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Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Energy Conversion and Management

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/enconman

Supervision and control of grid connected PV-Storage systems

with the ve level diode clamped inverter
Kamal Himour a,, Kaci Ghedamsi a, El Madjid Berkouk b
a
b

Laboratory of Renewable Energy Mastery, University of Bejaia, Algeria

Control Process Laboratory, National Polytechnic School of Algiers, Algeria

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 9 June 2013
Accepted 1 September 2013

Keywords:
Photovoltaic generator
MPPT
Battery storage
Five level diode clamped inverter
Space vector modulation
Supervision

a b s t r a c t
This paper aimed to evaluate the use of photovoltaic-battery storage systems to supply electric power in
the distribution grid through a multilevel inverter. The proposed system is composed by four PV generators with MPPT (P&O) control, four battery storage systems connected to each capacitor of the DC link
and a ve level diode clamped inverter connected to the grid by a traditional three phase transformer.
The proposed control has a hierarchical structure with both a grid side control level to regulate the power
and the current injected to the grid and four input side regulation units. The system operator controls the
power production of the four PV generators by sending out reference power signals to each input side
regulation unit, the input side regulation units regulate the voltage of each capacitor of the DC link, regulate the voltage and the state of charge of each battery storage system.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
With the increasing concern about global environmental protection, the need to produce pollution-free natural energy such
as solar energy has received great interest as an alternative source
of energy for the future since solar energy is clean, pollution-free
and inexhaustible. In an effort to use the solar energy effectively,
a great deal of research has been done on the grid connected photovoltaic generation systems [18]. In PV systems connected to the
grid, the inverter that converts the output direct voltage of the solar modules to the alternate voltage (AC) is receiving increased
interest in order to generate power to utility.
In order to inject power on demand, certain energy storage devices must be added into the system. These devices must Store PV
energy in excess of electricity demand and subsequently meet
electricity demand in excess of PV energy. The conventional leadacid battery is the most common energy storage device at the present time [9].
Another very important aspect of the systems connected to the
grid is to select a proper power factor according to the grid demands: active or reactive power. The most efcient systems are
those, which allow variation in the active and reactive power injected into the grid, depending on the power grid requirements
[10]. In this scenario, we propose a control strategy for a photovoltaic-battery storage system connected to the grid with a ve level

diode clamped inverter. The proposed structure has many technical

and economic advantages over traditional systems. On one hand,
generally, a two level converter is used to connect production units
to the grid. This structure imposes physical and technical limits for
voltage rise and therefore power. Currently, for the connection of
multiple production units this structure is duplicated as many times
as possible. We need to use a connection point on the network for
each inverter of two levels used. The ve level diode clamped inverter does not have this problem because it has a DC bus segmented by
four series connected capacitors, so it offers many connection possibilities for continuous production units. In addition, a reduction of
harmonic distortion on alternating side (grid) is obtained, also a
reduction of the lter elements and the cost of installation. On the
other hand the proposed structure offers the advantage of balancing
the voltages across each capacitor and controlling the state of
charge of the batteries connected to each capacitor. This structure
also allows injecting to the grid a power smoothed taking into account batteries charge rate limits and state-of-charge constraints.
So, this paper is organized as follows: in Section 2 we presented
the global model of the system: mathematical model of the photovoltaic generator, model of battery bank, model and control of the
ve level diode clamped inverter, Energy management and control
structure. Then, in Section 3 we presented the simulation results
and we terminated by a conclusion of this study in Section 4.
2. Global system modeling

Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Himour.kamal@hotmail.fr (K. Himour), kghedamsi@yahoo.fr
(K. Ghedamsi), emberkouk@yahoo.fr (E.M. Berkouk).
0196-8904/$ - see front matter 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2013.09.001

Fig. 1 shows the conguration of the grid-connected PV battery

storage system, which consists of four PV generators, four DC/DC

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

converters for MPPT, four battery banks connected to the DC link

by four bidirectional DCDC converters and the ve level diode
clamped inverter connected to the grid through a traditional three
phase transformer.
The following sections deal with modeling of the different parts
of the conversion system and validation of the methodology by
simulations.

Iph

Rsh

exp

V I  Rs
m  KT
q

#
1 

V I  Rs
Rsh



I Np  Iph  Np  Is exp




Np
V Rs  I


Np
Rsh Ns

 


1
V Rs  I

1

m  K  T=q
Ns
Np
2

2.2. Maximum power point tracking

The PV array must operate electrically at a certain voltage
which corresponds to the maximum power point under the given
operating conditions. To do this, a maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) technique should be applied. Various MPPT techniques like
look-up table methods, perturbation and observation (P&O) methods and computational methods have been proposed in the literature. The perturb and observe (P&O), as the name itself states that
the algorithm is based on the observation of the array output
power and on the perturbation (increment or decrement) of the
power based on increments of the array voltage or current. The
algorithm continuously increments or decrements the reference
current or voltage based on the value of the previous power sample
as shown in Fig. 3. The P&O is the simplest method which senses
the PV array voltage and the cost of implementation is less and
hence easy to implement [12].

where Iph is the photo-current, Is is saturation current of diode, m is

ideality factor, Rs and Rsh are series and parallel resistance, T is
junction temperature, K is Boltzmann constant, and q is electron
charge.
In general, for a PVG involving an array of Ns cell connected in
series and Np in parallel, its output voltage current relation may be
deduced from the basic cell Eq. (2) as follows:

DC Bus
DC/DC
Converter
MPPT

Udc1

DC/DC
Converter
MPPT

Udc2

Five
level

DC/DC
Converter
MPPT

Udc3

DC/DC
Converter
MPPT

Udc4

R t, Lt

G
R
I
D

DCI

Battery Bank
Converter

Battery Bank
Converter

Utility side regulation unit

-Power regulation
-Current regulation
-Grid synchronization

Battery Bank
Converter

Battery Bank
Converter

Input side
regulation unit 4

P ref4

Input side
regulation unit 3

Input side
regulation unit 2

P ref3

P ref2

Pg ref
Ppv glob

Charge

Fig. 2. Photovoltaic cell equivalent circuit.

The PV generator consists of electrically connected PV modules

and it is modeled by physical oriented equivalent circuits, including one or more diode. The single diode equivalent circuit as shown
in Fig. 2 is the most commonly used model for large PV generators.
Starting from the widely known photovoltaic cell electrical
equivalent circuit, an equivalent model for a more powerful PVG
made of an (Ns  Np) array of PV cells, is established [11]:
The current source is the light generated current witch is directly proportional to the solar irradiation. The series and the shunt
resistances represent a voltage loss on the way to the external contacts and the leakage current in the shunt path respectively.
The mathematical model witch relates the output current to the
output voltage is given by the following expression:

"

I
V

Id

2.1. Model of PV generator

I Iph  Is

Rs

System operators

Fig. 1. Global PV grid connection system.

Input side
regulation unit 1

P ref1

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

Start P&O algorithm

Mesure of V(k) et I(k)

P (k)=I(k)*V(k)
P=P(k)-p(k-1)
V=V(k)-V(k-1)

Yes

No
P>0

Yes
Yes

No

No
V>0

V>

V (k+1)= V(k) +V

V (k+1)=V(k)-V

V (k+1)=V(k)-V

V (k+1)=V(k) +V

Fig. 3. Flowchart of P&O algorithm.

2.3. Battery bank model

Lead acid batteries are used to guarantee several hours to a few
days of energy storage. The model representation of the lead-acid
battery is shown in Fig. 4. The capacity of the battery is determined
by integrating the main reaction current IMR. To consider the increased gassing losses when charging the battery at high voltage
and temperature, here represented by the loss-current Igas, constitutes a signicant improvement over alternative battery models

SOC model

Capacity
model

Voltage
model

Gassing current
Loss model

Fig. 4. General structure of battery model.

SOC

for the simulation of hybrid energy systems. The state-of-charge

can be calculated by referring the actual capacity to the rated
capacity of the battery, as expressed by Eq. (5) [13].
The main reaction current of the battery bank can be expressed
as:

IMR t Ibb t  Igas t

where IMR is the main battery reaction current (A), Ibb is external
battery current (A), and Igas is battery gassing current (A).
The capacity model of the battery does not limit the charge or
discharge current. Operation of the system with excessive charge
or discharge currents has to be prevented by the selection of
appropriately sized components and the implementation of a suitable control strategy. The actual battery capacity can be determined as:

C b t

IMR tdt C b;i

t0

where Cb is the actual battery capacity (Ah), and Cb,i is Initial battery
capacity (Ah).
The state-of-charge can be calculated by referring the actual
capacity to the rated capacity of the battery:

SOCt

C b t
 100%
C 10

The presented voltage model of the battery is based on the

Expanded Kinetic Battery Model, which has been presented in [13].
The voltage model considers that the battery terminal voltage
depends on the following factors:

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

Fig. 5. Five-level diode clamped inverter.

Table 1
The states of one leg of the ve level DCI.

(b) Discharging (Ibb > 0)

Eb t E0;d AD  Xt

Etat

Sx1

Sx2

Sx3

Sx4

Sx5

Sx6

Sx7

Sx8

Vxo

P2
P1
O
N1
N2

1
0
0
0
0

1
1
0
0
0

1
1
1
0
0

1
1
1
1
0

0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
1

0
0
0
1
1

0
0
0
0
1

Udc/2
Udc/4
0
Udc/4
Udc/2

 Battery state-of-charge.
 Internal battery resistance.
 Magnitude and direction of battery current.

where Eb is the internal battery voltage (V), and X is Normalized

maximum charge/discharge capacity (Ah).
The normalized maximum charge/discharge capacity X is given
as:

Xt

(a) Charging (Ibb < 0)

C C  Xt

Q max;C
C b t
Q max  IMR t

(b) Discharging (Ibb > 0)

Xt
DC  XtEFC

(a) Charging (Ibb < 0)

For all calculations shown, different model parameters represent

the characteristic voltage behavior of lead-acid batteries when
charging or discharging. The internal battery voltage is calculated as:

Eb t E0;C AC  Xt

C d  Xt
Dd  XtEFd

Q max;d  Q max;d  C b t
Q max  IMR t

The maximum capacity Qmax in dependence of the main reaction

current of the battery is expressed by a third order polynomial

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

Fig. 6. Space vector diagram of ve-level inverter.

Table 3
Second correction of reference voltage vector.
Hexagon

Component V 0
d

Component V 0
q

V 0
d  1=4

V 0
q

V 0
d  1=8

V 0
q 

V 0
d
V 0
d
V 0
d
V 0
d

V 0
q
V 0
q
V 0
q
V 0
q

4
5
6

1=8
1=4
1=8
 1=8

p
3=8
p
 3=8
p
3=8
p
3=8

(b) Discharging (Ibb > 0)

Q max IMR t D1  IMR t3 D2 IMR t2 D3 IMR t D4

11

Therefore, the battery terminal voltage Vb can be calculated as:

(a) Charging (Ibb < 0)

V b t Eb t  R0;C IMR t
Fig. 7. Decomposition of ve level space vector diagram.

(b) Discharging (Ibb > 0)

V b t Eb t  R0;d IMR t

V 0
d

V d
V d
V d
V d
V d
V d

2
3
4
5
6

V 0
q
 1=2

V q

 1=4

V q 

V bb t Bs  V b t

1=4

p
3=4
p
V q  3=4

1=2

V q

1=4

V q

 1=4

p
3=4
p
V q 3=4

equation, where the parameters have to be determined by empirical

curve tting from measured data [13]:
(a) Charging (Ibb < 0)

Q max IMR t C 1  IMR t3 C 2 IMR t2 C 3 IMR t C 4

13

The voltage of a string of batteries is given by multiplying the battery voltage with the number of 12 V batteries in series:

Table 2
First correction of reference voltage vector.
Hexagon

12

10

14

where Vbb is the voltage of battery bank (V), and Bs is number of

12 V batteries in series.
2.4. Model and control of the ve level DCI
Multilevel converter gives massive advantages compared with
conventional and very well-known two level converters like; high
power quality waveforms, low switching losses, high voltage capability, and low electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). At the present
time, the majority of research and development effort seems to
concentrate on the development of three classes of inverters: the

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

diode-clamped multilevel inverter, the multilevel inverter with

cascaded single-phase H-bridge inverters and the multilevel inverter known as the ying capacitor inverter or some-times as the
imbricate cells multilevel inverter [1416].

2.4.1. Model of the ve level diode clamped inverter

Fig. 5 shows diagram of a ve-level diode clamping inverter.
Each leg is composed of four upper and lower switches with
anti-parallel diodes. Four series dc-link capacitors split the dcbus voltage in half, and eighteen clamping diodes conne the voltages across the switches within the voltages of the capacitors. The
necessary conditions for the switching states for the ve-level inverter are that the dc-link capacitors should not be shorted, and
the output current should be continuous. As indicated in Table 1,
each leg of the inverter can have ve possible switching states,
P1, P2, O, N1 or N2. When the top four witches Sx1, Sx2, Sx3and Sx4
(x = a, b, c) are turned on, switching state is P2. When the switches
Sx2, Sx3, Sx4and Sx5 are turned on switching state is P1. When the
switches Sx3, Sx4, Sx5and Sx6 are turned on, the switching state is
O. when the switches Sx4, Sx5, Sx6and Sx7 are turned on, the switching state is N1. When the switches Sx5, Sx6, Sx7and Sx8 are turned on,
the switching state is N2 [17].

103

According to the states of the inverter, the output voltage vector

can take several positions in the dq frame. These positions are
indicated on the space vector diagram in Fig. 6.
2.4.2. Simplied space vector modulation
Recurrently three major PWM techniques are applied in multilevel inverters: (1) sinusoidal PWM (SPWM), (2) third harmonic
injection PWM (THPWM), and (3) space vector PWM (SVM) [14].
In SVPWM method the output voltage is approximated by using
the nearest three output vectors that the nodes of the triangle containing the reference vector in the space vector diagram of the inverter. When the reference vector changes from one region to
another, it may induce an output vector abrupt change. In addition
we need to calculate the Switching sequences and switching time
of the states at every change of the reference voltage location.
Thus the computational complexity is greatly increasing with
the increasing number of the reference vectors and it is a main limitation of the application of this typical SVPWM [17].
In this paper, a new method is proposed in which the space vector diagram of ve-level inverter is decomposed into six space vector diagrams of three level inverters. In turn, each of these space
vector diagrams of three level inverters is decomposed into six
space vectors diagrams of two level inverters like showed in

Table 4
System parameter values.
Photovoltaic array [20]
Pmax
150
Vop
34.5
Iop
4.35
Voc
43.5
Icc
4.75
Ns
5
Np
0

W
V
A
V
A

Maximal power
Optimal voltage
Optimal current
Open circuit voltage
Short circuit current
Number of series arrays
Number of parallel arrays

DC bus
Udc

480

DC bus voltage

Filter
Rt
Lt

3
0.05

O
H

Filter resistance
Filter inductance

Grid
Vs
f

380
50

V
Hz

voltage
frequency

Ah
V1
K1
A
Ah
Ah
mO
mO
V

h/A2
h/A
h
Ah
h/A2
h/A
h
Ah

Battery capacity at 10-h discharge rate

Voltage coefcient
Temperature coefcient
Normalised gassing current
Maximum charge capacity
Maximum discharge capacity
Internal resistance when charging the battery
Internal resistance when discharging the battery
Limiting internal battery voltage for zero current and fully discharged battery after the initial transient
Parameter reecting the initial linear variation of the internal battery voltage with increasing state-of-charge
Parameter reecting increasing voltage when battery is progressively charged
Parameter reecting sharp increase of voltage when battery is charged to a high SOC
Exponential factor introduced to achieve a closer curve t for voltage behavior when progressively charged
Fully charged internal battery voltage when discharging after the initial transient
Parameter reecting the initial linear variation of the internal battery voltage with decreasing state-of-charge
Parameter reecting decreasing voltage when battery is progressively discharged
Parameter reecting sharp decrease of voltage when battery is discharged to a low SOC
Exponential factor introduced to achieve a closer curve t for voltage behavior when progressively discharged
Parameter to calculate maximum charge capacity
Parameter to calculate maximum charge capacity
Parameter to calculate maximum charge capacity
Parameter to calculate maximum charge capacity
Parameter to calculate maximum discharge capacity
Parameter to calculate maximum discharge capacity
Parameter to calculate maximum discharge capacity
Parameter to calculate maximum discharge capacity
Number of series batteries of 12 V

Battery bank [13]

C10
118
CV
8
CT
0.05
IGO
0.035
Qmax,C
120
Qmax,D
130
Rl,C
75
Rl,D
38
E0,C
11.6
AC
0.01
CC
0.012
DC
130
EFC
0.45
E0,d
12.6
AD
0.007
CD
0.3
DD
165
EFD
1.25
C1
0.0006
C2
0.0543
C3
2.0279
C4
140.29
D1
0.0006
D2
0.0543
D3
2.0279
D4
140.29
Bs
36

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

Five

Rt, Lt
G
R
I
D

level

Udc

DCI
Is1,2,3

DC Bus

Vs1,2,3

ABC

Inverter control
SVM

dq

Q ref

P ref

dq

V td ref

Power Control

I td ref

V sd, V sq

Isd, I sq

ABC

V tq ref

I tq ref
Curent Control

Lt. s

PI

Lt. s

PI

Fig. 8. Bloc diagram grid side control.

Vt d_ref

vb d_ref

Cid
-

Bidirectional DC-DC
I bat dc
converter

Battery bank

Vsd

DC

It d_ref
V bat

DC

s.Lt
Isd

I bat

s.Lt
Vt q_ref

vb q_ref

Ciq

-+

Compensation

PI

P bat ref

It q_ref
Vsq

Decoupling

D bat

Isq

Fig. 10. Input side control unit structure.

Correcteur

Fig. 7. This modication can reduce considerably the computational time and reduce the algorithm complexity [17].

2.4.2.2. Second correction of reference voltage vector. Having the selected three level inverter and the location of the translated vector,
one hexagon is selected among the six small hexagons that contain
this three level diagram. We make a translation of the reference
~
V 00
s . Table gives the components d and q of the reference voltage
~
V 00
s .

2.4.2.1. First correction of reference voltage vector. Having the location of a given reference voltage vector, one hexagon is selected
among the six small hexagons that contain the ve levels space
vector diagram.
Each hexagon is identied by a number s dened as given by:

2.4.2.3. Determination
of dwelling times. Ones the corrected refer!
ence voltage V 00
s and the corresponding hexagon are determined;
we can apply the conventional two level space vector Modulation
method
to calculate
the #
dwelling times,
"
8

Fig. 9. Bloc diagram of the current control.

8
1
>
>
>
>
>
2
>
>
>
<3
s
>
4
>
>
>
>
>
>5
>
:
6

if

p
3

if

if
if
if
if

6 h 6 p3

6h6

2
p 6 h 6 5p
2
6
5p
6 h 6 76p
6
7p
6 h 6 32p
6
3p
6 h 6 116 p
2

15

After selection of one hexagon, we make a translation of the reference vector V s towards the center of this hexagon (see Tables 24).

>
>
>
T1 4 
>
>
>
<

p
jV 00
s j T s sin 3 a
sin p
3

!
jV 00
s j T s

sina
>
>
T2 4 
>
sin p3
>
>
>
:
T3 Ts  T1  T2

16

2.4.2.4. Conversion and! sequence of the switching states. The reference voltage vector V 00
s is approximated using the nearest three
states which are nodes of the triangle containing the vector identied as X, Y and Z. the optimum sequence of these states is selected
so as to minimize the total number of switching transitions [17].

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

Energy and power informations

Yes

Yes

No

SOC= SOC max

Excess power
inject to grid

No

Yes

SB charge by
excess power

SOC= SOC min

SB charge by
PV power

No

inject to grid PV
power and deficient
power from SB

Fig. 11. Operation of storage battery (SB).

1.4

Irradiance 1

400

Irradiance (sun)

1.2

Battery banks power (W)

Irradiance 2
Irradiance 3
Irradiance 4

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Power of battery bank 1

Power of battery bank 2

200

Power of battery bank 3

Power of battery bank 4

-200

-400
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

1.6

1.8

Time (s)

Time (s)
Fig. 12. Prole irradiance of each PV generator.

Fig. 14. Battery banks power (W).

3500

State of charge (%)

Photovoltaic power (W)

29.5
3000
2500
Global PV power
Power of GPV 1
Power of GPV 2
Power of GPV 3
Power of GPV 4

2000
1500
1000
500

29

28.5
SOC of battery bank 1
SOC of battery bank 2

28

SOC of battery bank 3

SOC of battery bank 4

27.5
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

Time (s)

Time (s)

Fig. 15. State of charge of battery banks.

Fig. 13. PV generators power (W).

2.5. Energy management and control structure

2.5.1. Grid side regulation

Fig. 8 shows the structure of the grid side regulation [1819].

The system operator controls the power production of the four

PV generators by sending out reference power signals to each input
side regulation unit. In this paper a simply dispatching function
distributes power reference to inside regulation units based on a
Proportional distribution of the available active power.

2.5.1.1. Power control. The active and reactive power (Pg, Qg) can be
both expressed by using Park components of supply voltage (Vtd, Vtq) and line current (Itd, Itq) as follows:

prefi

ppv
ppv

 pg

ref

17

Pg V td  Itd V tq  Itq
Q g V td  Itd  V tq  Itq

18

global

The control structure is composed of two main blocs:

Reference currents Itd ref ; Itq ref which allows setting the desired
reference active and reactive powers Pgref ; Q gref , as follows:

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K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

122

Mag (% of Fundamental)

Battery banks voltages (V)

106

120
Voltage of battery bank 1
Voltage of battery bank 2

118

Voltage of battery bank 3

Voltage of battery bank 4

116

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Fundamental (50Hz) = 1093 , THD= 15.61%

4
3
2
1
0

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Harmonic order

Time (s)

Fig. 19. THD analysis of output voltage of 5 level inverter.

120.05

Grid current (A)

DC bus voltages (V)

Fig. 16. Voltage of battery banks (V).

120

Udc 1

119.95

0.2

0.4

Udc 2

0.6

0.8

Udc 3

1.2

1.4

Udc 4

1.6

1.8

5
0
-5

Time (s)

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

Time (s)

Fig. 17. DC link capacitors voltages (V).

Output voltage (V)

Fig. 20. Phase 1 grid currant (A).

2000

grid voltage (Fig. 9). The electric equations of the lter (Rt, Lt) connected to the grid are given below:

1000

V tq Rt Itq LT

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

Time (s)
Fig. 18. Phase 1 output voltage of 5 level inverter (V).

>
>
>
: Itq

dItq
dt

xs LT Itq V gq

20

-1000
-2000

8
>
>
>
< Itd

V td Rt Itd Lt dIdttd  xs Lt Itd V gd

ref

P gref b
V td Q gref b
V tq

bV 2 bV 2tq
td

ref

19

P gref b
V tq Q gref b
V td

bV 2 bV 2tq
td

The unity power factor is obtained simply by setting the reactive

power reference null. We can also generate or absorb (Qgref < 0 or
Qgref > 0).
2.5.1.2. Current control. The vector current control in Park reference
frame is carried out by using the synchronized reference with the

2.5.1.3. Multilevel control. The ve level diode clamped inverter is

controlled by the simplied space vector modulation like presented in Section 2.4.2.
2.5.2. Input side regulation units
The input side regulation units have two main objectives: control of battery bank storage system as shown in Fig. 10 and regulation of the DC link capacitor with a PI corrector who gives the
reference current to inject into the DC link capacitor. The battery
is integrated to the DC-Link via buck-boost DC/DC. The diagram
block of the battery converter control is illustrated in Fig. 10.
The battery power reference is generated by the supervisory
controller. The PI regulator adjust the current ibat in order to follow the reference ibatref, with an objective of charging or discharging the battery according to the need.
Fig. 11 shows ow chart of operation of storage battery system
(see Figs. 1216).

Mag (% of Fundamental)

Fundamental (50Hz) = 4.309 , THD= 1.98%

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

500

1000

1500

Frequency (Hz)
Fig. 21. THD analysis of phase 1 grid current.

2000

Author's personal copy

Active power (W)

K. Himour et al. / Energy Conversion and Management 77 (2014) 98107

107

4000

4. Conclusion

3000

This paper proposed the study and the control of photovoltaicBattery storage grid connected system, the use of a ve level DCI
with his simplied space vector modulation as a grid interface
gives a good results in term of THD and power quality, also, the
aim was in this work to inject to the grid a xed power whatever
solar irradiance and temperature condition. The results obtained
from this performance analysis conrm that the control strategy
adopted achieves the specied performance objectives.

2000
Grid active power
Reference power

1000
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Time (s)
Acknowledgments

Reactive power (VAR)

Fig. 22. Grid active power (W).

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to may tutors, Prof

Dr. Ghedamsi Kaci and Prof. Berkouk Elmadjid without whom none
of this would ever have happened. Their professional supervision,
insightful mentoring, encouragement and vast help steered the
undertaken research into right direction.

2
0

References

-2
Grid reactive power

-4
Reference reactive power

-6

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Time (s)
Fig. 23. Grid reactive power (var).

Grid voltage and current

600
Grid voltage

Grid current*40

400
200
0
-200
-400
0.8

0.85

0.9

0.95

1.05

1.1

1.15

1.20

Time (s)
Fig. 24. Zoom of grid currant (A) and grid voltage (V).

3. Results simulation
In this section, the photovoltaic grid connection system is simulated using SIMULINK-MATLAB. PV generators have different irradiance proles and temperature. Each PV generator is composed of
ve series connected arrays.
Each PV generator has a prole of irradiance and temperature different from other as shown in Fig. 12 and the photovoltaic power
output is the sum of the four PV generators powers (Fig. 13). Results
simulation show the contribution of storage ingrid connected photovoltaic systems. Withbattery storage units, we can balance the
DC bus as shown in Fig. 17 and the strategy adopted allows controlling the level of storage of each storage unit when the photovoltaic
productions are different and compensate the uctuations of the
photovoltaic poweras illustrated in Figs. 14-16. Also, the results
show that the connection of multiple generators using a single multilevel inverter can inject more power to grid as shown in Figs. 22
and 23. The output current of the multilevel inverter has a good quality (Fig. 21). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the inverter
control by the simplied space vector modulation as shown in
Fig. 18 and Fig. 19. Fig. 20 shows that when the reference power
changes from 2 to 3 KW the current injected by the inverter changes.
Fig. 24 show a zoom of grid current and voltage.

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