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Copyright IPCO-2014
Vol.2
ISSN : 2356-5608
AbstractThis paper aimed to evaluate the use of photovoltaic-battery storage systems to supply electric power in the distribution
grid through a multilevel inverter. The proposed system is composed by four PV generators with MPPT (P&O ) control, four battery
storage systems connected to each capacitor of the DC link and a five level diode clamped inverter connected to the grid by a
traditional three phase transformer. The proposed control has a hierarchical structure with both a grid side control level to regulate
the power and the current injected to the grid and four input side regulation units. The system operators controls the power
production of the four PV generators by sending out reference power signals to each input side regulation unit , the input side
regulation units regulates the voltage of each capacitor of the DC link, regulates the voltage and the state of charge of the battery
storage system connected to each PV generator.
Keywords- Photovoltaic generator, MPPT, Battery bank, five level diode clamped inverter, space vector modulation, supervision.
2
DC Bus
DC/DC
Converter
MPPT
Udc1
DC/DC
Converter
MPPT
Udc2
Five
Rt, Lt
level
DC/DC
Converter
MPPT
Udc3
DC/DC
Converter
MPPT
G
R
I
D
DCI
Udc4
Battery Bank
Converter
Battery Bank
Converter
Battery Bank
Converter
Battery Bank
Converter
Input side
regulation unit 4
Input side
regulation unit 2
Input side
regulation unit 3
P ref4
P ref3
Input side
regulation unit 1
P ref2
P ref1
Pg ref
System operators
Ppv glob
Fig. 1.
T he basic structure of the three phase grid connected PV-Battery storage system.
: The photo-current,
ideality factor,
and
: series and parallel resistance,
T: junction temperature, K: Boltzmann constant, q : electron
charge.
For a PV module with
series connected cells and
parallel connected cells, the current-voltage characteristic is
given by:
Iph
Rs
I
V
Id
Rsh
Fig. 2.
Charge
Where:
3
Various MPPT techniques like look-up table methods,
perturbation and observation (P & O) methods and
computational methods have been proposed in the literature.
The perturb and observe(P&O), as the name itself states that
the algorithm is based on the observation of the array output
power and on the perturbation (increment or decrement) of the
power based on increments of the array voltage or current. The
algorithm continuously increments or decrements the reference
current or voltage based on the value of the previous power
sample. The P&O is the simplest method which senses the PV
array voltage and the cost of implementation is less and hence
easy to implement
Where:
: Actual battery capacity (Ah)
: Initial battery capacity (Ah)
The state-of-charge can be calculated by referring the actual
capacity to the rated capacity of the battery:
SOC model
SOC
Voltage
Capacity
model
model
b) Discharging (
Gassing current
Loss model
Where:
: Main battery reaction current (A)
: External battery current (A)
: Battery gassing current (A)
The capacity model of the battery does not limit the charge or
discharge current. Operation of the system with excessive
charge or discharge currents has to be prevented by the
Where:
: Internal battery voltage (V)
X: Normalised maximum charge/discharge capacity (Ah)
The normalised maximum charge/discharge capacity X is given
as:
a) Charging (
b) Discharging (
4
The maximum capacity
in dependence of the main
reaction current of the battery is expressed by a third order
polynomial equation, where the parameters have to be
determined by empirical curve fitting from measured data [14]:
a) Charging (
b) Discharging (
Eta
t
P2
P1
O
N1
N2
Sx1
Sx2
Sx3
Sx4
Sx5
Sx6
Sx7
Sx8
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
Vxo
Uc/2
Uc/4
0
-Uc/4
-Uc/2
a) Charging (
According to the states of the inverter, the output voltage
vector can take several positions in the d-q frame. These
positions are indicated on the space vector diagram Fig 5.
b) Discharging (
id2
T14
D14
T13
D13
T12
D12
T11
D11
T24
D24
T34
D34
T33
D33
T32
D32
T31
D31
UC1
D11
D21
D31
T23
D23
id1
D12
D22
D32
T22
D22
UC2
D13
where:
: Voltage of battery bank (V)
: Number of 12 V batteries in series.
D. Model and control of the five level DCI
Multilevel converter gives massive advantages compared with
conventional and very well-known two level converters like;
high power quality waveforms, low switching losses, high
voltage capability, low electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)
etc. At the present time, the majority of research and
development effort seems to concentrate on the development
of three classes of inverters: the diode-clamped multilevel
inverter, the multilevel inverter with cascaded single-phase Hbridge inverters and the multilevel inverter known as the flying
capacitor inverter or some-times as the imbricate cells
multilevel inverter [10-12].
D23
Udc
D21
M
id0
ia
ib
T15
D15
T16
D16
T17
D17
T18
D18
D14
T25
D24
ic
D25
D34
T35
D35
T36
D36
T37
D37
T38
D38
UC3
D15
D25
T26
D26
D35
id3
D16
D26
T27
D36
D27
UC4
T28
D28
id4
VA
VB
VC
Fig.4.
D33
T21
5
these space vector diagrams of three level inverters is
decomposed into six space vectors diagrams of two level
inverters like showed in Fig 6. This modification can reduce
considerably the computational time and reduce the algorithm
complexity [14].
1
2
3
4
5
6
Hexagon
1
2
3
4
5
6
6
conventional two level space vector Modulation method to
calculate the dwelling times,
),
Vsd
Vt d_ref
+
vb d_ref
Cid
-
s.Lt
Isd
Isq
s.Lt
It d_ref
-+
vb q_ref
Ci q
-+
It q_ref
Vsq
Decoupling
Compensation
Correcteur
Current
Controller
Multilevel
control
Reference currents (
) and
) as follows:
Determination of
Battery bank
Ibbi
Vbbi
Battery
bank
power
P pvi
Udci
SOCi
DC
capacitor
i
Udci ref
Idci
29.5
State of charge (%)
P refi
29
28.5
28
27.5
0.2
1.4
Irradiance 1
Irradiance 2
Irradiance 3
Irradiance 4
Irradiance (sun)
1.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Time (s)
0.2
2500
1500
1000
1.4
1.6
1.8
118
116
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2 1.4 1.6
Time (s)
Battery banks voltages (V).
1.8
120.05
120
Udc 1
119.95
Global PV power
Power of GPV 1
Power of GPV 2
Power of GPV 3
Power of GPV 4
2000
1
1.2
Time (s)
120
Fig.14.
0.8
122
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.4
Udc 2
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time (s)
Udc 3
1.4
Udc 4
1.6
1.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time (s)
1.4
1.6
1.8
400
Power of battery bank 1
Power of battery bank 2
Power of battery bank 3
Power of battery bank 4
200
0
500
2000
1000
0
-1000
-2000
0.01
0.02
0.03
Time (s)
0.04
0.05
-200
Fig.16. Phase 1 output voltage of 5 level inverter (V).
-400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1 1.2
Time (s)
1.4
1.6
1.8
0.06
8
constant (Fig 15) , the multivel inverter gives a good quality
energy (Fig. 16) . in Fig.19 and 20 , when the reference power
changes from 1 to 2 KW the current injected by the inverter
changes.
4000
3000
2000
Grid active power
Reference power
1000
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Fig.17.
0.8
1
1.2
Time (s)
1.4
1.6
1.8
IV. CONCLUSION
T ABLE IV
SYSTEM P ARAMETERS VALUES
Photovoltaic array
-2
Grid reactive power
Reference reactive power
-4
-6
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time (s)
1.4
1.6
1.8
600
Grid voltage
Grid current*40
400
Pmax
150
Maximal power
Vop
34.5
Optimal voltage
Iop
Voc
4.35
43.5
A
V
Optimal current
open circuit voltage
Icc
4.75
Ns
18
Np
10
200
DC Bus
Udc
432
DC bus voltage
Rt
Filter resistance
Lt
0,06
Filter inductance
Vs
f
380
50
V
voltage
Hz
frequency
Battery bank
Ah
Battery capacity at 10hour discharge rate
Filter
-200
-400
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2 1.4
1.6 1.8
Time (s)
Fig.19. Grid currant (A) and grid voltage (V)
Grid
600
Grid voltage
400
118
Grid current*40
200
V-1
-1
Voltage coefficient
0.05
T emperature coefficient
0.035
120
Ah
130
Ah
75
Maximum discharge
capacity
Internal resistance when
charging the battery
38
11.6
0
-200
-400
0.8
0.85
0.9
0.95
1
1.05
Time (s)
1.1
1.15
1.20
9
battery after the initial
transient
0.01
0.012
130
0.45
12.6
0.007
-0.3
165
1.25
0.000
6
0.054
3
h/A
2.027
9
140.2
9
h/A
Ah
0.000
6
0.054
3
h/A
2.027
h/A
capacity
140.2
9
Ah
36
Parameter to calculate
maximum discharge
capacity
Number of series batteries
of 12 V
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