Task 1:

1.1 Identify the factors considering in your site selection? Justify the selection of your
warehouse building in your chosen location.
Solution: The main purpose of warehouses is to provide the good environmental space for
storing goods and materials that require protection from external. Prior to finalized, careful
study of the site is required that brings out the inherent advantages or disadvantages of a
site. For the business man, the prefer site is the one that provide the maximum return in
short span of time in the form of less payback period, more benefit cost ration, and positive
net present value.
In our case, the important factors for considerations of sites are optimal cost, easily
availability of raw materials, availability of labour forces, market place, labour market, site
proximity to transporting facilities including railway, road way, water ways, electric power,
good road networks, cost of land for the warehouse and other costs etc. And overall we can
say the concerns site have good geological, topographical characteristics.
Justification: Though different factors involved for proper site selection but amongst them,
the cost of project play a major role in decision making process, whether or not will accept
the site for construction of and developmental project
As the site are located near to sea shore, the raw materials like sand, silt, water etc.
required for construction are available in free of cost. Ideally speaking, the site should not
be far off from deposits of materials which would be required for its construction. As the site
is located near of sea shore so our desire of transporting facilities for transport of goods
and services in the form of waterways are fulfilling. Near seashore places, the labour forces
are chiefly available. As easy transport facilities available, so the transport cost of goods
and services, viz construction materials, machineries etc are reduces. The site nearby of
sea shore is not suitable for residential purpose so that the cost of land is very less which
makes the advantages for any business man to economically purchase the land for project
development. The market place is also available in the vicinity of any seashore. With the
aid of mentioned points for decision making process for selection of site, we can conclude
that the concern site is economically viable place.

1.2 Describe the stages in soil investigation:

The purpose of soil investigation is to obtain the information about subsurface conditions at
the site of proposed construction. The engineer who designs the foundation uses the soils
report in determining what kind of foundation design to use. So, ideally we can say, this
report is providing the guideline which kind of foundation is to be adopted so that the
structure is not fail in nearest future. In order to writing the report, we need to follow the
step in scientific approach. The stages involved in any of soil investigations includes data
collection through desk study, site reconnaissance, site exploration & sampling, field
test / insitu test, laboratory testing, and finally the report writing.
a) Desk study: As the name suggested that, analysis of site is made on the office without
visiting the site. The source of information about the site is through study of maps,
drawings, local authority information and other source of information
b) Site reconnaissance: The terms reconnaissance is the general site visit without any
instrumentation by the expert teams including Geologist, land surveyor, soils engineer,
hydrologist etc. Over view information should be collected on the overall site layout,
topography, basic geology; details of access, entry and height restrictions.
c) site exploration & sampling: This step dealt with the Investigation of detailed geology
and sub-surface soil conditions. This can be achieved through surface surveys, making trial
pits, boreholes, sounding, geophysical methods etc. The type of method adopted more
dependent on the type of projects to be executed. In this step, it is also doing the survey
with regards of collecting the information about ground water table, collection of soil and
other sample for examination and laboratory testing purpose.
d) Field test / in-situ test:

There are various number of test are conducted on the soil at

which project can be constructed in order to capture the ground details with regards of type
of subsurface soil and ground water table in order to know the shear strength parameters of
soil. The test conducted on site are shear-vane, standard penetration, cone penetration,
plate bearing, pressure meter; structure loading test, such as test on piles, proof loading;
displacement observation.

e) Laboratory testing: After collecting the soil as disturbed and undisturbed sample, the
tests is conducted on lab for the purpose of classification, quality, permeability, shear
strength, compressibility, etc. Depending upon the nature of soil by physical judgments, the
test conducted on the soil are California Bearing Ratio; test on groundwater, chemical and
petro graphic analyses.
f) Report writing
This is the final step of geotechnical investigation. The report needs to be produced to
clients for the forward processing of decision making. The report should contains the
general project description, detail of geological details, results of boring , detail of your
finding and finally makes comments and recommendations relating to the design and type
of foundation to be best suited to the concern site.
1.3.
a) Briefly describe British soil classification.
Under the british soil classification, through classification of soils are given. Initially, the
whole classification is divided in two groups, soil groups and subgroups. The soil group is
divided in two major group of soils course soils and fine soils. Then the course soils are
classified in two group type sand and gravel. Similarly fine sand is divided in two group
types gravelly or sandy sil/ clay and silt and clay, Corresponding to each subsoil group, the
subgroup is divided in to four parts including Group Symbol, Sub-group symbol ,Fines (%
less than 0.06 mm), Liquid limit. So that, each type of soil is assigned to a symbol to proper
nomenclature of different type of soil.
b) Explain the soil investigation method (boring method) used at your site& strata for the
borehole log in your chosen location.
In this project, amonst the six type of boring method given in literature viz Displacement
boring, Wash boring, Auger boring, Rotary drilling, Percussion drilling, Continuous sampling, Auger
boring and rotary drilling is adopted. This provides us the sample in both disturbed and

undisturbed form. After collecting the samples from the site we need to analyze the soil by
testing in the laboratory in order to find the various parameters of soil. Then the results are
presented in bore log.

Bore log is the systematic vertically representation of underlying soil data at different
depth. The data of sub soil stratification are presented in bore log. Through
exploration, the sample of data are collected and analyzed on the lab. In bore log soil
strength parameters, water table is also presented at different depth.
After testing at lab, the concern projects soils have various parameters

1. Through the bore log given it is seen that up to the depth of 0-0.3m b rownish
black silty clay of high plasticity with little gravel are presented. From 0.3 to
5.1m, brownish yellow very stiff silty clay of medium plasticity with little is
presented. Then from 5.1 to 10.0m gravel is present with Yellow Hard Silty
Clay of Low Plasticity with Little Gravel.
2. As the top soil is of black cotton soil hence not recommend for back filling
due to swelling action.
3. By carefully analysis, either pile foundation or RCC circular raft footing is
recommended

2.1)

Describe different types of foundation and discuss the various factors considered in

selecting a suitable and economical foundation for the proposed building and justify the
selection of foundation for your site.
Solution: After decision making to finalize the project execution, the first task is to determine
the "quality" of the ground on which it is to be built. Based on soil characteristic, different
foundation are constructed.

Foundation is the lower part called as substructure of building. The foundation is the lower
portion of the building, usually located below the ground level, which transmit the load of
super structure to sub soil. This will carrying the load and distributed that in to underlying
subsoil to a greater depth. The selection of types of foundation is strictly as per
geotechnical reports and how much load of the building and load on the building come on.
Types of foundation: Generally, the foundations are divided in two categories.
1) Shallow foundation, 2) Deep foundation
Shallow foundation: If the depth of foundation is less than or equal to width of foundation
then it is called as shallow foundation.
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Types of shallow foundation Includes Spread footing, combined footing, Strap footing,
Mat foundation
Deep foundation: If the depth of foundation is equal to or more than the width of the
foundation is called deep foundation
Types of Deep foundation includes: Deep strip rectangular or square footing,

Pile

foundation, Pier foundation or drilled caisson foundation, Well foundation or caissons

Pile foundation
It is a type of deep foundation in which the loads are taken to a low level by means of
vertical members which may be timber or concrete or steel
Types of pile foundation includes End bearing pile, Friction pile, combined end bearing and
friction pile, Compaction pile
End bearing piles: End bearing piles are used to transfer load through water or soft soil to
a suitable bearing stratum. Such piles are used to carry heavy loads to hard strata
Multi storied buildings are invariably founded on end bearing piles, so that the settlements
are minimized
Friction piles
Friction piles are used to transfer loads to a depth of a friction load carrying material by
means of skin friction along the length of the pile. These piles mostly used in granular soil

Combined end bearing and friction pile

These are the piles which transfer the super imposed load both through side friction as well
as end bearing. Such piles are more common, especially the end bearing piles are passed
through granular soil

To support very heavy buildings, such as flats, or if the sub-soil is very poor, then a much
deeper foundation is needed. In such cases deep holes are sunk at the corners of the building.
These are filled with concrete to form deep legs In our cases, we have selected the pile

foundation as this the structure of Basement+ Ground floor+first floor + second floor will
made up of reinforced cement concrete. The heavy load will come on the soil. The structure
is also located nearby of sea shore. So, the ground water table are very nearer to the
surface. There is a chance of uplift pressure due to existing ground water table. In this all
case we generally recommended pile foundation. This pile foundation attained the strength
by end bearing action and skin friction action. In some time raft foundation is also suitable.
Concern of economic, it would like to prefer raft foundation but for heavy duty i would like to
prefer pile foundation.
Identify all the building elements to be waterproofed. Propose a method of waterproofing for
the toilets & bathrooms of the building (materials using and construction procedure should
be clearly mentioned).

2.2(a) Describe the methods of excavation suitable for different foundation work. Select
a suitable method for the proposed building construction and justify your selection.
Solution: Excavation of foundation can be done by manually or with the help of special
mechanical equipments
Manually it can be done by the help of following equipments
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

Spade
Phawrah
Pick axe
Crowbar
Rammer
Wedge
Boning rod
Sledge hammer
Basket
Iron pan
line and pins

Mechanically the excavation can be done by the help of following machineries

o
o
o

Boom bucket dipper handle

Trench
Chain mounted buckets
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o
o

Raking cut
Vertical cut

We would like to prefer mechanical means of excavation: The advantages of excavation

through mechanical means are as follow speeding the job done, b) Accidental case may
be avoided due to existence of ground water table or soil collapse, c) the excavation
can be done for greater depth as well d) Low costing. ( Note the costing of manual
operation is very large with low speed) So, Ideally speaking to adopt the mechanical
means of excavation.
The some kind of excavating equipments are as follow.
a) Face shovel excavators: They are used for loosening, excavating vertical or nearvertical soil above the machine base level
b) Backactors (Backhoe) They are used mainly as trench or large scale open
excavation
c) Bulldozers: They are used for grading materials to levels over relatively smaller
area ,to cut small tree ,remove surface vegetation or hard surfaces etc
d) Tractor shovel (loading shovel ): Materials above the base of vehicle can be lifted and
unload onto a dump truck or onto a spoil heap
Clamshell excavator: It is used to handle or load soft /saturated soil on site. It
is more useful in very big site where a large amount of soil materials is
required to remove.
Powered shovel or drill: This is for cutting of larger boulders or rock
Grader A grader does not excavated but it levels and grades out to fine loose or
deposit materials
Scraper- The machine works similarly to a grader but it has a container to hold the
surplus soil after scraper
Dumper. It is easy to manoeuvre on uneven and rutted ground
Dumper truck designed for large-capacity loads to be carried over a long distances on
or off site

and done through Dumpling method, & Diaphragm walling:

This method need to

construct a R.C. retaining wall along the area of work. Because the wall is designed to
reach very great depth, mechanical excavating method is employed. Typical sequence
of work includes: a) Construct a guide wall b) Excavation for the diaphragm wall c)
Excavation support using bentonite slurry d) Inert reinforcement and concreting

2.3 Identify the steps in the process of constructing a selected foundation in your site.

I would like to choose pile foundation. In pile foundation works, different unit of pile in
square, rectangular fashion are driven in to the ground in to a greater depth by hammering
or through rig pile machine. In total, these piles formed the group and connected by pile
cap. Over pile cap pedestal/or column are constructed.
pile is installed either by pile hammering and boring by mechanical auger.
The terminologies associated with pile are as follow
Driven precast piles: The pile is casted into yard and brought to site by any mechanical
means and driven in to the soil by mechanization means
Driven cast in situ pile: In this method a ring of steel or casing is plugged in to the
ground and then pile is casted in to that ground with or without removing the casing.
Bored pre-cast pile: In this method, the bore is made by removing the soil and then
precast pile is placed in that bore
Bore cast-in situ pile: In this method, the bore is made by removing the soil and then
pile is casted into the bore at site.
I would like to adopt either bore cast-in situ pile or driven cast in situ pile for our kind
of work.
3.2)

Explain the reinforcement arrangement of concrete members and their method

of construction.

In any frame structure buildings, there is generally reinforced concrete members

are footing/foundation, different kind of beam, column, slab etc.
The way of arranging the reinforcement in different member is different. For all
reinforcement, there is a need of cover to be provided in order to save the steel
from corrosion from external environment. Depending upon the exposure
condition, different thickness of cover are provided. The minimum cover in case
of slab to be provided is 15 mm, in case of beam it is 25mm, in case of column it
is 40mm. However the maximum cover is to be provided to the foundation.
The ways of construction in case of foundation is excavating the soil up to
required depth then filled the bottom by lean concrete . Decide how much
reinforcement is required then accordingly placing the reinforcement bar
vertically and horizontally both in x-y-z direction with the proper spacing of
centre to centre. This formed the mesh of steel. Then pouring the concrete to
remaining depth . When reinforcement is fixed for footing purpose, it is also
required to provide the steel for the provision of column. The column/ beam
reinforcement is joined together by shear stirrups. In order to pour the concrete
in column, beam and slab there is a need of centering and shuttering
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arrangement. Which can be removed after curing period prescribed in report? It

is generally 48 hour for column.
3.3 Discuss brick/block used for the proposed building construction.
In this project though the structure is of framed type i.e. reinforced column beam
arrangement, which carrying the load and transfer to foundation and then foundation
distributed the load to underlying soil, but in order to formation of masonry i.e n
masonry works for external and internal, bricks are used. For internal masonry work are
used for partition purpose.The purpose of wall is they delineate boundaries; support roofs
and floors; prevent water entering the dwelling; keep warmth in and cold out; prevent the
spread of fire, etc
The wall is of following types.
external;
- internal;
- load bearing;
- non-load bearing
The external walls are of following types solid wall and cavity wall.
Cavity wall: After 1930, the tendency has been to construct walls consisting of two skins of
brick with a space or cavity between them, thus the wall is about 11 thick (2 x 4.5 wide bricks
with a 2 space between the two). More recently builders have used breeze block to create the
inner part of the cavity wall because blocks are bigger and cheaper than brick and, as they are
not visible, their unattractive appearance is hidden from view. They may also have improved
thermal properties. The cavity wall is also called as block
Block-in course masonry: It is the name given to a class of ashlar masonry which
occupies an intermediate place between rubble and ashlars. The stones are all
squared and properly dressed. It resembles to coursed rubble masonry or rough
tooled ashlar masonry

Write method statement for construction of 1st floor concrete slab of your building.
(Method statement should include main steps in construction and resources used
clearly)

Solution:

DAMP PRPOOF COURSE

Introduction
One of the basic requirements of the building is that it should remain dry or free from
moisture traveling through walls, roofs and doors
Dampness is the presence of hydroscopic or gravitational moisture in the building
Dampness gives rise of un hygienic condition, and reduction of strength of structural
components
Every building should be damp proof
Causes of dampness
Moisture rising up from the ground to the walls
Moisture constantly travels through the substructure. in impervious soil lot of soil moisture
present in the soil this moisture may rise up in the wall and floor trough capillary action
Ground water rise will also result in moisture entry into the building through walls and floors
Rain travel from wall tops
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If the walls are not properly protected from rain penetration, rain will enter into the wall and
travel down
Leaking roofs will also permit the water to enter in the wall
Rain beating against external walls
Heavy showers of rain may beat against external walls
If the balconies do not have proper outward slope water will enter in the building interior
and it would completely deface the decoration of the wall
Condensation
Due to condensation of atmospheric moisture water is deposited on the
Walls, floors and ceilings
Methods of damp proofing

Membrane damp proofing

Integral damp proofing

Surface treatment

Cavity wall construction

Guniting

Pressure grouting

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Membrane damp proofing

Introducing a water repellent membrane or damp proof course between the source of
dampness and the part of the building adjacent to it .
Dpc may be consist of flexible materials such as bitumen, mastic asphalt, bituminous felts,
plastic are polythene metal sheets .
Integral damp proofing
This consist of adding certain water proofing compounds of materials to the
concrete mix so that it becomes impermeable
These water proofing compounds made from
Chalk, talk and fullers earth
Compounds like alkaline silicates, aluminum sulphate, and calcium chloride
Surface teatement
This consist of application of layer of water repellentsubstance or compounds on the
surface through which moisture enters
The use of metallic soap such as calcium and aluminium oletes and stearates are much
effective against rain water penetration
Surface treatment is effective only the moisture is superficial and its not under pressure
Cavity wall construction
this is an effective method of damp prevention in which the external wall of the building is
shielded by an outer skin wall leaving a cavity between the two

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guniting
This consist of depositing under pressure ,an impervious layer of rich cement mortar over
the exposed for water proofing or over pipes for resisting the water pressure
Cement mortar consist of 1:3 cement sand mix which is short on the cleaned surface with
the help of cement gun under a pressure of 3to 4 kg/cm2
Pressure grouting
This is the process of forcing cement grout under pressure, into cracks, voids, fissures etc
present into the structural components
This method is quite effective in checking the seepage of raised ground water
Materials used for damp proofing course
Hot bitumen
Mastic asphalt
Bituminous or asphaltic felts
Metal sheets
Combination of sheets and bituminous felts
Bricks
Stones
Mortar
Cement concrete
Plastic sheets

Identify and discuss the form work needed for theconstructionofbuilding elements (minimum
2 elements). Proper sketches drawn by the student himself of form work arrangement
should be produced for each element.

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Solution:
The

Shuttering and centering arrangement for the execution of different dependent

element is called form work. This form form required for the execution of element called as
footing, beam, column,& Slab.

Centering and shuttering

Shuttering is the temporary ancillary construction used as a mould for the structures
In which the concrete is placed and allowed to hardened
These are classified as steel wooden plywood combined woods steel, reinforced concrete
and plain concrete
Requirements of shuttering
The material should be cheap and should be suitable for re use several times

It should be practically water proof so that it should not observe water from concrete
It should be strong enough to with stand all loads coming on it
It should be stiff enough so that deflection is minimum
The surface of the formwork should smooth and it should afford easy stripping
Loads on form work
Live load due to labour etc
Dead weight of wet concrete
Hydrostatic pressure of the fluid concrete
Impact due t pouring concrete

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Shuttering for column

Components
Sheeting or column shutter all around the column
Yokes
Wedges
bolt

Shuttering for beam and slab floor

The slab is continous over the beam
The slab is supported on 2.5 cm thick sheeting laid parallel to the main beam

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form work for stairs

Shuttering of walls
The boarding may be 4 to 5 cm thick for walls up to 3to 4m high
The boards are fixed to 5cmX10cm posts known as struts are soldiers
Describe the method of floor finishing that you recommend for your building.
ROOF FINISHING
Roof finishing accessories include all types of accessory materials that are used to finish a
roof. Flashing, drip edge, and roof drains are all examples of roofing accessories.
Roof finishing accessories are widely available for a range of applications and may be
chosen for functional, aesthetic, or budgetary reasons.
Roofing accessories are largely made from aluminum, steel, copper, or PVC vinyl. They
include a range of products including
Rain gutters and Drains and guards
Flashing or weatherproofing materials

Roof caps

Drip edges

Ridges and shingles

Chimney caps

Leader boxes

Finials and turrets

Weathervanes.

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Rain gutters and Drains and guards

Rain gutters, drains and guards are roof finishing accessories that collect and divert
rainwater away from the roof and building foundation.
These types of roof finishing accessories may also reduce erosion, prevent leaks in the
foundation or basement, reduce water exposure on painted surfaces, and collect water for
additional use.
Rain gutter, drain and guard roof finishing accessories may be available with screens,
louvers, or hoods for additional protection.
Flashing or weatherproofing materials
Roof finishing accessories also include flashing, also known as weatherproofing.
Flashing refers to installing a thin, continuous piece of sheet material to prevent the
passage of water into the structure from a joint or angle.
Flashing roof finishing accessories are commonly used around protruding objects in the
roof, such as chimneys or pipes, to prevent water from reaching seams or joints.
Roof caps, drip edges, ridges and shingles, and chimney caps
Roof caps, drip edges, ridges and shingles, and chimney caps are also common, functional
roof finishing accessories
. Roof caps provide ventilation via the rooftop. They are commonly made from copper or
galvanized steel, and often include an insect screen.
Drip edge roof finishing accessories are useful in stopping water from seeping under a roof
deck, which can prevent frame rot.
Roof ridge caps and shingles are also used as finishing accessories. Roof shingles are
individual, overlapping elements used for water-resistance.
At the roof ridge, there is typically a copper, lead, or plastic cap to ensure water protection.
Ridge vents are also commonly used as roof finishing accessories to provide ventilation to
attic or upper crawlspaces.
Leader boxes, Finials and turrets and Weathervanes.
Finishing accessories can also be decorative.

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These accessories include leader boxes, finials and turrets, and weathervanes. Leader box
accessories are used with gutter systems to hide or diminish the sight of leader elbows, and
are available in a range of decorative styles, shapes, and designs.
Roof finials and turrets are caps or towers affixed to the highest point of the roof, largely for
decoration. Turrets are often designed to hold clocks or bells.
Similarly, weathervanes are another type of roof finishing accessory often used for
decoration at the highest point of the roof. Weathervanes are not solely used for decoration,
however, as they also point to the direction of the wind. Other, unlisted types of roof
finishing accessories may also be available.
FLOORS
The purpose of floor is to provide a level surface capable of supporting the occupants of the
building, furniture, equipment and some time interior wall
The floor must satisfy the following requirements
Adequate strength and stability
Adequate fire resistance
Sound proof
Damp resistance
Thermal insulations

Components of a floor
Sub floor, basecourse or floor base
Floor covering or flooring
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Selection of flooring materials

Factor that affect the choice of flooring
Initial cost
Appearance
Cleanliness
Durability
Damp resistance
Sound insulation
Thermal insulation
Fire resistance
Smoothness
Hardness
Maintenance
Types of flooring
Mud flooring and muram flooring
Brick flooring
Flag stone flooring cement concrete flooring
Terrazzo flooring
Mosaic flooring
Tiled flooring
Marble flooring timber flooring
Asphalt flooring
Rubber flooring
Linoleum flooring
Cork flooring
Glass flooring
Plastic or pvc flooring
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Mud flooring and muram flooring

This type of flooring is cheap, hard highly impervious
It is easy to construct and easy to maintain
It has good thermal insulation property due to which it remains cool in summer and warm in
winter
Over a well prepared ground 25 cm thick selected moist earth is spread and it rammed well
to compacted thickness of 15cm
In order to prevent cracks small quantity of chopped straw is mixed
Muram flooring
Muram is a form of disintegrated rock with binding material
To construct such a floor a 15 cm thick layer muram is laid over prepared sub grade over it
2.5 cm thick powder layer of muram is spread and rammed

Brick flooring
The sub grade is compacted properly, to the desired leveland 7.5 cm thick layer is spread
Over this a course of brick is laid flat in mortar is built
Such flooring is used in cheap construction, especially where good bricks are available

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Flag stone flooring

Flag stone is laminated sand stone available in 2cm to 4cm thickness in the form of stone
slab of 30X30 cm or 45X45cm and 60X60 cm
This type of works also called paving.
The stones are laid on concrete base the subsoil is properly compacted over which 10 to of
lime concrete or lean cement concrete is laid
Cement concrete flooring
This is commonly used for residential, commercial even industrial building..
It is moderately cheap quite durable and easy to construct
The floor consist of two components
Base concrete
Topping or wearing surface

The base course ma be 7.5 to 10 cm thick

The topping consist of 1:2:4 cement concrete
Terrazzo flooring
Terrazzo flooring is another type of floor finish that is laid in thin layer over concrete topping
It is very decorative and good wearing properties

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Terrazzo is a specially prepare concrete surface containing cement and marble chips in the
proportion to 1:1 1/4 to 1:2
When the surface has set the chips are exposed by grinding operation

Mosaic flooring
Mosaic flooring Is made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or of
marble arranged in different pattern
These pieces are cut to desired shape and sizes
a concrete base is prepare as in the case of concrete flooring over that 5to8 thick lime
surkhi mortar is spread over an area, over this 3mm thick cementing paste is layered and is
left to dry about 4 hours,
,there after small pieces of broken tiles or marble pieces of different colors arranged definite
pattern and hammered in different layers
Tiled flooring
Tiledflooring is constructed from square ,hexagonal or other shapes made up of clay
cement concrete and terrazzo
These are available In various thickness
Thes are commonly used in residential houses ,schools,hospitals and other public
buildings
Over the concrete base a 25 to 30 mm thick layr of lime mortar 1:3 to serve as a bedding
The bedding mortar is allowed to harden

for 12 to 24 hours

Neat cement slurry is spread over it and the tiles are laid flat over it

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Marble flooring
It is the superior type of flooring used in bathrooms and kitchens of residential building and
hospitals ,sanitorium ,temples etc
After the preparation of base concrete 20 mm thick bed layer of 1:4 cement mix spread
under the area of each individual slabs.
The marble layer is then laid over it and pressed with wooden mallet and leveled
Timber flooring
Timber flooring is used for carpentry halls ,dancing halls auditorium
Etc
These are not commonly usedin India because its costlier
But hilly area where wood is available and temperature drops very low timber flooring is
quite common
The suspended type of wooden floor is supported above the ground
The solid type of wooden floor is fully supported on the ground
2.2(a): Describe the associated temporary works during excavation.
As the site is located nearby of sea shore, there is always obstruct the excavation by
water seepage and whenever any volume of excavation done, the same volume of
water is filled up again. So, there is a need of temporary structure to build up to
prevent the flow of water around the area of excavation. Whenever the water is filled
up in the excavated land, pumping out the water is one of the method done through
pumps. But this is the remedial measures. We are aimed at what are the preservative
measure is? One of the option is temporary constructing the sheet piles.
Sheet pile is a kind of pile that which is made of concrete, steel, wood of which the
thickness is very less as compared with its length. Ideally speaking this pile is used to
prevent the entry water in construction the sheet piles.
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Using cofferdams : A cofferdam may be defined as a temporary box structure

constructed in earth or water to exclude soil or water from a construction area, such as
for foundation or basement works
The following provisions can contribute certain degree of water-tightness to the
basement during the construction: 1. Sheet piling 2. Diaphragm walls 3. Suitable
grouting to the sub-soil In addition, ground water can be further control by the use of
the following arrangement: 1. Sump pumping 2. Well point systems 3. Shallow or deepbored wells 4. Horizontal ground water control 5. electro-osmosis method

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