Modeling and control of PV-Battery

storage system connected to grid by a

multilevel inverter
1

Kamal Himour 1 , Kaci Ghedamsi1 , and El Madjid Berkouk2

Laboratory of Renewable Energy Mastery, University of Bejaia, Algeria.
2
Control Process Laboratory, ENP of Algiers.
Himour.kamal@hotmail.fr, kghedamsi@yahoo.fr
emberkouk@yahoo.fr

Abstract
This paper aimed to evaluate the use of photovoltaic-battery storage systems to supply electric power
in the distribution grid through a multilevel inverter. In our setting, electricity is generated from two
PV generators and is used to supply the demand from grid. Excess electricity generated from the PV
can be stored in two battery storage systems to be used later on. Each battery storage system is
connected to each capacitor of the DC link of a three level diode clamped inverter which is connected
to the grid by a traditional three phase transformer. The proposed control has a hierarchical structure
with both a grid side control level to regulate the power and the current injected to the grid and two
input side regulation units. The system operator controls the power production of the two PV
generators by sending out reference power signals to each input side regulation unit, the input side
regulation units regulate the voltage of each capacitor of the DC link, control the voltage and the state
of charge of each battery storage system.

Keywords
Photovoltaic generator, MPPT, Battery storage, 3 level DCI, Space vector modulation,
P-Q control .

I.

Introduction

Nowadays, renewable energies are considered as the mean to reduce fuel consumption and air
pollution. But, the stochastic variations of the climatic conditions can induce several
constraints in the electrical power generation system . Energy fluctuations can have a
significant effect on the design and performances of the individual photovoltaic systems, as well as
on the quality of the power delivered to the network and to the consumers.
In grid-connected PV systems (GCPVs) [1-2]. The generated PV power is fed to the grid, or it supplies
the linear and nonlinear loads connected at the ac side. A fair amount of literature [3- 4] has dealt with
the operation of hybrid systems. In some hybrid systems [5-6] , battery storage system is used to
compensate the mismatch between the generation and demand. Many grid-connected photovoltaic
systems use a three phase inverter to perform this connection [7-9]. However, the classical threephase inverter is very limited concerning its output voltage levels. It only allows obtaining three
phase-to phase output voltage levels. To overcome this problem, multilevel inverters have been
proposed. There are several attractive features that make this kind of power converters very
interesting for the power industry, such as, reduced current and voltage harmonics on the ac
side, high voltage capability and low dv/dt. The topology, modulation strategy and performance of
these power converters have been extensively studied over the last decades. In this way several
multilevel topologies have been proposed [10-12]. The most used are the cascaded H-bridge inverter,
the neutral point clamped, and the flying capacitor. Due to this features many multilevel converters
have been used for grid connected photovoltaic systems [13-15]. In addition to the above attractive
features of the multilevel inverters, in medium-power and high-power applications safety and

robustness are also important. One of the interesting multilevel topologies is the three -level
diode clamped inverter topology [16].Beside multilevel inverters various pulse width modulation
(PWM) techniques have been also developed [17-20]. Space vector modulation (SVM)
technique is one of the most popular techniques gained interest recently. As a cheaper
alternative, this paper investigates the output quality of multilevel inverter to connect a photovoltaicbattery storage system to the grid.
In this paper, we want to evaluate the use of photovoltaic-battery storage systems to supply electric
power in the distribution grid, to investigate the energy output quality of multilevel inverters to
interface the PV and battery storage systems with the grid and to control the active and reactive power
injected to the grid. The proposed control has a hierarchical structure with both a grid side control
level to regulate the power and the current injected to the grid and input side regulation units. The
system operator controls the power production of the two PV generators by sending out reference
power signals to each input side regulation unit, the input side regulation units regulate the voltage of
each capacitor of the DC link, regulate the voltage and the state of charge of each battery storage
system.
The paper is organized as follows. In the next section, we present the global model and control of our
system: mathematical model of the photovoltaic generator, Maximum Power Point Tracker,
model of battery bank, model and control of the three level diode clamped inverter, control of the
global system. Then, in section 3 we present the simulation results and we terminate by a
conclusion in section 4.

II.

Global system modeling

Fig. 1 shows the configuration of the grid-connected PV battery storage system, which consists of two
PV generators , two DC/DC converters for MPPT, two battery banks connected to the DC link by
two bidirectional DC-DC converters and the three level diode clamped inverter connected to the grid
through a traditional three phase transformer.
DC Bus
Gpv1

Gpv2

DC/DC
Converter
MPPT

DC/DC
Converter
MPPT

Bs1

Battery Bank
Converter

Bs2

Battery Bank
Converter

Input side
regulation unit 1
P ref1

Rt, Lt

Udc1

G
R
I
D

Three
level

Udc2

DCI

Utility side regulation unit

-Power regulation
-Current regulation

Input side
regulation unit 2

Pg ref

Qg ref

P ref2

Pg ref

System operators
Ppv glob

Fig.1: Global PV-battery storage grid connection system.

II.1. Model of PV generator

The PV generator consists of electrically connected PV modules and it is modeled by physical
oriented equivalent circuits, including one or more diode.

The single diode equivalent circuit as shown in Fig. 2 is the most commonly used model for large PV
generators. Starting from the widely known photovoltaic cell electrical equivalent circuit, an
equivalent model for a more powerful PVG made of an (Ns x Np) array of PV cells, is established
[21].
Iph

Rs

Id
Rsh

Fig. 2:

Charge

Photovoltaic cell equivalent circuit.

The current source is the light generated current witch is directly proportional to the solar irradiation.
The series and the shunt resistances represent a voltage loss on the way to the external contacts and the
leakage current in the shunt path respectively. The mathematical model witch relates the output
current to the output voltage is given by the following expression:

Where:
: the photo-current, : the saturation current of diode, m : ideality factor,
and
:
series and parallel resistance, T : junction temperature, K : Boltzmann constant, q : electron charge.
In general, for a PVG involving an array of Ns cell connected in series and Np in parallel, its output
voltage current relation may be deduced from the basic cell equation 2 as follows.

II.2. Maximum Power Point Tracking

The PV array must operate electrically at a certain voltage which corresponds to the maximum power
point under the given operating conditions. To do this, a maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
technique should be applied. Various MPPT techniques like look-up table methods, perturbation
and observation (P & O) methods and computational methods have been proposed in the literature.
The perturb and observe(P&O), as the name itself states that the algorithm is based on the observation
of the array output power and on the perturbation (increment or decrement) of the power based on
increments of the array voltage or current. The algorithm continuously increments or decrements the
reference current or voltage based on the value of the previous power. The P&O is the simplest
method which senses the PV array voltage and the cost of implementation is less and hence easy to
implement [22].

II.3. Modeling of battery storage system

Lead acid batteries are used to guarantee several hours to a few days of energy storage. The model
representation of the lead-acid battery is shown in Fig. 3. The capacity of the battery is determined by
integrating the main reaction current
. To consider the increased gassing losses when charging the
battery at high voltage and temperature, here represented by the loss-current
, constitutes a
significant improvement over alternative battery models for the simulation of hybrid energy systems.
The state-of-charge can be calculated by referring the actual capacity to the rated capacity of the
battery, as expressed by equation 5[23].

SOC model

Capacity
model

SOC

Voltage
model

Gassing current
Loss model

Fig. 3:

General structure of battery model.

The main reaction current of the battery bank can be expressed as:
Where:
: Main battery reaction current (A),
: External battery current (A),
: Battery
gassing current (A).
The capacity model of the battery does not limit the charge or discharge current. Operation of the
system with excessive charge or discharge currents has to be prevented by the selection of
appropriately sized components and the implementation of a suitable control strategy. The actual
battery capacity can be determined as:
Where:
: Actual battery capacity (Ah)
: Initial battery capacity (Ah)
The state-of-charge can be calculated by referring the actual capacity to the rated capacity of the
battery:

The presented voltage model of the battery is based on the Expanded Kinetic Battery Model, which
has been presented in [23].
The voltage model considers that the battery terminal voltage depends on the following factors:
- Battery state-of-charge;
- Internal battery resistance;
- Magnitude and direction of battery current.
The voltage of a string of batteries is given by multiplying the battery voltage with the number of 12
Volt batteries in series:

Where:

: Voltage of battery bank (V),

: Number of 12 V batteries in series,

II.4. Model and control of the 3 level DCI

A three-phase three-level diode-clamped inverter is shown in Fig.4 [16]. Each leg is composed of two
upper and lower switches with anti-parallel diodes. Two series dc link capacitors split the dc bus
voltage in half and six clamping diodes confine the voltages across the switch within the voltages of
the capacitors. The necessary conditions for the switching states are that the dc link capacitors should
not be shorted and the output current should be continuous.

u c1

T11

T21

T31

T12

T22

T32

T13

T23

T33

T14

T24

T34

C1

UC

u c2

C2

VA

VC

VB

Fig.4: Three level diode clamped inverter (DCI).

II.4.1. Connection function
For each leg of the inverter, we define three connection functions; each one is associated to one of the
three states of the leg:

TABLE I : States of one leg of the three level DCI.

0
0
1
1

0
1
1
0

1
1
0
0

1
0
0
1

-Uc/2
0
Uc/2
unknown

Etat
N
O
P
-

As indicated in table 1, each leg of the inverter can have three possible switching states

,O N.

II.4.2. Output voltages

The output voltages of a three level diode clamped inverter are expressed as follows:

Fig. 5 shows the space vector diagram of the three level inverter. The output voltage space vector is
identified by combination of switching states
of the three legs. Since three kinds of switching
states exist in each leg, three level inverter has
switching states [16].

O PN

NPN

OPO
NON

NPO

NPP

OPP
NOO

NNO

NNP

OOP

NO P

PPN
PPO
OON

PO N

PPP V sVs POO

OOO
ONN
NNN

O NP

POP
ONO

PNN

PNO

PNP

Fig.5: Three level diode clamped inverter space vector diagram.

II.4.3. Simplified Space vector modulation
In SVPWM method the output voltage is approximated by using the nearest three output vectors that
the nodes of the triangle containing the reference vector changes from one region to another, it may
induce an output vector abrupt change. In addition we need to calculate the switching sequences and
switching time of the states at every change of the reference voltage location. In this paper, a new
method is proposed in which the three level inverter is decomposed into six space vector diagrams of
two level inverters. This modification can reduce considerably the computational time and reduce the
algorithm complexity [16].
II.4.3.1. correction of reference voltage vector
Having the location of a given reference voltage vector, one hexagon is selected among the six small
hexagons that contain the three level space vector diagram. Each hexagon is identified by a number s
defined as given by:

After selection of one hexagon, we make a translation of the reference vector

this hexagon.

towards the center of

TABLE II Correction of reference voltage vector

Hexagon
1
2
3

4
5
6

II.4.3.2. Determination of dwelling times

Ones the corrected reference voltage
and the corresponding hexagon are determined, we can apply
the conventional two level space vector PWM method to calculate the dwelling times, the only
difference between the two level SVPWM and the three level SVPWM is the factor 2 appearing at the
first two equations as shown in this equation:

II.4.3.3. Conversion and sequence of the switching states

The reference voltage vector
is approximated using the nearest three states which are nodes of the
triangle containing the vector identified as X, Y and Z. the optimum sequence of these states is
selected so as to minimize the total number of switching transitions. Its well known that these
sequences should be reversed in the next switching interval for minimum harmonic impact as given in
[16].

II.5. Energy conversion and management

The system operator controls the power production of the two PV generators by sending out reference
power signals to each input side regulation unit. In this paper a simply dispatching function distributes
power reference to inside regulation units based on a Proportional distribution of the available active
power.

The control structure is composed of two main blocs:

II.5.1. Grid side regulation
Fig.6 shows the structure of the grid side regulation [24-25].

Power

Current

Multilevel

Controller

Controller

control

Fig.6: Bloc diagram grid side control.

II.5.1.1. Power control

The active and reactive power (
voltage (
) and line current (

Reference currents (
powers (

) can be both expressed by using Park components of supply

) as follows:

) which allows setting the desired reference active and reactive

), as follows:

The unity power factor is obtained simply by setting the reactive power reference null. We can also
generate or absorb (
).
II.5.1.2. Current control
The vector current control in Park reference frame is carried out by using the synchronized reference
with the grid voltage (Fig. 7). The electric equations of the filter (
) connected to the grid are
given bellow:

Vsd
Vt d_ref
+

Cid

vb d_ref

s.Lt

Isd
Isq

s.Lt
Vt q_ref

-+

It d_ref

Ci q

vb q_ref

-+

It q_ref
Vsq

Decoupling

Compensation

Corrector

Fig. 7: Bloc diagram of the current control.

II.5.1.3. Multilevel control

The three level diode clamped inverter is controlled by the simplified space vector modulation like
presented in paragraph II.4.3.
II.5.2. Input side regulation units
The input side regulation units have two main objectives: control of battery bank storage system and
regulation of the DC link capacitor with a PI corrector who gives the reference current to inject into
the DC link capacitor.
Bidirectional DC-DC
I bat dc
converter

Battery bank

DC
V bat

DC
I bat

P bat ref

D bat
PI

Fig. 8: Input side control unit structure.

The battery is integrated to the DC-Iink via buck-boost DC/DC. The diagram block of the
battery converter control is illustrated in figure 9. The battery power reference is generated by
the supervisory controller. The PI regulator adjust the current ibat in order to follow the
reference ibatref, with an objective of charging or discharging the battery according to the
need.
Fig. 9 shows flow chart of operation of storage battery system.

Power informations

No

Yes
P pvi P ref i

Yes

Yes

No

Excess power
inj ected to
grid

No

SOC= SOC min

SOC= SOC max

SB charge
by PV
power

SB charge
by excess
power

inject to grid PV
power and deficient
power from SB

Fig. 9. Operation of storage battery (SB).

III.

Results simulation

The photovoltaic grid connexion system is simulated using SIMULINK-MATLAB. PV generators

have different irradiance profiles and temperature. Each PV generator is composed of ten series
connected arrays.

Irradiance profil of Gpv1

3500

Irradiance profil of Gpv2

1.2

Global PV power

3000

PV power (W)

Irradiance (KW/m 2)

1.4

1
0.8
0.6

2500
2000
1500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

500

0.2

1000
Battery bank 2 Power
Battery bank 1 power

500
0
-500
-1000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

235

0.2

Fig. 14:

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

Voltage of battery banks (V).

DC link capacitors voltage (V)

Battery bank1 voltage

Battery bank2 voltage

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

29
28.5
SOC of battery bank 1
SOCi of battery bank 2

28
27.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fig. 13: State of charge of battery banks.

245

230

0.6

29.5

Fig. 12 : Battery banks power (W).

240

0.4

Fig.11: PV generators power (W).

SOC of battery storage systems (%)

Fig. 10: Profile irradiance of each PV generator.

Battery banks power (W)

Power of Gpv2

1000

0.4

Battery bank voltages (V)

Power of Gpv1

240.1
240.05
240
239.95
Udc1
239.9

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Udc 2

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fig. 15 : DC link capacitors voltages (V).

500
0
-500
0

0.05

0.1
Time (s)

0.15

0.2

Fundamental (50Hz) = 574.5 , THD= 25.71%

4

Mag (% of Fundamental)

500
0
-500
0

0.05

0.1
Time (s)

0.15

0.2

10

Fig. 16: Phase

1 output
of three
Fundamental
(50Hz)voltage
= 574.5 , THD=
25.71%level inverter (V).
Grid reactive power (VAR)

Mag (% of Fundamental)

3000
2000

Grid active power

Reference active power

1000
0

20

0.2

0.4

0.6

Fig. 18:

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fig. 17:

30

35

40

THD analysis.

2
0
-2
-4
Grid reactive power
Reference reactive power

-6
-8

0.2

Grid active power (W).

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
Time (s)

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fig. 19: Grid reactive power (var).

1
10

10

15
20
25
30
35
Harmonic order d component current
q component current

-5

-10

40

Grid current (A)

d,q current components (A)

Grid active power (W)

4000

15
20
25
Harmonic order

5
0
-5
-10

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fig. 20: d,q grid current components (A).

Fig. 21: Grid current (A).

-5
0

0.5

1
Time (s)

1.5

Fundamental (50Hz) = 6.455 A , THD= 2.66%

Mag (% of Fundamental)

5
0
-5

1.5

0.5

0.5

1
Time (s)

1.5

Fig. 22:
Grid current phase 1 (A).
Fundamental (50Hz) = 6.455 A , THD= 2.66%

10

15
20
25
Harmonic order

30

35

40

Fig. 23: THD analysis of grid current.

2001.5

400

Grid voltage
Grid current*40

Grid voltage (V), Grid current (A)

Mag (% of Fundamental)

Grid voltage (V), Grid current (A)

2
400

-200

0.5

-400

0.2

0.4

0.6

10

0.8

1
1.2
Time (s)

15

20

1.4

25

1.6

30

1.8

35

200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
0.8

Grid voltage
Grid current*40

300

0.85

0.9

0.95

1
Time (s)

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.2

40

Harmonic order
Fig. 24: Grid current (A)
and grid voltage (V) of phase 1. Fig.25: Zoom of grid current, voltage.

These simulation results improve the validity of the proposed control strategy for the grid PV/battery
storage systems. The results show that it is possible to inject to the grid a fixed power whatever solar
irradiance and temperature condition as shown in Fig. 18 and 19. The DC link voltage is maintained
constant (Fig. 16), the multilevel inverter gives a good quality energy (Fig. 16 and Fig. 17). In Fig.23,
the current injected into the grid has a good quality (THD= 2.66 %).

IV.

Conclusion

This paper proposed the study and the control of photovoltaic-Battery storage grid connected system,
the use of a three level DCI with his simplified space vector modulation as a grid interface gives a
good results in term of THD and power quality, also, the aim was in this work to inject to the grid a
fixed power whatever solar irradiance and temperature condition. The results obtained from this
performance analysis confirm that the control strategy adopted achieves the specified performance
objectives.
TABLE III System parameters
Photovoltaic array
Pmax

150

Maximal power

Vop
Iop

34.5
4.35

V
A

Optimal voltage
Optimal current

Ns
Np

10
0

Udc

480

Rt
Lt

3
0,05

Vs
f

380
50

Grid
V
Hz
Battery bank

118

Ah

Battery capacity at 10-hour discharge rate

120

Ah

Maximum charge capacity

130

Ah

Maximum discharge capacity

20

Number of series batteries of 12 V

Number of series arrays

Number of parallel arrays
DC Bus
DC bus voltage
Filter
Filter resistance
Filter inductance
voltage
frequency

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