the building,
FAR for
various houses in each plot category was worked out, as presented in the
following table.
Table

No. C-3:

Sample
Houses for Rough Estimation
Financial Implications

of

VS

Category
S/ No. :

Size

Sq.ft

Storeys

l FAR
l

No. of HH. :

G. F. Cov :

& persons

-----------------------------------------------------------------:
3
280
1. 25 H l
100%
1I1 6
: 2. 25 :
-----------------------------------------------------------------'
2

450

1. 30 H :

295

2. 00 H

1. 00 :

100%

3. 10 :

100%

1/10

-----------------------------------------------------------------:
3

2/16

I
I

-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Category S
S/No.

Sq.ft

Size

Storeys

l FAR

No. of HH. l
& persons

G. F.Cov:

I
I

3. 00 H

675

5. 00 H

11 25

2. 25 :

100%

2/17

75%

2/11

-----------------------------------------------------------------:
2

2. 50 : .

-----------------------------------------------------------------+
M

Category
S/No.

Size

Sq.ft

Storeys

FAR

G. F. Cov :

No. of HH.

& persons

-----------------------------------------------------------------:
6. 00 H :
1350
3
2. 20 :
90%
1 /8
-----------------------------------------------------------------:
2
7.00H:
1575
3
2.10l
100%
1/4
-----------------------------------------------------------------:
3
l 7.50 H:
1690
4
l 2.85:
75% l
5/23
-----------------------------------------------------------------+
Category
S/No.

L
Size

Sq.ft

Storeys

FAR

G. F. Cov

No. of HH.

persons

l
l

-----------------------------------------------------------------:
2

10. 0 H :

2250

2. 60 :

13.oHl

2925

2.so:

100%

1I11

80%

3/18

-----------------------------------------------------------------:
3
l 14.0 H:
3150
2
: 1.60:
80%
4/26
:
-----------------------------------------------------------------+

C-3

Category VL
S/No.

Size

S~ft

Storeys:

FAR

: G:F.Cov:

No.of HH. :
& persons

-----------------------------------------------------------------
3825
3
: 17. 0 H l
60%
1/3
1. 90 :
'
-----------------------------------------------------------------:

I
I

22. 5 H :

5060

70%

1. 30 :

16/72

------------------------------~----------------------------------+
The estimated cost for each type of building improvement
presented in the following table,
was worked out for the smallest plot,
with least total coverage in each plot size category.
Table No.C-4:

Estimated
Size

Category VS:

Costs on the basis

Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

197,000/=
106, 000/=
46, 000/=

Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

351, 000/=
189, 000/=
81,000/=

Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

760, 000/=
410,000/=
175, 000/=

Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

945, 000/=
51 O, 000/=
218, 000/=

Plot size 10.0 Harlas

- New construction
- Major repairs
- Minor repairs
Category VL:

82, 000/=
44, 000/ =
19, 000/=

Plot size 6.00 Harlas

- New construction
- Major repairs
- Hinor repairs
Category L:

Rs.
Rs.
Rs.

Plot size 3.00 Harlas

- New construction
Major repairs
- Minor repairs
Category H:

Plot

Plot size 1.25 Karlas

- New construction
- Major repairs
- Minor repairs
Category S:

of

Plot size 17.0 Harlas

- New construction
- Major repairs
- Hinor repairs

Appendix D:

Photographic
Areas

Description

of

the

Study

.g_

z
Q..

IIl

:.t

(.)
-

~
~
0

J:.
0...

N
I

u
-

J::.
0.

. ~"...

:z

0.
It!

0
.....
0

'f.

D.J:

The
economihabitat
. reflect the
.
c capa .
s
inhabitants
city of its

.,
...
Ii-,;.-:-- -:. ._ -=-.. _
__

-,:

LOH ARI

YEKKI AREA

AREA

AREA
Narrow streets, momentarily
widen to form open spaces

EKKI AREA
.3:

The narrow, winding streets

-~
...

R ..:::::-:

~J;.:

- ... .i.~

.YEKKI
D.3:

AREA
An open drain in the centre and
pipe bundles - -

D.4:

At places walking
through
these streets is troublesome

~LOHARI
~/. ~

D. 5:

AREA

Covered drains

and concealed

pipes - wider street surface

in the project area

Examples of new construction

YEKKI AREA

D.7:

Exaaples of structural daage

LOHARI

, ::- .

AREA.

- -D.8:

ExaMples of ajor repair

LOHARI AREA

or -lliir npair
LOHARI AREA
D. 9:

Exaaples

D. 10 :

Building

six storeys high;

Institutional control?

LOHARI

AREA

,.

~ 11:

"The garbage collection and

disposal component of the
walled city project is a
fiasco".

\
D. 12:

LOH ARI

::'

D. 1 3:

LOHARI

Catch pi ts or garbage cans?

AREA

New
seRerage system
a
hinderance to living style

AREA

D.14:

Halled city drains, informal

garbage disposal system

YEJ(J(I AREA

D. 15:

YEJ(](I

Chokes frequent, but visible

AREA

-- -~---

......

-,

.,..,,.

push is all that is

required

VEKKI AREA

D. 17:

The peoples solution

VEJ(KI AREA

Appendix

E: Tables

and

Graphs

LIST OF TABLES

E-1: Size of Plots. (Lobari and Yekki areas)

E-2: Number of Floors in Buildings. C-Lohari and
Yekki areas)
E-3: Number of Floors in Buildings surveyed.
(Lohari and Yekki area)
E-4: Use in the Ground floor of the Building.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-5: Type of Building improvements observed.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-6: Number of Households/Building. (Lohari and
Yekki areas)
E-7: Number of persons/household. (Lohari and
Yekki areas)
E-8: Occupancy status. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-9: Rents paid per month by Tenants. ( Lohari
and Yekki areas)
E-1 O: Occupation
of the Head of
Household.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-11: Educational background of the Head of
Household. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-12: Ownership acquired through. CLohari and
Yekki areas)
E-13: Reasons for not shifting from the Ralled
City. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-14: Reasons for shifting from the Ralled City.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-15: Knowledge of infrastructure improvements.
( Lohari area)
Gas
E-16: People'.s
opinion
about
(Lohari ~nd Yekki areas)
E-17: People's
opinion about Rat.ersupply.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-18: People's opinion about SeRerage disposal.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-19: People's
opinion
about
Electricity
supply. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-20: People's opinion about Garbage disposal.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-21: People's opinion about Street
paving.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-21. 1: People's opinion about Other facilities.
( Lohari area)
E-22: People's
preference for
Gas
supply.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-23: People's
preference for Hater supply.
{Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-24: People's
preference
for
SeRerage
disposal.(Lohari and Yekki areas)

E-25:

People's
preference
for
Electricity
supply. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-26:
People's preference for Garbage
disposal.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-27: People's
preference
for Street
paving.
(Lohari and Yekki areas)
E-27. 1:People's
preference
for
Other
Facilities.
(Lohari area)
E-28:
Buildings
repair
and
improvements.
( Lohari area)
E-29: Amount/person
as financial
contribution.
and Hours/Reek as voluntary labour. (Yekki
area)
E-30: Period of Building
improvements.
(Lohari
area)
E-31: Type
of
improvements
done
by
the

residents. (Lohari area) & Expected Type

of Building improvements. (Yekki area)
E-32: Cost of building improvements. (Lohari
area)
& Estimated cost
of
building
improvements. (Yekki area)
E-33: Source of finance utilized for building
improvements. (Lohari area) and Preferred
source
of
finance
for
building
improvements. (Yekki area)
E-34: Trend toKards loan. (Yekki area)
E-35: Reasons for unRillingness to take loan.
C Yekki area)

E-1

Table No. E-1:

Size of Plots. (Lohari

and Yekki

areas)

Lenart

area

-------------.

mm:

~e

com

I.ABEL

UALUE

',~

U~l S~LL

"t

tt

l
l l

!O][U)(

"

LARGE
UD\l ~RGE

11.31.

121.

4'1.11.

52.51.

53/.

11.31.I

124

II

ROONDED
UAWI
I

36

SMALL

CUM
PIRCOO

freq. PiRCOO

112

36.71.I

89.21.

32

19.31.

99 .51.

Q,J/.

99.81.

891.
99 .51.

lW'!.

TOTAL HUKBER OF CASES= 305

Yekki

area

~I
~..;
:l:l..J

i
i

UAUJE

sc _;

~,

com!

I.Am

Clauss

171.

166

44.11.

H.21.

88

23. 41.

84.61.

851.

UP.GE

45

12.9'1.

%.61.

971.

Urn'i LAR<lr

13

3.51.

100.11.

100'!.

ffi[IJI(

or

uwn:

17 .B'!.

Sl'.m

S1.1mb<lr

WJ~tD

64

Ur:R'i SJllALL

Coded

cuit

PERCOOl HRCOO

UAWEifrtq.

TOTAL NiJlffi[R

or CASES=

376

17 .9'!.

61/.

E-2

Table

No. E-2: Number

Yek.ki areas)

of Floors

in Buildings.

(Lohari

and

Lenart

area

'6

4tl ~

LABEL

UAUJI
~...:
>.Q

,,''

30 ~

UAUJit-eq.

PERCOO

/,~
~

?'i1

~///

~...!

~/;.
~
/,'

I.

:;>//'.
./
/

20 -

~d
//'~
//,, /.
:;,///;

/,/%

1!! -

10-:

~,/%

I>//
(/;.'~

% /;j

0-X:~
v,
, / , v:~<~
v,'//
_////
V/(//

'///0
/-'/%
~//:
,,<>11

~~

/<>>/

////;/',//.~
/ , ..

5 -

(777~
V///J

~ed

UACAKI PLTS

11

SIHGU STOREY

22

2- STORl"lS

sa

3- STORl'YS

129

4- STOREYS

45

~,~

~///,
, /,/

com I

///~

'/_/~

~umh<tr at CluHi

0~
~$

P777/l
I

S- STOREYS

TOTAL

H\Jl{Bi]

or

OJK
PLRCOO

WJt<DED
VALUE

3.61.

3.6/.

7 .2~~

19.S/.

39.2/.

41.B'!.

42.31.

s3.3'l.

14.61.

97.9'l.

981.

99 .9'l.

l~!.

..

2.1t1.I

41.

111.
411.

831.

CASES: 3G5

Yekr.i area

30 ....

UAUJE

LABEL

CUM
CODED
Freq. PIRCOO
PrRCmr
VAUJE

RWKDED
VALUE

30 ...;

'

~''

5.11.

Si.

13.9"!.

18 .l'l.

18/.

1161

39. 91.

49.B'f.

49'/.

1391

37 .It!.

86 .It!.

86/.

4- StORriS

SQ

13.31.

99.31.

99'/.

S- S!ORrlS

9.81.

lGQ.l:/.

100'!.

UACAHT Pr.!S

19

SI HGil SiORl'Y

49

2- SIORriS

3- S!OP.riS

S.l'l.

II

I.

20 -

1!! -

10 -:

OV@
0

//

Codad

:lu!lll>er of Clune

TOTAL taJKB!] OF CASES: 376

E-3

Table No. E-3: Number of

Floors in

Buildings

surveyed.

(Lohari and Yekki area)

Lohari area

~c

lcomi

'UA wr, r~q 1 PEP.Cnn:

30

'
,,"

.}11.

1_,

2- STOP.rtS

5- STORl'YS
!O!AL HU!'\BER

or

15 ...,.,""

ROIJKDED
UAUJE

151.

4J.

3~1.

42.41.,
1 421

81 .3'l.

82/.

97 .9'!.

n:r.

39.

.i.

15

I' 5 I

i
:'''i

2u:1.1

4- S!ORriS

cuK
I PERCDIT

15 ~.,

24

15

3- STOR.EYS

lU:r.t

100.0"!.

3.a-1.J

100'!.

C.4St:S: 99

Yekki area

~c

IJA LUE

f\OOl{D!]

LAW...

IJAUJE

'~

fl

30

II SI~'.
.. .u.:.i ~!l"l\li"/

I,

!
cf

..
I

20-;

2- STOREYS
3- STOR!.'"YS

1&...;

4- STOREYS
5- STOREYS
?

i
I

2
J

II
l

4
5

TOTAL t!'JKBER Of CASES: 119

42

.
35.21.I

551
1a
1

I
l

44.S:r.

44Y.

'1.''l

%1.71.

911.

8 .4J.1

99 .1'!.

99'l.

9.81.I

99.91.

le9'!.

46 ~

E-4

Table No. E-4: Use in the Ground floor

(Lohari and Yekki areas)

of the

Building.

Lenart area

'
IJAUJE

LABrL

'

I,P.c...".t'N.. uu.
'~!

icomi~
IUAIJJE\'~'i.

1------_...-~,'--_,._l _ _...i
RES IDOO !AL

66

66.71.1

cux
PIT.COO

~JHDED
IJAUJE

~,~----~
66. 11.

67Z

811.

~[_r_xoo_s_u_.rA_L_~~-1_l 1_.1~1.~I _H_._~~1~_9_~____.

'i

lllSl!IUIIC<!!L
CO/WR!:S lDOO!AL

I I l l.~!.i

n~l--1
l

951.

-9-6-. t __

--1.-lt!."'-

9H!.

%_'/._ ......

0:-1. ......

1~4-l~4-~~l~100_._~~1~_1~_z__,

\.__1HDU_~_sr_1RES
__r~_oo_r_AL_\_6

Yekki area

I
i

''~
L

1.tAUJE

II

ROUMM]
VALUE

LP.BU

RISIDOOIAL

l l

67

45

5UZ

I I I

37.s:.i

94.!'l.

4.21.

98 3'l.

IWJUSTRIAL

56.31.l

J.

TOTAL HUl'!E[R Of CASES: 119

561.

II

100"!.

1~.9"1.

Czxhdlumber ot Cl~n

E-5

Table No. E-5: Type of Building

(Lohari and Ye!:.ti areas)

improvements

observed.

Lohari area

70

eo

!10

r/

.'

>.

~~

mm:

23

AAJvR RrnIF.S

1mm ~IRS

3ll

mol
UA!.IJE, freq. PERCOO

LABEL

C~TRIJCTIC,~

VACMfT PLOTS
H1 Ill.PWJDIDfTS

Coded :iuml>er

o(

CUM
PERCOO

ROOHDED
UAUJE

9.21.l

9.21.

91.

34

11.11.

29.31.

29"!.

37

12.11.

32.4:1.

321.

11

3.6:'.

36.9"/.

361.

1951

6Ut.

99 .9:r.

100'!.

ClauH

Yekki area

80

10 ~

II

co_;

ii

VALUE

com!

CUM
UAUJE frtq. PERCOO PiRCDIT
i

!IO :

4.1

19.9Y.

1u1.

~JOR RUil IRS

33

8.SY.

19 .7/.

29'!.

KINOR IUJ1HF:S

12

3.21.

22.91.

23/.

UACMiT PL-OTS

s.ix

2S.9"t.

2S'l.

00 I IQ' ROO DIDITS

72.11.

100.1/.

lQ\?/.

K!lC COHS T Y.U C1I OH

I

R0010ED
VAUJE

LABEL

111.

30 -

zo l

Coded !iumbel"

o( Cluaes

rom

HUKBE:R

or

CASES: 376

E-6

Table

No. E-6: Number of Households/Building.

Ye kk! areas)

(Lohari

and

Lohari

70

80 -;

~..:

),
0

'1

'
I

area

. .W -

).

30 :

~~
,///0

??~

VALUE

!mED!
I tr

U!BIT.

~~

HOO REmOOIAL

~
~~

SI!W HHOLD

w~

10 ~

~~ /;

~<~
~;~
: '/. /
///-'/

v / 1//1
o~

v41-~

3- HHOLDS

///)j

~:a
/~

'

Coded :'l:.;mb<lr

SQ

4.3~~

St.

.azl

74.31.

751.

i
16.4:1.t

n.11.

9tl.

6.21.j

97.41.

97/.

2.11.

99.St.

5- HHOLDS l ABOOE

9.31.

99.31.

19

RJl\DD)
UALlJE

uzl
69

213

CUM
~v

4- HHO~-S

99 .sx

lBQ'/.

or Ch.uu

area

Yekki

IJALUE

com

I.ABU

Ht)t(

'

SIH"JU HHOLD

2- HHOIJS

RES ID DiII AL

J.

3- HHOLDS

Cll ..llH

l
lm
JS

91.

63 .B'I.

72.31.

721.

17 .3Y.

8'3 .6:t.

90"!.

6s

24

6. 4Y.

96.ll'!.

%!.

98. 91. \

991.

11

2.91.

S- HHOIJS A AJlOIJE

1.1Y.

or

ROOl<DD>
UAWE

9 .3:t.

TOTAL HUKB~

CUM

PERCOO

9.JY.

4.- HHOLDS

==:==
or

Freq. PIRCOO

VALUE

~c

Cod.-1 !!umber

1S

lI

/.~

2!1-:

1
1

2- HHOk"S

lI

PD:OO Prn"llif

VAUJEj.N!q.

CASES= 376

100'!.

100'!.

E-7

Table No. E-7: Number

Ye kki areas)

of persons/household.

(lohari

and

Lohari area

UAIJJ[

L-ABEL

Ir rtq. Ilf~q.

1-7 P[l!.SOHS

L.COO

I
cux
I Pr:RCOO

sur.1

63

W.JMDED

mm:
l

51.51.

5l:r.

8-14 PIRSOttS

51~

15-21 PERS~

lI 3.sr.l

i
! ABOIJE!

22 P~Cffi

CDded

:lumber

o(

99.lY.
6.11.I

%.2:.

%l"!.

%!.

..

109"!.

109'1.

Cl.lasu

Yekk.i area

OHi
PrP.CrnT
57 .'ti.,.,

1-7 PtRSOHS
...

lI

I
I
I

8-14 PERSC'*i
15-21 PIT.SCtlS

ot Cluu

57Z

90"1.

...

S'> I

,, l

32. 7'l.

90.1z

6 .S'l.

96 .9:.

97'l.

3. 0"1.I

99. 9'l.

iea-1.

11

22 ?~OttS

! ABO!JEj

Coded ;-iuml><!r

l l
l i
2

II

rom

trulffirR

or cssrs.

I
162

E-8

Table No. E-8: Occupancy

status. (Lohari and Yekki areas)

Lohari

area

'~
I

'~
I

),

VP.LUE

LABI:L

lcoml.
I

98

I~liI
I

FZ772(ZZZ/1 I

li

rJALllr('eq.t]COO

28

DlSPIJm

74.21.I

1ux

2Lz-1.I

95. 4Y.

ROIJ~O
UAWE
I

141.
951.

I
I

4 5'''

. '1

61

an1
P!RCOO

99. 9x

100'!.

TOTAL rml'ffitR Of CASES: 132

Yekld

area

RO!JttMD
IJALUE
1

1129
l

U:HfiliI

I
I

crr:cz

) ,

z , z

Dtsrum
TOTAL HUXBER Of CASES: 162

AO

74.11.l

74.l'l.
i

2ux1

,.

98.7:.
lW'I.

E-9

Table No. E-9: Rents

paid per month by
and Ye kki areas)

Tenants.

(Lohan

Lohari area

JWJE

.lcomj ,

LABEL

HOT APPLICABLE

II

UP'!O Rs 75/:

l
Q

j 104

v2

Ps 301 4 AWJE

TOTAL NUXBrR

Yekid

~~J!'!DE!>
IJALUE

7S.8:t.

191.

1 .61.I

36.~

m:

II s .31.I

n.11.

I
I

2 I

Ls1.I
I

II

II u1.I

Z.31.

n:t.
I

93.Z'l.

331.

95.51.

951.

1W'I.

or CASES:

.s:.q

78

10 iI
1

Fs 226-3a9

Rs 151-m

..

CUM

...

Rs 76-150

IVAWE!f~q. PrRCOOI PIT.COO

1W't.

132

area

ROIJHDO
VAUIE

.''

HO! APP!:.ICAEU

'II

~
"'

UPTO Rs 75/:

Rs 76-150

Rs 151-225

l l l
l l l
II

122

75.J:r.l

7S.3'l.1

12

7.4:1.t

82.?'l.

8.9'1.I

90.71.

6 .21.i

%.9Y.

2
3

13

10

1w.a-1.

crz;ZZ1
of

Cluoq

TOTAL liUXBER

83'l.

98/.

Rs 226-3W

Coded !'ium~r

751.

or CASES:

162

l~!.

E-10

Table

No. E-10:
Occupation
of
(Lohari and Yekki areas)

the

Head

of

Household.

Lohari

area

VAUJI

LABEL

j,mVAUJEal

I _I m

BUSIXESS~H

.'.

LA BOORD

'

l
lI

SHOPXITPDl

HAIOO:R
Sill OOI.-O'iED
GCilJT. SE]!JICE

mum SiJ:!JICE
Rr!!ID
;

TOTAL

l(JJl!B[R

27

27.31.

27 .J'l.

2a.21.

47 .51.

1
s I

2 .9"!.

49.Si.

2s
2

II

~~

'

.ROOMDED
UAUJE

fti?q 1 PERCurr j PrRCtm

27'l.

471.

491.

i.

s.11.i

54..61.

SS/.

l
l
I

28

28.31.i

82 .91.

11

1i.11.I

94..9"!.

94:1.

2.11'!.

96.9"!.

%1.

4.9"!.

1QQ.lt/.

lW'!.

831.

Of CASES= 99

Yekki area
I

com I

CUM
VALUE f~q. PrRCOO PERCOO

I.ABU

UALJJE

ROOHDED
UAUJE

SHOPXITPDl

361

39.31.

39.31.

31!'!.

BUSIHESS~.AH

23

19 .3'l.

49.61.

Sitt.

3.4:1.

s3.0'!.

1.7'l.

54. 71.

551.

17 .sx

12.31.

721.

LABOURER

HAl(J(Dl

13

19.91.i

83.2:1.

PRI'JATE SU.VICI

7 .6:t.

9Q.S1.

RrrlRED

7 .61.

98. 41.

.98i':

1. 71.

le\1.l'l.

100'!.

SrRVICE

UMDfi>L~lE:rJ

IOrAL HUMBER OF CASES= 119

c11.....

21

(il;'JJT.

a(

531.

Sill EMPLO'H:D

Coded !um.Mr

83'l.

911.

E-11

Table No. E-1 I ! Educational

background
of
Household. (Lohari and Yek xi areas)

the

Head

of

Lohari area

I!
I

1 ~1

49.41.l

4a.41.

[ 3

l sl

s.11.[

69.71.

com I

IJAWE

IJAUJE(N<\'.{DKOO

MIL

CUM
I PERCOO

II
I

ROuxm
UALJJE
4Q'1.

PRIMAR'i

mou

4
5

~OlILOR'S

)IASH:R'S

i 17117.Z'l.l

1a-1.

l l
I
l
7

7.11.l

94.0'1.

l
l

s.R'!.[

99.9'1.

99:r.

1.0'1.!

1~.g-1.

leQ'/.

86.9'l.

811.
941.

Yekki area

VALUE

I..4B!1

i VAUJE fNq

I
I

IHL

I
1 z l

MIDDLE

~.ATRIC

IMT(RX[D!An:

MS!!]'S

of Cluau

PRl/fJU,"l

BACHD.OR'S

Coded ;lumber

i 1I
l 1

~mol

6
7

l
l
l
I

TOTAL HUK!lrR Of CASES= 119

I a"

PEF.COO PDKOO

41

M.s:r.l

12

F.1JHDED
IJALUE

34.51.

341.

Hl.l:t.

44.61.

451.

21

11 .s:r.l

62.11.

6Z'l.

24

2u1.I

82.J:r.

821.

88 .2'!.

88'l.

10.li:l

98.3/.

98/.

1. 7:t.

100.a-1.

le0'!.

71
12

22\

U:t.

E-12

Table No. E-12: Ownership

acquired through.

(Lohari

and

Ye kki areas)
Lenart area

IJAUJE

com!

CUM
VAUJE, fr-?q. PERCOO PLRCOO

LABrL

30 -

C!ltll1

Cluu11

17 .2:1.I

17 .2'l.

171.

31.3/.

48.51.

481.

43.4'l.

91.9'l.

31

P1.JRCiASE

43

H.A

af

17

Ilt!EIP.ITAOCE

OTHLRS

Coded .'.'luz:::l:>or

F,('~JHMD
UAUJE

n'l.
I

1.9'1.

92.9/.

7 .ix

12'1. 9'1.

UAUJE fre1.1P!:P.COO

0111
PERCOO

ROOMDED
UAUJE

93'l.
la0'1.

IOIAL ~MEIJI OF CASES: 99

Yekid area

UAUJE

l.AB[L

coml

CLlIM

11

9 .2:t.

U'l.

9:t.

11'21EIR!TAHCE

71

59. 7:t.

6U:t.

69:t.

P1.JP.QJASE

33

27. 7'l.

%.6:t.

H:t.

OIHLJ.':S

1.71.

98.J:t.

98/.

1.11.

100.9'!.

100'1.

30

10

.l

u
Coded .'.'lumber

o(

Clutes

TOTAL lJKBE'R OF CASES: 119

E-13

Table No.

=: !~: R.:<::s::;~."' fc.: :;~ift:ng

(l.ohari and Yek.k.i areas)

Lohari

IJAIJJE

from

the

Walled

City.

Table No. E-13:

City.

Lohari

area

com!

CUK
IJAIJJE Freq. PERCOO PERCOO

LABEL

RC~JKDED
IJAWE

UAIJJE

Reasons for not shifting

(Lohari and Ye kki areas)

from the

Walled

area

com!

CUM
IJAIJJE:Freq. PERCOO PIT.COO

LABEL

BAD DPH ROtt!ir

26

26.31.

26.J'l.

261.

CAtffiT AITOP.D

~D STRUCTURE

1.0"1.

27.31.

271.

ssusnn

ROOMDED
IJAIJJE

13 .1:~'

13 .11.

12

12 .1/.

2S.2:t.

2SY.

22.21.

47. 41.

471.

19.21.

66 .61.

66:1.
10Q"f.

13

13:1.

~D SOCIALLY

Ut1.

31.31.

311.

KIICiiBOORLI!iESS

22

~D BtJSIKESS

1.9'1.

32.J'l.

321.

B!JSIKESS

19

It.A

67

67. 11.\

H.A

33

33.31.

99.91.

ma!
IJAIJJEfreq.

PERCOO

CUM
PEP.COO

TOTAL H!!Pffi[R

or CASES=

199'1.

lQg'f.

TOTAL

99

Yekki

-Yekki area

IJAIJJE

freq. Fre1.

LABEL

mcoo

CUM
PIT.COO

RO!JtroED
IJAIJJE

li)!(Jl[R

or

CASES= H

area

mut

LABU

ROOMDED
VAIJJE

Bl1 D Di'JI RIDi'I

28

23.S'l.

23.St.

231.

CA!mT AffORD

24

211.2'l.

29.21.

29"!.

BAD ST.RUCTUPl

9.81.

24.31.

24/.

smsrrn

25

21.lt!.

41.2'l.

411.

~D SOCIALLY

9.1!'!.

24.3:t.

241.

KI I Qi EOU F.LI KISS

21

17 .61.

SUI.

591.

BAD BUSIXESS

9.1!'1.

24.3/.

241.

BUSI MESS

18

15.11.

13.11.

741.

H.A

99

75.6:t.

9U:t.

100'!.

Ii.A

31

26 .21.

99.91.

1~1.

TOTAL ~Pffi[R

or CASES=

119

TOTAL mKBD! Of CASES= 119

E-14

Table

No. E-15:

Knowledge of infrastructure

(lohari
Lohari

improvements.

area)

area

I
UAWE

com

LABEL

~or

ALL

~40f5

CUM
PERCOO

freq.

PERCOO

Utt.

HI

1a.i1.l

UAWE

ROOMDED
UAWI

2.B"I.

21.

12.11.

121.

45. 41.

451.

1:HOWLDGE 3

or s

33

33.31.I
7

~20f5

15

15.2Y.

69.&Y.

H'l.

~10F5

15

15.2'l.

75. 7'l.

761.

ti~

24

24.21.

99.9'l.

19ti?'/.

~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~
33
30
28

~
u
22

2:0

.a
Coded llumt..l'

a!

au-

E-15

Table No. E-16: Peoptes

opinion
(Lohari and Ye kki areas)

about

Gas

supply.

Lohari area

~c

,
'
..t

I
I

IJAUJE

LABEL

o! Cla1nc

OJI!
PIT.COO

'

75

75. 7Y.

19

I sI

HQ

K.A

\ 3

rom

'

-'i

..

YES

Coded ?iumber

I!VALUE
com Ir rtq.1I PERCrnr

I
RO(Jt{D!]

VAU!E

75. 7Y.

761.

19 .2Y.l

9-U'l.

95Y.

s.ix\

100.0'1.

lee"!.

NUIIBER OF CASES: 99

Ye kkl area

go

90

10

~
a

,
'
..t

VALUE

LP.BEL

[com1
VALUE fl"'!q.

PIT.(00

ot

Clan ..

Rl,":(Jt{D[D

IJAIJJE

YES

196

89 .11.

SUI.

89'l.

HO

s .9"1.

94.lY.

941.

ti.A

S.9'l.

llIB.9'1.

183"1.

20

Coded llumber

CUK

m~oo

TOTAL HUlffiR OF CASES: 119

E-16

Table No. E-17: Peoples

opinion
(Lohari and Ye r.ki er eas)

about

Water

supply.
Lohari

IJAW!

area

LABEL

lcr.ml r
i

IQ:'.IUJE(~q.

I m

I
.+

II
I

10~(~;7/~,,
/,.
r/,
/ / , / /o
o r/.///, ////1

(///.+7///1

I
I
!

.!

HO

82 II
..

.1:(1

RC~JH!'ED
~1AWE
l

12 iI 12
..

Ii.A

IIPIT.COOII CUM
I ~ - i P[R(OO
12.1Y.

121.

.I
s s ...,.,I 100.9"!. !
l
I
s2.sr.1.

95Y.

9uY.

1~/.

,,,

TOTAL HUMBER Of Ct!SES: 99

Yekki

area

DO-,

~Q

'

' ~

~~

~/j~

~t~
%:~%a

~~
~!~
:% /

Clxhd

llumb&t' of Clu-

UAWE

LliBEL

com

OJM

R(:!Jt{DF.]

UP.WElfl'eq. PIT.COO PIT.CiliI

!JWJE

42

JS.31.

"Y. I
.,,?S .sr;

351.

HO

7g

ss.s1.I

94.11.

94/.

H.A

TOTAL HUMBER Of

casrs.

119

5.91.

lW.f!z

lW'!.

E-17

Table

n about
1 8 People's
opiruo
No. (i~haM and Yek!d areas)

Sewe rage

disposal.

Lohari

area

I PERCOOJ I 1>!](;00OJ!

I,co.EDlfreq.
' I

LABEL

!VALUE

I nI
i

HO

22

IUt

Coded !\umber-

or Clt.ueo

n. 7Y.
22.2Y.

n. 7Y.

5.lY.

TOTAL truXEER

or

ROUHDED
VALlJE

73/.

94..9Y.

95Y.

1~.8'/.

100'!.

CUK
PrR<:OO

ROUtfDED
VALUE

~SES: 99

Yekld area

~a

'

.."z
:
I

VALUE

LABEL

..
I

lmED.freq.
VALUE

PLRCOO
~Q

YES
2

75.6/.

22
UY.

TOTAL lJl'IBLR

or CASES: 119

75.6Y.

767.

E-18

I .

opinion

about

Table No. E-19: P(eophe ~ and Yekld areas)

supply. Lo an

Electricity

Lohari area

I
I

I
lj

VAUIE

r ,

LABEL

com

freq.

VAWE!

ll'ERC~

CUM
PERCOO

.A

'

P.001~0
VALUE

..

--

57

57.61.

57 .61.

HO

31

31.31.

94.91.

951.

H.A

5.11.

199.8'1.

1~!.

581.

j
J

~
Coded Jhu:nber

f1C

aa.....

TOTAL truMBD

Yekki

or cssrs.

area

VAUJE

99

LABEL

I
I
I CUM
CODED! freq. PERCOO
PERCOO
tALUE

F.OUHDID
VAUJE

44

31.9"!.

31.0"!.

37Y.

HO

68

57 .11.

94.lY.

941.

Ii.A

5. 97.

lW.9"!.

10Q"f.

!OIAL HUMBER Of CASLS: 119

E-19

Table

No.

E-20:

People's

opinion

about

Garbage

disposal.

Il.onari and Yekki areas)

Lenart area

'
=

'"

I.

uwn:

Coded llumber of Cla.u

LABEL

comJ"
UAWE n-eq.

PU.COO

CUM
PDlCOO

P.OOKDED
UAUJE

YES

38

38 .41.

38.3/.1

33'l.

HO

56

5U:r.

9.U:r.

95'l.

K.A

192.a"I.

10'0'1.

TOTAL trulffiDI

or CflSES:

5.lY.

99

Yekki area

-1
r~
~t~
~11
:-

.a V,

~
c

''
"

I.

//

,. '

/, .

;@(~

~~'1"/;81
=~~~
' // ,/~ /'

V,:

;.

/0/

!t
!

~0>~
/;~ .

~/'//~

=~~~
~'//~/%//.
~//

.~~
Cod-.i

llumb<tr of Clu..u

LABO..

I com
:vAWE

fN!q. PLRCOO

ROl}t@!]

CUM
PEP.COO

VAUJE

YES

53

44.St.

44.51.

441.

HO

59

49.&Y.

94.11.

941.

H.A

10"d.ltl.

lW-1.

:
~,~

10-~~,;~

QAIJJE

TOTAL HUKBER Of ~SES: 119

s. 91.

E-20

-1able No. ~
c, - ?
- 1: .
(Lohan

. s. . opinion
People
and Yekki
a r eas)

about

Street

paving.

'

Lohari

Codlld

area

Jlumb&r at Cluaa

Yekk.i area

~
c'
~

..
.

tom !i"JXB[R OF

CASES--

us

E-21

Table No. E-21. l :People's

opinion about Other

facilities.

(Lohari area)

Lohari area

UAUJE

com

LABEL

VALUE

fre~. PERCDrr

CUM
PERCOO

RWXDED
QAUJE

YES

14

14.1/.

14..1/.

141.

HO

gg

su1.I

9U/.

95/.

H.A

S.l'l.

1S0.B'!.

100'!.

TOTAL M!JXBER

or

CASES= 99

II

..'

~c

I
Ii

~
~

I
I

I
I

I
~

E-22

Table No. E-22: People's

preference
(Lohari and Yeski areas)

for

Gas

supply.

Lenart area

IJAUJE

~
=

,'

..~

LABEL

It.A

I 1st.

'
PREITP.D:E

29 '

20.21.l

211.21.

43

43 .4Y.1

63 .61.

16

16.21.1

79 .31.

SU:r.

.
I

Sth. PJ!.!JT"
nD!<::E

7 .11.1

64:t.

871.

Utt.I

109.a'/.

l~!.

Yekk.i area

IJAUIE

rw
OJK
!JAUJt'fl"'!q. L.vOO j PfRCDrr
t
9
13
19.9/.
1u:r.

It.A
ls t. PRITEPJHCE
2nd. PRITU.iliCE

com1

LABEL

l
I

641.

1s.11.1

7U:r.

n:r.

12.61.l

si.s

HI.

SU:r.

18
15

PP.!TIRD1C. r

1I4th.
Sth.

PREITPDtCE

TOTAL NUKBER

or CASES: us

111.

63

ROIJHMD
IJALUE

63.a:r.

3Ni. PP.!TIPDtCE

ll

E-23

Table

No. E- 23: People's

preference
(l.ohari and Yek!d areas)

for

Water

supply.

Lohari area

mm:

jcoml,
I nr I CUM
UALUri~q. P....vOO PrRCOO

LABEL

H.a

I I is t PP.!TIRIBC!

II

~'
~I

=r==

84

II
l
II

..

rt

6.17.

9.UY.

4.9'1. I

9Ut.

1.9'1.

99.9'l.

UP.UJ!

or CASES:

ll

851.

l
i
l

86Y.

89'l.
951.

99'l.

109'1.

99

area

LABEL

com1

OJX
IJAWE. frtq. PLRCOO PERCOO
77

tu

I 1st PJUJ!.'IDiC!

2nd. PRITrRDlC!

'

PJUJD!Iltcr

1s

4th. PR!TilU}t(:!

88.31.

I Jro.
i

3 .9'1.

rz-zpi

85.81.

Yek.k.i

'
'
.~

i.1r1.1

3ro. PFJ:ITF.IOC!

TOTAL HU~.BrR

I
I

tI Sth. PRrn:F.IliC!

84.81.

2nd~ PF.Ern.IllCE

4th. PRIITFlMC!

SU'l.

F.OOl!Ml>
UALU!

Sth. PRITIROC!

TOTAL HUMBER

or CASES: us

64.7t.l

64. ?'!.

Ut.

71.41.

7 .6/.

n.2'1.

15.11.

94.lY.

sf..

4.21.1

98.JY.

1.1'1.

1Q9.8'!.

RO(JH])[D

UALUE

I
l

651.
711.
191.
941.
9S'l.

lW'!.

E-24

Table No. E-24~ People's

disposal.(Lohari

preference
and Yekki areas)

for

Sewerage

Lohari

area

QAUJE

LABrL

WJHMD
QAUJE

i1

23 i

23 .2/. l'

23.21.

! ls: t P!lEITRDlCE

.
'

I 3r4.

PRITERDfCI

4th. PRIT!JIDfCE
Sth. PPIFIP.lli:E

l l 21 l
t

2uA

'

12.11.

93 .91.

41

1I
I

231.

941.

'.1:1.l

109.0'!.

109'!.

i
9.B"!.l

109.~I.

lW'I.

OJK
PERCOO

ROOHJH]
UAUJE

Yek!d area

~,

30...:

j mur
!

.
,'

~c

I.l!BEL

If.A

is t. PR!TIFJ:NCE

a.

lal
l 1
1

_2_.l

_\ 2_nd_. _PP_trn:R_tOC_,.r_'l'-l

3Ni. PPJJIP..rncr

29

39
4a

I l
13

24. 41.

24.41.

25 .21.

49.6/.

33.61.l

83.21.

19.9)

9UY.
100.e-1.

I 5th.

PRITI?.rncr

Cod-.1

~UllllMt'

C(

Clu .....

TOTAL HUMBER OF CASES: 119

10Q.9'1.

i
i
I

831.

109'1.
130"1.

E-25

Table No. E-25: People's

preference
for
supply. Il.ohari and Ye?:.b areas)

Electricity

Lohari area

IJAUJr

IJ!BEL

'
't

r.

II

l>!ID1]rn<:"
tI 1 .,,~. ....
L:..c.t.l
l

).

2nd. PP.ITER.D'IC!
3rd. PRITEIDte!
4th. PP.EITRDIC!

5th. PRITU.DiCE

Codad !!'umber

ot

au .....

lmurjf~q.

I PEP.CoolI Pu.coo
OJM

I CODED!I

;.

39

39.41.1

..

;.

.,9
" . 4J..

lI

39Y.

SS.SY.

51Y.

11

i l

l 11.lJ.t

21

zuA

1L1:t.

16

16.21.l

s1 .91.

.I 4

1a
2

RC:IJXDfll
IJAUJE

1u1.I

2.9'!.

72Y.

I
.1t1. I
.

88Y.

98

.I.

i.

le9.S'!.

98Y.

lW"!.

TOTAL HUMBER Of CASES: 99

Ye!<:.ki area

IJAUJE

H.A

'~

ls t. PP.ITIRDKE

iI
I

~j

a
1

2nd. PRIJIF.OCE

3rd. PFJJTI'JJK!

m.P~!

1 731

l l
l
2

i
l

OJM
PERCOO

P!RCOO

IJAUJE{~q.

).

comi

LABEL

1.71.1
8 .41.

12

19

RooMDED

l VALUE

H.J'l.

61.31.

Hl I

63 .It!.

61Y.

63/.

71.41.

71'l.

11!.l/.

81.S'l.

81Y.

16.l?':.I

97.SY.

rn~

j.

so.

PRITIP.DiCE

TOTAL ffilKBLR Of CASES: 119

2.s1.1

1e9.9"!.

100"!.

II

E-26

Table No. E-26:

People's

preierence

for Garbage

disposal.

(Lohari and Ye kki areas)

Lohart area

I
I

IJALUE

LABEL

.i.

.''.

),

Ii.A

ls t. PFIITRDlCE

).

2nd. PP!ITlID!CE
3rd. PRIITP.IllCE
4th. PPJTIJ!.D!CE

se, PJlJTIP.DiCE
Codee

~ur:illsr

er

Clann

TO!AL h1J~ER

or

Ii

.i.

59

l l

13

ti

j fN!q 1 PEF.Coo

lcmI
I m-0r
1

.I

I
.I

1
I

...

1e

1
I

6 I

I 5 I

~' I!

13 .11:!

..

..l.

59 .61.1

9.11.1

59.61.

Il

72. 71.

cu11
P!leoo

..

81.8Y.

731.
821.

.I

m:

98.Q'/. I

98Y.

9U'l.
+
i

6.11.1

69'/.

lU:t.j

ROOl'IMD
VALUE

2.ll"!.I .1w.a-1.

100'/.

CflS!:S: 99

Ye kki area

VALUE

.'',
..
I
I

H.A

67 .

Isr. PREITRD:E

2nd. PF.m:P.D:E
3rd. PRm:PJllCE

&:~ WA ~ ~
~

rLVD

~~

CUM
PDlCOO

Ll!BEL

14th.

PPJJ!RDlCE

2
3
4

l
i l
l 81

56 .31.

56 .3Y.

1.?Y.

58 .0'1.

14

S6Y.

SSY.

12.31.

121.

11.81.

SUI.

841.

b.?'l.

90.?'l.

91'l.

1--5-th-.-PP.-TIIR-_tD:_E_,..__s_,,.___11_,...,__9_,2-.'l. ----99-.91.~. ':'---100:_1.___,.

1om

HUl".BER or CASES= us

E-27

Table No. E-27:

People's

(Lohari

preference

for

Street

paving.

and Ye kki areas)

Lohari

&O

:P~
I~/~, ,

~c

''I'
..
'

VAWE

-0/
v-//;),

30

/,~/~

%;a

~w~
///:)

//:/2 ~:/411
V0

0;;0

.~ //: ((~'/

v:~~

Cod-4 lum!Mtr

~
f1f

~
~.' //j

0~

~c
',

'

.
a
t

I 5th. PFJ:IT?.D!CE

.
t

8 .1:{!
+

II

cu-

~Y.

sur. .I

SSY.

66. 11.

rn:

l
I

46.51.

12.11.1

...
I

1s.21.I

s4.9Y.

SS'l.

10.11.i

95.0'!.

951.

19

5.lY.I

1QQ.l'l.

f ~q

.1 P!JlCOO

OJK
PIF.COO

42

35.31.

35.31.

ls t. PREITP.DICI

u:.I

41':r.

2nd. PF.m:RDl(!

16

13 .V.

54.61.

24

29.21.

74.81.

751.

lU'l.

89.11.

89'l.

Hl.91.

99.9'l.

100"!.

TOTAL HIJKBI:R

or mES:

100"!.

99

area

VAWE

3NI. PRITDIDtcr

~{a

w~-

Jcom
iVAUJE
j

LABEL

K.A

m~

..

ROOMMJ
IJALUE

If

:1
.

46.51.I

+
I
8 I
I

i
I
!

4th. PP.D!P.OC!

Yekki

'

46

~~

ruK

,..
!

16~<~
10 ~

I
...

'//~

.'

..I

II

freq' PERCOO Pr:RCOO

I !st. 1mmc1 ..I 1 I +

I 2nd. PP.DIP.mer I 2 12 I
..
I 3NI. PRITIRrnCE
I is "'I

%//0.
~_!~.,)

20~:>0i

jI~VALUE
Dal I

LABEL

I H.a

/,

36-V,< ~
/j

. r /'.;

area

4th. PREITJID!C!

Sth. PF.!ITRD+:E

TOTAL HIJKBER

or

;,.

CASES: 119

n
13

R\~Jt{l)!]

UALJJE

351.

1I

4.l'l.
551.

E-28

Table

No. E-27.l -Peoples

Facilities.

(Lohari

Other

for

preference
area)

Lohari area

UAUJE

comlr

LABEL

I K.A

'
'

VALUE

l"eq.

82

fl

.."

1st.

PJUTI:P.DiCI

2rid. PJUTIP.DICE

E-28:
(Lohari

2.9'1.

99.91.

18

CASES= 99

repair

and

VALUE freq P!:R(;llfl

CUM
P!:RCOO

nl

HO

26

H.A

I
1 I
l

improvements.

ROUMD
UALUE

72.?Y.

72.7/.

731.

26.21.

98. 91.

991.

1.0"!.

99.91.

lW'!.

831.
851.
86'l.

%1.

.I

I
;

Buildings
area)

CASES= 99

95.91.

or

19.lY.

m.

YES

TOTAL HUMBI'R

s5.81.

97.91.

com

LABEL

1.0"!.

2.9"!.l

or

ROUMED
UAUJI

Lohari area

VALUE

2 .a"!.

.i

TOTAL truKBI'R

I
au1. .I

4th. PREITRDiCI

PlUJIRDiCI

,j.

!
i

az.a1.

rrvd

No.

82.3/.

3Ni. PP!ITRDiCI

Table

I
I
..I

.i

CUM
PIRCOO

II

rRCD\1

981.
ltle'!.

E-29

Table No. E-29: A.mount/person

as financial

and Hours/week as voluntary

area)

contribution.

labour. (Yekki

Yekki area

arte

Rs

jVRLmr

1sw::

12
9
29

l,IALlJE

16.S'l.

76

63.9Y.I

com frtq.

PERCOO

24

20.21.

VALUE

UPTO 16 HOURS

17-32 HOURS

49-72 HOURS

11.1r.

1.6xl

181.

H.SY.

341.

36.21.

36Y.

190.l'l.

189'!.

TOTAL HUMBER OF Cf!SI:S: 119

ROIJ!IDE
UALJJE

CUM
PERCOO
20.21.

29'!.

'I

UY.

21

.s1.

23/.

4.ZY.

32.8'1.

321.

u1.I

33.7'1.

.I.

H.A

10"!.

OF CASI:S: 119

LflB!L

33-48 HOURS

1.7Y.

H.A

Hl.JX]I]

HUY.

JQQ/:: .! ABOOE

tom

i rn.11.j
I

Rs 2lU-3W/:

Rs

~JMD!l
IJAU.H:

.q. ,PrRCOO

Ps 191-280/::

I . ! PLRCOO
CUM

\comjrN>

LABEL

UALlJE

66 .41.

169.11.

341.
100'!.

E-30

. Table No. E-30: Period of Building

area)

improvements.

(Lenart

Lohari area

UAJ1JI

CODED!

CUM
IJAUJI freq. PIRCOO PrRCOO

LllBEL

.z~~ I

ROOHED
UALUE

26

2s.2:r.l

2s

39

39".3!.

56.SI.

561.

19

19.11.

66.61.

671.

61 !roliCHS ! AWJE

6 .11.I

72.71.

731.

H.A

27

27.21.

99.9'l.

1119'!.

1-12 mtf!HS13-36 MKIHS

37-69 MNIHS

TOTAL HUMBER

or

CASES: 99

261.

E-31

Table No. E-31: Type

of

improvements

done

by

the

residents.
(Lohari area) & Exoected
Type
of Building improvements. (Yekki area)
Lohari

%1

--------p-------- ----

/:
%:/,/

JS -

14

.'
.
..
~d

~
~'

j
~~

!:ll -

%''~?/~

11...:

Yj/'~

~///:::

//,>/
~/u/

~...:

l.J ~

!
..

1C -

~~
;;, . 0
5

y ,

w~
/./,'
V-'//
/ / /

./

1:

V,: r : % /I,,~
// /0 .
%'/
/ V<'
///~

1' -

//;

'/'~

/'

//

////~

/,

//

. /

f%%/~
,--v;:;;;,-~
v;~
oJ-.//1

~;;;~
~

// . / /1

VW0
Y//, /)

%"'/:3a
~.' /1

Ch.a..-

VAUJ(

LABEL

%'///) :% .' . //:

: i//,/'.'.

%/ i//;

: /'.:

MDI CCttSTRUC!I~

MAJOR RIPURS

s I

'

~--/~

%<'/'!
'i1
~/~//,;
%''/ '~

P[P.(00

VAUH:!f~q.

/////;

OJI(
PERCOO

ROOHDD
VAUJ!

8 .1/.

a .11.

24

24.d

32.JY.

321.

81.

MIHOR RIPRIRS

29

29.21.

52.SY.

521.

*!MI~HC!

29

?UJ.

72.?Y.

131.

H.A

27

27 .2/.

n.9Y.

lW'!.

OIM

ROOXMD
VALIJI

r ,

'~//,/)
>,~

(:/~
,/'.--/'.) v/,,.%
V// ~
I//(/
!j

Codad :'lumber

com I

////0i

~>::,;;~
/ / ' /,1
/':jj%
0-,~~ /. ~/:~~ ~~~-~;;;,; ~:(,
'
/
/'/
'?/,.
/,
~/~
0/'
///J:a
%:/, ~
%(:>~
'/
.

.':<1~ /?>%
v: r . /. /''

~?~/

~',I

II...;

area

~?::~
%~
v~/
'J~

TOTAL lJXBrR

or CASIS:

I
99

Yekki area

VAUJE

LABEL

coml
UAUJI frtq. PERCOO

Pm:Dfl

IIDI COt<ST ~CTI Oft

UY.

2.51.

2Y.

MAJOR REPAlRS

21

lUY.

21!.lY.

29"1.

K!HOR ID'AIRS

32

26.81.

46 .9/.

411.

MlXT~HCI

1.71.

48.61.

49'l.

K.A

61

51.31.

9UY.

lQQ-1.

"'

TOTAL lJXBEX

or

CASIS: 119

E-32

Table No. E-32: Cost

of building
improvements.
(Lohari
area)
& Estimated
cost
of
building
improvements. (Yek.ki area)

I
I

Lohan

area

UAUJE

LABEL

coml
I
OALUEjfrt~. (rRCOO

~c

HO IMPROODirS

'~

..

UPTO Rs~~=

21

Rum.bu c!

Cb..tlU

27 .21.

27.21.

271.

21.21.i

4S. 4J.

481.

25.21.

73.61.

1i.11.I

84.7Y.

SS/.

25

Rs 1SOOHS0W/:

11

P.s 2SBQ1-3SQQQ/:

3.9'!.

87 .71.

SS'l.

F.s 3S091 l AB1JE

I I

12

12.l'l.

99 .sx

100'!.

!'N!q. PEJ:OO

CUM
PrRCOO

TOIAL ~AIME!]

U~UJE

or

74/.

CASES: 99

area

com

LABrL

li1T APPL I

:lo

.I

ROOHDED
IJAUJE

Rs 5a9HS300/:

Yekld

!
c

21

.i.

Cod-4

.
t.

CUM
PERCOO

VALUE

mu

UPTO J>.s 25\W':

F.OOHDED
UALUE

II

69

19

SS .Ir!.

SS .9'!.

SS!.

16 .0'!.

74.0"!.

741.

P.s 2S9HSQW/:

21

17 .6/.

91.6/.

92:t.

P.s 2SQQ1 -500W/:

s .9'!.

%.6:t.

97:t.

Rs s Qe\il-75 900/:

2.51.

99 .l'l.

99'l.

Rs 75001 l ABV'JE

II.SY.

99.91.

100"!.

rom

HUKBO

or

CASES=

us

B-33

Table No. E-33: Source

of
finance utilized for
building
improvements.
(Lohari area) and Preferred
source
of
finance
for
building
improvements. (Yekld area)
Lenart area

,..

',
'~
:t.

~~

%/~,%

.~;0
', :,<

/>0
/ /,:~
0~
/

~0
//.~
v>>0,
v;//j
~
Coded

!a.mbu

of

UALUE

l . .,

CO!]'
! CUK
'IJALUElf~q. P!J\COOI Prncmr

49

49.51.I

49.51.

1.s-1.I..

59.St.

4 II 16
J,,

16 .2Y.l

I 331

33.31.1

SAIJIHGS
HBFC
1

OIHER SOURCES

I
I

LABEL

H.A

.
t.

IJALUE

IJAWEiFreq. PDKOO

II

I
I

19.9r.l

J.

'~ Ii

41

13

OTHER S\iiJRCES

EAHK +

lumber of Cb.Ut

66.7:r.1

67:r.

lW'I.

me

12

BllHK + OTHERS

TOTAL HUMBER OF CASES: 119

s1 !

ROOHDED
IJALUE

10.9'l.1

111.

1.71.1

12.6'l.

13'l.

3 .41.1

16.ltt.

.l.

t
i

16Y.

10.11.l

26.11. l

26Y.

26 .9Y.

27Y.

99. 9Y.

1W'I.

llo

Coded

59"1.

PERCOO

i
2

HBFC

.I

cux

com1

LABEL

BAHK

' -

49:r.

area

ea -

lBQ'f.

!
c

ROUHDED
UALUE

TOTAL !'!UMBER OF CASES: 99

Clueu

Yekki

00...:

II

'"":t.'1

73.0'1.j

'

Table

No. E-34:

Trend

towards

loan.

(Yekki

area)

Yekk.i area

~I
l501
I

~J

umn:

coml

OJM
UALUE(r1!q. PERCOOl PrRCDfi

LABEL

l nl

H'3

It.A

2&.,1.I

26.9/.

39'!.

241

29.Z'l.

47.lY.

47Y.

63

52.S'l.

99 .9Y.

lgg'/.

I I

teru HUMBER or CASES= us

Table

for unwillingness

No. E-35: Reasons

(Ye!cki area)
Yekki

take

loan.

area

UALUE

I.ABEL

CA!t!OI ~y
SOCIALL'l BAI>
OMli RESOIJRCES
Ii.A

to

!coool

iUALUE!FN!q.

l
I

13

I PIT.COOI

CUM
PIRCim

H!.9Y.

1a.91.

7 .61.

ROOHDED

mm:

111.

1s .s1. j

lS'l.

...

a.s1.t

19 .3'l.

191.

aa.61.I

99 .91.

100'/.

IOTAL HUKBE:R OF CASES: 119

ROOHDED
UALUE

Appendix F: Cross

tables

on the Study Areas

LIST OF CROSSTABS

TABLES

F-1: Income categories and Length of stay.

(Lohari and Yekki areas)
F-2: Income categories and Occupation of the
Head of Household. CLohari and Yekki
areas)
F-3: Intention
to shift and
Educational
background of Head of household. (Lohari
area)
F-4: Intention to shift and Occupation of
Head of household. CLohari and Yekki
areas)
F-5: Intention to shift and Length of Stay in
the Ralled City.
( Lohari and Yekki
areas)
F-6: Building ownership and Intention
to
shift. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
F-7: People's
Opinion and Preference Gas
supply~ (Lohari and Yekki areas)
F-B: People's Opinion and Preference Sewerage
disposal. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
F-9: People's Opinion and Preference Street
paving. (Lohari and Yekki_ areas)
F-10: People's Opinion and Preference Garbage
disposal. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
F-11: People's
Opinion
and
Preference
Electricity supply. (Lohari and Yekki
areas)
F-12: People's Opinion and Preference Rater
supply. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
F-13: People's Opinion and Preference Other
facilities. (Lohari area)
F-14: Size
of Plot and Type of Building
improvements. (Lohari and Yekki areas)
F-15: Type of Building improvements and Number
of HH' s/Building.
C Lohari and Yekki
areas)
F-16: Type
of Building
improvements
and
Educational
background
of Head
of
household. (Lohari area)
F-17: Building
repairs/improvements
and
Occupation of the Head of Household.
( Lohari area)
F-18: Building repairs/improvements and Income
categories. (Lohari area)
F-19: Ownership and Building improvements.
( Lohari area)

F-25:

Rillingness
to financial
contribution
and Occupation
of Head of household.
( Yekki area)
F-27: Rillingness
to financial
contribution
and Educational.background
of the Head
of household. (Yekki area}
F-21: Rillingness
to financial
contribution
and Income categories. (Yekki area)
F-23: Ownership
status
and Rillingness
to
finance. (Yekki area}
F-24: Rillingness
to voluntary
labour
and
Occupation of Bead of household.
(Yekki
area}
F-26: Rillingness
to voluntary
labour and
Educational
background of the Head of
Household. (Yekki area)
F-20: Rillingness
to voluntary
labour and
Income categories.
(Yekki area)
F-22: Ownership
status
and Hillingness
to
labour. ( Yekki area)
F-33: Rillingness
to improve
building
and
Trend towards loan. (Yekki area)
F-28: Rillingness
to improve
building
and
Occupation of Head of household.
(Yekki
area)
F-29: Rillingness
to improve
building
and
Educational
background of the Head of
Household. (Yekki area)
F-30: Ownership
status
and Willingness
to
improve building. CYekki area)
F-31: Rillingness
to improve
building
and
Intention to shift. (Yekki area)
F-32: Rillingness
to improve
building.
and
Income categories. (Yekki area)
F-34: Trend
towards loan and Preference
loan
source. (Yekki area)
F-35: Trend
towards
loan
and
Income
categories. (Yekki area)
F-36: Preference
loan source and Educational
background of Head of household.
(Yekki
area)
F-37: Preference loan source and Occupation of
Bead of household. (Yekki area)

F-1

Table No. F-1:

Income

(Lohari

categories

and Length

H!COKE
CATEGORIES

or

LrnGTH
Upto

111r1:il'1v~r'' IJ"Yrs

.JJ

9 ~rs Ys '
~IER'i L.OW
INCOME

Nm\.
Y.

~.

LOW
INCOME

Y.

~.

MEDIUM
IHCOME

'l.

HIGH
MEDIUM
lliCOHE
HIGI
It!COKE

of

stay.

and Yekkl areas)

l'l.

't]

Yrs

Rt:iu TOTAL
blf 4
Yrs Above Hux.

:iir-:>:1

21.

7.l'l.

l'l.

29

31.

5.1Y.

ux

3'!.

41. 19.1/.

3Y. 29.ZY.

13

41.

21.

21.

3'!.

u.ix

1'!.

l/.

41.

s.ix

'l.

19

I.age

11

HuM.

sm
.:;.,,

48
491.

l zs
25'!.

11
1lY.

HWI.

1 .

'/.

11.

1/.

21.

COUJMH

HuM.

13

12

47

rom

I.

8'!.

13'!.

12'!.

481.

61.

6x 1

4
41.
99
100"1.

Yekld area

IHCOKE
CATEGORIES
~ERY LOW

IJJIGTH
upto 1.Ltr"l ':I 'ir-2~
9 Yrs Yrs Yrs

liUK,

IliCOKE
Y.

LOW
ItlCOHE

Hux.
I.

1
Ut.
8
U!.

or

sm

iJtrJ'1 'ilt"'i':I

Yrs

Yrs

19

8.41. 12.61.

51.

3 .41.

Q.8'!.

51.,,

'

51.

2.5'!.

HIGH
MEDIUM
INCOME

ttuM.

HIGt
IliCOHE

Milli.

I.

1.71.

COLUHH
TOTAL

Hwt.

tluK.

I.

Yrs Above tlwt.

7 .6'!.

2.51. 5.9'!.

15

Q.81.

3.41.

1. 71.

19
81.

I.age

221.
59
421.
34

51.

rom

26

2.51. 1.71. 1.11. Ut. 4.21. 4..2/.

KDIUK
ItlCOME

Y.

RO!.l
:itt-:i':I lbY !

281.
7
61.

2
2'!.

18

12

12

17

22

28

15:t.

10"!.

Hf/.

141.

191.

241.

us
100-1.

Lohari

area

F-2

Table

No. F-2: Income categories

Head

of

Household.

and Occupation of
(Lohari

and

the

Yekki

areas)
Lohari

area

VER'i
LOW

Jl'lOP !ius1- Lahr

kpr. ness

Im.
'/.

41.

37.

li.

l'',,

tr.

l'',,

'!.

iz.ix

12.li~

l'l.

2'l. 18 .2;~

liwl.

s.ix

41.

6.1Y.

5'',,

'/.

21.

2Y.

1:1.

21.

2Y.

tm.

2'/.

ix

Hu.It.

HIGH
1.

11.

t!wl.

.,.

Hux. ....__
i'.age

'/.

F.OU TOTAL

12

IWIUK

HIG!
MEDIUM

HE.4 or HOOSIBOLD
Ha.wkr seu IJOVt .t'!'lll. Rtd.
tl\p!d SeN. Ser-J.

12

tilJJt.

L-Olol

COLUMH
TOTAL

or

OCClJPA TI Off

[HCOME
CATEGORY.

27

29

27 .SY. 2e"!.

18

11
111.
4S

3
31.

491.
25
25Y.
1

~
li.

11

!Y.

ll'l.
4

28

41.

2'',,

Sx 28.51. 11'/.

11

27.

41.

99
llM!.

Yekki area

IHCOMl:
CAUGOR'i'.
QrR'{

LOW

Hux.
i.

~.

OCCJJPAT I OH

or um or

Jl'lOP .lll.!51- La.hr

kpr. ness

Ha11kr se lf

6
S'/.

18

rnv.

Mpld Ser-1. SeN.

ROW TOTAL
Rtd

lln-

ll\p!d ttiJX.

1Q

. i'.

8.41. 7 .6/.

5.9'/. 7 .sx 11.8'/. UY.

15.lY. 6. 71. 1. 7Y.

tltJX.

i'.age

26

2.5'l. 1.7'l. 1.7Y. 2.5Y. 2.S'l. 1.71. 3.41.

LOW
I.

HOUSDlOLD
i..~vt.

22:r.
2

SQ

1.11.

421.
34

KDIUM

HIGH
MIDIUM

HIGH

~.
'!.

~.

tom

~.
'l.

1.7'l. 11.81.

Z.S'l.

UY.

28/.
7
61.

1.11.

Y.

COLUl'Ji

6.7'/. 9.SY. 3.4Y. 1.71.

2Y.

36

23

21

13

33'!.

UY.

31.

21.

171.

111.

8'l.

BY.

2'l.

119
lW'!.

F-3

Table No. F-3: Intention

to
shift
and
Educational
background of Head of household. (Lohari

area)

Lohari

area

IMTOOIOH
TO SHITI

EOOCATIOHAL BACKGROO!ill Of Hf.AD Of HHOLD

r.s. u. u.

HIL POO. KIDL. KTRC.

HWI. 13

8.l'l.

ix

J'l.

l'l.

11.
7

YES
'l.

13.l'l. S.l'l.

Hwt. 26

16

Roi.I

tom

liwl.

i'.age

32
32/.
66

HO
26.3/. 16.Z'l. ?.lY. 9 .1/. U;~ 21.

'l.

liwl.

'l.

l'l.

671.
1

Ii.A

COUJl1H
TOTAL

~.

11.

4'1

17

81.

17Y.

71.

51

lY.

100'!.

EDUCATI OHAL EACXGF.OIJlill Of Hl'AD Of HHOU

Rei\.! TOTAL

21
I

4'1.sx12u1.

'l.

99

Yekki area

IHTOOIOH
TO SHU1

MIL Pfill'l. !HL. MTP.C.

Hux.

Y.

s .91.

SY.

Si.

Hui\.

33

'!.

27. 7'1.

!fox.

YES

15

r.s.
2

B.A. K.A.
3

Hwt. i'.age
29

4.21. 1.71. 2.51.

19

HO
St. 12.61. 161.

241.
2

89

4.21. 7 .sx 1.71.

?Si.
1

ti.A
8.SY.

'!.

COUll'.H
TOTAL'

ttuK.
'!.

li.

41

12

21

24

12

35'l.

19"1.

181.

29"1.

61.

19"!.

21.

us
lW-1.

F-4

Table No. F-4: Intention

Head

to

shift and

of household.

(Lohari

Occupation
and

of

Yekki

areas)

Lonari

area
OCCUPA II Off Of HEAD Of HQ05rnOLD
RW TOTAL
J)US1- 1a..Or. ittawr.r Jeif
rnv.
l\.vJt.
Rtd Hwl. /.age
kpr. ness
!Jlpld Serv, Serv,

ItfIOO IOH
TO SHII1

!:>t:OP

tlilJtl.

19

11.

ia.ix

2'l.

31.

18

21.

41. 18.21. UY.

YES
1.l:f. 9.l'l.

I.

11

~.119

19.2/. 11.11.

I.

Huit.

2
21.

32
321.

66

11.

671.
1

If.A
I.

COWMX
TOTRL

Hwl.
'!.

l:f.

lY.
2Q

27

27 .S'l. 29"!.

21.

S'l. 28 .S'l. 111.

OCCUPATI Oli

Ih10010H
TO sam

~MP
kpr.

Of

11

28

21.

4'l.

99
1eg-1.

Of HOUSDIOL!l

HEA'b

ROW TOTAL
Rtd :Unl',xp}d Serv, Serv ,
~pld Hu.it. /.age

ws1- Lahr Hawkr !ielf

ness

{j(j'Jt.

.rnv.

Hilll.

'!.

6.?'l.

1.61.

l.?Y.

St.

1.11.

1. 71.

28

18

29

YES
Hux.

241.

89

NO
'!.

23.SY. 11.8/. 3.41. 1.7Y. 15.lY. UY.

5.91. 7.6Y.

751.
1

Hux.
H.A
'l.
COUJl'Ji

rom

lY.

9.SY.

tit.l)I.

36

23

21

13

'l.

30"1.

191.

31.

21.

17Y.

111.

81.

St.

2/.

m
100-1.

F-5

Table No. F-5: Intention to shift and Length of Stay

the Walled City.
(Lohari and Yekki
areas)

Lohan

in

area

LEHGTH

ItfCOOIOH
TO ssrrr

Upto Ht-n

9 Yrs Yrs
!fut\.

sm

Of

~Tom

,>;;-,,;,!<ttr"U ;)lf-j~lbl!

{..fiu]

Abo.e l'!u".

Yrs

Yrs

Yrs

Yrs

17

/.age

32

'!.

21.

31.

31.

31. 17 .21.

2'!.

21.

tiu.K.

'1

YES
19

30

MO

321.

I 66

5.11. 5.11. is.ix 8.11. 39.31. 4..l'l. 4..1Y.

Y.

~.

H.A
Y.

671.

11.

1'!.

COUlltt Hux.

13

12

47

tom

7Y.

SY.

131.

121.

48/.

1.

6'!.

6Y.

99
100'1.

Yekld area

or

LillGTH

ltrrOOIOH
TO SHlfT

sm

~TOTAL

Upto llt-B i!lt-~'J Jlt-J'J :41t-4'J Jit-:>~ blf i

tlwt.

Yrs Above Hux.

9 Yrs

Yrs

Yrs

Yrs

Yrs

5'l.

5'!.

U'l.

i'.age

29

YES
7.

tm.
HO
7.

9.SY. 5.91. 2.5Y. 9.81.

'

19

1.61. 8 .4Y.

Hux.

'

11

11

16

23

241.
89

7 .61. 9.2'!. 9.2/. 13. 41. 19.31.

75'!.
1

H.A
0.8'1.

'!.

COUJX?t
TOTAL

Hux.
Y.

10
SY.

1'1.

18

12

12

17

22

28

15/.

Ht!.

llfl.

14Y.

191.

241.

m
100'1.

F-6

Table No. F-6: Building

ownership and
(Lohari and Yekki areas)

shift.

Intention

Yekki area

Lohari area,

YES

srsnz
JOHC!

C.OOT.

ro sarrr

IMIDITIOH

~HIP

HQ

22

49

1.

221.

5ftl.

Hi-"'.

13

'!.

91.

137.

foluM.

11.

COLU'9(

rom

1
17.

1.

Hux.
Y.

~.

rom

i'.age

tti.!J!I.
721.

SIHGIJ:

22
221.

JOitIT

4J.

2/.

32

66

321.

677.

11.

99
Hl9'1.

sam

tt

ROW

H.A

18

59

is.iz

49.61.

9.8/.

ttu.....

28

1.

7 .6/.

23.S'l.

tiwl.

tom
i'.age

78
651.
31
311.

GQ!.
{.

1/.

I.

HID!.

ItITOOIOH !O

~HIP

71

31.

HID\.
DISPUTD

ROW

ltA

tm.

'!.

to

DISPUTD
COLUKM
TOTAL

1.11.

2/.

Hui\.

1.

1. 71.

2
21.

Hu.M.

29

89

1.

24J.

751.

lY.

119
lBQ'/.

F-7

Table No. F-7: People's

Opinion and Preference
supply. (Lohari and Yekki areas)

Gas

Yekki area

OPIHioti
GAS SUPPLY

GAS

PJtm:RrnCE
ti.A
Hux.

15

42

liuY.

Hwt.

Hwt. i'.a.9e

OPIHIOH
GAS SUPPLY

75

H.A

lSI.

mt.
63

Hu)(.

UJ.

761.

41.

~tom

SUPPLY

GAS
i:rut.

.ll'JJ.

JlH.

~lH

Pref , Pre!. Pref.

mi.

15

Si.

3 .41.

18

52.9'1. 15 .lY. 12.6Y.

'!.

19

l'!.

Hwt. 29

COUIMH

tom

'/.

29'1.

11.

l'!.

i.a9e

le6

Hu..M.

'/.

Si.

Hwt.

1.

S.9'1.

891.
6

5'1.

t<.A

K.A

~.

HO

19Y.
1

PRITIRDtCE

YES

t\wl.. j 19
'/.

s.ix

42.51. 15 .27.

HO

~TOTAL
Pret.

YES
'/.

SUPPLY

l'l'U/ IJfJ.'. l'Hll. jltt.

Pref , Pre(. Pre(. Pre(.
1:>I.

5'1.

21.

43

16

w.

16'l.

7'1.

9Y.

4Y.

99

COUl!9i
lQQ'/.

tom

7
67.

Hux.

13

63

18

15

Y.

ux

53'l.

15/.

137.

SY.

3Y.

119
1Qe'/.

Table No. F-8: People's Opinion and Preference Sewerage

disposal.

Lohari

(Lohari and Yekk.i areas)

Yekk.i area

area

OPIIHOH
Stm:RAG!
DISPOSAL

PRm:F.OCE r OR SMP.A GE

usr,

H.A Pre!.
HID\,

17

ROU TOTAL

IJM'. 'Un.
Pre(. Pre{.

Pre{.

Him.

18

72

aw.
31

i'.a9e

PP.DLRDICE fOR Soo:AAGE

ROW TOTAL
usr , Gl'\JI, .HUI, 1'1IK.
K.A mt. mr. Pre{. Pref. tm. i'.a.9e

HuM.

39

40

13

98

YES

Y!S
17 .21. 31.31. 18.2:r. 6.lY.

Y.

Hwt.

73Y.

25.21. 33.1. lUY. Ui.

Y.

22

22

HO

liwl.

22

I.

18.41.

Hux.

761.
22

i.

22.21.

Hux.

221.
1

H.A

181.
1

H.A
51.

7.

COUIHN
TOTAL

OP IHI Off
SMFt!GE
DISPOSAL.

Hill\.
7.

.23

18

31

21

23Y. 18.S:t. 31.51. 211.

6
61.

99
100'!.

/.

COUJ>Oi
TOTAL

S.91.

6Y.

!Wt.

29

30

13

241.

25Y.

341.

111.

67.

119
lll{l"/.

F-8

Table No. F-9: People's

Opinion and Preference

Street

paving. (Lohari and Yekki areas)

Lohari area

Yek.ki area

OPIM!Off

mm

PF.m:Jl.D:I

mm

PilUIHG

H.A
Hwl.

!SI.

1Ul.ll.

PilUIHG

JK!i.

'ilH.

mt. mt. me. mt.

8

12

16

ROM

~TH.

mf.

tom

Hu.It. /.age

OPIHIOtt

mm

PFlJERDiet

Pi\Ulti

K.A Pref .

lSI.

Hw\.

50

m.m
. aw.

PilUH!G

JJW.

'ilit.

~TOTAL
:iHI

mt. mt. mt. mt.

is 24 17 13

Hux. i'.age

Si. 12.6/. 2Q.2Y. 14.3'l. 11.11.

631.

75

YES

YES

tie

s.tx

8 .11. 12.1'!. 16.2'l.

'!.

~-

44

'l.

44.4Y.

Httx.

SY.

COLUMN
TOTAL

!iiJM. 3S

44

I
2

21.

l'l.

37

Htut.

46

12

18

10

'/.

47/.

Si.

12/.

18'l.

1~~

S'!.

29.4Y. 0.SY. UY.

Mwt.

'l.

S.91.

311.
7

It.A
Si.

99

Table No. f-10: People's Opinion and Preference

disposal. (Lohari and Yekki areas)

109"!.

COUIKH
TOTAL

liwt. 42
'l.

35Y.

6'!.
7

16

24

17

13

61.

14.1.

2tt!.

14Y.

111.

119
100'1.

Garbage

Lohari area

Yekkl area

vPIHIOH

PRITDIDICE

GAF.BA GE

mrom.

H.A
!iU.K.

J.:>{.

GAF.BAG
t:l\I/,

JJW.

mrom
'iIH.

mt. mt. mt. mt.

13

OPHHOH

RC.W 1om

1Jllt.

Pret , Hux. i'.age

2

P.F.trnDtet Gi!RMGE

GAR.BAGI
DISPOSAL.

M.A
HuK.

38

DISPOSAL

1$1. 'ifUI. IJrJI. 'W1.

~.

11

53

mt. rnr. Prd. mt. mt.

2

17

13

RI TOTAL

am.

I.age

YES

YES
13.11. 9.11. 8.lY. 6.lY.

/.

381.

21.

Hu~. S6

'l.

1.7Y. 1.7'l. 14.31. 19.9Y. 6.77. Ur.

HWI.. 58

S6

441.
59

li

li

Y.

S6.6Y.

tlwt.

S7Y.
5

I.

48. 7'!.

HuM.

'!.

S.91.

8.81.

5B'!.

K.A

K.A
I.

COUJMH
TOTAL

7.

441.
1

21.

li

H.A
'l.

I.

51'!.

31.

liIDI. 59
I.

69"1.

21.

SY.

13

18

131.

9'!.

lit!.

6Y.

2Y.

99
100'!.

COUJKH
TOTAL

HID!. 67
'!.

S6Y.

67.
2

17

14

2'1.

141.

12'l.

1'/.

11
9'l.

119
Hllr!.

F-9

Table No. F-11: People's

Opinion
and
Preference
Electricity
supply. (Lohari and Yekki
areas)
Lonari area

Yekki area

SUPPLY

PR.EITRDiCE ILECTP.ICITY

OPIXIotl
DJ:C!RI CI TY.

isr.

Jj{J/,

tl'UJ.

'HH.

IOTAL

:irn.

Ii.A Pr1:"t. Pref , Pref Pre!. Pref , Hux.

Mu.K.

13

21

11

19

I.age

OPIIU Ott
lli:C!RICITY.

57

'

11.lY. 21.21. 13.l'l. Hl.11.

21.

ttw.. 37

531.

i.

1.71. 7 .6/. Hl.11.

is.i

2.SY.

37

HO

Hwt.

66

7.

SS.Si.

Hwt.

Y.

5.91.

12

Hi.lit. I.age

18

YrS
Y.

IJ.IUI. ~iH. rltH.

mt. rret. me. mt.
UUI.

Pref.

JiuJ(.

Yf.S

371.
68

HQ

I.

37 .41.

Nu.M.

371.
s

ff.A

9.81.

0.81.

571.
7

K.A
Nu.M. 39

COLU>fti
TOTAL

11

21

16

39.s1.l 111. 21.51. 161.

'I.

51.

3.11.

21.

I.

19

Ht!.

2:t.

99

COLUX!i
19Q'/.

rom

Table No. F-12: People's

supply.

Lohari

ttA

l:>l.

F.tiW TOTAL

D.iC!RICITY

PREITIDiCE

Opinion

(Lohari

and Preference

ax

19'!.

161.

31.

PREJ1JID!CE
usr. uw.

~m

611.

21.

119

19

100-1.

Water

and Yekkl areas)

Y~kki area

srea

PRUIJ!lHCE

OPIHIOH
WATD! SUPPLY

isr.

ll'UJ.

Hw..

ROW

SUPPLY

WATD!
4Kl>.

'H!I,

H.A Pref. Pref", Pre!. Pl'ef.

4

:JUI.

mr.
1

rom

Hwt. I.age

OPIHIOM
W!in::F. SUPPLY

12

YES

M.A

mt.

HuK.

'!.

UY.

YES
17.

Y.

ti.ID!.

27.

41.

41.

11.

i.

82.S'l.

Hwt.

127.
82

82

NO

Y.

h'utt. 84
i.

85/.

~TOTAL

JIH.

he{. Pre. Pref , Pre!.

'

18

7 .6i. 15 .lY. UY.

~.

/.age

42

1.7Y.

35i.
79

Hwt. 79
SJ!.

21.

SUPPLY

J.Kll. AIH.

HO

H.A

COUJl<H
TOTAL

19

12

Hi.lit. 73
I.

6:t.

51.

17.

27.

17.

37.

67.

41.

tr.

99
lQQ'/.

'!.

58.6'!.

Hi.IX.

59'!.
7

H.A
'!.

COUJ!m
TOTAL

Hw.. 77
'!.

61.

5.91.

64.51.

8
71.

'

18

7 .S'l. 15'!.

41.

Z'!.

us
11!0'!.

F-10

Table No. F-14:

Size

of

Plot

and

Type

of

Building

improvements. Il.ohari and Yekki areas)

Lohari area

Table No. F-13:

People's

Opinion

and

Preference

rm or

sm: or PLOt

Other

facilities. (lohari area)

Hwt.

UERY
SKA LL

Lohari area

PPJTIRDfCE
.L!lI

H.A Pref.

Hux.

OTHER FACILITIES

~rui

JiiJ).

'1lH., Jill.

mt. mt. mt. mt.

~Tom

33

Hux.

83

21.

~.

lY.

lY.

8.lY.

14
14.'I.

se

13

!79.SY.

~.

31.

21.

lY.

S1Y.

Hux.

63

Y.

!2e.s1.

HID\.

15

ti~. 82

Y.

33/.

19

21.

11.

1R'J.

21.

21.

99
180"!.

t!w4.

UER'i
LAR>:iI

51.

'l.

SIZE

or

E~:
oi
-

124

13

lMproveM~nts:
lfo Chinge
~~w Construction
~a.jor Rep: irs
Minor RHa.irs
tJacrnt Plots

15

16

4B.8'l.

112

'1.31. 5.2'l. UY. UY.

36.81.

32

a.sx
iss 28
91.

64.'I.

'!.

H!.41.

34

37

11

llJ.

121.

41.

e.3:r.
385
1~/.

area

VrRY
SMRLL

Mu~.

COUJM!i
TOTAL

Yekki

!!Pi?
H.A
tl.C
K.J
KM
QRC

11.11.

UY. i.ix UY.I z.11.I u1.

'l.

H.A
'/.

13

'l.age

36

a.3'l. Q.31.

11

LARGE

:t.

27 .31. 3.61. 4.21. 4.21. 1.31.

'/.

HuM. I.age

21.

79

HO

IJAC. Hillt.

MM
1

IDIUM
Y.

KJ

~TOTAL

SXALL

HS

COUJ!ii
TOTAL

H.C

1e.a1.I UY.

Y.

OPIHIOH
OTHER
FACILITIES.

Ii.A

IMPWJDIDrTS

F.00 TOTAL

Tm or IKPROODIDf!S

PLOT
Hux.
1.

ti.A

H.C

l'.J

45

121.

Hwi.. 119

MM

2.47. 1.3/.
13

15

VAC.

liuJ(.

64

1.3/.

HI

17:t.
166

SMl!LL
'I.

Hux.

31.71. 3.41.
62

12

41.
9

w.

2.41. 2.11.
3

'l.age

38

Kr.DIUM
'l.

U!RtiE

~.
'!.

VIR'r
LARfil:

COUJl'.H
TOTAL

Hux.

x
HWI.
'!.

16.SI. 3.2/. Z.4.1. 8.81. 8.51.

32

8 .5'!. UY. 1.1/.

23 .51.
45

8.51.

121.
13

13

3.51.

3.SY.
271
72:t.

4.1

33

12

1,

11'!.

91.

3'!.

SY.

376
100'!.

r.
I

F-11

Table

No. F-15: Type of Building improvements

and Number
of
r.H"s/Building.
(Lohari
and Yekk.i
areas)

or
TYPE
I KPROIJOO}(!S

KIJMJ![R
lt'.lft

Or<;JMJ

Httx.
NO CHANGE

4
l.3i.

'/.

OF HC<JSDIOLDS
1 HHOU
144
47.2'/.

IH A :SUIUlIHG

2 HHOLDS 3 HHOUS 4 HHOLbS

12

U'l.

21.

9.31.

2G

Y.

6.11.

2.31.

9.31.

!IAJOR
RTh11RS

Hwl.

24

'/.

1.81.

2.3'/.

11.

MIHOR
:RffilIRS

liwt.

11.

9.31.

VACAHT
PLOT

Iii.ix.

CCffiTF.UCTIOtt

COUJKll
TOTAL

rm

25
8 .3Y.

Y.

~.

15

or

lH'!;TNfTT

~.
'!.

111.
37

213

59

70"!.

19

161.

61.

1
Q.51.

189

4.21.

47. 9:r.

11.?'!.

4.8'!.

2 .41.

l'!.

0.8/.

MAJOR
RIPA IRS

ti.~.

21

19

'!.

s.s

2.1'!.

B.3Y.

U'J.

PIIH')R

th.IA.

COLUMN

Hui(.

tom

'!.

'!.

1r O'P,flllf

2 .41.

t!wt.

tltH)l.Jt.i

18

1. ?'!.

VACA KT
PL-OI

j.

44

Y.

B.S'!.

0.SY.

7
U'!.

189'!.

ROM

'!.

395

IH A BUillIHG

1 HHOLD 2 HHOLDS 3 HHOL.i"'S 4 HHOLDS

16

41.

2.5'!.

REPAIRS

12'l.

29

COMSTF.UC!lot<

641.

34

Ht.ix.

MI}{

~.

Yekk.i

/.age

271

n:r.
111.
33
9'!.
12

3'!.

0.3'1.
19

5'!.

5.!Y.

9.5'!.

TO!AL

41

19

35

area

11

HUMBE:R Of HOOSDlOLDS
l't'Jn

Lohari

~2ge

9'/.

11

St.

Y.

Hux.

!OTAI.

28

J.5Y.

'l.

IMPROIH)ffiITS

NO CHAt!GE

2.61.

RiW

iss

28
L2'/.

Hux.

h1}l

:i HHQl.Jt.i
.t 1H'J'llJT

237
63/.

65
17 .51.

24
61.

11
31.

4
ix

376
lBe't.

area

F-12

[
I
Table No. F- l 7: Building
Occupation
of
Il.ohari area)

rm

or

repairs/improvements
the Head

of

DllCATIOttAL BACXGROUHD Of Hl'AD

RUILDIHG
I MPROOEMOOS

HIL PRMY MnL M!RC

-------

HuM. 11

and

Household,

or HHOLD

r.s

8.A

K.A

31.

31.

21.

21.

11.

11.

11.

~TOTAL
:iuM. i.a.ge
27

MQ CHAHGI

~
CONSTRUCIIOH
AAJOR
REPAIRS
MI!iR
REPAIRS
MAIHTEHAHCE
COUJ>i
TOTAL

u.ix

b.11.

ttw..

1.

11.

21.

Hwot.

,.,,,
2

4.

9.11. &.1~~

21.

41.

31.

Hi.1.J!t.

Hl

:t.

19.1/.

21.

21.

5.11.

11.

tlw4.

11.

31.

11.

11.

I.

9.11. 5.11.

1.

2S'l.
3

sx
24
241.
2Q
2Q'/.
29
2Q'/.

HW4.

4.9

21

17

I.

411.

21/.

8'l.

171.

11.

SY.

11.

99
100'!.

Lohari area

improvements

Table No. F'-16: Type

Educational

of
Building
background
household. (Lohari area)

or

OCOJP1H [ O

BUILD[tro
PJ:Pl\IF.S

1:inop

br.

~.

19

Head

or

KiAD

and

of

HOUSD!OLD

Havier

seu

29

21.

St. 29.21. 3.1/.

~us1- 1..1.br
ness

14

of

I \i01

t. irnv.

!J\p l d Ser<1. Se?"1.

8

F.O'~ TOTAL
Rtd t!uM.

17.

31.

i'.age

72

YES
1.

Kw!.

19.21. 14.2Y.
7

3.11.

3'l.

11.

l:r.

731.

Z6

00
'!.
t{wt.

7.lY. 6.1'!.

261.
1

Ii.A.
I.

COLUl'.H
TOTAL

Lohari

Hux.

r.

area

1:1.

l:t.
27

29

27.51. 29"!.

21.

S'l. 28 .5'l. 11'!.

28

11

4.

21.

41.

99
1W't.

F-13

Table No. F-18: Building repairs/improvements

categories. (l.onari area)

and Income

Lohari area
IHCot!E

BUILD I HG
PJ:PAIF.S.

L.W

L-OM

32

HM.

ROW TOTAL

CATEC-ORIES
tlll.ill- ilHilti

t'JUY

IDIM HIGH t!uK.

UK
19

i'.age

72

YES
8.11. 32.31. 19.21. 9.11.

Y.

1'9-"'.

16

16.21.

51.

21.

41.

131.

26

MO
31.

Y.

..

~.

H.a

261.

1
1Y.

Y.

11.

COUJ!tl

Hult.

11

4S

25

11

tom

Y.

111.

4.91.

251.

11/.

41.

Table No. F-19: Ownership

and

Building

99
101!1.

improvements.

(Lohari area)

ROW

IYPi Of IKPROOOOJn'

tom

OWiIRSHIP
H.A

K.C

KJ

MN

ME

HuM.

29

15

15

13

71

Y.

29.2Y.

s .11.

Hw4.

tlwt.
SIHGLE

15.21. 15.21. 13.21.

7

721.
22

l.IGOO!

JOUfi
I.

5.lY.

7.11. 31.

ttwt.

21.

21.

7.lY.

221.
4

GOOT.
Y.

4'l.

Hw4.

Y.

21.

DISPUirD

COLUHH

ttUK,

TOTAL
Y.

27

24

29

27.SY. 8.11. 24.SY. 21fl.

21.
29
29"1.

Lohari area

i'.age

99
100-1.

icr:-:
H.C
KJ
Kti
ME

Kot Applicable
Hew Construction
najor Rn-~i rs
niMr Repairs
nai ntenance works

F-14

Table

No. F-21: Willingness

to
and Income categories.
HILL I W?<ESS
TO f!t!Att<:IAL
PARTICmtJOH

H!COME

CATEGORIES

vu:y

18

15

Table No. F-20: Willingness

Income

IH LLI HC.Jfi:SS
TO LABOUR
PARTICIPP.TIOH

RO'tl TOTAL

!l11Utt

Hux.

VY.I !'IN!. m.M. HIGll

LW

Hw-t.

financial
contribution
(Yekki area)

I.age

YES
5'1. 15.1'1. 12.6'1.

'!.

19

tltut.

31

19

3.41.
3

Hu..~.

H.A
Y.

COLUl".H
TOTAL

lii.lJ!I.
Y.

9.8/.

9.St.
34

22'1.

42''

28'1.

6'1.

2'1.

"

Table No. F-23: Ownership

status
finance. (Yek.ki area)

IULLI~S

mPUm
COLU~
TOTAL

Willingness

K.A

22

54

78

'l.

1S. 41.

45.3'l.

1.7'1.

~.

19

18

I.

15 .9'1.

15.11.

~.
GOO!.

TO W!HNCIAL
~c-N

1.

HO

COLUtfti
IOTAL

to

Im.

Y.

1.71.
43

74

'!.

36'/.

621.

21.

115.1'1. 2Q.2/.

HuM.
Y.

21/.

SY.

Y.a.ge
-

4Q

341.
73

Sitr.JJ:

311.

JOIHT

27.

GOO!.

21.

DISPum

SY.

..i.

1 59

26

34

2sx

221.1421.

.- "

61.

2'1.

100'1.

and

Willingness

status

TO LABOUR
ll

1...-u

. l'M

48

1.

21.a'I.

4{i.3'l.

3 .41.

14

21

17 .61.

1.71.

11.71.

Hw\.

Y.

1.?Y.

Hu.it.

I.age

78
65'l.
37
31Y.

2
21.

I.

ROW TOTAL

~.

H.A

26

I.

us

~.
lii.JJ(.

COUJttl
TOTAL

61/.

2.s~d 2.s1.

HS

651.

100-1.

wmm~s

I.age

119

25

~"ITRSHIP

~.

TOTAL

24

Table No. F-22: Ownership

labour. (Yekki area)

37

1.7'l. J

13

Hux.
H.A

10ttl.

~.
SHIGLI

1.

us

~.

YES

JOIH'I

and

Pi t'TTCTNT

OMHERSHIP

627.

21.

59

Hu..

HO

26

HIGH

4.2'1. B.31. 7.6Y. 0.SY. 1. 71.

1~.

15. 9'l. 26'1. 15.91. 2.5'1. 1.71.

'!.

IMEN!.

and

ROH TOTAL

pllijjj

23

Jabour

area)

CA!EGORIES

LO'J lmK.

'!.

74

HO
I

L.W

voluntary

(Ye!d:.i

YES

36'1.
2

Itt<:O!I!
\/L'f!

tm.

43

to

categories.

2'l.

1.?Y.

~.

40

73

'!.

341.

61Y.

51.

us
100'!.

to

F-15

Table No. F-25: Willingness

and Occupation

to financial contribution
of Head of household.

(Yekld area)

WILLIHGXESS
fIHAHCIAL
PARTICIPATIOH

O<:OIPA II OH

Hf.Al)

OF

12

Hwt.

15

ROW TOTAL

Of HOOSDJOU

,tr

!im)y iX.5 i - La.hr Hawkri;,cif

kpr. ness
iixpld

\iollt.
111.
Sel"J. Serv ,

Un-

Rtd

i'.Mpld !WI.

i'.age

43

Z.Si~

1. 7~~

6.71.

5Y.

YES
9.SY. 4.2'l. 4.2i~

10.1Y.,12.6Y.

i.

ttwi.

Z4

Y.

29.2:!.

15

3~'l.
2

74

HO
6. 7Y. 2.SY. 9.SY. 12.6Y.

Hux.

_l

Y.

COWMH

36

23

21

13

.,

, 3lt!.

191.

3/..

2:t.

171.

'

111.

SY.

81.

Table No. F-24: Will!ngness

to
voluntary
Occupation of Head of household.
area)

IULLita<ESS

LABOUR
~RTICIPATIOH

yrs

21.

Q.S:t.

9.SY.

Im.

tom

Im.

621.

N.A

5.91. 1.7'l.

labour
(Yek.k.i

119

2
2Y.

100'1.

and

OCOJPA!Iott OF H!:A~ Of HOOSD!OLD

R<iW TO!AL
:Snop ll11.51- La.hr Ha~kr ~e If 1~1t.1tr1v.
UnRtd
kpr. ness
f.:(pld !iUM. i'.age
U\pld Se?"'J. Se?"'J.

11

'

I.

9.2/.

7 .61. 1.11.

Hux.

23

14

6
5Y.

14

4.21. 1.7/.

40

2.5/. 1.11.

SY.

5Y.

341.
73

HO
I.

Hux.
ti.A
/.

COWl'IH
TOTAL

B.31. 11.8/. B.81.

2

1.7Y. 11.8/. S.9Y.

r. 71.

a.Bl.

611.

UY.

9.SY. 0.SY.

tiuM.

36

23

21

13

Y.

3~1.

191.

31.

21.

171.

lli:

81.

6
SY.

'

8'l.

2
2'l.

us
11:!9"!.

F-16

Table No. F-27: Willingness

to

financial

contribution

and Educational background of the

of household. (Yekki area)

MI LLIMGHESS
FI!iAHCIAL
~RTICI~TIOH

roocm OHAL

BACXGROUKD

HIL PRMY MIDL KTRC

Hwt.

13

Y.

H!.91.

YES
Hux. 27

'

12

Head

or Hf.AD or RHOIJ
F.A

B.A

M.A

St.

4.2/. 19.1/. 2.SY. 2.SY. 9.87.

16

12

ROW TOTAL
Hu.M. Y.a.ge
43
361.
74

HO

St. 13.4;.~ 19.l'l. 3.41. Ut.

Y.

22.?Y.

Hwl.

Y.

9.SY.

8.SY.

621.

8.31.
2

M.A

COLll>t(
TOTAL

21.

/o!ll.M.

41

12

21

24

12

z us

3St.

lQ-1.

17Y.

29'!.

6/.

Ht:.

21.

Table No. F-26: Willingness

to

voluntary

Educational
background of the
Household. (Yekki area)

IU LL HKifilSS

ThJCATIOttAL EACXGROUKD

LABOUR

~RTI crrsn OH
Hu.K.

HIL POO MIDL Pl'TF.C

11

9.2'1.

St.

7 .61.

4.2/.

12

19

labour
of

HM!.

and

Head

or Hf.AD or HHOIJ
f .A

B.A

M.A

ROW TOTAL

tm.

Y.age

49

YES
'/.

tm. 28

341.

4.21. 3 .41.
2

73

HO
'/.

23.St.

Hu.M.

4.21. 19.11. 16/.

1.77. 4.21. 1.71.

'

ff.A
I.

COLUIO<
TOTAL

1.71. 8.81.

611.

2.51.

Hu.M.

41

12

21

24

12

351.

Htt.

171.

29"!.

61.

Ht!.

21.

S:r.

119
Hl~t.

F-17

Table No. F-28: Willingness to improve building

Occupation of Head of household. (Yekki

and

area)

llILLI WJH!SS

OCCUPll TI OH

IKPROOE

1:ioop

BUILD I MGS.

kpr.
Htul.

29

14

or

HrAD

Of

rius1- Lahr
ness

Hawlcrj:>etf

HC.fJSDlOLD

ltiovt. ,tr1v.

Uipld Serv , Serv,

Rtd

~ IOIAL
unUlpld tm. i'.age
2

19

SY.

8 .41. 2.51. 1.71. 1.71.

58

Y!S
16.81. 11.81. a.SY.

I.

liw4.

16

15

SY.

5.91.

49Y.
61

MO
13. 41. 7.6/. 2.SY. 1.?Y. 12.6Y. 2.51.

1.

COUJ!ti
TOTAL

Nwt.
'!.

511.

36

23

21

13

31l"!.

19/.

3Y.

2Y.

171.

11/.

81.

81.

2'!.

Table No. f-29: Willingness

to
improve building
Educational background of the Head of
Household. (Yek.ki area)

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUtID OF HEAD -OF liHOLD

BUILDINGS

HIL

PRM'i

~-

14

12

u.sx

6.7x

ia.ix

~.

27

YES

f.A

B.A

11

9.2x

4.2X

6. 7:t.

lJ

100-1.

and

lolII.LIHGNISS
TO IMPROVE

KlDL KTRC

us

K.A

~TOTAL
Im.

i'.age

58
49X

61

HO

x
COLUHM
TOTAL

Nll1'.

1.

22.7'1. 3.41. 7.6:t. 10.9:t.

1.7Y. 3.41. 1.7Y.

41

12

21

24

12

35Y.

19'1.

17:t.

20'/.

6X

Ht/.

2X

51Y.
119
109'/.

F-18

Table No. F-30: Ownership

status
and
improve building .. (Yekki area)

WILLIMGXESS
TO IMPP.Ol,IE
BUILDiliS.

Willingness

smus

OWHERSHIP

ROW

mr.iLE

JOIIG'

C--0'.'T.

tiu..ot.

35

29

1.

29. 41.

16.81.

1.11.

9.81.

Hui..

43

17

'!.

36.lY.

14.3'1.

8.8'1.

DISPUm Mui<\,

to

tom

Table No. f-31: Willingness

Intention to shift.

WILLlHGHESS TO
IP!PRV!JE
BUlllIMGS.

HO
,,
COIJJ~
TOTAL

Hwl.

Y.

651.

31'1.

2'!.

2'!.

IHCOO
Vl.ifi

BUIIJIHGS
Hux.

CAHGORIES

LOW

LOH

~.

33

17

mix.
HO

Sir.
119
H!Q'f.

and

COLUttf
TOTAL

lfIDI.

17

17

Mm!. HIGH Hux.

2

i'.age

COLUl'ni
TOTAL

17.61. 14.31. 14.31.

Im.

26

58

Y.

22'l.

421. 281.

34

Im.
I.

tiw(,

I ss

16.81. JUI.

'

WILLIHC.~S
TO IMPROOE
BUIIJIIHGS.

491.

YES

491.

51

7.61. 42.S'l.

61

8.S:r.

511.
I

29

89

24/.

751.

tx

100'1.

to

improve

119

building

loan. (Yekki area)

TP.00 TOHAF.DS

LOOH

ROW

YES

HO

H.A

HuM.

Htu\,

32

24

'!.

26 .91.

20.2/.

2Y.

511.

HO

let!'!.

COLUMN
TOTAL

61

6
5'!.
7

6'!.

2Y.

us

and

I.age

TOTAL
I.age

58

HO
'!.

38

building

ROM TOTAL

4..21. 27. ?'!. 14.31. 8.81. 1.71.

21

2Q

improve

~TOTAL

H.A

Table No. F-33: Willingness

YES
I.

HO

Trend towards

11!!Ult

I.

491.

building

YES

YES

61

37

Table No. F-32: Willingness

to improve
Income categories. (Yekki a1 ea)

WILLIMGXESS
TO IP!PROOE

58

78

TO

l\lllii

I.age

ltwt.
YES

IHTOOiotl

to

(Yekk! area)

liu)\.

61

I.

51.31.

t!u.M.

32

24

63

I.

271.

28'!.

531.

58
4.97.
61
Slt.

us
109'!.

and

F-19

Table No. f-34: Trend towards loan and Preference

source. (Yek.k.i area)

PP.EIT"n.DiCE FOR 1/.IP.H SOIJR'CE

TREND
TOWARUS
LOA It

H.A BAHK HlifC OiHD

tm.

13

IP.00
T~RDS
IAAH.

RC4l TOTAL
i:iHrtA

.tiHIU\
t
illili'('

loan Table No. F-35: Trend

towards
categories. (Yekki area)

.OT!H1!

12

tm.

/.age

IHCOHE
\'U\1'

Nwt.

32

LOW

21

loan

CATEGORIES
IUJH- lll\Jil
lj!(
MDIM

ROM

HIGI

Income

and

tom

Hrut. i'.age
32

YES

YES
Hl.91. 1.7Y. 3.41. 18.11. 9.81.

I.

Hwt.

271.

Hwt.

24

24

HO

HO
I.

2!UI.

liu.M.

63

2.51. 17.61.

i.

20'/.

9.81. 9.81.

1Q

1.7Y. 9.21. S.4Y.

Hw4.

63

11

Si.

21

18

18

631.

Y.

62.SY.

COLlJMH

tm.

87

13

12

tom

I.

731.

111.

21.

31.

18"/.

11.

Table No. f-36:

Preference

119

COUJMH
TOTAL

100'!.

loan source and

background of Head of household.

17.61. 15.11. 15.11.j

Y.

tfw4.

26

59

Y.

22Y.

42Y..

Educational
(Yek.ki

area)

PP.m:RU{(E

EOOCATIOWIL BACXGROO~

LOOK
SOURCE.

KIL PP:KY M[DL lfRC

HuM.

34

15

19

or Hfl!D or HHOLJ)
r .A

B.A

K.A

ROW

tom

Hux. /.age
87

H.A
Y.
tiuM.

28.6/. UY. 12.6Y. 161.

4

3.41. 6.7Y. 1.7Y.

737.
13

BAHX
Y.

3.41. 2.5Y. 1.1Y. 2.5/.

11:<

9.81.

Hux.

Y.

UY.

8.SY.

Huft.

Y.

9.81.

1.1:<

Ui.

Hu.M.

HBFC
2Y.
4

OTHERS
.BAHX

31.
12

HBFC

r.

~HK

Im.

Ht/.

9.8:t. 3 .41. 0.87. 1.7Y. 9.81. 2.51.

OTHERS
COLlllt{
TOTAL

8.8Y.

1.

ttw.. 41
Y.

J5Y.

lX

12

21

24

12

18'/.

l?Y.

29"!.

6Y.

Ht/.

2Y.

119
199"!.

24

UY.
6

Ii.A

H.A

271.

SY.

20'1.
63

531.

34

I 2s1.

6Y.

2/.

119
100'1.

F-20

Table No. f-37:

Preference loan source and Occupation of

Head of household. (Yek.ki area)

PRITU.D{CE
L-OAH
SOURCE.

OCCUPATIC.ff
~nop

kpr.

HuM.
K.A
1.

Hwt.

I 21

HEAD

Of

Of HOUSDIOIJ

16

L'tpld Hu.it.

Ulpld Serv. Serv.

ness

19

22.71. 13.41. 2.St. 1.7'l. 161.

6

ROW TOTAL

susi- Lahr Ha11kr l!>elf l~vt. rnv. Rtd urr-

I 4.Z'l.
2

i'.age

37

S.9'l. 5.91. 0.S'l.

731.
13

BAX
1.

me

Hu.M.
1.

Hwt.

5.11. 2.SY.

UY.

111.

1.11. 9.S'l.

9.81.

9.S'l.

21.
4

OTHERS
1.

BAI{!(

1. 71. 8.81.

tlu.M.

31

Q.81.

12

HBFC

/.

BAMK

Hwt.

2.51. UY.

0.81.

0.8/. 5.11.

Ht!.

OTHERS

r.

cow~

HuM.

36

23

21

13

JOYAL

39'!.

191.

31.

21.

111.

Hr.

17.

9.8Y.

' '
81.

8Y.

2
21.

us
l(lQ"f.

Appendix

G: Sample Questionnaire used for survey

G-1

SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE: PILOT PROJECT AREA

Date

Interviewer

Serial No,

Street No.

Property No.

Area

Q. 1 Respondent's name-----------------------------------------------*If

not HOH, then respondent's relationship

to HOH.

Q. 2

Household:
No. 1

Household
No. 2

Household
No. 3

Household:
No. 4

---------------------------------------------------------:
Occupation of
HOH.

I
I

t
I

I
I

I
I

I
I
I

---------------------------------------------------------:
Educatnl.:
back-grd :
of HOH.
Total No.
persons
in each
Length
stay

or:

I
I
I
I

---------------------------------------------------------:
Occupancy]

status.

l
:

---------------------------------------------------------:
rented:
Amount or:
rent per l
month

If

I
I
I

==========================================================

G-2

Q.3 Use of Building; Please specify by each floor.

*(Multiple choice)

1st.

Floor \ Use:

l 2nd. l 3rd. l

4th.

5th.

-----------:-------: ------: ------: ------: ------:

Residential:

-----------
-------: ------' l
, ------ ------'
Commercial:
l
:
l
----------- -------' ------ ------' ------'
,
Office

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I
I

I
I

I
I

-----------'
-------' ------' ------ ------ ------
Industry
----------- ------- ------'
, ------
,
Others; Pls
specify

I
I

================================================
*If residential use only;

go to Q.6

Q.4 If type of use other than residential;

nature of use.

Please specify the exact

Q. 5 Please specify the number of Rorkers/users,

Q.6 Ownership status;

*If 'single owner'

other than residents

Single owner
Joint oxne r-s h i p
go to Q. 10.

Q. 7 Ownership divided among how many owners:

Q. 8 Do other owners also live/use this building;

YES/NO

Q.9 Decision about property, made by ONE person--------------Through CONSENSUS of opinion--------Others.

Q. 10 0Rnership title through, - Claim(1947)

- Inheritance
- Purchase
- Others, Pls specify--------------Q. 11 If Purchased,
*If' NO'

Do you know,

go to Q.13

Q.12 If YES;Pls.specify;

Rhy did the previous owner sell.

YES/NO

G-3

Q.13 Are you planning to shift to some other area.

*(Respondents
opinion only)
Q. 14 If YES;

Q.

15

If

NO;

YES/NO

RHY?

R'HY?

Q. 16 Are you aware of the LDA upgrading/conservation

Ralled City.
*If 'NO' go to Q.19

project for the

YES/NO

Q.17 Khat improvement works were undertaken in this area.

Q. 18 Are you satisfied with the improvement

area.
*If 'YES' go to Q.21

works carried out in your

YES/NO

Q. 19 Rhat in your opinion should be done to improve this area.

Rank.

Q.20 Kindly rank the above improvements,

in your opinion.

according to their importance

Q.21 Have you carried out any repairs/improvements

*If 'YES'
Q.22

If 'NO'

*Please

in your building.
YES/NO

Please go to Q. 23

Please specify the reason for not doing so;

go to Q.32

Q.23 Rhen were the improvement carried out----------------~----------

G-4

Q.24 Khat improvements/repairs

Q.25

have been done.

Khat ~as the total cost of these improvements.

-----------------~

Q.26 Khich of the following were used to inance the improvement Rorks

Source of:
finance

Amount:

Rate of l
interest:

Payback:
time
:

Repayment
installment:

-----------------------------------------------------:
Savings
-----------------------------------------------------:'
Bank loan :
-----------------------------------------------------:
I

I
I

HBFC loan

I
I

I
I

I
I

--------------------~--------------------------------:
I
I
I
I

Others; Pls:
specify

======================================================
Q.27 The repayment installments are on;
-monthly basis
-quarterly basis
-half yearly basis
-annually
Q.28 Did you face any problems in arranging for this loan;
*If 'NO' go to Q. 30
Q. 29

If

YES;

Pls.

YES/NO.

specify,

Q.30 Are you satisfied with the terms and conditions of the loan.
YES/NO
*If' YES' go to Q. 32
Q.31 If NO; what in your opinion should be the terms and conditions
for the loans.

G-5

*Instruction

for Interviewers:

Q.32
Please tick off (discreetly)
observed, by you, during the interview.

the

below

mentioned

items;if

TV.-----VCR.----Ref ri gera tor.

Deep freezer.
Music system.

SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE:
o"uestion No.
project area.

TEST AREA

1 to 1-8 are same as, in the questionnaire

Q. 17 Please list the improvement

upgrading/conservation project.

for the pilot

works proposed by the LDA

Rank.

Q.19 Please rank the above mentioned improvement

to their importance in your opinion.

works, according

Q. 20 In your opinion are the facilities

sufficient for improving your area.
*If 'YES' go to Q.23

proposed by
YES/NO

Q.21
Rhat in your opinion should be done
conditions in your area.

to

improve
Rank

the

the

project

physical

G-6

Q.22 Please rank your preferences,

your opinion.

according to their importance in

Q.23 The LDA project cost is Approximately Rs300/= per capita for
improving physical and social infrastructure. Are you willing to
contribute financially towards this cost~
YES/NO
*If 'NO' go to Q.25
Q.24 If YES; How much,
Q. 25 Are you willing to contribute some labour to the project.
*If 'NO' go to Q.27
Q. 26 If YES;

YES/NO

How much per day-----------How much per week-----------

Q.27 Rhen the facilities in your area are improved, will you be willing
to improve the physical condition of your building.

YES/NO
*If 'YES' go to Q.29
Q.28 If NO; RHY?

*Please

go to Q.37.

Q.29 If YES;

what improvements,

would you like to make.

Q.30 How much amount can you spend on such improvements

savings. Rs.
_

from your own

Q.31 Rhat will you do if the cost of improvements is more than the
above mentioned amount.
Please specify;--------------------------------------------------

Q.32 Rould you be willing to take loan to meet the balance amount.

YES/NO
If 'YES' go to Q.34
Q.33 If NO; Rhy ------------------------------------------------------

G-7

Q.34 Rhich of the following sources of financing Rould you be willing

to utilize.
Rank
- Bank loan
- HBFC loan
- Others;Pls specify
Q. 35 Please
preference.

rank

the

above sources of

finance,

in

your

order

Q.36 Please indicate your reason for placing "loan from other sources"
as your first preference.

*Instruction

for IntervieRers:

Q. 37 Please tick off (discreetly) the below mentioned items;if

observed, by you, during the intervieR.

TV.-----VCR.----Refrigerator.
Deep freezer.
Music system.

of

G-8

SUMMARY OF OBSERVATION SHEET: BUILDING REPAIRS/IMPROVEMENTS.

Street:

No.

No.

or:

Bldgs

No. of:
impro-l
ved

Change in use:

Type of improvementl

--------------------: --------------:
Maj

l Min l No chngl YES

NO

Type of
change

----------------------------------------------------------------------:
I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

----------------------------------------------------------------------:
----------------------------------------------------------------------:
----------------------------------------------------------------------:
----------------------------------------------------------------------:
----------------------------------------------------------------------:
----------------------------------------------------------------------:
----------------------------------------------------------------------:
I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

l
I

I
I

I
I

----------------------------------------------------------------------:
------------------------------~---------------------------------------'
----------------------------------------------------------------------'
----------------------------------------------------------------------:
----------------------------------------------------------------------:

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I

I
I
I

----------------------------------------------------------------------:
I

I
I

G-9

STRUCTURED INTERVIEHS:
Policy point No. 1

: Stronglyl Agree: Indiffer-l Dis-: Stronglyl

: Agree :
l ent
agree: disagreel

------------------------------: --------:

---------

--------

1
I
I
I
No action should be taken
I
I
I
I
I
Hhich is likely to result in a:---------------------------------------:
major changes in the overall ! Please elaborate upon your opinion;in:
density, population si2e and : vieR of the Administrative, Physical &
income patterns.
l Financial implications of this point.

l
l

======================================================================

G. 1:

In Bhaktapur, streets
living and work place

are

G. 2:

Rords
cannot convey th
ntrinsic b eauty of thesee
iworks

G. 3:

Masterful pieces to compare

Rith any in the world

a.

4:

A semblance of conditions
before the project

G. 5:

Sudden ly the mood,

alters
subtly.

the

feel

>

'i..: -

. :,ff~:.

[.

. _
-.::, ""'J"t;.~
IW
(
-1

G. 6:

A
toHn
m restored
original
edieva1

to
eleg

.
lts

a nee

"

">: ..

G. 7:

Examples of restoration
adaptive reuse

and

G. 8:

New but compatible with old Guided change

G. 8. 1:

Areas not completely

improved, also shoR signs
of building improvement

G. 9.

The new form negates the

traditional style,
effective control possible?

G. 1 O:

The

effects

tourism

of

potential
desirable ?

increased

- tourism

Appendix

H: The

Bhaktapur

Report

H-1

BHAITAPUR; NEPAL

AN OVERVIER OF THE NATIONAL. CONTEXT

Nepal
is
nestled
in the midst of
the
Rorld's
highest
mountains Kith more than a quarter of its land mass over 3000 meters in
altitude.
It is strategically situated between the vast plains of the
Indian sub-continent
to the South,
and the high Tibetian plateau of
China to the North;
spanning over an area of over 147,181 sq kms and a
total population of 15 million. According to the official statistics the
country had a population growth rate of 2.67 percent between the period
1971-1981;
the population distribution in 1981,
was estimated to be 6
percent urban and 94 percent rural.
The percentage of economically
active population was approximately 67 percent in 1976; of this about 94
percent were engaged in agriculture and allied activities against nearly
1% in manufacturing industries.
The country is one of the least developed countries
with a per
capita income of $140 in 1981. It is heavily dependent on Agriculture in
which almost 94 percent of the active population are engaged in
producing approximately 60 percent of the GDP~ Industrial development is
still in its infancy and a vast majority of people are helplessly
depending upon the subsistence
agriculture.
Moreover;
industrial
products
are predominantly
of daily consummerable
goods with
a
negligible export potential.
Industrial production contributes only 5
percent of the total GDP and provides employment to not more than 1% of
the active labour force.
If cottage industries are excluded from the
industrial sector,
then its share in the national economy Rill become
negligible.
Tourism is a major and important source of foreign exchange
earnings and has expanded g~eatly in recent years.
The country's
principal natural resources are the land,
forests and Rater.
Some
mineral resources are known to exist but are not yet being exploited
commercially.
The primary source of energy is fuelwood;
estimated to
account for almost 90 percent of the total energy consumption,
at a
heavy cost in terms of deforestation and soil erosion.

BHUCTUUR
Bhaktapur,
aiso knoHn as Bhadgaon,
one of the three cities of
Kathmandu Valley,
is located about 15 kilometers east of the Nepalese
capital of Kathmandu.
The population of Bhaktapur is primarily of Newar
or1g1n.
Traditionally,
the Newars built their towns very differently
than the other Asian cultures. Even their smallest farming villages have
a "city" feel to them,
for the Newar's preserved fertile farmland by
building on high places.
The towns Rere packed onto these small spaces
and the Newar's artistic abilities extended to the arrangement
of
streets and squares. Bhaktapur, is not an exception to this style.

CONDITIONS IN 1974
Bhaktapur,
a
40,000 inhabitants

town covering 250 acres had

a
in 1974.
Two-thirds
of
the

population
of
population were

H-2

employed
in agriculture
and thus subject to
frequent
seasonal,
unemployment.
The average monthly income of a family was about US$ 40/=
in addition to this 74% of the population
was
illiterate.
The
Bhaktapurians
suffered
from
rather poor living conditions.
The
physical
infrastructure
was extremely deficient:
drinking
water
provided was insufficient and unhealthy,
rain water and sewage were
conducted in open channels along the streets,
and toilets were
nonexistent,
people relieved themselves
in public places.
Housing
conditions~
were characterized
by damp,
dark,
and draughty
rooms,
leaky roofs and dilapidated walls. Public buildings and temples were
not maintained properly.
New houses were constructed, regardless of the
traditional
style,
in
materials
alien
to
the
old building
tradition.
This neglect of the old style
gradually
destroyed
the historically valuable appearance of the town. The clear-cut urban
boundary
was
broken up by the unplanned expansion
of
human
settlements into the environs.
The growing demand for firewood led to
vast deforestation
and to increasing difficulties in providing this
kind
of fuel.
Due to the unhealthy living
conditions
and
insufficient medical
provision and care,
infectious diseases spread
among the people.
This sad picture was the result of a long
period
of low economic activity in the town,
a shortage of jobs,
especially.
outside agriculture;
and low income levels.
Other contributing factors
to
this decay have been an ignorance
of
proper
hygiene and
nutritional
standards in the population,
a lack of organizational
and
technological improvements and an inadequate administrative system.

THE PROJECT
In order to improve the living conditions of the people and to
initiate a self sustained development process, the Bhaktapur Development
Project was started in July 1974 as a joint venture of the Governments
of Nepal and Federal Republic of Germany.
The project was divided into
three successive periods between 1974-1986.
During the first phase,
1974-1976,
works concentrated.on
formulation
of an overall
strategy
for
development,
restoration,
town
planning
and
physical
infrastructure
in the north-eastern part of the town.
The project
proposals for the first phase were prepared by German consultants,
with little or no invol~ement from the Nepali side or from the town
people themselves.
This created a feeling of discontent
among the
Bhaktapurians
and
resulted in some problems for the
efficient
implementation
of
the project.
In the second phase,
1976-1980,
planning and construction activities continued.
However,
to overcome
the problems faced due to the lack of involvement of the local people in
the
planning
and
decision making processes;
a task force was
formed,
consisting
of
Nepali
professionals
from
different
institutions.
Participation
was the key word of the third phase of
BDP,
1980-1986.
The emphasis in this phase was not only on programmed
physical improvement, as a goal of the project; equal stress was laid on
development
of human resources,
so that
the
Bhaktapurians
could
develop
their
own skills.
Thus,
promoting self reliance and
independence
rather than dependence on the project.
In this phase,
project
responsibility
was
gradually
shifted
to the
Nepalese
government and by the end of 1983,
German involvement was reduced to
two full time and one part time advisors.
Furthermore, according to

H-3

the initial program

during 1983-1986 all BOP contributions were to be
withdraHn. Currently the FolloH-up program is in operation, designed to
provide a firm foundation for tRo neRly created institutions;
1. Nagar Panchayat Technical Unit.
2. Monument Maintenance Office.
These institutions are charged with continuing unfinished tasks
of the development work.
Since the institutional arrangements and
financial
resources
were not clear
for the neRly
established
institutions;
thus, under the follow-up program, 1986-1991, German
assistance will continue to these institutions,
in the form of an
annually
decreasing financial input, matched by a
correspondingly
increasing input from the Nepalese government. Rith the completion of
the
follow-up
program
financial
assistance
from
the
German
government will cease.
Thus, "the interpretation of that original BDP
goal - - - to improve the living conditions of the local people of
Bhaktapur
- will
then
be entirely up to the local people
themselves, Harking through their own institutions".(Haland,1982)

A CRITICAL VIERPOINT
In October 1986, BDP closed its office at Bhaktapur, and handed over
the responsibility for completion of the unfinished tasks to the Magar
Panchayat (only 25% Hork of street resurfacing remaining to
be
completed).
The difference between before and after the project
conditions is clearly visible even to a casual visito~
Hhile walking
through the town, suddenly the mood, the feel alters subtly, almost
imperceptibly, age old funk and decrepitude gives way to more defined
surroundings. The roadRay is neatly bricked in geometric patterns, the
decorative nuances are clear and bright, the gilt rich, the brass
polished, in short the whole area has been restored to its original
medival
elegance. In comparison to Kathmandu, the capital city of a
Kingdom (usually the most developed city of a country is the capital,
due to the concentration of both financial and administrative power),
after completion of the remaining work(?),
Bhaktapur would fair far
better than Kathmandu. Thus, in this sense it can be termed as something
artificial, in the context of an underdeveloped country like Nepal,
which Rith its constrained economic resources, is unable to maintain the
improved level of physical infrastructure. This observation is supported
by the following; In the area improved during the initial phase of the
project, noH, at some places the street surface requires some repair
Rork. The Chairman, Bhaktapur Nagar Panchayat, stated lack of funds as
the reason for delay in carrying out of necessary maintainence Rorks.
BDP, with its integrated approach to urban development in a historic
and traditional toRn as Bhaktapur, may be termed as a shoR case for the
achievements through such an intervention. HoKever, complete replication
of the same elseRhere, if not impossible is extremely difficult, in view
of the enormous financial implications of the project. The total project
cost of BDP in Nepali currency is NR.
134.0 million, (the German aid
accounts for 65% of this amount).
There can be no denying of the fact
that, the BDP, has achieved its objective of improved living conditions
for the Bhaktapurians. On the other hand, the project has had an effect

H-4

contrary
to the objective of preservation and
unique undisturbed culture and and built form.

conservation

of

this

Bhaktapur has become one of the major tourist attraction in Nepal,

and daily approximately 1000 foreign tourists come to visit this town.
Consequently,
resulting in an unprecedented growth and development of
tourism related commercial activities,
i.e.
curio shops,
handicraft
shops,
resturants and a rest house,
in the foreseeable
future these
activities are expected
to grow with the increasing daily influx of
visitors.
Secondly,
according to the Nagar Panchayat figures, annually
300 applications are approved for new buildings,
as well as, for repair
of the existing ones and roughly only 50% of all applications
are for
buildings in the area outside the old town.
Implying the remaining
applications pertain to repair and construction of buildings in the old
areas of Bhaktapur.
Unfortunately,
the buildings
repaired and constructed
completely
negate the traditional i~iom of built form and style.
Inspite of the
fact that an elaborate set of regulations
and recommendations
for
designing new buildings
into old settings were formulated
by the
consultants of the project. HoRever, these seem to be ineffective mainly
due to lack of understanding and enforcement poRers. Thus, the process of
change in the built form,
due to deterioration,
has been replaced by a
rather rapid change process through reconstruction and repair. Moreover,
this type of change is undesirable,
as it is contradictory
to the
objectives of the project.
The enormous sum of money spent and 12 years of concerted efforts,
no doubt have resulted in increased
income opportunities (may be also
an increase in average income level, due to the additional income source
i.e; Tourism) and better living conditions
for the people of Bhaktapur.
However, in view of its increased economic potential and close proximity
to Kathmandu, there is a genuine danger that, strong financial interests
may move in to encash upon this economic opportunity.
Presumably,
and
rightly so,
these outsiders Rould have no other interest in the toHn
except economic gain.
In the absence of strong legislative control
and
an effective institutional setup,
the consequential rapid change may
undo the achievements
of the project.
The crucial question at this
juncture is, "Has the BDP achieved its objectives in their true sense?"