Monapo Kuunga

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PRECAM-3679; No. of Pages 51
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Precambrian Research xxx (2013) xxxxxx
Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect
Precambrian Research
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/precamres
Comparison of the metamorphic history of the Monapo Complex, northern

Mozambique and Balchenfjella and Austhameren areas, Sr Rondane, Antarctica:
Implications for the Kuunga Orogeny and the amalgamation of N and S.
Gondwana
G.H. Grantham a,c, , P.H. Macey b , K. Horie c , T. Kawakami d , M. Ishikawa e , M. Satish-Kumar f ,
N. Tsuchiya g , P. Graser h , S. Azevedo i
a
Council for Geoscience, P/Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa

Council for Geoscience, Bellville, South Africa
c
National Institute of Polar Research, 10-3, Midoricho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8518, Japan
d
Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
e
Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokahama National University, Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 248-501, Japan
f
Department of Geology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
g
Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
h
Department of Geology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
i
Direcco Nacional de Geologia, Nampula, Mozambique
b
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 18 March 2012
Received in revised form 6 November 2012
Accepted 12 November 2012
Available online xxx
Keywords:
Northern Mozambique
Sor Rondane
Correlation
NS Gondwana amalgamation
Kuunga Orogeny
East African Orogeny
a b s t r a c t
Reconstructions of Gondwana place Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica (DML) adjacent to N. Mozambique prior to fragmentation. The Monapo Complex outlier klippen overlying the Nampula Terrane in N.
Mozambique has been correlated with rocks in eastern and central DML. Metamorphic assemblages and
PT conditions from the two areas are compared as well the timing of metamorphism. Granulite grade
assemblages preserved in the Monapo Complex suggest PT conditions of 900 C and >10 kb. Textures
vary with reactions typical of isothermal decompression, isobaric cooling and hydration being recognized
but also include equilibrium assemblages. PT estimates from four samples suggest initial inversion of
high pressure assemblages from at least 10 kb and 900 C to mid-crustal levels where near isobaric
cooling and hydration at between 47 kb and 550700 C is recognized. Granulite grade assemblages
from Balchenfjella in eastern Sr Rondane, DML suggest initial PT conditions of 900 C and >10 kb.
Textures vary with reactions typical of decompression, cooling and hydration being recognized but also
include equilibrium assemblages. PT estimates from four samples suggest initial inversion of high pressure assemblages from at least 10 kb and 900 C to mid-crustal levels where retrogression at between
67 kb and 600700 C is recognized.
SHRIMP zircon data from six samples from eastern Sr Rondane show episodic zircon growth over
a period from 630 Ma to 530 Ma with ve metamorphic pulses being dened. Undeformed granitic
intrusions with ages of 550 Ma intrude Sr Rondane. SHRIMP zircon data from samples from alkaline
intrusions and mac granulites in the Monapo Complex yield crystallization and metamorphic ages of
635 Ma and 570-590 Ma respectively. The complex is intruded by granitic veins with ages of 550 Ma.
The similarities in metamorphic mineral assemblages, PT estimates and zircon geochronology data
indicate a common geological history between Sr Rondane and the Monapo Complex of northern
Mozambique. This common history is interpreted to result from both areas being part of a mega-nappe
structure which was emplaced in a transpressional setting involving collision between N. Gondwana
(comprising rocks of the East African Orogeny) and south Gondwana (comprising the Nampula Terrane
of northern Mozambique and the Maud Province of western Dronning Maud Land) along the DamaraZambesi-Lurio-CDML collision boundary.
Other erosional remnants of this nappe include the Mugeba Complex in northern Mozambique, the
Kataragama klippe in Sri Lanka, the Urungwe klippe in Zimbabwe, the Masosa Suite and Mavhuradohna
Complex in western Mozambique and NE Zimbabwe.
2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Corresponding author at: Council for Geoscience, P/Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa. Tel.: +27 12 841 1129; fax: +27 12 841 1148.
E-mail address: grantham@geoscience.org.za (G.H. Grantham).
0301-9268/$ see front matter 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.11.012
Please cite this article in press as: Grantham, G.H., et al., Comparison of the metamorphic history of the Monapo Complex, northern Mozambique
and Balchenfjella and Austhameren areas, Sr Rondane, Antarctica: Implications for the Kuunga Orogeny and the amalgamation of N and S.
Gondwana. Precambrian Res. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2012.11.012
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G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2013) xxxxxx
1. Introduction
Gondwana reconstructions (Reeves et al., 2004; Lawver et al.,
1998) place the Dronning Maud Land (DML) area of Antarctica
adjacent to southeastern Africa prior to Gondwana fragmentation
(Fig. 1). The broader area of northern Mozambique and Dronning
Maud Land is the focus of debates regarding the continental blocks
involved in the amalgamation of Gondwana. Some authors view
the amalgamation to have occurred along the NS oriented East
African Orogeny (EAO) and possible extensions into East Antarctica
to form the East African Antarctic Orogeny stretching from the Arabian Nubian Shield in the North to Heimefrontfjella, western DML in
the south (Jacobs et al., 1998, 2003a,b). Meert (2003) questioned the
southward extension of the EAO and concluded that the northern
Mozambique and DML areas were located at the intersection of two
different orogenies namely the NS oriented, marginally older EAO
Orogeny and the younger EW oriented Damara-Zambesi-Lurio
Belts which he grouped together and termed the Kuunga Orogeny.
Grantham et al. (2008) supported the differentiation between the
belts suggested by Meert (2003) and concluded that the Lurio belt
was a suture zone resulting from a top to the SW mega-nappe structure which extended into central and eastern DML, Antarctica. In
this model the Monapo Complex (Fig. 1) is interpreted as an erosional remnant outlier of the mega-nappe structure, overlying the
footwall Nampula Terrane of Mozambique. In the model large areas
of EDML and CDML Antarctica are also allochthonous but more
extensive due to lower degrees of erosion in Antarctica. In Sr
Rondane, Grantham et al. (2008) inferred that the areas underlain
by rocks with granulite grade assemblages (i.e. the NE Terrane of
Osanai et al., 1996) could broadly be correlated with the Namuno
Terrane of N. Mozambique i.e. rocks located north of the Lurio Belt
high strain zone (Fig. 1). In the latter scenario, which proposes the
amalgamation of N and S Gondwana along the Kuunga Orogeny,
the rocks of the 550900 Ma old EAO have been thrust over the
10001150 Ma old Nampula and Maud Terranes thus forming the
EW oriented Kuunga Orogeny of Meert (2003) and Meert and
Lieberman (2008). An additional factor supporting correlation of
NE Sr Rondane, with the Namuno Terrane of northern Mozambique is provided by metacarbonates which small form but widely
distributed layers in NE Sr Rondane, and have late-Tonian and
early-Cryogenian age (880850 Ma and 820790 Ma) ages (Otsuji
et al., in this issue) comparable to the Montepuez Complex of
Namuno Terrane described by Melezhik et al. (2008). Metacarbonates are not recognized in the Nampula Terrane of northern
Mozambique Macey et al. (2010).
The rotational position of Antarctica in relation to southern
Africa is constrained by the Gunnerus Ridge occupying the gap
between N. Mozambique and Sri Lanka and in this conguration, Balchenfjella in eastern Sr Rondane is located almost due
south of the Monapo Complex (Fig. 1) in a Gondwana framework.
A conundrum related to the juxtapositioning of DML against N.
Mozambique in this position is that the geochronological and lithological proles of the two areas astride the paleo-Mozambique
Ocean coastline (namely the Nampula Terrane and central and
eastern DML) show distinct differences (Grantham et al., 2008).
Geochronological data from central and eastern DML show extensive crystallization and metamorphic ages in the time span from
600 to 1000 Ma. In the Nampula Terrane of northern Mozambique, the only areas containing rocks with zircon ages within
this range are found in the Monapo Complex and the Mugeba
Complex (Fig. 1) (Grantham et al., 2008) and the younger metamorphosed molasse sequences of the Mecuburi Group (Thomas et al.,
2010; Ueda et al., 2011,). The Monapo and Mugeba Complexes have
been interpreted as granulite klippe overlying the Nampula Terrane (Pinna et al., 1993; Grantham et al., 2008). These klippen have
been interpreted as erosional oor remnants of a megascale nappe
linking central and eastern DML with the Namuno Terrane of northern Mozambique, an area north of the Lurio Belt (Fig. 1) (Grantham
et al., 2008). It is inferred that much of this megascale klippen
has been removed by subsequent erosion with only the erosional
outlier klippen remnants remaining and providing evidence of the
continuation of the rocks between the Namuno Terrane and CDML
and eastern DML. The Namuno Terrane has a geochronological age
prole similar to that of Central and eastern DML (Grantham et al.,
2008). The age similarity as well as similarities in lithologies and
PT evolutionary paths formed the basis of correlating the rocks of
the Namuno Terrane of northern Mozambique with those of central
and eastern Dronning Maud Land (Grantham et al., 2008).
This paper presents unpublished detailed data in support of
the correlations between N. Mozambique and DML, Antarctica
and compares unpublished mineralogical data from both the
allochthonous Monapo Complex in northern Mozambique and the
Balchenfjella and Austhameren areas of eastern Sr Rondane as well
as unpublished geochronological data from Balchenfjella. The paper
demonstrates strong similarities in the metamorphic histories of
the two areas. The data from the Monapo Complex is derived from
an unpublished report (Grantham et al., 2007).
2. Previous work and general geology of the Monapo

Complex and eastern Sr Rondane
2.1. Monapo Complex
The Monapo Complex is an almost circular structure in the
Nampula Terrane of northern Mozambique (Figs. 1 and 2) which
has been variably interpreted as a nappe klippen structure (Pinna
et al., 1993; Grantham et al., 2008), a circular intrusion complex with several cone sheet intrusions (Siegfried, 1999) and a
supracrustal sequence deposited in a restricted intracratonic basin
and subsequently metamorphosed by granulite facies metamorphism (Beltchev, 1983). The complex forms a prominent feature
on aeromagnetic, aeroradiometric and Landsat 7 images but is
extremely poorly exposed in the eld. Topographic relief within
the structure is typically subdued with the structure occupying a
broadly low-lying depression. The most detailed description of the
Monapo Complex is that of Siegfried (1999).
The map of the complex (Fig. 2) has been compiled using
eld lithological and structural data combined with aeromagnetic,
radiometric and Landsat 7 data. The geophysical data provide far
greater insight into the lithological distribution and structure than
the Landsat images.
The complex is subdivided into four broad rock units. The
four units comprise a basal/circumferential mylonitic unit, a volcanosedimentary supracrustal sequence termed the Metacheria
gneisses, which is intruded by two suites namely the Mazerapane
Suite and the Ramiane Suite (Fig. 2). These suites comprise largely
undeformed alkaline and ultramac to mac rocks (the Mazerapane Suite) and largely undeformed felsic rocks (the Ramiane
Suite). The Metacheria gneisses include granulitic ortho- and paragneisses, dominantly quartzofeldspathic but including subordinate,
quartzitic, metapelitic, metacarbonate and metabasic varieties. The
rocks will be described within this framework.
The overall structure of the Monapo Complex can be interpreted
as a large interference fold within a nappe klippen. The eastern half
of the complex can be interpreted as the top of a mushroom of
a type two interference fold (Ramsay, 1967, p. 531) resulting from
a NS oriented synform, refolded by an EW oriented open fold
(Fig. 2). The distribution and shape of the mushroom in the eastern half of the structure is particularly well dened in radiometric
images and contributed to the interpretation by Siegfried (1999) of
an extensive metasomatised zone. The western half of the structure
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Fig. 1. Gondwana reconstruction after Lawver et al. (1998) showing the proximity of the Monapo Complex in northern Mozambique and the Balchenfjella area of Sr
Rondane eastern Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. The relative position of Antarctica in relation to southeastern Africa is constrained by the Gunnerus ridge occupying the
space between Sri Lanka and northern Mozambique. In this conguration the Lurio Belt is correlated with the shear zone which separates the Vijayan Complex (VC) and
Highland Complex (HC) of Sri Lanka. The data for the different areas has been compiled from a 1:1 000 000 Geological Map and Map Explanation of Mozambique (Hartzer
et al., 2008; Grantham et al., 2011), a 1:250 000 Geological Map of Sr Rondane (Shiraishi et al., 1997), maps in Paech (2004, ed) and unpublished maps of Sverdrupfjella
(Grantham, unpubl. data).
is underlain by NS oriented gneisses, including mac to ultramac

intrusive sheets of the Mazerapane Suite. The NS oriented gneisses
can be interpreted as either a folded sequence or the same sequence
duplicated by thrust faulting (Fig. 2). The latter option is preferred
because of the sequence of units, which appear to be duplicated
in contrast to the mirror image distribution of banding one may
expected if the banding had originated from fold repetition. The
broad interference structure interpretation of the complex is supported by four maxima in the stereonet (Fig. 2, lower right) showing
the poles to planar fabrics.
Stretching lineations measured in the complex plunge dominantly westward (Fig. 2, top corner right), with lesser groups
dening a girdle plunging eastwards, eastnortheast and southeast. The varying lineation directions similarly suggest multiphase
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4
Table 1a
Garnet analyses from Balchenfjella.
Sample
Mineral spot
SR150
Grt2
SR150
Grt3
SR150
Grt4
SR150
Grt5
SR150
Grt6
SR183C
Grt1
SR183C
Grt2
SR183C
Grt3
SR183C
Grt4
SR183C
Grt5
SR132
Grt1
SR132
Grt2
SR132
Grt3
SR132
Grt4
SR132
Grt5
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Cr2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
K2 O
Na2 O
Total
37.97
0.00
21.85
0.00
28.84
1.06
5.77
5.66
0.00
0.02
101.17
37.83
0.00
21.55
0.02
28.93
1.04
5.44
5.86
0.00
0.02
100.69
37.73
0.02
21.59
0.01
28.62
1.09
5.36
6.11
0.00
0.02
100.55
37.88
0.01
21.60
0.04
28.46
1.07
5.73
5.85
0.00
0.02
100.67
37.93
0.04
21.64
0.01
29.20
1.18
4.87
6.12
0.00
0.01
100.98
38.15
0.11
21.48
0.05
24.64
0.62
7.12
7.54
0.01
0.01
99.73
38.51
0.12
21.44
0.00
24.40
0.59
7.28
7.47
0.02
0.00
99.83
38.63
0.08
21.57
0.02
24.14
0.57
7.46
7.48
0.02
0.00
99.96
38.55
0.14
21.68
0.03
24.45
0.55
7.50
7.73
0.01
0.00
100.65
38.37
0.13
21.51
0.02
24.18
0.54
7.33
7.82
0.02
0.00
99.92
37.23
0.04
21.22
0.04
34.92
1.15
3.18
1.39
0.02
0.00
99.19
37.47
0.01
21.91
0.02
34.43
1.14
3.53
1.35
0.02
0.00
99.89
37.60
0.02
21.54
0.05
34.60
1.16
3.44
1.36
0.02
0.01
99.80
37.58
0.06
21.63
0.02
34.16
1.04
3.81
1.39
0.01
0.01
99.72
37.44
0.00
21.62
0.00
34.19
1.00
3.64
1.43
0.01
0.02
99.35
Cations
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Almandine %
Pyrope %
Grossular %
Spessartine %
Uvarovite %
Andradite %
CaTi Gt %
FeT/FeT + Mg
Fe2 /Fe2 + Mg
2.938
0.000
1.992
0.000
0.132
1.733
0.069
0.665
0.469
59.01
22.65
14.98
2.36
0.00
1.00
0.00
0.74
0.72
2.947
0.000
1.978
0.001
0.127
1.757
0.069
0.632
0.489
59.64
21.44
15.58
2.33
0.01
1.00
0.00
0.75
0.74
2.942
0.001
1.984
0.001
0.129
1.738
0.072
0.623
0.510
59.04
21.17
16.27
2.45
0.01
1.06
0.01
0.75
0.74
2.945
0.001
1.979
0.002
0.127
1.724
0.070
0.664
0.487
58.52
22.55
15.53
2.39
0.02
0.99
0.00
0.74
0.72
2.954
0.002
1.987
0.001
0.099
1.803
0.078
0.565
0.511
60.97
19.13
16.43
2.63
0.01
0.82
0.02
0.77
0.76
2.951
0.006
1.958
0.003
0.123
1.471
0.041
0.821
0.625
49.73
27.76
19.79
1.37
0.03
1.24
0.06
0.66
0.64
2.973
0.007
1.951
0.000
0.090
1.486
0.039
0.838
0.618
49.86
28.12
19.76
1.29
0.00
0.91
0.07
0.65
0.64
deformation. It is potentially signicant that the orientations of

the few lineations measured in the basal/marginal mylonitic rocks,
and those close to the margins of the complex, appear to vary
widely with southeast, eastnortheast and west-southwest plunging orientations being recorded. These data may suggest that the
dominantly westward plunging lineations within the complex predate those in and adjacent to the marginal basal mylonite.
Three ages from the Monapo Complex have previously been
reported. Siegfried (1999) reported an age of 590 Ma however no
formal details of the analytical methods and precision were provided. Jamal (2005) reported two ages; one from a leucogneiss in
the Monapo Complex and the other from an undeformed aplitic
vein intruding the gneisses. The leucogneiss yielded a crystallization age of 635 3 Ma from the SHRIMP analysis of zircons,
collected from a leuco-gneiss interpreted to be syn D2 in age.
Sphene from the aplitic vein yielded a SHRIMP crystallization age
of 559 9 Ma which denes a minimum age for deformation of the
Complex. Grantham et al. (2007) reported SHRIMP data from two
samples from the Monapo Complex. A garnet-pyroxene granulite
from the Metacheria gneisses yielded two ages of zircon comprising igneous euhedral oscillatory zoned zircon and anhedral
angular unzoned zircon yielding ages of 634 8 Ma and 579 Ma
respectively. A sample from the Ramiane Suite yielded a crystallization age of 637 5 Ma from oscillatory zoned igneous zircons
which have younger zircon overgrowths which provided an age of
596 5 Ma.
Provisional PT estimates from the metamorphic assemblages
from the Monapo Complex have been described in Grantham et al.
(2007) and suggest PT conditions of 800900 C and 10 kb.
These estimates are signicantly higher than and contrast against
the upper amphibolite facies assemblages of the underlying Nampula Terrane gneisss (Grantham et al., 2007). The rocks of the
Monapo Complex are correlated with lithologies exposed north of
the Lurio Belt (Fig. 1) where Engvik et al. (2007) have reported
2.973
0.005
1.957
0.001
0.086
1.468
0.037
0.856
0.617
48.60
28.74
20.24
1.25
0.01
1.10
0.05
0.64
0.63
2.948
0.008
1.954
0.002
0.132
1.432
0.036
0.855
0.633
48.45
28.92
19.98
1.21
0.02
1.35
0.08
0.65
0.63
2.958
0.008
1.953
0.001
0.115
1.443
0.035
0.842
0.645
48.65
28.39
20.47
1.19
0.01
1.21
0.08
0.65
0.63
3.017
0.002
2.027
0.003
0.000
2.367
0.079
0.384
0.121
80.21
13.02
4.08
2.68
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.86
0.86
3.004
0.001
2.070
0.001
0.000
2.308
0.077
0.422
0.116
78.96
14.43
3.96
2.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.85
0.85
3.022
0.001
2.040
0.003
0.000
2.325
0.079
0.412
0.117
79.27
14.05
3.98
2.69
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.85
0.85
3.014
0.004
2.044
0.001
0.000
2.291
0.071
0.456
0.119
78.02
15.51
4.06
2.41
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.83
0.83
3.016
0.000
2.052
0.000
0.000
2.303
0.068
0.437
0.123
78.56
14.91
4.21
2.33
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.84
0.84
a clockwise decompression path from pressures of 1214 kb and

temperatures of >800 C.
2.2. Balchenfjella
The geology of Sr Rondane has been summarized by Shiraishi
et al. (1991) and has been described as comprising a dominant
largely granulite facies terrane in the N and NE separated from a
lower grade amphibolite facies, southwest terrane; the terranes
being separated by the Main Shear Zone (Osanai et al., 1996)
(Fig. 3). The samples described in this study are from Balchenfjella and Austhameran from eastern Sr Rondane and from the
granulite facies N and NE terranes of Osanai et al. (1996). The samples were selected from as small a geographic areas as possible
so as to attempt to ensure they were from the same geological
domain recognizing the complex deformation history of Sr Rondane described in Osanai et al. (1996). Osanai et al. (1996) and
Asami et al. (1992) described the metamorphic evolution of the Sr
Rondane, recognizing peak metamorphic conditions of 750800 C
and pressures of 78 kb in essentially metabasic and metapelitic
rocks. They described a clockwise PT path and concluded that
peak granulite facies metamorphism had occurred at 1000 Ma
followed by later, lower P metamorphism related to deformation
and intrusion at 500 Ma. The metapelitic rocks were described
as having the assemblage of Sill + Grt + Bt + Kfs + Pl + Qtz with kyanite inclusions recognized in Grt implying an earlier relatively high
pressure phase. The metabasic rocks were described as having the
assemblage Opx + Cpx + Grt + Hbl + Pl.
Grew et al. (1992) reported discordant U/Pb data from zircon
with an upper intercept of 1110 Ma and a lower intercept of 458 Ma.
SmNd data yielded TDM ages of between 990 and 1550 Ma implying a relatively juvenile terrain. Internal RbSr isochron ages of
457479 Ma were interpreted to reect younger deformation and
amphibolites-facies metamorphic reworking.
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Table 1b
Plagioclase analyses from Balchenfjella. Symp in the sample number implies analysis from symplectite gmass indicates groundmass grain.
Sample no.
Mineral spot
SR150
Pl1
SR150
Pl3
SR150
Pl4
SR150
Pl5
SR150
Pl6
SR161D
Pl1
SR161D
Pl2
SR161D
Pl3
SR161D
Pl4
SR161A
Pl1
SR161A
Pl2
SR161A
Pl3
SR161A
Pl4
SR183A symp
Pl1
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
Cr2 O3
Total
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
An %
Ab %
Or %
54.14
0
28.98
0.3
0
0.01
11.27
5.11
0.19
0.02
100.02
2.443
0.000
1.541
0.000
0.000
0.011
0.000
0.001
0.545
0.447
0.011
54.3
44.6
1.1
53.39
0.01
29.05
0.21
0.03
0
11.4
4.89
0.22
0
99.2
2.431
0.000
1.559
0.000
0.000
0.008
0.001
0.000
0.556
0.432
0.013
55.6
43.1
1.3
53.85
0.03
28.65
0.17
0
0.01
11.37
4.94
0.28
0.04
99.34
2.450
0.001
1.536
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.000
0.001
0.554
0.436
0.016
55.1
43.3
1.6
53.76
0
28.31
0.16
0.02
0.03
11.14
5.13
0.29
0
98.82
2.453
0.000
1.523
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.001
0.002
0.545
0.454
0.017
53.6
44.7
1.7
54.22
0
28.72
0.19
0
0
10.86
5.25
0.25
0.02
99.5
2.456
0.000
1.534
0.000
0.000
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.527
0.461
0.014
52.6
46.0
1.4
42.64
0.02
35.66
0.12
0
0
19.95
0.17
0
0.01
98.57
2.002
0.001
1.973
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.000
0.000
1.004
0.015
0.000
98.5
1.5
0.0
43.33
0.02
35.85
0.12
0
0
19.96
0.22
0
0
99.5
2.015
0.001
1.965
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.995
0.020
0.000
98.0
2.0
0.0
42.78
0.01
35.63
0.07
0
0
20.27
0.12
0.02
0
98.89
2.003
0.000
1.966
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.000
0.000
1.017
0.011
0.001
98.8
1.1
0.1
42.96
0
36.16
0.09
0.02
0.01
20.23
0.14
0
0
99.62
1.996
0.000
1.980
0.000
0.000
0.003
0.001
0.001
1.007
0.013
0.000
98.8
1.2
0.0
42.64
0.02
35.66
0.12
0
0
19.95
0.17
0
0.01
98.57
2.006
0.001
1.977
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.006
0.016
0.000
98.5
1.5
0.0
43.33
0.02
35.85
0.12
0
0
19.96
0.22
0
0
99.5
2.018
0.001
1.967
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.996
0.020
0.000
98.0
2.0
0.0
42.78
0.01
35.63
0.07
0
0
20.27
0.12
0.02
0
98.89
2.007
0.000
1.970
0.000
0.002
0.000
0.000
0.000
1.019
0.011
0.001
98.8
1.1
0.1
42.96
0
36.16
0.09
0.02
0.01
20.23
0.14
0
0
99.62
2.001
0.000
1.985
0.000
0.003
0.000
0.001
0.001
1.009
0.013
0.000
98.8
1.2
0.0
49.11
0
31.53
0.47
0.01
0.07
14.42
3.19
0.03
0
98.83
2.264
0.000
1.713
0.000
0.000
0.018
0.000
0.005
0.712
0.285
0.002
71.3
28.5
0.2
Sample no.
SR183A
symp
Pl3
SR183A
symp
Pl4
SR183A
symp
Pl5
SR183A
gmass
Pl10
SR183A
gmass
Pl11
SR183 A
gmass
Pl12
SR183 A
gmass
Pl13
SR183 A
gmass
Pl14
SR132
SR132
SR132
SR132
SR132
Mineral spot
SR183A
symp
Pl2
Pl1
Pl6
Pl7
bPl1
bPl2
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
Cr2 O3
Total
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
An %
Ab %
Or %
46.25
0
33.43
0.37
0
0.03
16.84
1.93
0.01
0.01
98.87
2.145
0.000
1.827
0.000
0.000
0.014
0.000
0.002
0.837
0.174
0.001
82.8
17.2
0.1
49.8
0
31.36
0.24
0.01
0
14.2
3.44
0.03
0
99.09
2.287
0.000
1.697
0.000
0.000
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.699
0.306
0.002
69.4
30.4
0.2
46.2
0
33.53
0.19
0.01
0
16.86
1.94
0
0.01
98.75
2.144
0.000
1.834
0.000
0.000
0.007
0.000
0.000
0.838
0.175
0.000
82.8
17.2
0.0
45.46
0.02
33.79
0.46
0
0
17.14
1.68
0.01
0.02
98.57
2.118
0.001
1.855
0.001
0.000
0.018
0.000
0.000
0.855
0.152
0.001
84.9
15.1
0.1
48.79
0.02
32.1
0.24
0
0
15.08
3
0.04
0.01
99.28
2.241
0.001
1.737
0.000
0.000
0.009
0.000
0.000
0.742
0.267
0.002
73.4
26.4
0.2
48.44
0
31.78
0.2
0.01
0.01
15.25
2.85
0.04
0.02
98.6
2.242
0.000
1.734
0.001
0.000
0.008
0.000
0.001
0.756
0.256
0.002
74.6
25.2
0.2
48.19
0.04
32.22
0.14
0
0
15.43
2.73
0.04
0
98.78
2.227
0.001
1.755
0.000
0.000
0.005
0.000
0.000
0.764
0.245
0.002
75.6
24.2
0.2
48.4
0
32
0.16
0.04
0.02
16.02
2.6
0.01
0
99.26
2.230
0.000
1.738
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.002
0.001
0.791
0.232
0.001
77.3
22.7
0.1
47.85
0
32.72
0.15
0.04
0
15.55
2.58
0.02
0
98.91
2.210
0.000
1.781
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.002
0.000
0.769
0.231
0.001
76.8
23.1
0.1
62.13
0.02
23.96
0.15
0.02
0
5.37
8.55
0.13
0.01
100.34
2.748
0.001
1.249
0.000
0.000
0.006
0.001
0.000
0.255
0.733
0.007
25.6
73.7
0.7
61.74
0.03
24.2
0.06
0.02
0.01
5.32
8.44
0.1
0
99.91
2.743
0.001
1.267
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.253
0.727
0.006
25.7
73.7
0.6
60.58
0.01
28.04
0.18
0.01
0.01
4.37
7.89
0.06
0.03
101.17
2.660
0.000
1.451
0.001
0.000
0.007
0.000
0.001
0.206
0.672
0.003
23.3
76.3
0.4
61.81
0.01
23.7
0.28
0
0.02
4.98
8.55
0.22
0.01
99.58
2.754
0.000
1.245
0.000
0.000
0.010
0.000
0.001
0.238
0.739
0.013
24.0
74.7
1.3
62.56
0
23.76
0.11
0.01
0
4.91
8.63
0.16
0.01
100.16
2.771
0.000
1.241
0.000
0.000
0.004
0.000
0.000
0.233
0.741
0.009
23.7
75.4
0.9
Asami et al. (2007) described relict sapphirine + kyanite

and spinel + kyanite associations contained within garnet in
biotite gneisses from Balchenfjella. Estimates of PT conditions
from different methods varied between 450 C and 4 kb and
860895 C and 12 kb. Additional whole rock Rb/Sr and Sm/Nd
isotope data from granulite facies rocks from Sr Rondane by
Shiraishi and Kagami (1992) described ages of 978 52 Ma and
961 101 Ma. These authors reported Sm/Nd (internal mineral
isochron) ages of 624 18 Ma and a Rb/Sr internal mineral
isochron age of 556 26 Ma. These data were interpreted to indicate genesis of the rocks with granulite facies metamorphism at
1000 Ma followed by deformation, intrusion and metamorphism
at 600500 Ma.
Nakano et al. (2011) provided the rst recognition of an UHT

assemblage from the Brattnipene area of Sr Rondane. comprising an orthopyroxene-spinel symplectite inferred to have resulted
from decompression of garnet from temperatures >900 C and
pressures of 12 kb The reaction inferred by these authors is
Grt + Ol + Opx1 > Opx2 + Spl.
SHRIMP U/Pb zircon data from Sr Rondane, including
three samples from Balchenfjella, permitted Shiraishi et al.
(2008) to conclude that the basement crust in Sr Rondane formed during the late Mesoproterozoic and concluded
that there was little evidence of high grade metamorphism
during this period. They reported detrital zircons in metasupracrustal sequences with ages of 750800 Ma indicating
G Model
SR150
OPyx1
SR150
OPyx2
SR150
OPyx3
SR150
OPyx4
SR150
OPyx5
SR161D
Cpx1
SR161D
Cpx2
SR161D
Cpx3
SR161D
Cpx4
SR161D
Cpx5
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Cr2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
Total
50.61
0.04
1.5
0
28.07
0.35
18.03
0.51
0
50.81
0.03
1.48
0
28.32
0.36
17.93
0.55
0.02
50.38
0.04
1.37
0
28.93
0.43
17.55
0.48
0.01
50.66
0.04
1.64
0
29.23
0.4
17.24
0.49
0.02
50.44
0.01
1.24
0
29.27
0.42
17.21
0.51
0.02
99.13
99.51
99.2
99.73
99.12
51.36
0.55
4.94
0.01
2.32
0.05
15.03
25.54
0.02
0
99.82
49.62
0.41
8.21
0.01
2.31
0.07
13.72
25.23
0.07
0.01
99.66
49.25
0.39
8.44
0
2.38
0.06
13.71
25.1
0.05
0.01
99.39
49.16
0.4
8.39
0
2.41
0.05
13.77
25.49
0.06
0
99.72
49.35
0.44
8.45
0
2.41
0.03
13.61
25.21
0.08
0.01
99.59
Cations
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
Tot. cat.
Wollastonite %
Enstatite %
Ferrosilite%
Atoms
1.9540
0.0012
0.0683
0.0000
0.0215
0.8849
0.0114
1.0377
0.0211
0.0000
4
1.1
52.8
46.1
1.9557 1.9512 1.9546 1.9591 1.8780

0.0009 0.0012 0.0012 0.0003 0.0151
0.0671 0.0625 0.0746 0.0568 0.2129
0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0003
0.0213 0.0335 0.0153 0.0259 0.0021
0.8903 0.9036 0.9279 0.9249 0.0689
0.0117 0.0141 0.0131 0.0138 0.0015
1.0288 1.0133 0.9916 0.9965 0.8193
0.0227 0.0199 0.0203 0.0212 1.0006
0.0015 0.0008 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014
4
4
4
4
4
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.1
52.9
50.6
43.3
50.7
51.4
52.4
46.4
47.6
48.2
48.3
3.8
1.8172
0.0113
0.3544
0.0003
0.0000
0.0707
0.0022
0.7490
0.9900
0.0050
4
54.7
41.4
3.9
1.8080
0.0108
0.3652
0.0000
0.0008
0.0722
0.0019
0.7503
0.9872
0.0036
4
54.5
41.4
4.0
1.7981
0.0110
0.3617
0.0000
0.0244
0.0493
0.0015
0.7508
0.9989
0.0043
4
54.8
41.2
4.0
1.8088
0.0121
0.3650
0.0000
0.0000
0.0739
0.0009
0.7436
0.9900
0.0057
4
54.8
41.1
4.1
SR161A
Cpx1
48.75
1.36
6.69
0.02
5.29
0.14
13
24.6
0.18
0
100.02
1.8005
0.0378
0.2912
0.0006
0.0445
0.1189
0.0044
0.7158
0.9735
0.0129
4
52.5
38.6
8.8
SR161A
Cpx1
46.15
0.91
11.11
0
7.65
0.12
13.51
17.86
1.48
0.02
98.81
1.7002
0.0252
0.4824
0.0000
0.1724
0.0633
0.0037
0.7420
0.7050
0.1057
4
41.9
44.1
14.0
SR161A
Cpx3
49.95
1.42
4.69
0
5.42
0.15
13.51
24.9
0.1
0.02
100.17
1.8463
0.0395
0.2043
0.0000
0.0313
0.1362
0.0047
0.7444
0.9861
0.0072
4
52.0
39.2
8.8
SR161A
Cpx-4
50.9
1.12
4.17
0.01
5.04
0.14
13.99
24.98
0.1
0.01
100.45
1.8711
0.0310
0.1807
0.0003
0.0220
0.1329
0.0044
0.7667
0.9839
0.0071
4
51.6
40.2
8.1
SR161A
Cpx7
SR183A
Cpx1
SR183A
Cpx2
SR183A
Cpx3
SR183A
Cpx4
SR183A
Cpx5
48.68
1.27
7.44
0
4.85
0.11
12.85
24.51
0.17
0
99.88
50.15
0.45
4
0
9.39
0.24
12.24
22.59
0.54
49.42
0.47
4.76
0
10.19
0.21
11.57
22.4
0.54
47.58
0.72
7.91
0.01
13.85
0.2
11.16
17.32
0.89
47.76
0.69
7.91
0
13.76
0.16
10.99
16.89
0.92
49.54
0.36
4.44
0
10.7
0.15
11.88
21.52
0.64
99.63
99.58
99.77
99.18
99.24
1.7980
0.0353
0.3239
0.0000
0.0218
0.1280
0.0034
0.7075
0.9699
0.0122
4
53.1
38.7
8.2
1.8791
0.0127
0.1766
0.0000
0.0791
0.2151
0.0076
0.6837
0.9069
0.0392
4
48.1
36.3
15.6
1.8583
0.0133
0.2109
0.0000
0.0853
0.2352
0.0067
0.6486
0.9024
0.0394
4
48.2
34.7
17.1
1.7934
0.0204
0.3514
0.0003
0.0858
0.3508
0.0064
0.6271
0.6994
0.0650
4
39.7
35.6
24.8
1.8107
0.0197
0.3534
0.0000
0.0535
0.3828
0.0051
0.6211
0.6861
0.0676
4
39.4
35.6
25.0
1.8672
0.0102
0.1972
0.0000
0.0947
0.2425
0.0048
0.6675
0.8690
0.0468
4
46.4
35.6
18.0
Sample no.
Mineral spot
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Table 1c
Pyroxene analyses from Balchenfjella.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
Table 1d
Spinel analyses from Balchenfjella.
Sample no.
Mineral spot
SR161A
Hc1
SR161A
Hc2
SR161A
Hc3
SR161A
Hc4
SR161A
Hc5
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Cr2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
Total
Cations
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Tot. cat.
0
0.01
63.61
0.04
22.41
0.2
13.09
0.04
0.02
0
99.42
Atoms
0.0000
0.0002
1.9827
0.0008
0.0160
0.4796
0.0045
0.5161
3
0.02
0
63.65
0.04
22.54
0.17
13.14
0.01
0.01
0.02
99.6
0.02
0.05
63.84
0.01
22.67
0.16
13.25
0
0
0
99.99
0.04
0.03
63.44
0.02
22.75
0.16
13.1
0
0.02
0
99.56
0.02
0.03
63.78
0.03
22.35
0.16
13.16
0.02
0.01
0
99.56
0.0005
0.0000
1.9802
0.0008
0.0179
0.4797
0.0038
0.5171
3
that high grade metamorphism post dated 750 Ma and concluded that widespread growth of metamorphic zircon at
600 Ma constrained the timing of high grade metamorphism. They suggests at least two phases of metamorphism,
the rst around 600 Ma and the second from 550 Ma to
570 Ma, the later being accompanied by intrusion of undeformed
granite.
0.0005
0.0010
1.9774
0.0002
0.0194
0.4788
0.0036
0.5191
3
0.0011
0.0006
1.9756
0.0004
0.0207
0.4821
0.0036
0.5160
3
0.0005
0.0006
1.9837
0.0006
0.0134
0.4798
0.0036
0.5177
3
3. Petrography and mineral chemistry of samples used in

thermobarometry
3.1. Balchenfjella
3.1.1. Introduction
The localities of ve samples selected for thermobarometry from
eastern Sr Rondane are shown in Fig. 4. The samples comprise a
Table 1e
Amphibole analyses from Balchenfjella.
Sample no.
Mineral spot
SR161A
Hbl2
SR161A
Hbl4
SR161A
Hbl5
SR161A
Hbl7
SR183A
Hbl2
SR183A
Hbl3
SR183A
Hbl7
SR183A
Hbl8
SR183A
Hbl9
SR183A
Hbl10
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Cr2 O3
Fe2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
H2O*
Total
41.97
1.17
17.16
0.00
0.00
7.66
0.07
13.83
13.02
2.52
0.00
2.08
99.48
41.78
1.14
17.12
0.00
0.00
7.69
0.09
13.79
13.09
2.48
0.00
2.07
99.25
41.98
1.10
16.71
0.00
0.00
7.78
0.09
13.75
12.98
2.45
0.01
2.07
98.92
42.23
1.17
16.81
0.00
0.70
7.31
0.05
13.83
12.85
2.43
0.00
2.08
99.46
42.78
0.16
13.28
0.00
10.19
6.04
0.32
11.54
11.54
0.34
1.59
2.05
99.83
42.62
0.24
13.50
0.00
9.54
6.27
0.31
11.36
11.48
0.32
1.56
2.04
99.24
44.92
0.28
11.20
0.00
8.87
6.02
0.28
12.56
11.50
0.25
1.30
2.05
99.23
44.19
0.60
11.25
0.00
7.96
7.55
0.22
12.29
11.90
0.32
1.43
2.05
99.75
44.89
0.65
10.55
0.00
7.68
7.80
0.26
12.25
11.71
0.28
1.33
2.04
99.44
44.81
0.63
10.53
0.00
8.05
7.51
0.26
12.25
11.62
0.28
1.33
2.04
99.31
No. of oxygens
Si
Al iv
Al vi
Ti
Cr
Fe3+
Fe2+
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
Total
(Ca + Na) (B)
Na (B)
(Na + K) (A)
Mg/(Mg + Fe2 )
Fe3 /(Fe3 + Alvi)
Sum of S2
23
6.05
1.95
0.97
0.13
0.00
0.00
0.92
0.01
2.97
2.01
0.70
0.00
17.72
2.01
0.00
0.70
0.763
0.00
13.000
Pargasite
23
6.04
1.96
0.96
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.93
0.01
2.97
2.03
0.70
0.00
17.72
2.03
0.00
0.70
0.762
0.00
12.999
Pargasite
23
6.09
1.91
0.95
0.12
0.00
0.00
0.94
0.01
2.97
2.02
0.69
0.00
17.71
2.02
0.00
0.69
0.759
0.00
12.997
Pargasite
23
6.08
1.92
0.94
0.13
0.00
0.08
0.88
0.01
2.97
1.98
0.68
0.00
17.66
2.00
0.02
0.66
0.771
0.07
13.000
Pargasite
23
6.27
1.73
0.56
0.02
0.00
1.12
0.74
0.04
2.52
1.81
0.10
0.30
17.20
1.91
0.10
0.30
0.77
0.67
13.00
Ferripotassiantschermakitic
hornblende
23
6.27
1.73
0.61
0.03
0.00
1.06
0.77
0.04
2.49
1.81
0.09
0.29
17.19
1.90
0.09
0.29
0.76
0.63
13.00
Ferripotassiantschermakitic
hornblende
23
6.56
1.44
0.49
0.03
0.00
0.98
0.74
0.03
2.73
1.80
0.07
0.24
17.11
1.87
0.07
0.24
0.79
0.67
13.00
Ferrianmagnesiohornblende
23
6.48
1.52
0.42
0.07
0.00
0.88
0.92
0.03
2.68
1.87
0.09
0.27
17.23
1.96
0.09
0.27
0.74
0.68
13.00
Ferrianpotassiantschermakitic
hornblende
23
6.59
1.41
0.41
0.07
0.00
0.85
0.96
0.03
2.68
1.84
0.08
0.25
17.17
1.92
0.08
0.25
0.74
0.67
13.00
23
6.58
1.42
0.40
0.07
0.00
0.89
0.92
0.03
2.68
1.83
0.08
0.25
17.16
1.91
0.08
0.25
0.74
0.69
13.00
4073
4073
4073
4073
4073
4073
4073
4073
4088
4088
4088
4088
4088
Site of analysis
Analyses number
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Cr2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
Total
cpxcore
4
47.81
0.47
8.73
0.12
5.05
0.13
12.82
23.54
0.35
cpxcore
5
47.72
0.51
8.76
0.13
5.04
0.12
12.92
23.78
0.34
cpxcore
7
47.73
0.44
8.85
0.15
5.08
0.14
12.85
23.53
0.29
cpxcore
10
47.67
0.46
8.67
0.15
5.00
0.17
12.81
23.73
0.29
cpxcore
14
48.02
0.41
8.11
0.18
4.81
0.12
13.02
23.99
0.32
cpxcore
15
48.21
0.38
7.71
0.18
4.74
0.12
13.21
24.01
0.36
cpxrimzone
7
47.89
cpxrimzone
6
49.03
cpxrimzone
5
50.59
7.87
6.61
5.04
4.69
4.69
4.48
cpx
3
51.06
0.25
2.37
0.04
13.34
0.15
11.54
20.49
0.58
cpx
4
51.25
0.26
2.20
0.00
11.91
0.17
11.59
21.73
0.63
cpx
8
50.49
0.31
2.40
0.00
15.60
0.22
11.58
19.11
0.60
99.07
98.95
98.98
98.91
15.00
24.90
0.19
0.03
100.23
cpx
2
50.74
0.23
2.37
0.00
12.77
0.12
11.26
21.41
0.63
99.34
14.41
24.21
0.20
0.02
99.17
cpx
1
51.05
0.25
2.23
0.00
11.72
0.14
11.89
21.91
0.57
99.03
13.49
24.91
0.24
0.00
99.10
cpxrimzone
8
52.20
0.24
2.96
0.05
3.85
0.20
15.60
23.92
0.20
99.21
99.77
99.54
99.83
99.73
100.32
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
Wollastonite %
Enstatite %
Ferrosillite %
1.772
0.013
0.382
0.004
0.070
0.087
0.004
0.709
0.935
0.025
51.939
39.365
8.697
1.763
0.014
0.382
0.004
0.085
0.071
0.004
0.712
0.941
0.025
52.046
39.343
8.610
1.769
0.012
0.386
0.005
0.067
0.091
0.005
0.710
0.935
0.021
51.869
39.391
8.740
1.769
0.013
0.379
0.004
0.073
0.082
0.005
0.709
0.944
0.021
52.201
39.220
8.578
1.780
0.011
0.354
0.005
0.080
0.069
0.004
0.720
0.953
0.023
52.304
39.508
8.188
1.787
0.011
0.337
0.005
0.088
0.059
0.004
0.730
0.954
0.026
52.093
39.879
8.028
1.768
0.000
0.342
0.000
0.139
0.005
0.000
0.742
0.985
0.017
52.619
39.651
7.731
1.807
0.000
0.287
0.000
0.114
0.031
0.000
0.792
0.956
0.014
50.519
41.841
7.640
1.845
0.000
0.217
0.000
0.107
0.030
0.000
0.815
0.973
0.013
50.551
42.353
7.097
1.923
0.007
0.128
0.001
0.024
0.095
0.006
0.857
0.944
0.014
49.188
44.634
6.178
1.925
0.007
0.099
0.000
0.079
0.291
0.004
0.668
0.885
0.042
46.028
34.756
19.216
1.925
0.007
0.106
0.000
0.078
0.327
0.004
0.637
0.870
0.046
45.504
33.310
21.186
1.933
0.007
0.106
0.001
0.055
0.367
0.005
0.651
0.831
0.043
43.633
34.195
22.172
1.935
0.007
0.098
0.000
0.062
0.314
0.005
0.653
0.879
0.046
46.078
34.202
19.720
1.911
0.009
0.107
0.000
0.097
0.397
0.007
0.653
0.775
0.044
40.326
33.989
25.684
G Model
4073
4073
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Sample number
Table 2a
Pyroxene analyses from Monapo Complex.
4073
4073
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
Site of analysis
hblgroundmass
hblgroundmass
hblgroundmass
11
43.04
0.60
15.57
7.68
0.10
14.69
12.14
2.23
0.17
96.42
0.15
96.49
0.15
96.21
Hbl
groundmass
6
49.94
0.41
6.35
13.47
0.19
14.77
12.14
0.64
0.10
0.00
98.01
Hbl
intergrowth
10
43.33
0.59
14.88
7.49
0.11
15.47
12.33
2.14
Hbl
groundmass
5
50.07
0.45
6.47
13.30
0.21
14.95
12.14
0.60
0.12
0.01
98.32
Hbl intergrowth
9
43.07
0.55
15.08
7.30
0.11
15.60
12.31
2.22
Hbl
groundmass
4
49.39
0.51
7.00
12.68
0.16
14.66
12.02
0.69
0.13
0.00
97.24
Hbl intergrowth
Analyses number
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
Cr2 O3
Total
Hbl
groundmass
3
49.06
0.46
7.03
13.50
0.17
14.13
12.23
0.66
0.14
0.02
97.37
5
48.62
0.42
7.20
13.39
0.13
14.42
12.31
0.67
0.14
0.05
97.32
6
51.51
0.29
5.72
12.59
0.17
15.39
11.76
0.48
0.13
0.01
98.05
7
50.05
0.31
6.47
12.48
0.13
15.42
12.35
0.60
0.11
0.00
97.90
Si
Al iv
Al vi
Ti
Fe3+
Fe2+
Mn
Mg
Ca
Na
K
OH*
Total
6.172
1.828
0.718
0.060
0.592
0.283
0.013
3.333
1.891
0.616
0.000
2.000
17.507
6.208
1.792
0.720
0.063
0.565
0.333
0.014
3.305
1.893
0.594
0.000
2.000
17.487
6.200
1.800
0.843
0.065
0.457
0.468
0.012
3.155
1.874
0.623
0.000
2.000
17.496
7.071
0.929
0.265
0.050
0.578
1.049
0.021
3.037
1.888
0.185
0.025
2.000
17.098
7.085
0.915
0.269
0.055
0.628
0.893
0.020
3.135
1.847
0.192
0.024
2.000
17.062
7.104
0.896
0.185
0.048
0.736
0.842
0.025
3.163
1.846
0.166
0.022
2.000
17.033
7.121
0.879
0.188
0.044
0.699
0.908
0.023
3.139
1.855
0.177
0.018
2.000
17.050
7.004
0.996
0.227
0.046
0.663
0.950
0.016
3.097
1.900
0.188
0.025
2.000
17.113
7.272
0.728
0.223
0.031
0.731
0.756
0.020
3.239
1.779
0.131
0.024
2.000
16.934
7.116
0.884
0.200
0.033
0.672
0.812
0.016
3.267
1.881
0.164
0.019
2.000
17.065
Calculation scheme
Amphibole group
(Ca + Na) (B)
Na (B)
(Na + K) (A)
Mg/(Mg + Fe2 )
Fe3 /(Fe3 + Alvi)
Sum of S2
Amphibole names
13
Ca
2.000
0.109
0.507
0.922
0.452
13
Pargasite
13
Ca
2.000
0.107
0.487
0.908
0.440
13
Tschermakite
13
Ca
2.000
0.126
0.496
0.871
0.351
13
Tschermakite
13
Ca
2.000
0.112
0.098
0.743
0.686
13
Magnesiohornblende
13
Ca
2.000
0.153
0.062
0.778
0.700
13
Magnesiohornblende
13
Ca
2.000
0.154
0.033
0.790
0.799
13
Magnesiohornblende
13
Ca
2.000
0.145
0.050
0.776
0.788
13
Magnesiohornblende
13
Ca
2.000
0.100
0.113
0.765
0.745
13
Magnesiohornblende
13
Ca
1.910
0.131
0.024
0.811
0.766
13
Actinolitic
hornblende
4073
13
Ca
2.000
0.119
0.065
0.801
0.770
13
Magnesiohornblende
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Sample number
G Model
Table 2b
Amphibole analyses from samples from the Monapo Complex.
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
10
Table 2c
Spinel analyses from the Monapo Complex.
Sample number
4073
4073
4073
Site of analysis
Analyses number
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Cr2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Total
1
0.04
0.04
60.25
2.15
22.45
0.22
15.15
0.01
100.31
2
0.03
0.03
60.57
1.94
22.63
0.22
15.25
0.01
100.68
7
0.03
0.02
61.36
1.61
22.21
0.22
15.46
0.01
100.91
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
0.001
0.001
1.863
0.045
0.089
0.404
0.005
0.593
0.001
0.001
1.865
0.040
0.092
0.402
0.005
0.594
0.001
0.000
1.879
0.033
0.086
0.397
0.005
0.599
Fig. 2. Geological map of the Monapo Complex Modied after Grantham et al. (2007).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
G Model
11
Fig. 3. Map showing simplied geology of Sr Rondane showing the locations of the Austhameren and Balchenfjella areas modied after Osanai et al. (1996) and (Shiraishi
et al., 1997).
meta-pelite (SR132), two meta-ultrabasic rocks (SR161A&D), and

two metabasic rocks (SR150 and SR183C). Field photographs of
the sample localities are shown in Fig. 5. Fig. 5A shows a garnet
sillimanite gneiss from which sample SR132 was collected. The
metapelites form discontinuous layers concordant to the strong
planar fabric which characterizes much of the Balchenfjella. Much
of the layering in Balchenfjella is tectonic and secondary in nature
(Fig. 5E and F). This is evident locally at many meso-scale outcrops
and on larger scale. For example in Fig. 5E, primary layering is represented by a thick white/cream carbonate unit which is clearly
discordant to the layering in the gneisses at right. Fig. 5F, on a local
scale, shows a discordant sheared contact between two gneiss individual layers. At other localities, folded layers are locally contained
within individual layers but are truncated at the layer margins
providing evidence of extensive transposition of layering. Ductile
discordancies as shown in Fig. 5F are common throughout Balchenfjella and are locally lled with melt. These relationships suggest
that shearing occurred at temperatures sufciently high to facilitate
melting which in turn would have assisted and lubricated shearing.
Fig. 5B represents the eld locality for samples SR161A and D.
At this locality a meta-clinopyroxenite granulite is located along
the margin of a metacarbonate horizon and has been dismembered
Table 2d
Table of garnet analyses from samples from the Monapo Complex.
Sample number
4092
4092
4092
4092
4092
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4088
4088
4088
4088
4088
Analyses number
SiO2
TiO2
Al2 O3
Cr2 O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Total
1
37.79
0.01
22.21
0.03
31.75
0.32
7.48
0.59
100.19
2
37.96
0.01
22.19
0.04
31.97
0.32
7.56
0.62
100.66
3
37.98
0.03
22.11
0.00
31.83
0.35
7.46
0.59
100.33
4
37.96
0.03
21.86
0.00
32.14
0.32
7.44
0.60
100.35
5
38.05
0.04
21.79
0.03
32.39
0.36
7.32
0.61
100.58
1
37.84
0.04
21.41
0.02
27.29
1.19
5.12
7.22
100.14
2
37.99
0.08
21.19
0.00
26.94
1.09
5.44
7.04
99.77
3
37.82
0.02
21.55
0.02
26.65
1.01
5.63
7.20
99.92
4
37.96
0.06
21.41
0.02
26.36
1.03
5.63
7.12
99.59
5
37.87
0.02
21.36
0.00
26.62
1.06
5.45
7.16
99.54
1
37.80
0.06
21.19
0.01
28.79
1.00
4.24
7.09
100.17
2
38.12
0.05
21.57
0.03
28.85
1.04
4.32
6.98
100.96
3
37.70
0.11
21.46
0.01
28.06
1.10
4.39
6.97
99.79
4
37.30
0.04
21.14
0.00
28.44
1.10
4.30
7.05
99.37
5
37.53
0.06
21.06
0.00
28.43
1.14
4.12
6.96
99.30
2.975
0.005
1.956
0.000
0.083
1.681
0.072
0.635
0.591
56.416
21.319
18.984
2.427
0.000
0.809
0.045
2.952
0.001
1.982
0.001
0.111
1.629
0.067
0.656
0.602
55.149
22.199
19.285
2.263
0.012
1.077
0.014
2.971
0.003
1.976
0.001
0.074
1.652
0.069
0.657
0.597
55.547
22.077
19.311
2.303
0.010
0.720
0.033
2.970
0.001
1.974
0.000
0.084
1.662
0.071
0.637
0.601
55.945
21.439
19.400
2.380
0.000
0.821
0.014
2.972
0.006
1.994
0.001
0.049
1.801
0.073
0.516
0.589
60.456
17.322
19.220
2.460
0.006
0.475
0.062
2.957
0.002
1.975
0.000
0.107
1.778
0.074
0.508
0.599
60.097
17.180
19.175
2.485
0.002
1.041
0.021
2.980
0.003
1.971
0.000
0.061
1.827
0.077
0.488
0.592
61.227
16.359
19.204
2.579
0.003
0.597
0.033
Si
Ti
Al
Cr
Fe3
Fe2
Mn
Mg
Ca
Almandine
Pyrope
Grossular
Spessartine
Uvarovite
Andradite
CaTi Gt
2.946
0.001
2.041
0.002
0.063
2.007
0.021
0.869
0.049
68.108
29.495
1.626
0.718
0.002
0.050
0.001
2.946
0.001
2.029
0.003
0.075
2.000
0.021
0.874
0.052
67.878
29.666
1.684
0.707
0.002
0.062
0.001
2.958
0.002
2.029
0.000
0.051
2.021
0.023
0.866
0.049
68.302
29.262
1.622
0.771
0.000
0.041
0.001
2.959
0.002
2.008
0.000
0.070
2.025
0.021
0.865
0.050
68.406
29.204
1.622
0.710
0.000
0.057
0.001
2.963
0.002
2.000
0.002
0.068
2.041
0.024
0.849
0.051
68.841
28.645
1.654
0.800
0.002
0.056
0.002
2.959
0.003
1.973
0.001
0.104
1.681
0.079
0.597
0.604
56.752
20.168
19.357
2.669
0.012
1.016
0.025
2.974
0.004
1.965
0.001
0.079
1.816
0.066
0.498
0.598
60.985
16.715
19.258
2.230
0.005
0.770
0.036
2.974
0.003
1.984
0.002
0.060
1.822
0.069
0.503
0.583
61.201
16.895
18.975
2.310
0.015
0.576
0.029
4073
4073
4073
4092
4092
4092
4092
4092
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4039
4088
4088
4088
4088
4088
Site of
analysis
Analyses
number
SiO2
Al2 O3
FeO
MgO
CaO
Na2 O
K2 O
Total
Pl
Pl
pl
pl
pl
Pl
Pl
Pl
Pl
Pl
11
12
Pl
Gmass
4
Pl
Gmass
6
Pl
Gmass
7
Pl
Gmass
8
Pl
10
Pl
Gmass
3
Pl
Pl
sympl
9
Pl
Pl
sympl
4
Pl
Pl
sympl
3
Pl
Pl
sympl
2
42.86
37.27
0.12
0.01
20.38
0.13
0.00
100.77
43.14
37.18
0.11
0.01
20.35
0.16
0.01
100.96
43.05
36.82
0.01
0.01
20.56
0.15
0.00
100.61
42.93
36.82
0.14
0.01
19.96
0.13
0.02
100.01
43.24
36.94
0.22
0.01
20.15
0.19
0.00
100.75
64.27
22.73
0.20
0.00
2.50
10.01
0.10
99.81
64.56
22.28
0.02
0.02
2.36
10.10
0.12
99.47
64.17
22.26
0.01
0.02
2.30
10.18
0.10
99.03
65.18
21.98
0.37
0.00
2.33
10.24
0.12
100.22
65.08
22.33
0.11
0.00
2.36
9.91
0.08
99.87
44.36
36.71
0.42
0.00
19.79
0.55
0.00
101.84
44.19
36.59
0.37
0.13
19.64
0.54
0.00
101.47
43.74
37.10
0.90
0.22
17.60
0.71
0.03
100.30
44.70
36.22
0.65
0.38
19.49
0.51
0.00
101.95
46.61
34.71
0.19
0.01
16.58
1.77
0.00
99.87
45.81
35.07
0.11
0.00
17.49
1.56
0.04
100.09
44.62
35.75
0.17
0.00
18.36
0.82
0.01
99.74
46.06
34.87
0.17
0.00
17.30
1.46
0.00
99.86
45.77
35.17
0.29
0.02
17.22
1.47
0.01
99.95
57.45
27.13
0.14
0.00
8.32
6.74
0.22
100.01
57.73
27.08
0.04
0.02
8.16
6.46
0.24
99.73
57.74
26.83
0.16
0.00
7.93
6.60
0.30
99.55
58.37
26.80
0.13
0.00
7.85
6.49
0.25
99.89
57.56
26.83
0.12
0.00
8.13
6.36
0.25
99.25
Cations
Si
Al
Fe2
Mg
Ca
Na
K
An %
Ab %
Or %
Atoms
1.966
2.015
0.005
0.000
1.002
0.012
0.000
98.833
1.167
0.000
1.975
2.007
0.004
0.001
0.998
0.014
0.001
98.492
1.429
0.079
1.978
1.994
0.001
0.001
1.013
0.014
0.000
98.655
1.345
0.000
1.986
2.007
0.005
0.001
0.989
0.011
0.001
98.774
1.129
0.097
1.985
1.998
0.009
0.001
0.991
0.017
0.000
98.352
1.648
0.000
2.833
1.181
0.007
0.000
0.118
0.855
0.006
12.046
87.384
0.570
2.853
1.160
0.001
0.001
0.112
0.866
0.007
11.359
87.952
0.689
2.845
1.163
0.000
0.001
0.109
0.875
0.005
11.053
88.396
0.551
2.861
1.137
0.014
0.000
0.110
0.872
0.007
11.097
88.238
0.666
2.871
1.161
0.004
0.000
0.112
0.847
0.005
11.585
87.941
0.474
2.011
1.961
0.016
0.000
0.962
0.048
0.000
95.204
4.796
0.000
2.010
1.962
0.014
0.009
0.957
0.048
0.000
95.224
4.776
0.000
2.010
2.009
0.035
0.015
0.866
0.063
0.002
93.064
6.763
0.174
2.025
1.934
0.025
0.026
0.946
0.045
0.000
95.470
4.522
0.008
2.140
1.878
0.007
0.001
0.816
0.158
0.000
83.787
16.189
0.025
2.100
1.895
0.004
0.000
0.859
0.139
0.002
85.870
13.892
0.238
2.062
1.947
0.007
0.000
0.909
0.074
0.001
92.425
7.486
0.089
2.119
1.891
0.007
0.000
0.853
0.130
0.000
86.750
13.234
0.016
2.103
1.904
0.011
0.001
0.848
0.131
0.001
86.532
13.411
0.057
2.569
1.430
0.005
0.000
0.399
0.585
0.013
40.028
58.694
1.278
2.594
1.434
0.001
0.001
0.393
0.563
0.014
40.524
58.050
1.427
2.597
1.422
0.006
0.000
0.382
0.576
0.017
39.195
59.065
1.740
2.620
1.418
0.005
0.000
0.378
0.565
0.014
39.446
59.051
1.503
2.601
1.429
0.005
0.000
0.394
0.557
0.015
40.782
57.711
1.507
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4073
4073
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Sample
number
12
Table 2e
Plagioclase anlyses from the Monapo Complex. Sympl = symplectite. Gmas = groundmass.
Al
Ti
Cr
Fe
Zr
Total
Zr ppm
T C Zack et al.
(2004)
T C Ferry and
Watson (2007)
T C Tomkins
et al. (2007)
T C Watson
et al. (2006)
1/1.
2/1.
3/1.
4/1.
5/1.
6/1.
7/1.
8/1.
0
0.008
0.009
0.008
0.008
0
0.007
0
0.020
0.016
0.022
0.014
0.018
0.026
0.028
0.029
58.97
58.88
58.88
58.89
58.73
58.66
58.56
58.56
0.119
0.102
0.111
0.124
0.102
0.084
0.115
0.113
0.147
0.138
0.138
0.157
0.139
0.171
0.268
0.279
0.0605
0.0632
0.1423
0.1445
0.1391
0.1403
0.0652
0.0636
39.54
39.46
39.50
39.51
39.39
39.34
39.30
39.30
98.86
98.67
98.81
98.85
98.53
98.42
98.35
98.35
605
632
1423
1445
1391
1403
652
636
Average
809
814
918
920
915
916
818
815
866
704
708
789
790
786
787
711
708
748
714
718
800
801
797
798
721
719
759
703
707
790
791
787
788
710
708
748
Monapo
Si
Al
Ti
Cr
Fe
Zr
Total
Zr ppm
T C Zack et al.
(2004)
T C Ferry and
Watson (2007)
T C Tomkins
et al. (2007)
T C Watson
et al. (2006)
1/1.
2/1.
3/1.
4/1.
5/1.
6/1.
7/1.
8/1.
9/1.
10/1.
0
0
0
0
0.0136
0.0058
0
0.001
0.0022
0.2368
0.0419
0.042
0.0434
0.0469
0.0516
0.0371
0.0449
0.0465
0.0462
0.0403
59.1804
58.9494
58.8026
58.8801
58.9824
58.7518
58.6365
58.8989
59.0126
58.4111
0.0102
0.0181
0.0083
0.0196
0.0117
0.0308
0.0292
0.0434
0.0261
0.0274
0.2762
0.2466
0.3303
0.2437
0.3053
0.3037
0.3015
0.3017
0.3229
0.2976
0.1041
0.1052
0.1023
0.0975
0.0988
0.1163
0.1093
0.114
0.1132
0.1108
39.68
39.52
39.45
39.48
39.59
39.43
39.34
39.53
39.61
39.46
99.30
98.88
98.74
98.77
99.06
98.68
98.47
98.94
99.13
98.59
1041
1052
1023
975
988
1163
1093
1140
1132
1108
Average
878
879
876
870
871
892
884
890
889
886
881
756
757
754
749
751
767
761
765
764
762
758
767
769
765
760
761
778
772
776
775
773
770
756
757
755
750
751
768
761
766
765
762
759
Si
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Balchenfjella
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13
Table 3
Table of analytical data for Zr in Rutile from Monapo (below) and Balchenfjella (above) as well as the temperatures calculated from the Zr-in-rutile calibrations of Zack et al. (2004), Ferry and Watson (2007), Tomkins et al. (2007)
and Watson et al. (2006).
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14
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 4. Geological map of Balchenfjella, eastern Sr Rondane and Austhameren and the sample locations for the petrology and SHRIMP zircon samples. The basic geology is
from Asami et al. (1991).
and boudinaged into isolated blocks within and adjacent to the

carbonate. The boudins have homogeneous cores but have a thin
rim of pale green amphibole around the margins of the boudins
(Fig. 5D). Fig. 5C shows the sample locality for sample SR183c and
consists of a large boudin of meta-basic granulite contained within
strongly tectonically banded gneisses. At this locality individual
garnets up to 40 cm in diameter are locally seen. Fig. 5D shows the
sample locality from which sample SR150 was collected and also
comprises a meta-basic boudin within strong tectonically banded

gneiss.
The mineral chemical data from the samples from Balchenfjella
are shown in Table 1 whereas those from Monapo are shown in
Table 2. Rutile data from Balchenfjella and Monapo are summarized
in Table 3.
Major element analyses of the various mineral phases (except
rutile) for the samples from Monapo were performed at the
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
15
Fig. 5. Field photographs from Balchenfjella showing the various sample site lithologies from the localities shown in Fig. 4. (A) The photo shows garnet sillimanite gneiss
(Sample SR132) with a strong planar fabric. The sample locality is at the foot of the 100 m high cliff shown in E. Note also the shallowly inclined conjugate granite sills. (B)
Fragmented spinel clinopyroxenite boudins in marble from which samples SR161A&D were collected. Note the thin pale green amphibole rich rims to the boudins. (C) Photo
of the meta-basic boudin from which sample SR183C was collected. (D) Metabasic boudin in strongly tectonically banded gneiss from which sample SR150 was collected. (E)
Primary layering is represented by the thick white/cream carbonate unit which is clearly discordant to the layering in the gneisses at right. (F) Discordant sheared contact
between two individual gneiss layers.
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16
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 6. Photomicrographs from samples used for PT estimates from the eastern Sr Rondane. (A) Sample SR161A/D contains an equilibrium assemblage of green hercynitic
spinel and clinopyroxene. (B and C) Sample SR161A/D from closer to the boudin rim similarly shows a clinopyroxene spinel dominated assemblage within which isolated
grains of amphibole as well as rims of amphibole around spinel are developed. Clinopyroxene also contains small vermicular blebs of plagioclase (virtually pure anorthite)
and calcite. These plagioclase blebs occur along grain boundaries as well as forming crude regular planes typical of exsolution lamellae. (D and E) SEM images of detail
of smple SR161A/D. In (D) the image shows an element map for Al in which zoning is apparent in clinopyroxene with higher concentration areas (Cpx-HiAl) having
pale blue colours whereas lower Al Cpx is darker blue (Cpx-LoAl). Anorthite blebs are yellow to red. Amphibole grains are light greenish in colour whereas calcite (Cc) forms dark
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
Council for Geosciences (CGS) in Pretoria using a JEOL 733 Superprobe. Operating conditions for plagioclase were 15 kV, 20 nA beam
current and beam diameter of 23 m, whereas the conditions
for amphibole were 15 kV, 40 nA beam current, beam diameter
of 23 m. Operating conditions for pyroxene, garnet and spinel
were 20 kV, 40 nA beam current and beam diameter of 23 m.
The counting time at the element peak positions were 10 s and
5 s at two symmetrical background positions. Si, Al, Na and Mg
were analyzed with a TAP crystal and a gas ow detector, Ti and
Cr with a PET crystal and xenon counter, Mn and Fe with a LiF
crystal and xenon counter and Ca and K with PET crystal and
gas ow counter. An on-line Fortran program, supplied by JEOL,
(FZAFOC) which uses the absorption correction of Philibert (1963)
and Heinrich (1968), the atomic number correction of Duncumb
and Reed (1968) and the uorescence correction of Reed (1965) was
used for the calculation of unknown element concentrations. Count
data were calibrated against a variety of natural and synthetic
standards.
Major element analyses for the samples from Balchenfjella as
well as the rutile analyses from both Balchefjella and Monapo were
conducted with a Cameca SX-100 electron microprobe at the Geology Department, at the University of Pretoria, South Africa. Care
was taken with the analytical conditions to improve the detection limit of Zr in rutile. The beam size was set to approximately
5 m, and an acceleration voltage of 20 kV and a beam current
of 100 nA were used throughout the analyses. A combination of
long counting times and use of the high sensitivity spectrometer measuring the Zr-L line contributed to the lower detection
limit of approximately 50 ppm for the element of Zr. Simultaneous analysis of Si was done to ensure that analyses were not
performed on possibly submicroscopic zircon inclusions in the
rutile.
3.1.2. Samples SR161A&D
Samples SR161A&D (Fig. 6A, B, C, E and G) are from the same
lithology and locality with the difference being that D shows little
evidence of alteration in contrast to the higher degree of alteration in A. Unaltered sample D is characterized by clinopyroxene
and pale-green spinel (Fig. 6A). In contrast, sample A, besides
clinopyroxene and spinel also contains ne grains of calcite, titanite, amphibole and plagioclase (Fig. 6B, C, E and G). The amphibole
forms rims around spinel as well as forming individual isolated
grains of amphibole (Fig. 6G) in the groundmass. Plagioclase and
calcite form small intergranular blebs, with the plagioclase blebs
forming vermicular intergranular grains between clinopyroxene
as well as regular oriented inclusions, typical of exsolution lamellae, within clinopyroxene (Fig. 6C and E). EMP analysis shows
that the plagioclase is virtually pure anorthite with a composition of An98 (Table 1). Fig. 6G shows a SEM map for Al and shows
grains of plagioclase (high intensity orange red colours), amphibole (medium intensity green) lower intensity clinopyroxene (pale
blue) and low intensity clinopyroxene, titanite and calcite. The
Al element map conrms that the Al contents are zoned close
to the margin of clinopyroxene grains in contact with the vermicular anorthite grains. Electron microprobe (EMP) analytical
traverses reveal that the cores of the clinopyroxene grains have
Al2 O3 contents of 8% which drops to 5% in contact with plagioclase which is virtually anorthite pure (Table 1). The spinel is a
17
solid solution between spinel and hercynite with mole fractions of

0.52 and 0.48 respectively (Table 1). The amphibole is pargasitic
in composition (Table 1). Additional phases identied in Fig. 6G and
B include calcite and titanite (dark blue zones in Fig. 6G and labelled
in Fig. 6B).
The chemical data and textures can be interpreted as a retrogressive decompression texture involving exsolution of the
Ca-Tschermaks component from Cpx to form anorthite in the following reaction:
CaTs + SiO2 An
(1)
The exsolution lamellae are strongly developed along fracture

zones (Fig. 6E) indicating syntectonic genesis. The crystallization of
amphibole and calcite suggest introduction of CO2 and H2 O during
retrogression. These textural relationships suggest the following
retrogressive reaction of
2Spl + 11Di + 3H2 O + 5CO2 2Tr + Ts + Cal
(2)
The location of the spinel clinopyroxene granulite adjacent

to and within metacarbonate in the eld provides a ready
source of CO2 during metamorphism through decarbonation
reactions.
3.1.3. Sample SR132
Sample SR132 (Fig. 6F) is medium-grained equigranular
and characterized by the equilibrium assemblage of garnet + sillimanite + rutile + quartz + feldspar (orthoclase and plagioclase) + ilmenite. Retrogressive fox-red biotite + quartz symplectites partially replace garnet and are interpreted as resulting
from late stage partial hydration. Sillimanite forms elongate
prismatic blades. Rutile forms small xenomorphic grains in
the groundmass as well as inclusions in garnet. Zircon is
present as ne grained groundmass grains. Analytical traverses
across the garnet failed to show signicant zonation, typical
of high grade conditions with any zonation probably being
destroyed by re-equilibration. The garnet is dominantly almandine with compositions varying between Alm7880 (Table 1).
Plagioclase is relatively sodic with Ca contents of An2326 and
Ab7375 .
3.1.4. Sample SR183C
Sample
SR183C
(Fig.
6G)
is
characterized
by
initial
high
grade
mineral
assemblage
of
garan
net + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz which has been partially
retrogressively hydrated resulting in the formation of a symplectitic corona intergrowth between clinopyroxene and garnet.
The product of the hydration reaction comprises a vermicular
intergrowth of plagioclase + hornblende + magnetite. Clinopyroxene is also partially replaced by homogeneous amphibole.
Plagioclase composition in the symplectite is typically An8285
in contrast to the groundmass plagioclase which has a composition of An7377 (Table 1). Garnet is unzoned and dominantly
almandine rich (Alm4850 ) with signicant pyrope (Prp2729 ) and
grossular contents (Grs1920 ) and subordinate spessartine and
andradite components (Table 1). The clinopyroxene is diopsidic
but fairly variable in composition probably due to exsolution.
The clinopyroxene also has fairly high Al2 O3 contents typically
blue areas. (E) this is the same area as D butalso shows bright white areas of titanite (Ttn). (F) Thin section photo of sample SR132 showing a metapelitic assemblage of
sillimanite (Sill), garnet (Grt) ilmenite (Ilm), rutile (Rt) plagioclase and quartz. A biotite (red brown) quartz symplectite is partially replacing garnet and is interpreted as a
late retrogressive hydration feature. (G) Garnet (Grt) and clinopyroxene (Cpx) are separated by hornblende as well as a symplectitic intergrowth of hornblende + plagioclase
and magnetite. The groundmass contains clear plagioclase and minor quartz. (H) A granoblastic assemblage of garnet (Grt), orthopyroxene (Opx), plagioclase and quartz. The
brown areas are biotite which forms a weak planar retrogressive fabric. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web
version of the article.)
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18
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Fig. 7. Photomicrographs from samples used for PT estimates from the Monapo Complex. (A) Micrograph of vermicular plagioclase, interstititial to clinopyroxene and
hornblende in sample PM04073. (B) Map of Al zoning in sample PM04073 showing the lower Al zones (orange) in the margins of clinopyroxene and high Al in anorthite
(dark blue). (C) Spinel, plagioclase and clinopyroxene in sample PM04073. (D) Photomicrograph of garnet, sillimanite, plagioclase, rutile and biotite + quartz symplectite in
sample PM04092. (E) Hornblende + plagioclase symplectite developed at the margin of garnet in sample PM04039. (F) Clinopyroxene + plagioclase symplectite after garnet
in sample PM04088. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this gure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of the article.)
of 8%, resulting in a fairly high Ca Tschermaks component

(Table 1).
An5256 . Orthopyoxene is hypersthene with En52 and 1.5 wt%

Al2 O3 (Table 1).
3.1.5. Sample SR150

Sample SR150 (Fig. 6H) contains an equilibrium assemblage
of orthopyroxene + garnet + quartz + feldspar, typical of high grade
metabasic rocks. Minor retrogressive biotite partially replaces
orthopyroxene and forms a weak planar fabric. Garnet is unzoned
with almandine contents of Alm59 , pyrope contents of Prp22 and
grossular contents of Grs1516 %. Plagioclase is labradoritic with
3.2. Monapo Complex

Four samples were selected for mineral chemical analysis for
thermobarometry. The samples represent a metapelite, a metaclinopyroxenite and two metabasic samples with varying textural
relationships. Mineral chemistry data from these samples are summarized in Table 2.
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19
Fig. 8. PT estimates from chemistry of minerals from Balchenfjella. The gures (AD) show the curves for the different reactions described in the text for the four rock
samples studied. Figure (E) shows all the curves superimposed. The curved arrow indicates the inferred PT path.
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20
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3.2.1. Sample PM04073

Sample PM04073 (Fig. 7AC) was sampled from a metaclinopyroxenite of the Mazerapane Suite. The rock contains clinopyroxene,
spinel, plagioclase and locally hornblende with the minerals
dening a granoblastic texture. The clinopyroxenites typically contain >95% Cpx with subordinate plagioclase <5% and dark green
hercynitic spinel. Normative mineralogy of the clinopyroxenites
comprises 80% Cpx and 20% Pl (Grantham et al., 2007). EMP analyses show that the clinopyroxene has Al2 O3 contents of typically
89% and up to 10% which decreases to 5% at the grain margins
where, locally, subtle symplectitic intergrowths of plagioclase + low
Al clinopyroxene are observed (Fig. 7A) (Table 2). The vermicular
blebs in clinopyroxene suggest possible exsolution of plagioclase
from the pyroxene (Fig. 7A). The plagioclase is virtually pure anorthite (Table 2). A map of Al contents in thin section shows that Al
contents are zoned close to the margin of clinopyroxene grains in
contact with the blebby vermicular anorthite grains (Fig. 7B). These
chemical data and textures can be interpreted as reecting decompression with high pressure high Al clinopyroxene exsolving pure
anorthite on decompression. The presence of limited hornblende
suggests a minor degree of retrogressive hydration.
3.2.2. Sample PM04092
Sample PM04092 (Fig. 7D) represents a metapelitic sample
from the Metacheria gneisses (Fig. 2). The rock contains the mineral assemblage of garnet, sillimanite, plagioclase, rutile, quartz,
ilmenite and biotite. The fox red-brown biotite locally forms symplectitic intergrowths with quartz resulting in textures typical of
retrogressive hydration. The rest of the minerals form a granoblastic mosaic. Sillimanite forms prismatic diamond shaped grains in
cross section. Xenomorphic porphyroblastic garnet contains occasional inclusions of quartz and feldspar. Relatively large rutile
grains form part of the granoblastic groundmass assemblage in contact with garnet, sillimanite, quartz and feldspar. Garnet is typically
unzoned and almandine rich with a composition of Alm68 , Prp29
and Grs1.7 (Table 2). Plagioclase is albitic with Ab88 and An12 .
and contains up to 1.45 wt% Al2 O3 (Table 2). Garnet is typically

unzoned and has a composition of Alm60 Prp1617 Grs20 . Plagioclase has an intermediate andesine composition with An3942 and
Ab5659 . (Table 2).
4. Thermobarometry
Pressuretemperature calculations have been performed for the
various samples fom Monapo and Balchenfjella using THERMOCALC (Ver3.33) (Holland and Powell, 1998). Activities for pyroxene,
garnet, plagioclase, spinel and amphibole from the samples were
calculated using the A-X program (written by T. Holland) included
in THERMOCALC. The PT estimates for the Balchenfjella are summarized in Fig. 8 and those for the Monapo Complex in Fig. 9.
Additionally the Zr solubility in rutile calibration of Zack et al.
(2004) has been applied using the rutile compositional data from
sample PM04092 from the Monapo Complex (Table 3) and sample
SR132 from eastern Sr Rondane (Table 3). Mineral abbreviations
used are after Kretz (1983).
4.1. Balchenfjella
3.2.3. Sample PM04039

The metabasic orthogneisses contain the assemblage of
Hbl + Grt + Cpx + Pl + opaques which form a granoblastic texture.
In addition Hbl + Pl symplectitic intergrowths are locally developed at the margin of garnet grains (Fig. 7E). Hornblende forms
two morphologies, the rst as homogeneous granoblastic grains
between clinopyroxene and plagioclase and the second in symplectites marginal to garnet grains (Fig. 7E). The rst variety would
suggest the partial hydration reaction of Cpx + Pl + H2 O Hbl
whereas the second suggests the partial hydration reaction of
Grt + H2 O Hbl + Pl. The garnet is typically unzoned and has the
composition of Alm5760 , Prp1621 and Grs20 (Table 2). Plagioclase in the symplectitic intergrowth is virtually pure anorthite
with composition An95 and Ab5 whereas the groundmass plagioclase is marginally more sodic with composition of An8592 Table 2).
Hornblende is typically a magnesio-hornblende (Table 2).
4.1.1. Sample SR161A&D

The
following
possible
reactions
were
identied in the petrography above: CaTs + SiO2 An and
2Spl + 11Di + 3H2 O + 5CO2 2Tr + Ts + Cal. In thin section no
quartz is present and consequently this would indicate that silica
activity in the rock was probably <1. Aranovich and Kozlovskii
(2008) report silica activities of 0.30.5 during eclogitic assemblage formation but report that the involvement of minor uid
can contribute to increased silica activity. In Fig. 8A, two separate
curves for reaction are shown for silica activities of 0.75 and
0.5 (curves 1 and 2 in Fig. 8A). These curves were calculated
using the data for clinopyroxene analyzed in the rims containing
5% Al2 O3 which translates into an aCaTs of 0.14 using the
program AXE of T. Holland. Core clinopyroxene compositions
with 11% Al2 O3 would be stable at higher pressures in excess
of 14 kb. Fig. 6B shows minor retrogressive hornblende which
would have required minor uid introduction, the uid possibly
contributing to increased silica activity. The sample also contains
spinel (Fig. 6A) in equilibrium with clinopyroxene from which
the calculation of temperatures based on the exchange reaction
of Di + Hc Hd + Spl suggests a minimum closure temperature of
750 C to 825 C (curve 3 in Fig. 8A). Modelling of the reaction
2Spl + 11Di + 3H2 O + 5CO2 2Tr + Ts + Cal using THERMOCALC
with a mixed uid containing equal mole fractions of H2 O and
CO2 yields curve 4 in Fig. 8A. The mineral assemblages in samples
SR161A&D therefore suggest retrogressive introduction of H2 O
and CO2 during decompression resulting in the crystallization
of anorthite, calcite and amphibole from the higher pressure
assemblage of clinopyroxene and spinel at PT conditions of
1011 kb and 825 C.
3.2.4. Sample PM04088

Sample PM04088 (Fig. 7F) was sampled from a meta-basic
granulite which contains the anhydrous mineral assemblage of
clinopyroxene, garnet, plagioclase and orthopyroxene. The assemblage denes an equilibrium granoblastic mosaic (Fig. 7F) but also
contains sparse vermicular inclusions of a white transparent mineral either quartz or plagioclase in garnet. Locally garnet appears
to be breaking down to a symplectitic intergrowth of clinopyroxene + plagioclase suggesting the reaction Grt Cpx + Pl (Fig. 7F).
The reaction is typical of isothermal decompression (Harley, 1989).
The clinopyroxene is diopsidic with composition of Di3435 , Hd1925
and Wo4046 . Orthopyroxene is hypersthene with En51 and Fs48
4.1.2. Sample SR150

In sample SR150 the equilibrium assemblage of garestimates
net + orthopyroxene + plagioclase
permits
PT
on the following reactions (Fig. 8B) En + MgTs = Prp
(curve
1,
Fig.
8B),
2Prp + Grs + 3Qtz = 3
En + 3
An
(curve 2 Fig. 8B), Grs + 3MgTs + 3Qtz = Prp + 3En (curve
3,
Fig.
8B),
Gr
s + 2MgTs + 3Qtz = 3An + En
(curve
4,
Fig. 8B), Gr + 2Alm + 3Qtz = 3An + 3Fs (curve 5, Fig. 8B),
2Prp + 3Fs = 2Alm + 3En (curve 6, Fig. 8B), 3Fs + 3MgTs = Prp + 2Alm
(curve 7, Fig. 8B), and 3Fs + 3MgTs = 3Alm + En (curve 8, Fig. 8B). The
curves for these equilibria are shown along with an error ellipse
calculated using the average pressure temperature estimate mode
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Fig. 9. PT estimates from chemistry of minerals from Monapo Complex. The gures A-D show the curves for the different reactions described in the text for the four rock
samples studied. Figure E shows all the curves superimposed. The curved arrow indicates the inferred PT path.
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Fig. 10. Sketch of eld relationships at the northern end of Austhameran, eastern Sr Rondane. (A) shows a map of the northern tip of Austhameran with the structural
data from the outcrop summarized in the stereonet (B). The gures (C an D) show a view from north to south of a detailed portion of the exposure at the northern end of
Austhameran and shows the steep ENE dipping fabric being cut by granite and pegmatite sills which intruded along a top to the west thrust fault whose plane of shear swings
into the vertical, west of the limits of the photo, becoming part of the dominant steep planar fabric. The pegmatite shows some effects of deformation whereas the granite is
undeformed. Skidoo at bottom right corner for scale in (D).
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23
Fig. 11. Field photographs of localities from northern Austhameren. Note the relatively undeformed rock in (A) (Leuconorite) and (B) (metagabbro). The photo at (C) is of the
anorthosite. Photo (D) shows a planar fabric developed in a metagabbro dyke. In (E) and (F), the mac phase is a metagabbro with no fabric at left at a strong planar fabric at
right.
of THERMOCALC (Fig. 8B). The estimated average PT estimates

for this equilibrium assemblage are 700 C and 7 kb.
4.1.3. Sample SR183C
In sample SR183C (Figs. 6G and 8C) early garnet and clinopyroxene (with plagioclase) are separated by a symplectitic intergrowth
of Hbl + Pl + Mag. Calculation of PT estimates based on the early
anhydrous phases of Grt + Cpx + Pl + Qtz using the average pressure temperature mode of THERMOCALC suggest PT conditions of
825 C and 10 kb (Fig. 8C). The retrogressive hydration reaction
would have occurred at PT conditions below these conditions.
4.1.4. Sample SR132
Thermobarometry
on
sample
SR132
(Fig.
8D),
contains
the
equilibrium
assemblage
which
of
garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase + quartz +
K-feldspar + Ilmenite + rutile with retrogressive biotite, permits the calculation of curves the following reactions of
Ilm + Pl + Qtz .Grt + Rt (curve 1 Fig. 8D), Sil + Ilm + Qtz Grt + Rt
(curve 2, Fig. 8D), An + Qtz Grt + Sil (curve 3, Fig. 8D) and
Grs + Sil + Qtz An (curve 4, Fig. 8D). These reactions all have
similar slopes but intersect obliquely at 810 C and 8.5 kb.
Application of the Zr solubility in rutile calibrations of Zack et al.

(2004), Watson et al. (2006), Tomkins et al. (2007) and Ferry and
Watson (2007), using the chemical data in Table 3, suggests temperatures of between 750 C and 850 C (Fig. 8D and Table 3).
At these temperatures, the equilibria described above suggest
pressures of 7.59 kb (Fig. 8D). Biotite in thin section is typically
retrogressive forming symplectites with quartz and suggesting
the hydration reaction of Grt + Kfs + H2 O Bt + Qtz. Consequently
the metapelite assemblage in sample SR132 suggests minimum
PT conditions of 7.59 kb and 750860 C. The recognition of
kyanite inclusions in metapelitic assemblages from Sr Rondane
by Osanai et al. (1996) suggest that higher pressures were reached
during earlier phases of metamorphism and probably infer early
pressures of 1112 kb, similar to those recorded by Nakano et al.
(2011).
4.1.5. Interpretation
The above thermobarometric calculations summarized in Fig. 8
and the interpretation of the textures of the various thin sections
shown in Fig. 6 facilitate the interpretation of early near isothermal decompression from probably >12 kb and temperatures of
9001000 C followed by a change in trajectory with P- and T
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decreasing simultaneously (Fig. 8E) with slopes near parallel to

many of the reaction curves dened from the various rock types
(except for the limited partial hydration of all assemblages and
carbonation of samples SR161A&D). The inferred cooling trajectory near parallel to reaction curve slopes is consistent with the
observation of no obvious textural expression of the reactions in
thin section except for those caused by retrogressive hydration
and carbonation. The PT conditions of the retrogression dened
by the intersections of various reactions in the ve samples suggest estimates of 710 kb and 700850 C. Early pressures in excess
of 11 kb with temperatures of >850900 C are suggested by the
recognition of early Kyanite inclusions in garnet in sillimanite bearing metapelites (Osanai et al., 1996; Asami et al., 1992). Nakano et al.
(2011) reported PT conditions of 1000 C and 12 kb for the genesis of a garnet olivine granulite sampled from oat in a moraine
from Brattnipene in central Sr Rondane. Granulites with similar
chemical composition have only been found in the NE terrane of
Sr Rondane and are not seen in the SW terrane. The metamorphic
PT evolution of the SW-terrane (including Brattnipene) is characterized by an anti-clockwise PT path whereas the NE-terrane
(Austkampane, Balchenfjella, etc.) is characterized by a clockwise
PT path (Osanai et al., under review and in this special issue).
Similarly the high Al2 O3 Ca-Tschermaks content of clinopyroxenes in samples SR161A&D as well as SR183C are consistent with
higher pressures.
4.2. Monapo complex
4.2.1. Sample PM04073
The petrographic and chemical data in this sample can be
interpreted as a decompression texture involving exsolution of
the Ca-Tschermaks component from Cpx to form anorthite in the
following reaction CaTs + SiO2 An. In thin section no quartz is
present and consequently this would indicate that silica activity in
the rock was probably <1. Aranovich and Kozlovskii (2008) report
silica activities of 0.30.5 during eclogitic assemblage formation
but report that the involvement of minor uid can contribute to
increased silica activity. In Fig. 9A, four separate curves for reaction
are shown for silica activities of 1.0, 0.75, 0.5 and 0.25 suggesting that reaction (1) potentially occurred between pressures of
7 and 15 kb depending on the applicable silica activity. These
curves were calculated using the data for clinopyroxene analyzed
in the rims containing 5% Al2 O3 which translate into an aCaTs of
0.14 using the program AXE of T. Holland. Core clinopyroxene
compositions with 8% Al2 O3 would be stable at higher pressures
in excess of 14 kb. Fig. 7A shows minor retrogressive hornblende
which would have required minor uid introduction, possibly contributing to increased silica activity.
In thin section, the sample also contains hercynitic spinel
(Fig. 7C) in equilibrium with clinopyroxene. EMP analysis facilitate
the calculation of temperatures based on the exchange reaction of
Di + Hc Hd + Spl which suggests a minimum closure temperature
of 650 C to 700 C (Fig. 9A).
4.2.2. Sample PM04088
In sample PM04088 the equilibrium assemblage of garnet + orthopyroxene + clinopyroxene + plagioclase (Fig. 7F). permits
PT estimates on the following reactions CaTs + SiO2 An
(curve 1, Fig. 9B), Pl + Opx Prp + Grs + Qtz (curve 2,
Fig. 9B), Pl + Cpx Grt + Qtz (curve 3 and 4, Fig. 9B) and
CaTs + Opx Grs + Alm (curve 5, Fig. 9B). Quartz is only present
as inclusions in garnet and locally as a symplectitic intergowth
resulting from garnet breakdown and consequently the aSiO2
during peak metamorphism was probably <1. This would result
in the P conditions for reaction CaTs + SiO2 An being lower,
probably similar that shown in sample PM4073 for an aSiO2 = 0.5
suggesting pressures of 10 kb. The presence of sparse vermicular quartz inclusions in garnet (Fig. 7F) suggests that Grt + Qtz
forms a reaction product, typically retrogressive and implying an
early isobaric cooling reaction (Harley, 1989). PT calculations
using THERMOCALC suggests applicable PT conditions of around
10 1.3 kb and 800 93 C (Fig. 9B).
4.2.3. Sample PM04092
Thermobarometry on sample PM04092 (Fig. 9C), which contains
the assemblage of garnet + sillimanite + plagioclase + quartz + Kfeldspar + Ilmenite + rutile with retrogressive biotite, permits the
calculation of the following reaction curves Grs + Qtz + Sil = An
(curve 1 Fig. 9C), Grt + Rt + Sil = An + Ilm (curve 2, Fig. 9C),
Grt + Rt = An + Ilm + Qtz (curve 3, Fig. 9C) and Grt + Rt = Qtz + Ilm + Sil
(curve 4, Fig. 9C). Sillimanite is present in the rock however the
4 similarly sloped curves intersect in the kyanite eld. Application of the Zr solubility in rutile calibrations of Zack et al. (2004),
Watson et al. (2006), Tomkins et al. (2007) and Ferry and Watson
(2007), using the chemical data in Table 3, suggests temperatures
of between 750 C and 880 C (Fig. 9C, Table 3). At this temperature, the equilibria described above suggest pressures of 7.59 kb
(Fig. 9C). Biotite in section is typically retrogressive forming symplectites with quartz and suggesting the hydration reaction of
Grt + Kfs + H2 O Bt + Qtz.
4.2.4. Sample PM04039
In sample PM04039 the partial hydration reaction
of Grt + H2 O Hbl + Pl, described above (Fig. 7E), permits the calculation of the equilibria Prp + Fac = Alm + Tr
(curve 1 Fig. 9D), An + Tr + Prg = Prp + Grs + Ab + Ts (curve 2
Fig. 9D), Prp + Grs + Ts + 3Gln = An + Tr + Prg (curve 3, Fig. 9D),
Prp + An + Fac + Prg = Grs + Alm + Ab + 9Ts (curve 4, Fig. 9D) and
An + Tr + Fac + Prg = Grs + Alm + Ab + Ts (curve 5, Fig. 9D). The average PT estimate from THERMOCALC suggests PT conditions of
6 kb (s.d. 3.1) and 527 C (s.d. 143) respectively (Fig. 9D ellipse).
These data are consistent with retrogressive hydration.
4.2.5. Interpretation
The above thermobarometric calculations summarized in Fig. 9E
and the interpretation of the textures of the various thin sections
shown in Fig. 7 facilitate the interpretation of early isothermal
decompression from probably >11 kb (Fig. 9E) and temperatures
of 800-900 C followed by a change in trajectory to an inclined
cooling path accompanied by limited partial hydration of all assemblages at 550700 C and 46 kb (Fig. 9E). The change in PT
trajectory is nearly parallel to the slopes of reactions with the consequence that there would be very little textural expression of these
reactions during cooling except those resulting from uid ingress.
From the above assemblages, PT estimates calculated from
THERMOCALC and the inferred PT evolution from Monapo and
Balchenfjella, it is apparent that the two areas have shared similar
metamorphic histories and have mineral assemblages which are
almost identical from rocks of widely varying compositions, including metapelites, metabasic rocks as well as relatively unusual spinel
clinopyroxene granulites.
5. Geochronology
5.1. Introduction and analytical procedures
Zircons from six samples (SR161A&D, SR180 and SR188A,B,C)
from Austhameren and Balchenfjella (Fig. 4) were separated using a
Wiley Table at the Council for Geoscience after which zircons were
concentrated further, using a Franz Magnetic Isodynamic separator
and routine heavy liquid separation techniques.
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The zircon grains were mounted in epoxy together with zircon standards SL-13 and Temora. The grains were then sectioned
approximately in half, polished and photographed. All zircons were
then examined by cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging. The SHRIMP
data, collected from SHRIMP II at the National Institute of Polar
Research, Tokyo were reduced in a manner similar to that described
by Compston et al. (1992) and Williams and Claesson (1987). U/Pb
in the unknowns were normalized to a 206 *Pb/238 U value (equivalent to an age of) for The U and Th concentrations were determined
relative to those measured in the standards. Common Pb corrections were made using the measured 204 Pb/206 Pb ratios and
the appropriate Pb compositions from the Cumming and Richards
(1975) model. Uncertainties in the isotopic ratios and ages in the
data tables (and in the error bars in the plotted data) are reported
at the 1 level, but unless otherwise stated in the text the nal
weighted mean ages are reported as 95% condence limits. All age
calculations and statistical assessments of the nal data have been
carried out with the software Isoplot/Ex of Ludwig (2001).
5.2. Field relationships and petrography of samples selected for
SHRIMP zircon analysis
The six samples analyzed by SHRIMP were selected because
in the eld they showed limited deformation and from their
mineralogy and homogeneous appearance were clearly originally
magmatic in origin and therefore were expected to provide insights
into the magmatic evolution of the NE Sr Rondane.Two of the zircon separates were prepared from samples SR161A and SR161D,
the clinopyroxene spinel granulite used in the PT study described
above with photos of the eld locality being shown in Fig. 5B.
The remaining samples SR180, SR188A, B and C are from a metaigneous complex exposed at the northern end of Austhameren
(Figs. 10A and 11) which is variably deformed and contains
undeformed granite veins to banded orthogneisses showing blastomylonitic textures. The dominant structure of the exposure
comprises strongly sheared banded equivalents of the undeformed
rocks exposed in the centre of the outcrop. The virtually undeformed rocks form a low strain enclave enclosed by strongly
sheared, near vertical banded gneisses along the west and eastern
margins of the exposure. The shear banding dips steeply northeast (Fig. 10B) with typically shallow plunging stretching lineations
which plunge to the NE and SW. The banded gneisses show numerous discordancies similar to that shown in Fig. 5E. The dominantly
steep layering in the outcrop is cut by near-horizontal shear planes
which curve up and merge with the steep layering (Fig. 10C and
D). The horizontal shear planes have a top to the east sense of
shear and are intruded by weakly deformed pegmatite and undeformed granite. The structural observations are inferred to indicate
a transpressional shear setting probably similar and synchronous
to that inferred for the Main Shear Zone recognized in western Sr
Rondane (Osanai et al., 1996, Fig. 3). The undeformed to weakly
deformed intrusive rocks comprise medium to ne-grained granite
(Fig. 11E), pegmatite, ne to coarse grained anorthosite (Fig. 11C),
coarse grained meso- to melano metagabbro (Fig. 11B and E) and
very coarse grained leuconorite (Fig. 11A). Except for the late
granitic sills, all rock types show little to strong deformation and
shear, suggesting intrusion pulses interspersed with episodes of
shear. For example, Fig. 11E and F show the same metabasic intrusion which is undeformed in Fig. 11E, but has a strong planar near
horiziontal fabric in Fig. 11F resulting from strong shear.
Samples SR180, SR188A, B and C were chosen for SHRIMP zircon
analysis because of their relatively undeformed appearence in the
eld. In thin section, however all samples show extensive psuedomorphic hydration. SR180 (Figs. 11A and 12A) is a meta-leuconorite
which contains plagioclase and orthopyroxene in the eld as well
as occasional garnet (Fig. 11A). The orthopyroxene has a thin rim
25
of pale green amphibole. In thin section all minerals form grain

aggregates (Fig. 12A) but crude igneous textures are preserved.
Orthopyroxene is completely replaced by an amphibole aggregate
with pale green amphibole forming a thin rim to the orthopyroxene pseudomorph, the core of which is lled by a colourless
orthoamphibole. Plagioclase in all samples forms a recrystallised
granoblastic mosaic. Sample SR188A (Figs. 11C and 12B) is a relatively ne-grained recrystallised granoblastic anorthosite which
contains minor secondary muscovite in thin section (Fig. 12B). Sample SR188B is similar to sample SR180 from a leuconorite and in
thin section comprises recrystallised granoblastic plagioclase and
orthoamphibole but still preserves a crude igneous texture (Fig. 12C
and D. Sample SR188C is from a metagabbro (Fig. 11B) consists of
plagioclase and hornblende aggregates which still preserve a crude
igneous texture which has been pseudomorphed (Fig. 12E and F).
5.3. SHRIMP zircon data
The CL images of representative zircons from the six samples
are shown in Fig. 13. The zircons from sample SR180 are typical
of metamorphic zircons from a high grade environment showing
overgrowth textures and areas of partial resorption (Corfu et al.,
2003). In addition some grains are homogeneous and show no
to limited zoning.The grains are xenomorphic to weakly subidiomorphic in shape, typical of metamorphic genesis (Corfu et al.,
2003). U contents are typically low varying between 35 ppm and
330 ppm (Table 4). The data dene three distinct age clusters
on a Terra Wasserberg plot with a single grain having an age of
674 Ma (spot 52.1) (Fig. 14 A). This grain is morphologically no
different from the others. The three distinct age clusters dene ages
of 612.2 0.75 Ma, 578.5 0.92 Ma and 552.0 1.1 Ma respectively
(Fig. 14BD). The morphologies of the grains suggest that all are
metamorphic in origin.
The zircons from samples SR161A and D are similar in shape
and are angular xenomorphic to subidiomorphic, typical of metamorphic zircons (Fig. 13) (Corfu et al., 2003). Zircons from sample
SR161A have black cores with no obvious internal zonation with
some grains have thin secondary white rims (Fig. 13). The black
(in CL) cores have U contents between 400 ppm and 2100 ppm
whereas the pale grey to white spots analyzed have U contents
between 64 and 130 ppm (Table 5). All the data are summarized
in Fig. 14E with the data suggesting three distinct age clusters
between 580 Ma and 530 Ma with one grain having an age of
610 Ma. The three distinct age clusters dene concordant ages
of 560.6 0.7 Ma, 555.8 0.69 Ma and 536.6 0.6 Ma (Fig. 14FH).
Zircons which dene the former two groups also together dene a
concordant age of 557 0.51 Ma suggesting that these two ages are
indistinguishable. The zircons which dene the three ages do not
show any distinctive differences in morphology or U contents. The
morphologies of the grains suggest that all grains are metamorphic
in origin.
Zircons from sample SR161D are black with no obvious internal
zonation (Fig. 13). The black grains have high Uranium contents
which are typically between 1100 ppm to 5900 ppm (Table 6).
Two broad groups of zircons can be distinguished with the rst
group having U contents between 1100 ppm and 2500 ppm and
the second with U contents between 3200 ppm and 5900 ppm. The
latter group do not dene any concordant analyses with discordant
ages between 550 Ma and 570 Ma (Fig. 14I). Within the second
group, three analyses plot as individual spots with ages <510 Ma
(Fig. 14I) whereas most of the analyses (27spots) dene a concordant age of 530.9 Ma 0.62 Ma (Fig. 14J). The morphologies of the
grains suggest that all grains are metamorphic in origin.
The zircons from Sample SR188A are uniform in appearance
having well developed sector zoning (Fig. 13). Some grains show
rounded subhedral grain shapes but most are anhedral. Same grains
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Fig. 12. Thin section photographs from SHRIMP samples. Figure (A) is from a leuconorite in which the orthopyroxene has been totally hydrated to orthoamphibole. Note
the pale green rim of amphibole between the recrystallised plagioclase and amphibole. (B) Photomicrograph of anorthosite under crossed polars showing recrystallised
granoblastic plagioclase with local muscovite growth. (C and D) Recrystallised leuconorite in which pyroxene has been totally replaced by an aggregate of amphibole and
large coarse plagioclase grains are recrystallised into a granoblastic mosaic. (E and F) Recrystallised and hydrated metagbbro where clinopyroxene has been psuedomorphically
replaced by an aggregate of amphibole and plagioclase is recrystallised forming a granoblastic mosaic.
show thin white overgrowths which are too thin to analyze. The
zircon grains are typical of metamorphic genesis. Thirty-ve of the
thirty nine grains analyzed dene a concordant age of 544.2 1 Ma
which is interpreted as the age of metamorphism recorded in this
sample (Fig. 15A) (Table 7). It is possible but uncertain that the
absence of older zircons from this sample compared to samples
SR188B and Sr188C may suggest its intrusion after the periods of
metamorphism reected in those samples.
The zircons from sample SR188B show three clear groups in the
CL images shown in Fig. 13E. High U (12004300 ppm U) grains
are virtually black and difcult to discern in the Fig. 13E (spot
54.1). In contrast in the remainder of the grains, cores with well
developed zoning are seen with some grains having white low U
(31 ppm) apparently unzoned partial rims or resorption features
(Fig. 13E, spots 72.1 and 72.2). The 204 Pb corrected 207 Pb/206 /Pb
ages of the spots are 535 6 Ma (spot 54.1), 584 78 (72.1) and
650 39 Ma (Table 8). Fig. 15BF shows Terrawasserberg and
Wetherill concordia gures for the data from sample SR188B. All
the data from sample SR188n are shown in Fig. 15B from which it
is evident that the zircons have a range of ages between 680 Ma
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Fig. 13. Zircon CL images from zircons from Sr Rondane. CL images from the six samples analyzed for by SHRIMP. Note the high U zircons of SR161D similar to those in
SR161A. Many of the zircons in A have a thin low U overgrowth which is too narrow to analyses. All the zircons in samples SR180A, SR188A, B and C have angular rounded
shapes with sector zoning and resorption textures typical of metamorphic origin.
and 520 Ma with the data dening four concordant groups or

clusters shown in Fig. 15CF. The ages related to each of these concordant groups are 609.8 0.89 Ma, 586.5 2.5 Ma, 559 1.4 Ma
and 528.5 0.56 Ma respectively. Relating these groups to the CL
images, it is apparent that the high U black zircons are the youngest.
In the remaining groups there is no obvious difference in zircon morphologies which dene the different ages. Even though
grains 72.1 and 72.2 have differences in the CL images and their
inferred ages from the data, they both contribute to the oldest concordant zircon group within age 609.8 0.89 Ma. The two oldest
zircons (Fig. 15B) with ages of 680 Ma and 640 Ma do not show
any obvious difference in morphology to the marginally younger
concordant grouping of Fig. 15C. The anhedral morphology and
zoning within these zircons are typical of metamorphic genesis
and consequently the data are interpreted to indicate a long period
of continuous but episodic zircon growth between 610 Ma and

529 Ma.
The zircons from sample SR188C show a wide range of
appearences and morphologies (Fig. 13). Correlating the data
with the CL images shows that the three oldest grains in sample SR188C have ages 207 Pb/206 Pb ages between 1100 Ma and
950 Ma (Fig. 16A). These three grains have rounded rice shaped
grains with grain 29.1 have oscillatory zoning typical of igneous
origin. These three grains are interpreted to be xenocrystic.
The remaining zircons have angular shapes typical of metamorphic genesis. The remaining data dene clusters or groups of
concordant zircons (Fig. 16,B,C,D and F) with concordant ages
of 630.6 1.1 Ma, 611.7 0.83 Ma, 578.7 0.85 Ma, 563.8 2.1 Ma
and 528.5 0.62 Ma respectively (Table 9). Unlike Sample SR188B
there is no obvious correlation between zircon morphology, CL
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Fig. 14. Terra Wasserburg and Wetherill Concordia images of U/Pb SHRIMP data from samples SR180, SR161A and SR161d from eastern Sr Rondane. All the zircons analyzed
from sample SR180 are shown in (A) with the letters in (A) along the age curve referring to the three concordant groups whose data is summarized in (B, C and D). Similarly
for sample SR161a (E) has three groups of concordant zircons whose data is summarized in gures (F, G and H). For sample SR161D all the zircons analyzed are plotted in
Fig. 14I with a the data from a group of concordant zircons presented in gure (J).
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29
Fig. 14. (Continued).
appearance and U content. Under CL, the zircons range from black
to wellzoned grey grains to white grains (Fig. 13). Besides the three
older grains, the remainder have typically anhedral shapes, some
with resorption textures and some with thin white overgrowths.
U contents do not show signicant variation with almost all grains
having contents between 37 and 695 ppm and only two grains with
U contents >2000 ppm. Besides the three oldest grains (inherited)
described above the zircons appear to have typically metamorphic
shapes and consequently the range in ages dened by the different concordant groups are inferred to indicate that the rock have
experienced continuous but episodic metamorphism with zircon
growth between 630 Ma and 530 Ma.
6. Discussion and interpretation

Before discussing the geochronological results and metamorphic mineralogy and PT estimates, it is necessary to examine the
tectonic setting of the Balchenfjella and Monapo Complex in a
broader context. It is clear from the mineralogical, metamorphic
and geochronological data presented above, that the Balchenfjella
area and Monapo Complex share similar evolutionary paths.
The evolutionary paths from these areas are also similar to that
for the Ocua Complex which forms the tectonic mlange dening
the Lurio Belt (Engvik et al., 2007) separating the Namuno Terrane
from the Nampula Terrane (Fig. 1). Rocks from the Ocua Complex
have been reported to have a three stage PT path comprising
an initial high pressure phase with PT estimates of 14 kb and
900 C followed by a second isothermal decompression stage to
10 kb after which increased cooling followed, associated with partial hydration and retrogression of the granulites during the third
stage (Engvik et al., 2007). The age of 557 Ma metamorphic zircons
were related to stages 1 and 2 (Engvik et al., 2007). It is interesting to note that the range of 206 Pb/238 U ages of zircons reported
by Engvik et al. (2007) show a similar distribution to those for the
samples from Balchenfjella reported here (Figs. 17 and 18) namely
520650 Ma, albeit on a far smaller data set.
The geochronological and metamorphic PT data presented here
support the correlation of the Monapo Complex with CDML and
Sr Rondane as well as the Ocua Complex (along with the broader
Namuno Terrane) as proposed by Grantham et al. (2008). This correlation was proposed to involve a mega-nappe thrust model with
the rocks of the Namuno Terrane being thrust faulted southwestwards in a transpressional setting over the Nampula Terrane. In the
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Fig. 15. Terra Wasserburg and Wetherill concordia images of U/Pb SHRIMP data from samples SR188A and 188B from eastern Sr Rondane. Sample SR188A has a unimodal
zircon population whose data are summarized in A. In contrast sample SR188B has a wide range of zircon ages (B) with four individual groups of concordant being plotted
in gures (CF).
model, the Monapo Complex and rocks of eastern CDML and Sr

Rondane are considered to be allochthonous and probably overly
oor rocks of similar age and composition to those exposed in western Dronning Maud Land and the Nampula Terrane of Mozambique.
In this setting it is important to recognize that the age of 600 Ma

appears to provide a signicant time marker. This is because zircons with crystallization and metamorphic ages between 600 and
1000 Ma in N. Mozambique are only recorded north of the Lurio Belt
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31
Fig. 16. Terra Wasserburg and Wetherill concordia images of U/Pb SHRIMP data from sample SR188C from Sr Rondane. All the data from SR188C are summarized in Figure
(A) with ve individual groups of concordant zircons plotting and providing ve concordant ages between 630 and 530 Ma shown in gures (BF) respectively.
in the Namuno Terrane (Fig. 18G) or in the allochthonous fragments

Monapo, Sr Rondane and CDML. In contrast, no zircons within
this age range of 600900 Ma are found in the Nampula Terrane
except as detrital grains in the Mecuburi Group (Fig. 18A and F,
Thomas et al. (2010) and as primary and metamorphic grains in
the Monapo and Mugeba Complexes, both interpreted to be erosional klippen outliers. Similarly no zircons within this age range
are found in WDML (Sverdrupfjella, Gjelsvikfjella and Kirwanveggan)

Bingen et al. (2009), and Viola et al. (2008) have shown that the
Namuno Terrane comprises an accretionary thrust fault stacked
complex with interleaved Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoicage slabs (Fig. 1). The accretion of this stacked complex reportedly
involved a top to the W and WNW sense of shear with the
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Fig. 17. Comparison of probability distribution curves of U/Pb SHRIMPdata from the Monapo Complex and Balchenfjella. The probability distribution curves are calculated
from all the 207 Pb/206 Pb ages from the spot analyses from the various samples with the data presented in Tables 4, 5, 8 and 9 using the Isoplot software of Ludwig (2001).
The data for samples JM19 and JM14 are from Grantham et al. (2007).
orogenesis forming part of the NS oriented East Africa Orogeny

originally proposed by Stern (1994). It is also signicant that the
broadly NS strike of the Namuno Terrane accretionary complex is
rotated into an ENE orientation along the Lurio Belt indicating that
the high strain and attening reported in the Lurio Belt probably
was initiated at 600 Ma. The wide range of ages from zircons from
the Ocua Complex and the Balchenfjella samples between 635 Ma
and 530 Ma, both of which overlap the 600 Ma marker, suggest
that the episodic but continuous metamorphism, indicated by the
phases of zircon growth, continued in these rocks until 530 Ma.
The PT estimates derived from these rocks, including those of

Engvik et al. (2007) and Nakano et al. (2011) indicate exhumation from relatively great depths and high pressures of >12 kb
and >900 C, initially with isothermal decompression paths to gradual cooling with retrogressive hydration at mid crustal levels at
600-700 C and 67 kb.
In striving to understand the broader tectonic evolution of
northern Mozambique and DML, Antarctica, it is also necessary to consider and integrate data from other tectonic units
of similar age from the area. These tectonic units include
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33
Fig. 18. Comparison of probability distribution curves of Mecuburi Group, granites from N Mozambique and DML and metamorphic zircons from Balchenfjella and Ocua
Complex. The data for individual zircons from the Mecuburi Group (A and F) are from Thomas et al. (2010). The data for granites are crystallization ages from N. Mozambique
(C) are from Bingen et al. (2009), Jacobs et al. (2008) and Grantham et al. (2008) whereas those from DML (B) are crystallization ages from Shiraishi et al. (2008) Jacobs
et al. (2008), Jacobs et al. (2003a,b), Jacobs et al. (1998) and Suliman (2011). Data from the Ocua Complex are individual spot analyses from Engvik et al. (2007). The data
from Balchenfjella include almost all the individual spot analyses from this study within the age range applicable for comparison. A few spot analyses from older, probably
inherited grains in sample SR188C (Fig. 16) have been excluded The data curves in (G) and (H) show crystallization age curves are from the Namuno Terrane and Nampula
Terrane of N. Mozambique respectively and include data from Grantham et al. (2008 and references therein), Macey et al. (2010) and Bingen et al. (2009).
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Fig. 19. Cross section and block diagram of thrust tectonic model. The top part of the gure shows a schematic cross section from Northern Mozambique to southern
Dronning Maud Land showing the relative positions of various areas. The cross section is modied after Grantham et al. (2008) to accommodate new insights from the Sr
Rondane. Stage 1 shows the period >600 Ma prior to collision between N and S Gondwana and shows the thrust fault accretionary stack of the Namuno Terrane forming the
southern end of the East African Orogen. Stage 2 (580540 Ma) shows the collision model with the Namuno Terrane being thrust over the Nampula Terrane, being eroded
and depositing the molasses sediments of the Mecuburi and Alto Benca Groups ahead of the thrust front and being eventually overridden and buried. Stages 3 and 4 show
the terminal stages emphasizing the structural complexity from the late Main Shear Zone recognized in Sr Rondane and its synchronous movement with granites being
generated from the oor rocks resulting from footwall heating.
Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age granitoids intrusions in both areas

(Fig. 1) with ages varying between 570 Ma and 490 Ma (Macey
et al., in prep; Jacobs et al., 1998, 2003a,b, 2008; Suliman, 2011;
Shiraishi et al., 2008) as well as Cambrian-age > 530 Ma metamorphosed supracrustal molasse sediments (Mecuburi and Alto
Benca Groups) deposited on the Nampula Terrane (Thomas et al.,
2010) (Fig. 1). The distribution of the exposures of granitoids, the
Mecuburi and Alto Benca Groups as well as the Monapo and
Mugeba klippen are shown in Fig. 1.
The granites from Mozambique form extensive plutons (Fig. 1),

and are dominantly undeformed post-tectonic with both peraluminous and metaluminous varieties with many showing A-type
chemistry (Macey et al., 2007; Grantham et al., 2011). The granites
from central DML are dominantly post kinematic and syeniticcharnockitic in composition (Markl and Henjes-Kunst, 2004;
Roland, 2004).
The Mecuburi and Alto Benca Groups comprise
metamorphosed molasse sediments including deformed
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meta-conglomerates, meta-arenites and metapelites and rest

unconformably on Nampula terrane basement in northen
Mozambique (Thomas et al., 2010).
The age distribution of the granites from Mozambique and DML
partially overlap with the metamorphic ages from Sr Rondane
with the age of the oldest granites being similar to the youngest
metamorphic age from the Monapo Complex (Fig. 18B, C, Fig. 17
samples JM19 and 14)). The age of the youngest detrital zircons
from the Mecuburi Groups is 530 Ma (Thomas et al., 2010, Fig. 18A
and F) with the range of ages of the detrital zircons in the Mecuburi
Group showing two dominant peaks (Fig. 18F), one 950 Ma to
1100 Ma and the other from 700 to 530 Ma and a minor subordinate grouping between 750 to 820 Ma (Fig. 18A, showing
only the younger age range from Thomas et al. (2010) for comparison). The age of the younger grouping of 700530 is similar to the
metamorphic ages from the Ocua Complex and the Balchenfjella
(Fig. 18C and D). The distribution of all ages from the Mecuburi
Group is similar to that recorded for the crystallization ages for
the accretionary thrust fault stack of the Namuno Terrane north
of the Lurio Belt described in Grantham et al. (2008) (Fig. 18G) in
contrast to the Nampula Terrane crystallization ages which lacks
zircons with ages between 900 Ma and 600 Ma (Fig. 18H). From
the similarity of ages of the Namuno Terrane with the Mecuburi
Group, it can be inferred that the Mecuburi Group detrital zircons
were sourced from the Namuno Terrane and deposited at surface
on the Nampula Terrane after 530 Ma. It is also important to note
that the Mecuburi Group contains sillimanite-bearing metapelitic
assemblages as well as migmatitic textures indicating partial melting (Thomas et al., 2010). The phase of metamorphism recorded
in the Mecuburi Group is synchronous with the intrusion of the
younger phase of granitoid intrusion in both Mozambique and DML
i.e. between 535 Ma and 480 Ma (Thomas et al., 2010; Ueda et al.,
2011). A puzzling question revolves around the mechanism of the
Mecuburi Group deposition within a short and overlapping time
interval with the genesis of the granites at apparently the same
crustal level. Assuming a simple molasse basin deposition mechanism and a fairly high geothermal gradient of 40 C/km, 18 km of
sedimentation would be needed to reach temperatures of melting
of 700 C in the Mecuburi Group. At the average rates of sedimentation of 2050 cm/1000 years, (reported by Raynolds and Johnson
(1983) from molasse basins in the Himalayan foothills of northern Pakistan) accumulation of 18 km of sediment would require
between 36 Ma and 90 Ma of continuous deposition to reach appropriate conditions of metamorphism to generate sillimanite and to
achieve partial melting conditions in the Mecuburi Group. There
is no indication from Thomas et al. (2010) that such sedimentary
thicknesses were ever reached in the Mecuburi Group basin. The
apparent time required for deposition would suggest that a time
gap should be expected between sedimentation onset and granitoid
genesis and intrusion. The absence of such a gap and the apparent
overlap of deposition age and granite genesis suggests that an alternative burial mechanism is needed to explain the rapid burial of
the Mecuburi sediments and near synchronous genesis of granites.
The nappe overthrust model proposed by Grantham et al. (2008)
provides such a rapid burial mechanism whereby molasse sediments, eroded from the advancing hanging wall of Namuno Terrane
rocks and deposited ahead of it, are overridden and buried rapidly
resulting in metamorphism and partial melting.
It is useful to evaluate the new geochronological data presented
here in terms of the nappe thrust model. Of the six samples analyzed
from Sr Rondane, two have unimodal zircons which yield metamorphic ages of 530.9 Ma 0.62 Ma (SR161D) and 544.2 1 Ma
(Sample SR188A). The remaining four samples all show episodic zircon growth at 630 Ma (SR188C), 610-612 Ma (SR180A, SR188B
and SR188C), 586-579 Ma (SR188B, SR180A and SR188C), 552563 Ma (SR161A, SR180A, SR188B and SR188C) and 537-528 Ma
35
(SR188B, SR188C, SR161A and SR161D) (Fig. 17). An interesting

aspect of these samples is that those samples containing zircons
of ages from the youngest metamorphic events (SR161A and D and
SR188A) show little to no effects of retrogressive hydration, being
anorthositic (SR188A) and spinel clinopyroxenite (SR161A and D)
respectively. In contrast the other samples all show virtually partial to complete pseudomorphic hydration. This observation may
suggest that zircon growth in Balchenfjella is associated with the
varying hydration that is observed in the samples (SR180A, SR188B,
SR188C and SR161A). The rock types from Balchenfjella from
which zircon were extracted (Meta gabbros, meta-leuconorite,
anorthosite, clinopyroxenite) do not typically contain primary zircon and consequently it is not surprising that the morphology of
the zircons analyzed are all typically metamorphic. Undeformed
post tectonic granitic intrusions with ages of 550 Ma to 570 Ma
intrude Sr Rondane (Shiraishi et al., 2008) and clearly overlap
in time with some of the episodes of metamorphism recognized
above. Recognizing the relatively high temperatures recorded in
these rocks, this melting appears to be related to the metamorphism and can be interpreted to have resulted from simultaneous
hydration and decompression melting. Evidence of partial melting
in the eld is variable with tonalitic rocks correlatable with the SW
terrane showing evidence of anatexis.
By comparison, the available geochronological data from the
Monapo Complex suggest at least three periods of zircon growth.
Crystallization ages of 635 Ma are recorded from the intrusive
Ramiane Suite, Mazerapane Suite and leuco gneiss as well as 570590 Ma metamorphic zircon growth in these rocks (Grantham et al.,
2007; Jamal, 2005). These data appear to indicate that the earliest metamorphism was synchronous with the emplacement of
the intrusion of alkaline Ramiane Suite, the mac to ultramac
alkaline Mazerapane Suite and the syn D2 leuco gneiss of Jamal
(2005). Later metamorphism between 600 Ma and 570 Ma is
reected by a second generation of zircon in the garnet pyroxene granulites as well as metamorphic overgrowths in the Ramiane
Suite. The complex was then later intruded by undeformed granitic
veins at 560 Ma (Jamal, 2005). These data clearly show that zircon
growth in the Ocua Complex, the Monapo Complex and Balchenfjella occurred over a virtually identical period with episodes of
zircon growth being very similar (Figs. 17 and 18).
The metamorphic assemblages from Monapo and Balchenfjella
are similar with similar PT paths. The PT path reported by Engvik
et al. (2007) from the Ocua complex is similar. These PT paths are
characterized by initial isothermal decompression paths with conditions >10 kb and >850 C followed by changes in simultaneous
reduction in P and T to mid crustal levels of 57 kb and 550700 C. It is signicant that the initial isothermal decompression
path from high P and high T conditions is not recognized in the
Nampula Terrane which underlies the Monapo Complex and geographically separates the Ocua Complex from Balchenfjella. This
PT path from all three areas (Ocua Complex, Monapo, Balchenfjella) are consistent with inversion, related to thrust-fault related
uplift. The geochronology from the three areas, derived largely from
metamorphic zircons range in age from 640 Ma to 530 Ma, is
similar. The absence however of metamorphic zircon older than
>600 Ma in the Nampula Terrane implies that it was only juxtaposed to the Namuno Terrane after that date and indicating that
the deformation along the Lurio Belt/Ocua Complex is also younger
than 600 Ma.
From the above discussion, it is proposed that the evolution of
northern Mozambique and DML involved 34 stages summarized
in Fig. 19. In Fig. 19, a cross section from northern Mozambique
is shown (modied after Grantham et al., 2008). The cross section shows the relative crustal levels of the rocks at the present
day land surface, recognizing that erosion in Africa has been faster
than in Antarctica resulting in small klippen erosional remnants
0.07
0.22
0.17
0.02
0.15
0.25
0.00
0.23
0.08
0.21
0.35
0.33
0.12
0.08
0.11
0.18
0.38
0.16
0.12
0.41
0.24
0.15
0.44
0.28
0.19
0.63
0.12
0.30
0.19
0.43
0.20
0.82
0.20
0.32
0.48
0.10
0.05
0.20
0.34
0.10
0.08
0.41
0.35
0.36
0.01
0.18
0.14
0.13
0.21
0.40
0.21
0.13
0.66
0.99
0.51
0.22
0.22
0.58
0.38
0.27
0.82
0.47
0.32
0.19
1.03
0.04
0.21
0.43
161
153
109
239
103
86
152
76
111
67
65
35
61
61
61
92
165
98
100
53
56
99
87
74
72
42
117
96
84
73
130
45
98
91
52
180
184
60
111
87
332
76
47
75
121
103
43
127
109
56
48
84
63
51
75
55
110
43
43
109
49
87
64
72
46
179
49
92
ppm Th
94
97
50
76
49
30
85
42
42
22
26
23
30
41
29
39
65
25
31
45
19
64
33
37
44
19
97
60
32
47
97
15
50
53
21
70
162
41
94
54
165
41
35
50
82
41
20
95
55
26
16
35
28
18
27
17
47
13
26
50
18
60
33
37
18
58
20
75
232 Th/238 U
ppm 206 Pb*
0.61
0.66
0.47
0.33
0.49
0.36
0.58
0.57
0.39
0.35
0.42
0.69
0.51
0.69
0.48
0.44
0.41
0.27
0.32
0.87
0.36
0.66
0.39
0.52
0.63
0.46
0.85
0.65
0.39
0.66
0.77
0.34
0.53
0.60
0.41
0.40
0.91
0.71
0.87
0.64
0.51
0.56
0.77
0.69
0.70
0.42
0.48
0.77
0.52
0.48
0.35
0.42
0.47
0.37
0.37
0.33
0.44
0.32
0.62
0.47
0.39
0.71
0.54
0.54
0.40
0.34
0.42
0.85
13.8
13.1
8.41
19.3
8.87
6.92
13
6.48
9.58
5.41
5.59
2.99
5.19
5.25
5.22
7.12
13.3
8.37
8.59
4.31
4.8
7.58
7.07
6.02
6.23
3.43
9.06
7.4
6.81
5.95
10.5
3.71
8.43
7.84
4.47
14.6
15.8
4.82
9.57
6.64
25.5
6.51
3.79
5.8
10.3
8.28
3.43
11
9.32
4.53
4.49
7.22
5.4
4.16
6.45
4.73
9.37
3.69
3.67
8.37
4.21
7.54
5.41
6.17
4
15.3
4.21
7.89
(1)
206 Pb/238 U
(2)
206 Pb/238 U
(3)
206 Pb/238 U
(1)
207 Pb/206 Pb
(1)
208 Pb/232 Th
Age
611.7
610.7
551.3
578.3
615.2
577.8
610.9
611.7
614.8
582.1
614.6
614.6
611.6
611.6
608.7
553.1
575.5
612.9
613.3
577.4
615
551.1
579.7
579.2
614.1
582.5
553.7
554.6
580.3
580.3
579.9
582.8
613.2
613.1
614.1
577.9
611.1
576.8
612.2
550.2
551.7
612.1
579.8
555.8
609.3
576.6
576.3
614.7
608.6
578.5
671.3
611.7
610.6
577.6
615.5
610.3
608.8
606.7
612.6
550.6
613.9
617.2
602.4
612.5
617.7
612.6
614
613.7
Age
611.4
611.1
551.9
578.1
614.7
578.4
610.8
611.3
614.4
582.1
614.8
615.5
611.8
612
608.9
553.2
575.9
612.8
613.8
577.7
615.2
551.1
579.7
579.3
613.9
582.5
554.1
554.1
579.9
580.2
579.8
583.3
613
613.2
614.2
578
610.6
576.7
612
550
552.1
612.3
579.4
555.8
609.4
576.9
576.3
614.6
608.7
578.8
671.2
611.5
610.9
576.2
616.8
609.5
609
606.3
612.7
550.7
614.2
616.9
601.8
612.5
618.8
612
613.2
614
Age
611.4
610.3
551.7
578.6
614.9
577.7
611.5
610.8
614.8
582.6
615.1
613.7
611.1
612.4
607.5
553.5
575.8
612.9
613.9
577.7
614.9
549.4
580.2
580.3
614.2
583.1
554.5
554.1
579.8
581.2
579.6
582.9
613.3
612.8
613.7
577.8
612.1
576.2
610.7
548.9
552.2
611.8
579.2
555.9
609.8
576.7
575.9
614.8
608.9
578
669.9
611.4
610.8
577
616.2
609.1
608.4
605.9
614.2
550.6
614.3
618.2
602.6
611.3
619.3
611.8
613.1
614.5
Age
628
594
516
587
637
546
619
634
635
580
605
569
597
595
602
547
558
619
588
559
607
547
581
577
623
590
530
584
604
586
588
560
626
611
609
576
639
587
621
562
526
608
603
554
608
562
580
622
605
561
674
623
600
657
557
649
601
630
607
546
603
636
634
609
572
639
655
600
Age
615
615
546
571.6
619
580
604.5
622
615
572
606
623
617
605
625
546
571
611
600
575
617
567
571
566
613
575
548
560
589
572
582.9
581
613
617
620
579.7
604.9
582
623.1
563.3
544.6
616
585
554
604.6
576
582
614
606
586
698
616
608
589
604
635
615
624
596
550
608
609
600
627
592
629
629
608
3.3
3.3
3.4
2.2
5.4
3.6
3.2
4.2
3.5
4.2
4.5
6.4
4.5
4.4
5.8
3.6
2.9
3.8
3.8
6
5.2
3.4
3.9
4.2
4.4
5.8
3.2
3.5
4.2
5.7
3.1
5.6
3.9
4.1
6.4
2.5
2.6
4.4
3.4
3.5
1.8
4
7.7
4
3.1
3.3
4.9
4
3.4
4.5
5.6
3.8
4.6
6.1
4.8
5.5
4
6.2
6.3
3.5
7.5
7.5
8.2
4.9
9.3
4.5
6
4.5
3.4
3.3
3.4
2.2
5.5
3.7
3.2
4.3
3.5
4.3
4.5
6
4.5
4.5
5.8
3.6
2.8
3.9
3.9
6.1
5.1
3.5
3.9
4.2
4.5
5.5
3.3
3.5
4.2
5.8
3.1
5.2
4
4.1
6.4
2.6
2.7
4.3
3.4
3.5
1.9
4.1
7.6
3.8
3.2
3.3
5
4.1
3.4
4.5
5.6
3.9
4.5
5.7
4.7
5.6
4
6.3
6.4
3.6
7.6
7.6
8.3
4.9
9.4
4.6
6
4.5
3.7
3.6
3.6
2.3
5.8
3.9
3.5
4.6
3.7
4.4
4.7
6.7
4.8
4.9
6.2
3.8
3
3.9
3.9
7
5.3
3.8
4.1
4.5
4.9
5.9
3.7
3.9
4.4
6.4
3.5
5.5
4.3
4.5
6.7
2.7
3.1
4.8
3.9
3.9
2
4.5
8.6
4.2
3.5
3.5
5.3
4.6
3.7
4.8
5.8
4.1
4.8
5.9
4.9
5.8
4.2
6.5
7
3.8
8.1
8.4
8.9
5.3
9.8
4.7
6.3
5.2
30
37
41
15
36
35
33
43
39
48
66
150
44
42
74
55
49
37
41
48
91
42
49
69
49
130
36
49
45
46
38
140
49
59
100
23
26
73
48
31
15
46
99
94
31
55
66
45
26
57
73
44
92
150
84
48
52
84
56
44
87
66
59
57
120
25
78
53
11
9
12
6.4
13
13
9.6
13
15
19
23
31
14
11
23
16
16
19
16
11
36
9.8
17
19
12
38
7.5
11
16
12
8.3
56
14
16
35
8.1
6
15
9.9
9.8
4.6
17
20
18
8.2
18
20
12
11
17
35
16
28
55
32
22
17
33
16
13
36
16
19
16
40
12
29
11
% Dis-cor-dant
Total
238 U/206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/206 Pb
3
3
6
1
4
6
1
4
3
0
2
7
2
3
1
1
3
1
4
3
1
1
0
0
2
1
4
5
4
1
1
4
2
0
1
0
5
2
1
2
5
1
4
0
0
2
1
1
1
3
0
2
2
14
9
6
1
4
1
1
2
3
5
1
7
4
7
2
10.039
10.04
11.181
10.653
9.972
10.637
10.06
10.023
9.984
10.56
9.961
9.963
10.037
10.04
10.087
11.143
10.667
10.01
10.007
10.63
9.964
11.189
10.58
10.608
9.986
10.51
11.136
11.096
10.595
10.57
10.601
10.481
10.001
9.99
9.96
10.65
10.051
10.661
10.004
11.213
11.184
9.998
10.59
11.065
10.086
10.667
10.678
9.982
10.078
10.608
9.093
10.034
9.999
10.56
9.928
10.048
10.074
10.07
9.99
11.185
9.92
9.9
10.18
10.014
9.84
10.027
9.985
9.968
0.56
0.55
0.63
0.39
0.91
0.65
0.54
0.71
0.58
0.74
0.75
0.99
0.76
0.74
0.98
0.66
0.5
0.64
0.64
1.1
0.84
0.64
0.68
0.73
0.74
0.96
0.6
0.65
0.74
1
0.55
0.91
0.66
0.68
1.1
0.45
0.45
0.76
0.57
0.66
0.34
0.67
1.3
0.69
0.53
0.58
0.88
0.68
0.58
0.79
0.85
0.65
0.75
0.99
0.78
0.94
0.66
1.1
1.1
0.66
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.82
1.5
0.77
10
0.75
0.06125
0.06155
0.05905
0.05967
0.06214
0.06049
0.06046
0.06276
0.06157
0.06106
0.06294
0.0618
0.06079
0.06039
0.06084
0.0599
0.06185
0.06171
0.06053
0.06214
0.0621
0.05964
0.06298
0.06151
0.0621
0.0648
0.05901
0.06193
0.06159
0.063
0.06123
0.0655
0.06222
0.06283
0.0641
0.06009
0.06144
0.06118
0.06324
0.05966
0.05853
0.06345
0.06287
0.0616
0.06023
0.06034
0.0605
0.06155
0.06174
0.06209
0.06372
0.06158
0.06527
0.0696
0.06295
0.06305
0.06175
0.0655
0.0632
0.06063
0.0667
0.06477
0.06351
0.0617
0.0676
0.06131
0.0632
0.0634
0.93
1.1
1.1
0.69
1
1.1
0.91
1.2
0.98
1.3
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.2
0.86
1.1
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
0.96
1.5
1.3
1.1
2
0.79
0.74
1.3
0.95
1.2
0.59
1.1
1.5
1.2
0.91
1
1.6
0.94
0.97
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.1
2.2
1.8
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.7
0.9
1.7
1.2
G Model
SR180-01.1
SR180-02.1
SR180-03.1
SR180-05.1
SR180-06.1
SR180-07.1
SR180-08.1
SR180-09.1
SR180-10.1
SR180-11.1
SR180-12.1
SR180-13.1
SR180-14.1
SR180-15.1
SR180-16.1
SR180-17.1
SR180-18.1
SR180-19.1
SR180-20.1
SR180-21.1
SR180-22.1
SR180-23.1
SR180-24.1
SR180-25.1
SR180-26.1
SR180-27.1
SR180-28.1
SR180-29.1
SR180-30.1
SR180-31.1
SR180-32.1
SR180-33.1
SR180-34.1
SR180-35.1
SR180-36.1
SR180-39.1
SR180-40.1
SR180-41.1
SR180-37.1
SR180-38.1
SR180-42.1
SR180-43.1
SR180-44.1
SR180-45.1
SR180-46.1
SR180-47.1
SR180-48.1
SR180-49.1
SR180-50.1
SR180-51.1
SR180-52.1
SR180-53.1
SR180-54.1
SR180-55.1
SR180-57.1
SR180-58.1
SR180-60.1
SR180-62.1
SR180-61.1
SR180-62.1
SR180-63.1
SR180-64.1
SR180-65.1
SR180-67.1
SR180-68.1
SR180-69.1
SR180-70.1
SR180-70.2
ppm U
% 206 Pbc
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
36
Table 4
Table showing the analytical data from sample SR180.
Spot
(1)
238 U/206 Pb*
(1)
207 Pb*/ 206 Pb*
(1)
207 Pb*/ 235 U
(1)
206 Pb*/ 238 U
(3)
238 U/206 Pb*
(3)
207 Pb*/206 Pb*
(3)
207 Pb*/235 U
(3)
206 Pb*/238 U
Err corr
0.57
0.56
0.64
0.39
0.91
0.66
0.54
0.72
0.6
0.75
0.77
1.1
0.76
0.75
1
0.67
0.52
0.65
0.64
1.1
0.88
0.65
0.7
0.76
0.75
1
0.6
0.66
0.75
1
0.56
1
0.68
0.71
1.1
0.46
0.45
0.79
0.59
0.66
0.34
0.68
1.4
0.75
0.54
0.61
0.9
0.69
0.58
0.81
0.88
0.66
0.8
1.1
0.82
0.94
0.68
1.1
1.1
0.67
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.83
1.6
0.77
1
0.77
.376
.310
.324
.490
.480
.376
.339
.344
.309
.320
.246
.161
.353
.362
.283
.260
.226
.355
.321
.446
.205
.321
.294
.234
.313
.176
.345
.282
.339
.440
.304
.152
.286
.250
.229
.402
.350
.229
.252
.417
.439
.308
.290
.172
.356
.236
.282
.312
.437
.297
.250
.307
.185
.160
.207
.386
.274
.268
.386
.317
.306
.384
.460
.299
.285
.554
.273
.297
10.051
10.071
11.193
10.648
9.992
10.666
10.05
10.062
9.993
10.572
9.988
10.01
10.057
10.035
10.12
11.153
10.703
10.025
10.008
10.67
9.991
11.241
10.618
10.617
10.004
10.56
11.134
11.141
10.626
10.6
10.63
10.57
10.02
10.029
10.01
10.664
10.04
10.695
10.065
11.252
11.18
10.045
10.64
11.103
10.078
10.687
10.7
9.994
10.096
10.661
9.132
10.052
10.062
10.68
9.97
10.09
10.104
10.15
10
11.215
10
9.94
10.21
10.054
9.92
10.045
10.02
9.998
0.63
0.63
0.69
0.42
0.99
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.63
0.79
0.81
1.1
0.83
0.84
1.1
0.71
0.54
0.67
0.67
1.3
0.9
0.73
0.74
0.81
0.84
1.1
0.7
0.73
0.79
1.1
0.63
0.99
0.73
0.77
1.1
0.49
0.53
0.87
0.68
0.75
0.37
0.77
1.5
0.79
0.61
0.63
0.96
0.78
0.64
0.87
0.91
0.7
0.82
1.1
0.84
10
0.72
1.1
1.2
0.73
1.4
1.4
1.6
0.91
1.7
0.81
1.1
0.89
0.0603
0.0591
0.0582
0.06002
0.0605
0.0583
0.0612
0.0596
0.0609
0.0601
0.0607
0.0578
0.0592
0.0608
0.0583
0.0591
0.05916
0.06052
0.0604
0.0592
0.0599
0.0559
0.0601
0.0608
0.0607
0.0604
0.0592
0.0586
0.0593
0.0608
0.059
0.059
0.0607
0.0597
0.0596
0.05909
0.0623
0.0587
0.0584
0.0568
0.05875
0.0596
0.0591
0.0589
0.0609
0.0589
0.0588
0.0606
0.0603
0.0581
0.0602
0.0602
0.0602
0.0606
0.0596
0.0596
0.0594
0.0595
0.0622
0.0585
0.0605
0.0621
0.0611
0.0585
0.0613
0.05988
0.0601
0.061
2.3
2.3
2.1
1.1
2.2
2
1.8
2.7
1.7
2.1
2.3
4.3
2.6
2.9
2.7
2.2
1.6
1.6
1.9
4.6
2.7
2.9
2.1
2.6
3
3.5
2.8
2.8
2.1
3.2
2.5
3.6
2.4
2.6
3.6
1.4
2
3.3
3
3.1
1.1
3.4
4.8
3.1
2.1
1.8
3.1
2.9
2.3
2.9
2.4
2
2.7
3.3
2.4
2.6
2.1
3.6
3.8
2.3
4.4
3.7
3.5
3.2
3.6
1.6
3.1
3.4
1.019
1
0.834
0.926
1.032
0.902
1.032
1.009
1.037
0.938
1.035
0.991
1.003
1.027
0.982
0.85
0.908
1.026
1.027
0.914
1.024
0.802
0.931
0.94
1.032
0.943
0.853
0.846
0.92
0.943
0.917
0.924
1.029
1.015
1.016
0.913
1.047
0.903
0.992
0.812
0.842
1.011
0.917
0.853
1.022
0.907
0.904
1.033
1.012
0.9
1.189
1.017
1.016
0.93
1.022
1.004
0.998
0.994
1.052
0.836
1.029
1.062
1.006
0.995
1.053
1.015
1.022
1.037
2.7
2.7
2.5
1.3
2.9
2.4
2.2
3.2
2
2.5
2.7
5
3.1
3.4
3.4
2.5
1.9
1.9
2.2
5.5
3.2
3.3
2.5
3
3.5
4.1
3.3
3.2
2.6
4
2.9
4.1
2.8
3.1
4.2
1.6
2.4
3.9
3.5
3.5
1.4
3.9
5.9
3.6
2.5
2.2
3.6
3.4
2.6
3.4
2.9
2.4
3.2
3.9
2.8
3.1
2.5
4.1
4.6
2.7
5.2
4.7
4.5
3.7
4.7
2.1
3.7
4
0.09949
0.0993
0.08934
0.09391
0.10008
0.09376
0.09951
0.09938
0.10007
0.09459
0.10012
0.0999
0.09943
0.09965
0.0988
0.08966
0.09343
0.09975
0.09992
0.0938
0.10009
0.08896
0.09418
0.09419
0.09996
0.09467
0.08982
0.08975
0.09411
0.0943
0.09407
0.09464
0.0998
0.09971
0.0999
0.09378
0.0996
0.0935
0.09936
0.08887
0.08944
0.09955
0.094
0.09006
0.09922
0.09358
0.09345
0.10006
0.09905
0.0938
0.1095
0.09949
0.09938
0.0936
0.1003
0.09909
0.09897
0.0985
0.1
0.08917
0.1
0.1006
0.098
0.09946
0.1008
0.09955
0.0998
0.10002
0.63
0.63
0.69
0.42
0.99
0.7
0.6
0.8
0.63
0.79
0.81
1.1
0.83
0.84
1.1
0.71
0.54
0.67
0.67
1.3
0.9
0.73
0.74
0.81
0.84
1.1
0.7
0.73
0.79
1.1
0.63
0.99
0.73
0.77
1.1
0.49
0.53
0.87
0.68
0.75
0.37
0.77
1.5
0.79
0.61
0.63
0.96
0.78
0.64
0.87
0.91
0.7
0.82
1.1
0.84
10
0.72
1.1
1.2
0.73
1.4
1.4
1.6
0.91
1.7
0.81
1.1
0.89
.667
.669
.645
.615
.751
.619
.680
.671
.635
.617
.640
.695
.662
.698
.710
.633
.630
.603
.565
.760
.583
.681
.629
.651
.656
.636
.725
.680
.645
.754
.708
.589
.644
.680
.615
.631
.739
.696
.722
.667
.664
.644
.777
.685
.703
.633
.644
.722
.646
.646
.627
.642
.643
.628
.627
.632
.646
.566
.688
.643
.642
.797
.773
.637
.729
.706
.638
.730
err corr
ARTICLE IN PRESS
SR180-01.1
10.046
0.57
0.0607
1.4
0.833
1.5
0.09954
SR180-02.1
10.063
0.56
0.0597
1.7
0.819
1.8
0.09937
11.2
0.64
0.0576
1.9
0.71
2
0.08928
SR180-03.1
10.654
0.39
0.05954
0.7
0.7705
0.8
0.09386
SR180-05.1
SR180-06.1
9.987
0.91
0.0609
1.7
0.841
1.9
0.10013
10.664
0.66
0.05843
1.6
0.755
1.8
0.09377
SR180-07.1
SR180-08.1
10.06
0.54
0.06044
1.5
0.828
1.6
0.09941
10.046
0.72
0.0609
2
0.835
2.1
0.09954
SR180-09.1
SR180-10.1
9.993
0.59
0.0609
1.8
0.84
1.9
0.10007
10.582
0.75
0.0594
2.2
0.773
2.4
0.0945
SR180-11.1
0.77
0.06
3
0.828
3.1
0.10003
SR180-12.1
9.997
SR180-13.1
10
1.1
0.0591
6.7
0.814
6.8
0.1
SR180-14.1
10.049
0.76
0.0598
2
0.821
2.2
0.09951
10.047
0.75
0.0598
1.9
0.82
2.1
0.09953
SR180-15.1
SR180-16.1
10.1
1
0.06
3.4
0.819
3.5
0.09903
SR180-17.1
11.163
0.67
0.0585
2.5
0.722
2.6
0.08958
10.708
0.52
0.0588
2.2
0.757
2.3
0.09339
SR180-18.1
10.026
0.65
0.0604
1.7
0.831
1.8
0.09974
SR180-19.1
SR180-20.1
10.019
0.64
0.0596
1.9
0.82
2
0.09981
SR180-21.1
10.67
1.1
0.0588
2.2
0.76
2.4
0.0937
9.989
0.88
0.0601
4.2
0.829
4.3
0.10011
SR180-22.1
SR180-23.1
11.205
0.65
0.0585
1.9
0.719
2
0.08924
SR180-24.1
10.627
0.7
0.0594
2.3
0.77
2.4
0.09409
SR180-25.1
10.637
0.76
0.0593
3.2
0.768
3.3
0.09401
SR180-26.1
10.005
0.75
0.0606
2.3
0.834
2.4
0.09995
10.57
1
0.0596
5.8
0.778
5.9
0.09458
SR180-27.1
11.15
0.6
0.05801
1.6
0.717
1.8
0.08968
SR180-28.1
SR180-29.1
11.129
0.66
0.0595
2.2
0.737
2.3
0.08985
10.615
0.75
0.06
2.1
0.779
2.2
0.0942
SR180-30.1
1
0.0595
2.1
0.773
2.3
0.09419
SR180-31.1
10.62
SR180-32.1
10.623
0.56
0.0596
1.7
0.773
1.8
0.09414
SR180-33.1
10.57
1
0.0588
6.6
0.767
6.6
0.09462
0.67
0.0606
2.3
0.834
2.4
0.09979
SR180-34.1
10.02
SR180-35.1
10.022
0.71
0.0602
2.7
0.828
2.8
0.09978
SR180-36.1
10.01
1.1
0.0601
4.7
0.829
4.8
0.0999
10.661
0.46
0.05924
1
0.7661
1.1
0.09379
SR180-39.1
SR180-40.1
10.056
0.45
0.061
1.2
0.836
1.3
0.09944
10.683
0.79
0.0596
3.4
0.769
3.5
0.09361
SR180-41.1
10.037
0.58
0.0605
2.2
0.831
2.3
0.09962
SR180-37.1
SR180-38.1
11.224
0.66
0.05887
1.4
0.723
1.6
0.0891
SR180-42.1
11.192
0.34
0.0579
0.7
0.7132
0.78
0.08935
10.038
0.68
0.0601
2.1
0.826
2.2
0.09961
SR180-43.1
SR180-44.1
10.63
1.4
0.06
4.6
0.778
4.8
0.0941
SR180-45.1
11.106
0.75
0.0586
4.3
0.728
4.4
0.09004
10.088
0.54
0.06012
1.4
0.822
1.5
0.09913
SR180-46.1
SR180-47.1
10.687
0.61
0.0589
2.5
0.76
2.6
0.09357
SR180-48.1
10.693
0.9
0.0594
3.1
0.765
3.2
0.09352
9.995
0.69
0.0605
2.1
0.835
2.2
0.10005
SR180-49.1
SR180-50.1
10.099
0.58
0.06005
1.2
0.82
1.3
0.09901
SR180-51.1
10.65
0.81
0.0588
2.6
0.762
2.7
0.09389
9.112
0.88
0.062
3.4
0.938
3.5
0.10974
SR180-52.1
SR180-53.1
10.046
0.66
0.0605
2
0.831
2.1
0.09954
SR180-54.1
10.065
0.8
0.0599
4.2
0.82
4.3
0.09935
10.67
1.1
0.0615
6.8
0.795
6.9
0.0937
SR180-55.1
9.98
0.82
0.0587
3.9
0.811
4
0.10019
SR180-57.1
SR180-58.1
10.07
0.94
0.0613
2.3
0.839
2.4
0.0993
10.096
0.68
0.0599
2.4
0.818
2.5
0.09904
SR180-60.1
SR180-62.1
10.13
1.1
0.0607
3.9
0.826
4
0.0987
10.03
1.1
0.0601
2.6
0.826
2.8
0.0997
SR180-61.1
11.216
0.67
0.0584
2
0.718
2.1
0.08916
SR180-62.1
SR180-63.1
10.01
1.3
0.06
4
0.826
4.2
0.0999
SR180-64.1
9.95
1.3
0.0609
3.1
0.844
3.3
0.1005
10.21
1.4
0.0609
2.7
0.822
3.1
0.098
SR180-65.1
SR180-67.1
10.033
0.83
0.0602
2.7
0.827
2.8
0.09967
9.94
1.6
0.0592
5.3
0.82
5.5
0.1006
SR180-68.1
10.031
0.77
0.06099
1.2
0.838
1.4
0.09969
SR180-69.1
SR180-70.1
10.01
1
0.0615
3.6
0.847
3.8
0.0999
SR180-70.2
10.011
0.77
0.0599
2.5
0.825
2.6
0.09988
*
Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
Error in standard calibration was 0.07% (not included in above errors but required when comparing data from different mounts).
(1) Common Pb corrected using measured 204 Pb.
(2) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U207 Pb/235 U age-concordance.
(3) Common Pb corrected by assuming 206 Pb/238 U208 Pb/232 Th age-concordance.
G Model

37
Table 4 (Continued )
0.03
0.01
2.07
0.18
0.04
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.58
0.19
0.01
0.01
0.18
0.03
0.02
0.30
0.08
0.00
0.03
0.23
0.10
0.04
0.32
0.07
1391
64
873
531
935
515
616
707
998
732
915
383
575
1606
959
645
90
556
873
2160
807
525
508
1377
131
528
ppm Th
232 Th/
238 U
ppm 206 Pb*
(1) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
656
3
251
70
111
170
132
286
442
140
130
145
184
109
78
224
30
205
111
279
269
156
124
548
2
123
0.49
0.04
0.30
0.14
0.12
0.34
0.22
0.42
0.46
0.20
0.15
0.39
0.33
0.07
0.08
0.36
0.34
0.38
0.13
0.13
0.34
0.31
0.25
0.41
0.02
0.24
108
4.78
68
37.7
70
40.4
47.8
54.8
78.3
57
68.1
32.5
44.8
120
71.9
49.7
6.98
44.4
64.8
161
62.8
41
39.6
106
9.72
40.9
557
536.3
559.5
502.3
537.7
562.1
556.5
557
563.2
556.2
534.8
606.1
559.3
535.9
538.8
553.7
556.6
572.2
534.1
536.8
559.4
560.3
559.1
553.1
532.9
556.1
(2) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
1.8
5.2
1.5
2.6
1.4
3.1
1.6
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.3
3.2
2.5
1.2
1.4
2.6
4.4
3.9
1.6
1.2
1.7
2.1
3.5
1.5
3.9
2.1
556.8
535.5
559.5
506.7
537.3
562.1
556.5
556.8
563.6
556.1
534.8
606
558.9
536
538.7
553.7
556.9
572.1
533.6
536.6
559.4
560.6
559
553
532.8
556.5
1.9
5.2
1.5
2.4
1.4
3.1
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
3.3
2.5
1.2
1.5
2.7
4.4
4
1.6
1.2
1.8
2.1
3.6
1.5
4
2.2
(3) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
558.2
535.3
559.5
507.6
537.8
562.1
556.6
557.3
563.6
556.2
534.9
606.4
559.2
536.1
538.9
553.7
556.9
572.7
534
537
559
560.9
558.7
553.9
532.8
556.1
2
5.1
1.6
2.4
1.4
3.2
1.7
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.3
3.5
2.6
1.2
1.5
2.8
4.6
4.2
1.7
1.2
1.8
2.2
3.6
1.6
3.9
2.2
(1) 207 Pb/

206 Pb Age
564.9
580
556.9
198
557
567
556
566
543.2
562
534
611
582
531
546
553
538
576
564
551.5
557
545
563
560.2
538
535
9.7
79
9.4
140
18
19
12
17
9.2
34
18
14
13
16
10
13
66
26
11
7.9
13
20
26
9
42
21
(1) 208 Pb/

232 Th Age
539.6
693
557.4
239
528
562.6
552.7
552.6
558
555
527
601.4
561
521
534.4
553.1
551
563.6
540
526.2
566.6
547.8
568
541
543
555
3.3
200
4
78
17
7.1
6.6
4
3.6
18
11
7.4
5.1
22
8.5
5.3
24
8.9
16
5.3
5.1
7.7
11
3.3
180
10
% Dis-cor-dant
1
8
0
61
4
1
0
2
4
1
0
1
4
1
1
0
3
1
6
3
0
3
1
1
1
4
Total 238 U/
206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/
206 Pb
(1) 238 U/
206 Pb*
11.079
11.53
11.03
12.083
11.476
10.971
11.085
11.079
10.95
11.033
11.54
10.142
11.031
11.514
11.468
11.148
11.056
10.766
11.577
11.515
11.028
10.987
11.027
11.157
11.568
11.092
0.34
0.99
0.28
0.46
0.27
0.57
0.3
0.28
0.25
0.27
0.25
0.56
0.46
0.23
0.28
0.5
0.8
0.72
0.31
0.24
0.32
0.39
0.65
0.28
0.76
0.4
0.05916
0.05942
0.05872
0.06707
0.0602
0.05929
0.05919
0.05913
0.0586
0.06362
0.05963
0.0603
0.0595
0.05951
0.05865
0.05876
0.06065
0.05986
0.05888
0.05861
0.05901
0.06028
0.05972
0.05917
0.06078
0.0587
0.33
1.6
0.43
0.9
0.42
0.67
0.49
0.76
0.37
0.41
0.51
0.58
0.59
0.42
0.43
0.51
1.4
1.2
0.49
0.32
0.5
0.62
0.88
0.4
1.3
0.65
11.082
11.53
11.03
12.339
11.497
10.975
11.091
11.081
10.953
11.097
11.562
10.143
11.033
11.535
11.471
11.151
11.089
10.774
11.576
11.515
11.032
11.012
11.038
11.162
11.604
11.099
0.34
1
0.28
0.53
0.27
0.57
0.3
0.28
0.25
0.28
0.25
0.56
0.46
0.23
0.28
0.5
0.82
0.72
0.31
0.24
0.32
0.39
0.65
0.28
0.76
0.4
Spot
(1) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(1) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(1) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
(3) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(3) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
S161A-01.1
S161A-02.1
S161A-02.2
S161A-03.1
S161A-04.1
S161A-05.1
S161A-06.1
S161A-07.1
S161A-08.1
S161A-09.1
S161A-10.1
S161A-11.1
S161A-12.1
S161A-13.1
S161A-14.1
S161A-15.1
S161A-16.1
S161A-17.1
S161A-18.1
S161A-19.1
S161A-20.1
S161A-21.1
S161A-22.1
S161A-23.1
S161A-24.1
S161A-25.1
0.05894
0.0594
0.05873
0.0501
0.05873
0.05899
0.0587
0.05896
0.05836
0.05887
0.05811
0.0602
0.05941
0.05803
0.05843
0.05861
0.0582
0.05923
0.05891
0.05858
0.05873
0.0584
0.0589
0.05881
0.0582
0.05815
0.44
3.6
0.43
6.1
0.84
0.88
0.55
0.78
0.42
1.5
0.82
0.64
0.62
0.72
0.47
0.59
3
1.2
0.49
0.36
0.6
0.92
1.2
0.41
1.9
0.97
0.7333
0.71
0.7341
0.559
0.7043
0.7411
0.7298
0.7337
0.7346
0.731
0.6929
0.8183
0.7425
0.6936
0.7024
0.7247
0.724
0.758
0.7016
0.7014
0.734
0.7311
0.736
0.7265
0.692
0.7223
0.56
3.8
0.51
6.2
0.89
1
0.63
0.83
0.49
1.6
0.86
0.85
0.77
0.76
0.54
0.77
3.1
1.4
0.59
0.43
0.68
1
1.4
0.5
2.1
1
0.09024
0.08675
0.09066
0.08103
0.08698
0.09112
0.09016
0.09024
0.0913
0.09011
0.08649
0.09859
0.09064
0.08669
0.08718
0.08968
0.09017
0.09282
0.08638
0.08684
0.09065
0.0908
0.0906
0.08959
0.08617
0.09009
0.34
1
0.28
0.53
0.27
0.57
0.3
0.28
0.25
0.28
0.25
0.56
0.46
0.23
0.28
0.5
0.82
0.72
0.31
0.24
0.32
0.39
0.65
0.28
0.76
0.4
.610
.269
.541
.086
.310
.546
.481
.337
.505
.180
.293
.660
.594
.305
.514
.642
.263
.507
.534
.547
.476
.387
.479
.553
.370
.383
11.055
11.55
11.028
12.207
11.493
10.976
11.089
11.075
10.946
11.097
11.558
10.138
11.034
11.532
11.47
11.15
11.084
10.764
11.579
11.511
11.04
11.001
11.045
11.146
11.605
11.099
0.37
10
0.29
0.49
0.28
0.6
0.31
0.3
0.27
0.29
0.26
0.6
0.48
0.23
0.28
0.53
0.86
0.76
0.33
0.24
0.34
0.41
0.68
0.3
0.76
0.42
0.0609
0.0578
0.05886
0.0589
0.05899
0.05895
0.05889
0.05938
0.0589
0.05892
0.05838
0.06059
0.05929
0.05827
0.05852
0.05865
0.0586
0.06
0.05874
0.0589
0.05816
0.05926
0.05839
0.05996
0.05817
0.0582
0.78
1.9
0.66
2
0.81
1.1
0.73
1
0.77
1
0.64
1.2
0.92
0.55
0.5
0.96
2.4
1.8
1
0.39
0.85
0.99
1.2
0.72
1.5
0.94
0.8834
0.79
0.8624
0.732
0.8097
0.87
0.8553
0.8629
0.8728
0.8547
0.7954
1.009
0.867
0.7968
0.8067
0.845
0.852
0.91
0.7976
0.8067
0.8526
0.87
0.855
0.861
0.788
0.8456
1
2.2
0.81
2.2
0.92
1.4
0.87
1.1
0.92
1.1
0.73
1.6
1.2
0.63
0.61
1.3
2.8
2.2
1.1
0.5
1
1.2
1.6
0.88
1.8
1.1
0.09046
0.08658
0.09068
0.08192
0.08701
0.09111
0.09018
0.09029
0.09136
0.09011
0.08652
0.09864
0.09063
0.08672
0.08719
0.08969
0.09022
0.0929
0.08636
0.08687
0.09058
0.0909
0.09054
0.08972
0.08617
0.0901
0.37
10
0.29
0.49
0.28
0.6
0.31
0.3
0.27
0.29
0.26
0.6
0.48
0.23
0.28
0.53
0.86
0.76
0.33
0.24
0.34
0.41
0.68
0.3
0.76
0.42
.759
.528
.638
.503
.515
.743
.590
.555
.661
.544
.512
.728
.713
.490
.571
.751
.607
.661
.509
.636
.644
.626
.687
.678
.491
.607
Table. SHRIMP data from sample 161A from Sor Rondane.

Errors are 1-sigma; Pbc and Pb* indicate the common and radiogenic portions, respectively.
G Model
S161A-01.1
S161A-02.1
S161A-02.2
S161A-03.1
S161A-04.1
S161A-05.1
S161A-06.1
S161A-07.1
S161A-08.1
S161A-09.1
S161A-10.1
S161A-11.1
S161A-12.1
S161A-13.1
S161A-14.1
S161A-15.1
S161A-16.1
S161A-17.1
S161A-18.1
S161A-19.1
S161A-20.1
S161A-21.1
S161A-22.1
S161A-23.1
S161A-24.1
S161A-25.1
ppm U
% 206 Pbc
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
38
Table 5
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR161A.
G Model
% 206 Pbc
ppm U
S161D-01.1
S161D-02.1
S161D-03.1
S161D-04.1
S161D-05.1
S161D-06.1
S161D-07.1
S161D-08.1
S161D-09.1
S161D-10.1
S161D-11.1
S161D-12.1
S161D-13.1
S161D-14.1
S161D-15.1
S161D-16.1
S161D-17.1
S161D-18.1
S161D-19.1
S161D-20.1
S161D-21.1
S161D-22.1
S161D-23.1
S161D-24.1
S161D-25.1
S161D-26.1
S161D-27.1
S161D-29.1
S161D-30.1
S161D-31.1
S161D-32.1
S161D-33.1
S161D-34.1
S161D-35.1
S161D-36.1
S161D-37.1
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.52
0.00
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.03
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.05
1.29
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.02
0.03
0.06
0.02
0.00
0.03
4562
1473
1394
1129
2332
1635
2080
5902
2467
1471
1380
1954
1240
3212
4416
1106
1651
1459
3551
2497
1466
1089
2004
3794
2082
1894
1745
2394
2145
1777
2140
2342
2328
2152
1802
2026
ppm Th
464
151
124
73
328
175
180
1027
94
414
61
191
28
419
579
101
34
131
378
364
132
101
278
469
158
184
161
232
198
116
212
230
227
269
167
232
232 Th/
238 U
ppm 206 Pb*
(1) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
0.11
0.11
0.09
0.07
0.15
0.11
0.09
0.18
0.04
0.29
0.05
0.10
0.02
0.13
0.14
0.09
0.02
0.09
0.11
0.15
0.09
0.10
0.14
0.13
0.08
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.07
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.10
0.12
362
109
103
83.3
172
121
153
477
183
105
102
144
91.4
248
349
81.4
122
108
277
184
108
80
139
297
154
140
129
176
158
132
158
173
164
158
133
149
568.7
531.1
530.2
531.3
531.7
531
531
579.59
533
513.2
532.6
528.7
530.9
554.9
567.54
529.7
532.8
531
559.5
529.5
531.3
528.6
494
561.5
531.9
531.3
533.5
529.7
529.9
533.3
531
530.3
507.9
530
530.8
527.9
1.1
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.1
0.98
1.1
1.4
1.4
2.3
1.7
1
0.96
1.4
1.2
1.6
1
1.1
1.3
1.4
1.8
1
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
(2) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
569.2
531
530.2
531.2
531.7
531
531
580.4
533
513.3
532.6
528.7
530.9
555.3
568.18
529.6
533.1
531.2
559.9
529.6
531.4
528.9
493.8
562.1
532
531.4
533.7
529.6
529.9
533.4
531.3
530.3
506.5
529.8
530.8
527.7
1.1
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.2
1
1.1
1.4
1.4
2.4
1.7
1
0.99
1.4
1.2
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.1
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
(3) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
569.3
531
530.2
531.2
531.9
531.1
531
580.6
533.1
525.9
532.7
528.7
530.9
555.6
568.24
529.8
532.8
530.9
559.9
529.5
531.4
528.6
501.1
562.3
532
531.4
533.5
529.6
529.7
532.9
531.1
530.2
507.9
530
530.8
527.9
1.1
1.3
1.8
1.4
1.6
1.3
1.1
1
1.1
1.8
1.4
2.4
1.7
1
0.98
1.4
1.2
1.6
1
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.8
1.1
1.2
1.8
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
(1) 207 Pb/

206 Pb Age
542.1
537
529.6
534.7
531.6
535
531
534.2
533.4
507
534.3
526
526.1
537.7
532.2
538
519.5
517.3
533.9
523.4
521
513
511
528.7
527.6
525
524.1
531.1
533.9
528.9
514.2
530.9
590.4
537.7
526.8
535.6
4.2
8.1
9
9.7
6.1
11
12
4.1
6.7
30
8.7
12
9.3
5.2
4.2
14
8.6
9.7
5.1
6.5
10
11
69
5.3
7.2
7.5
8.7
7.7
7.6
8.8
8.9
8
6.7
8
7.5
6.9
(1) 208 Pb/

232 Th Age
529.1
534
532.6
532.9
523.7
527.6
531.3
539.1
521.8
220.6
523.8
528
533
523.1
532.2
524.8
527
538.6
529.4
529.9
523.2
527.5
156
522.3
528.9
527.6
535
532.9
545
573.7
530.3
538.5
508.8
528.2
528
524.6
3
5.9
7.1
9.3
3.6
8.9
8.1
2.4
9.9
9.4
9.1
8.3
18
3.2
2.5
9.5
27
8.6
3.5
5.3
9.7
8.1
39
3.5
5.3
5.1
7.1
6.2
7.6
9.2
7.6
6.5
4.3
5.9
6
4.1
% Dis-cor-dant
5
1
0
1
0
1
0
8
0
1
0
0
1
3
6
2
3
3
5
1
2
3
3
6
1
1
2
0
1
1
3
0
16
1
1
1
Total 238 U/
206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/
206 Pb
(1) 238 U/
206 Pb*
10.842
11.644
11.662
11.64
11.631
11.638
11.645
10.628
11.599
12.004
11.611
11.692
11.647
11.122
10.866
11.67
11.602
11.644
11.029
11.68
11.637
11.696
12.391
10.986
11.625
11.64
11.587
11.673
11.669
11.59
11.639
11.661
12.199
11.667
11.653
11.719
0.2
0.25
0.35
0.27
0.3
0.25
0.22
0.18
0.21
0.28
0.26
0.46
0.33
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.24
0.31
0.19
0.21
0.25
0.28
0.35
0.19
0.24
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.29
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.23
0.05839
0.05824
0.05818
0.05824
0.05803
0.05873
0.05819
0.05827
0.05823
0.06163
0.05813
0.05845
0.05814
0.0583
0.05806
0.05865
0.05795
0.05791
0.05817
0.05796
0.05806
0.05799
0.06801
0.05808
0.05794
0.05785
0.05801
0.05839
0.05826
0.05824
0.05806
0.05818
0.05964
0.05847
0.0579
0.05815
0.19
0.35
0.37
0.41
0.28
0.34
0.54
0.17
0.28
0.37
0.39
0.48
0.4
0.23
0.19
0.59
0.34
0.37
0.22
0.28
0.37
0.44
0.98
0.22
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.3
0.32
0.36
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.3
0.34
0.31
10.843
11.645
11.665
11.641
11.631
11.647
11.647
10.63
11.601
12.067
11.611
11.7
11.65
11.123
10.866
11.676
11.605
11.647
11.03
11.682
11.641
11.702
12.553
10.987
11.625
11.64
11.59
11.678
11.671
11.594
11.646
11.664
12.199
11.671
11.652
11.719
0.2
0.25
0.35
0.27
0.3
0.25
0.22
0.18
0.21
0.29
0.26
0.46
0.33
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.24
0.31
0.19
0.21
0.25
0.28
0.38
0.2
0.24
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.3
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.23
Spot
ARTICLE IN PRESS
39
Table 6
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR161D.
G Model
40
(1) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(1) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(1) 206 Pb*/

238 U
err corr
(3) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(3) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
S161D-01.1
S161D-02.1
S161D-03.1
S161D-04.1
S161D-05.1
S161D-06.1
S161D-07.1
S161D-08.1
S161D-09.1
S161D-10.1
S161D-11.1
S161D-12.1
S161D-13.1
S161D-14.1
S161D-15.1
S161D-16.1
S161D-17.1
S161D-18.1
S161D-19.1
S161D-20.1
S161D-21.1
S161D-22.1
S161D-23.1
S161D-24.1
S161D-25.1
S161D-26.1
S161D-27.1
S161D-29.1
S161D-30.1
S161D-31.1
S161D-32.1
S161D-33.1
S161D-34.1
S161D-35.1
S161D-36.1
S161D-37.1
0.05833
0.05819
0.058
0.05813
0.05805
0.05814
0.05804
0.05812
0.0581
0.05741
0.05812
0.05791
0.0579
0.05821
0.05807
0.05822
0.05773
0.05767
0.05811
0.05783
0.05777
0.05756
0.0575
0.05797
0.05794
0.05787
0.05785
0.05804
0.05811
0.05798
0.05759
0.05803
0.05964
0.05821
0.05792
0.05816
0.19
0.37
0.41
0.44
0.28
0.48
0.56
0.19
0.3
1.4
0.4
0.55
0.43
0.24
0.19
0.62
0.39
0.44
0.23
0.3
0.47
0.49
3.1
0.24
0.33
0.34
0.4
0.35
0.35
0.4
0.41
0.37
0.31
0.37
0.34
0.31
0.7417
0.689
0.6855
0.6885
0.6881
0.6883
0.6871
0.7538
0.6905
0.656
0.6902
0.6824
0.6853
0.7215
0.7368
0.6875
0.6859
0.6827
0.7264
0.6826
0.6842
0.6782
0.632
0.7275
0.6872
0.6856
0.6882
0.6852
0.6865
0.6895
0.6818
0.686
0.674
0.6877
0.6854
0.6842
0.27
0.45
0.54
0.52
0.41
0.54
0.6
0.26
0.37
1.4
0.48
0.72
0.54
0.3
0.26
0.68
0.46
0.54
0.3
0.36
0.54
0.56
3.2
0.31
0.4
0.49
0.47
0.42
0.42
0.5
0.47
0.43
0.38
0.43
0.41
0.39
0.09223
0.08587
0.08573
0.0859
0.08598
0.08586
0.08586
0.09407
0.0862
0.08287
0.08613
0.08547
0.08584
0.0899
0.09203
0.08564
0.08617
0.08586
0.09066
0.0856
0.0859
0.08546
0.07965
0.09101
0.08602
0.08591
0.08628
0.08563
0.08568
0.08625
0.08587
0.08574
0.08197
0.08568
0.08582
0.08533
0.2
0.25
0.35
0.27
0.3
0.25
0.22
0.18
0.21
0.29
0.26
0.46
0.33
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.24
0.31
0.19
0.21
0.25
0.28
0.38
0.2
0.24
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.23
0.3
0.23
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.24
0.23
.713
.562
.648
.518
.734
.466
.364
.686
.573
.207
.553
.637
.615
.623
.680
.397
.518
.572
.637
.577
.464
.498
.119
.630
.582
.711
.527
.539
.557
.592
.501
.539
.594
.521
.573
.588
10.831
11.646
11.665
11.642
11.627
11.645
11.647
10.609
11.599
11.764
11.609
11.7
11.65
11.11
10.852
11.675
11.605
11.65
11.02
11.682
11.638
11.702
12.37
10.972
11.625
11.639
11.59
11.679
11.676
11.603
11.646
11.666
12.2
11.67
11.651
11.718
0.2
0.26
0.35
0.27
0.31
0.26
0.22
0.18
0.21
0.35
0.27
0.46
0.33
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.24
0.31
0.2
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.38
0.2
0.24
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.24
0.3
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.05922
0.05812
0.05795
0.05811
0.05832
0.05823
0.05804
0.05967
0.0582
0.0777
0.05821
0.05792
0.05789
0.05916
0.0591
0.05833
0.05776
0.05751
0.05883
0.05782
0.05794
0.05758
0.0693
0.05907
0.058
0.05796
0.05782
0.05796
0.05778
0.05735
0.05761
0.05784
0.05961
0.05826
0.05798
0.05824
0.28
0.42
0.44
0.46
0.4
0.42
0.6
0.32
0.3
2.1
0.42
0.55
0.42
0.31
0.29
0.68
0.37
0.44
0.28
0.46
0.53
0.61
1.6
0.35
0.37
0.4
0.6
0.36
0.42
0.43
0.4
0.38
0.36
0.49
0.41
0.38
0.8914
0.7831
0.779
0.7833
0.7872
0.7843
0.7819
0.9263
0.7888
0.989
0.7879
0.775
0.7799
0.8555
0.887
0.7824
0.783
0.7755
0.8627
0.7757
0.7816
0.7709
0.832
0.8712
0.7838
0.7819
0.7854
0.7777
0.776
0.7788
0.777
0.7776
0.7452
0.7822
0.7808
0.7769
0.37
0.53
0.61
0.56
0.57
0.53
0.66
0.41
0.38
2.3
0.51
0.78
0.55
0.4
0.37
0.76
0.45
0.58
0.37
0.55
0.62
0.71
1.8
0.44
0.46
0.58
0.69
0.46
0.52
0.56
0.5
0.48
0.46
0.58
0.51
0.48
0.09233
0.08587
0.08572
0.0859
0.08601
0.08587
0.08586
0.09426
0.08621
0.085
0.08614
0.08547
0.08583
0.09001
0.09215
0.08565
0.08617
0.08584
0.09075
0.0856
0.08592
0.08546
0.08084
0.09114
0.08602
0.08592
0.08628
0.08562
0.08565
0.08618
0.08587
0.08572
0.08197
0.08569
0.08583
0.08534
0.2
0.26
0.35
0.27
0.31
0.26
0.22
0.18
0.21
0.35
0.27
0.46
0.33
0.19
0.18
0.27
0.24
0.31
0.2
0.22
0.25
0.29
0.38
0.2
0.24
0.35
0.25
0.23
0.24
0.3
0.24
0.24
0.23
0.23
0.24
0.23
.681
.616
.708
.571
.730
.625
.433
.655
.622
.691
.578
.728
.643
.645
.655
.466
.565
.662
.661
.587
.547
.540
.480
.619
.611
.735
.529
.629
.594
.638
.614
.628
.629
.573
.596
.628
Spot
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
424
229
228
229
167
282
174
182
169
249
290
569
212
183
211
207
143
351
222
230
602
247
182
172
215
194
232
236
163
288
9
165
269
890
236
113
201
340
131
ppm Th
48
25
22
25
23
28
17
21
18
24
32
66
22
23
24
27
12
33
21
25
64
27
26
20
24
21
25
23
16
29
4
27
32
120
25
23
20
41
12
232 Th/
238 U
ppm 206 Pb*
(1) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.14
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.15
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.50
0.17
0.12
0.14
0.11
0.21
0.10
0.13
0.10
32.3
17.4
17.2
17.3
12.7
21.3
13.3
13.8
12.8
19
22
56
16
13.9
16.1
15.7
10.8
26.7
16.7
17.4
45.3
17.5
13.8
13
16.4
14.8
17.5
17.8
12.4
21.8
0.711
12.5
20.6
66.6
18
9.1
15.3
25.7
9.96
546.4
545.6
543.7
543.4
545.5
541.5
546.7
544.5
545.3
547.4
544.6
531
542.6
543.8
548.7
544.8
543.7
545.8
541.9
543.6
540.4
511.1
544.4
544.5
545.9
546.1
542.8
542.3
544.4
544.9
551
543.4
548.6
538.3
545.9
574.3
547
543.6
546
1.9
3.9
2.5
2.5
5.4
2.3
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.6
2.2
10
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.6
3.9
2.1
3
2.4
1.6
2.3
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.6
2.3
2.4
2.7
2.1
17
3.5
2.3
1.8
3
3.6
3.6
2.2
3.2
(2) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
546.4
545.3
543.6
543.8
545.6
541.5
546.8
544.6
545.1
547.4
544.7
530
542.6
544.1
548
544.5
543.7
545.7
542
544.1
540.4
509.7
544.5
544.5
545.7
546.2
542.4
542.1
544.1
544.8
567
543.6
548.7
538.2
546.2
574.9
546.8
543.6
546.1
1.9
4
2.6
2.6
5.4
2.3
3
2.9
3
2.7
2.3
21
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.6
4
2.1
3
2.5
1.6
2.3
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.2
12
3.6
2.3
1.8
3.1
3.6
3.6
2.2
3.2
(3) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
546.3
545.8
543.9
543.5
545.9
541.6
546.8
544.6
545.2
547.3
544.5
530
542.5
544.4
548.1
544.6
543.5
545.9
541.7
544.2
540.4
510.2
544.4
544.4
546
546.2
542.7
542.3
544.3
545.1
562
544
549
538.2
546
573.4
547.2
543.4
546.1
1.9
4
2.5
2.5
5.4
2.3
3
2.9
2.9
2.6
2.3
17
2.6
2.8
2.6
2.6
4
2.1
3
2.5
1.6
2.3
2.8
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.7
2.1
14
3.6
2.3
1.8
3
3.7
3.6
2.2
3.2
(1) 207 Pb/

206 Pb Age
548
563
551
524
541
537
542
537
556
546
538
700
545
528
587
562
543
552
540
517
543
591
543
548
559
545
566
551
563
549
740
534
547
547
527
541
560
544
542
18
30
22
23
50
30
35
27
21
22
19
1300
21
39
31
28
32
24
29
21
14
27
36
26
34
33
24
37
36
27
1700
42
36
13
44
45
24
22
38
(1) 208 Pb/

232 Th Age
555
536
533
542
526
535
541
538
547
552
551
17
26
18
18
40
30
36
20
17
20
14
549
516
581
556
559
542
558
510
539
564
546
553
540
544
551
542
553
536
408
517
531
544
536
602
537
553
539
16
31
30
23
34
26
30
14
12
24
26
21
33
34
22
43
38
28
190
28
24
9.9
36
26
22
18
39
% Dis-cor-dant
Total 238 U/
206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/
206 Pb
(1) 238 U/
206 Pb*
0
3
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
0
1
31
1
3
7
3
0
1
0
5
1
16
0
1
2
0
4
2
3
1
235
2
0
2
3
6
2
0
1
11.299
11.301
11.362
11.355
11.29
11.399
11.278
11.323
11.329
11.283
11.332
8.738
11.379
11.324
11.251
11.335
11.348
11.306
11.4
11.337
11.43
12.136
11.321
11.338
11.302
11.278
11.375
11.38
11.331
11.324
10.55
11.33
11.239
11.472
11.294
10.711
11.286
11.357
11.283
0.36
0.75
0.48
0.48
1
0.44
0.55
0.54
0.55
0.5
0.43
0.31
0.49
0.52
0.49
0.49
0.75
0.39
0.57
0.46
0.3
0.47
0.52
0.5
0.46
0.49
0.45
0.44
0.51
0.4
2.2
0.67
0.42
0.34
0.57
0.64
0.68
0.41
0.6
0.05889
0.06034
0.05865
0.0589
0.06063
0.05913
0.05972
0.05988
0.05871
0.05843
0.05917
0.2627
0.05895
0.0606
0.05994
0.0592
0.05944
0.05936
0.05843
0.05965
0.05879
0.05858
0.0602
0.05904
0.05974
0.06073
0.05957
0.0596
0.06005
0.05948
0.0835
0.06103
0.05976
0.05916
0.05953
0.05994
0.05915
0.059
0.06047
0.61
0.99
0.84
0.83
0.99
0.75
0.96
0.95
0.97
0.8
0.74
0.47
0.85
0.9
0.85
0.85
1
0.67
0.84
0.79
0.5
0.83
0.91
0.89
0.81
0.84
0.77
0.77
0.9
0.7
3.5
0.91
1.3
0.39
1.4
1.1
0.85
0.65
1.1
11.305
11.322
11.363
11.369
11.32
11.413
11.297
11.346
11.329
11.283
11.345
11.61
11.387
11.36
11.256
11.34
11.363
11.317
11.402
11.365
11.436
12.121
11.347
11.346
11.316
11.311
11.383
11.394
11.347
11.337
11.21
11.37
11.257
11.482
11.316
10.733
11.291
11.365
11.312
0.36
0.75
0.48
0.48
1
0.45
0.56
0.54
0.55
0.5
0.43
2
0.49
0.53
0.5
0.49
0.76
0.4
0.57
0.46
0.31
0.47
0.53
0.51
0.47
0.49
0.45
0.45
0.52
0.41
3.3
0.68
0.43
0.35
0.58
0.65
0.68
0.41
0.61
0.05
0.18
0.01
0.13
0.29
0.12
0.17
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.12
24.71
0.07
0.32
0.05
0.04
0.13
0.10
0.02
0.25
0.05
0.23
0.07
0.12
0.29
0.07
0.13
0.14
0.12
5.83
0.36
0.16
0.09
0.20
0.20
0.04
0.08
0.26
ppm U
ARTICLE IN PRESS
S188A-01.1
S188A-01.2
S188A-02.1
S188A-03.1
S188A-04.1
S188A-05.1
S188A-06.1
S188A-07.1
S188A-08.1
S188A-09.1
S188A-10.1
S188A-11.1
S188A-12.1
S188A-13.1
S188A-14.1
S188A-15.1
S188A-16.1
S188A-17.1
S188A-18.1
S188A-19.1
S188A-20.1
S188A-21.1
S188A-22.1
S188A-23.1
S188A-24.1
S188A-25.1
S188A-26.1
S188A-27.1
S188A-28.1
S188A-29.1
S188A-30.1
S188A-31.1
S188A-32.1
S188A-33.1
S188A-34.1
S188A-35.1
S188A-36.1
S188A-37.1
S188A-38.1
% 206 Pbc
G Model

41
Table 7
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR188A.
0.05847
0.05888
0.05858
0.05786
0.0583
0.05819
0.05832
0.0582
0.05871
0.05843
0.05823
0.063
0.05842
0.058
0.05953
0.05886
0.05836
0.05858
0.05826
0.05766
0.05836
0.05964
0.05836
0.05848
0.05877
0.0584
0.05897
0.0586
0.0589
0.05852
0.035
0.0581
0.05846
0.05845
0.0579
0.0583
0.0588
0.05837
0.0583
0.83
1.4
0.99
1.1
2.3
1.4
1.6
1.2
0.97
10
0.85
58
0.97
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.1
1.3
0.97
0.64
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.1
1.7
1.6
1.2
62
1.9
1.7
0.61
2
2.1
1.1
1
1.7
(1) 207 Pb*/

235 U
0.7132
0.717
0.7108
0.7016
0.71
0.703
0.712
0.7072
0.7145
0.714
0.7077
0.74
0.7074
0.703
0.729
0.7156
0.708
0.7137
0.705
0.6994
0.7036
0.6784
0.709
0.7107
0.716
0.712
0.7143
0.709
0.716
0.7117
0.42
0.705
0.716
0.7019
0.706
0.749
0.718
0.7081
0.711
%
0.91
1.6
1.1
1.2
2.5
1.4
1.7
1.3
1.1
1.1
0.96
59
1.1
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.1
0.71
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.8
1.7
1.3
62
2
1.7
0.7
2.1
2.2
1.3
1.1
1.8
(1) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
(3) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
0.08846
0.08832
0.08801
0.08796
0.0883
0.08762
0.08851
0.08813
0.08827
0.08863
0.08815
0.0859
0.08782
0.08802
0.08884
0.08818
0.088
0.08836
0.0877
0.08798
0.08745
0.08251
0.08813
0.08814
0.08837
0.08841
0.08785
0.08776
0.08813
0.08821
0.0892
0.08794
0.08883
0.08709
0.08837
0.09317
0.08856
0.08798
0.0884
0.36
0.75
0.48
0.48
1
0.45
0.56
0.54
0.55
0.5
0.43
2
0.49
0.53
0.5
0.49
0.76
0.4
0.57
0.46
0.31
0.47
0.53
0.51
0.47
0.49
0.45
0.45
0.52
0.41
3.3
0.68
0.43
0.35
0.58
0.65
0.68
0.41
0.61
.396
.474
.436
.409
.412
.312
.333
.402
.493
.446
.449
.033
.453
.287
.326
.355
.463
.338
.398
.430
.431
.354
.307
.390
.288
.308
.374
.257
.302
.312
.053
.332
.250
.492
.274
.299
.527
.377
.331
11.308
11.318
11.359
11.369
11.32
11.411
11.296
11.344
11.33
11.285
11.347
11.69
11.389
11.35
11.268
11.345
11.368
11.316
11.407
11.354
11.435
12.142
11.348
11.349
11.314
11.31
11.386
11.394
11.35
11.334
10.98
11.357
11.25
11.485
11.313
10.75
11.288
11.369
11.311
0.37
0.76
0.49
0.49
1
0.45
0.56
0.55
0.56
0.5
0.44
3.3
0.5
0.54
0.5
0.5
0.77
0.4
0.58
0.47
0.31
0.48
0.53
0.51
0.47
0.5
0.45
0.45
0.52
0.41
2.6
0.69
0.43
0.35
0.58
0.67
0.69
0.42
0.61
0.05825
0.05911
0.05883
0.0579
0.05891
0.05834
0.05845
0.05836
0.05866
0.05832
0.05806
0.06
0.05827
0.05876
0.0587
0.05852
0.05805
0.05867
0.05791
0.0585
0.05839
0.05819
0.05831
0.05826
0.05893
0.05846
0.05877
0.05858
0.05871
0.05873
0.0515
0.05911
0.05895
0.05827
0.05816
0.05704
0.05902
0.05811
0.05847
%
0.83
1.2
0.96
1
1.3
0.91
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.93
0.94
44
1
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
0.79
0.99
0.98
0.6
0.99
1.2
1.1
0.98
1.3
0.94
0.99
1.1
0.84
17
1.4
1.4
0.53
1.5
1.7
1
0.81
1.3
(3) 207 Pb*/

235 U
0.8218
0.831
0.8227
0.8105
0.828
0.811
0.825
0.819
0.824
0.8253
0.815
0.8
0.8128
0.823
0.832
0.821
0.813
0.8259
0.8066
0.8191
0.809
0.7351
0.818
0.817
0.8292
0.824
0.8192
0.8159
0.823
0.8245
0.77
0.826
0.837
0.8022
0.82
0.875
0.833
0.8131
0.824
%
0.96
1.6
1.1
1.2
1.9
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.1
1.1
48
1.2
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.5
0.93
1.2
1.2
0.72
1.2
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.99
19
1.7
1.5
0.7
1.7
2
1.3
0.98
1.5
(3) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
0.08843
0.08835
0.08803
0.08796
0.08837
0.08764
0.08853
0.08815
0.08826
0.08861
0.08813
0.0856
0.0878
0.08811
0.08875
0.08815
0.08797
0.08837
0.08766
0.08808
0.08745
0.08236
0.08812
0.08812
0.08839
0.08842
0.08783
0.08776
0.08811
0.08823
0.091
0.08805
0.08889
0.08707
0.08839
0.09303
0.08859
0.08796
0.08841
0.37
0.76
0.49
0.49
1
0.45
0.56
0.55
0.56
0.5
0.44
3.3
0.5
0.54
0.5
0.5
0.77
0.4
0.58
0.47
0.31
0.48
0.53
0.51
0.47
0.5
0.45
0.45
0.52
0.41
2.6
0.69
0.43
0.35
0.58
0.67
0.69
0.42
0.61
.533
.635
.541
.543
.733
.545
.536
.539
.528
.568
.541
.995
.543
.546
.544
.553
.616
.547
.596
.544
.560
.539
.548
.541
.542
.509
.542
.524
.531
.540
.657
.609
.391
.682
.453
.567
.655
.579
.528
G Model
S188A-01.1
S188A-01.2
S188A-02.1
S188A-03.1
S188A-04.1
S188A-05.1
S188A-06.1
S188A-07.1
S188A-08.1
S188A-09.1
S188A-10.1
S188A-11.1
S188A-12.1
S188A-13.1
S188A-14.1
S188A-15.1
S188A-16.1
S188A-17.1
S188A-18.1
S188A-19.1
S188A-20.1
S188A-21.1
S188A-22.1
S188A-23.1
S188A-24.1
S188A-25.1
S188A-26.1
S188A-27.1
S188A-28.1
S188A-29.1
S188A-30.1
S188A-31.1
S188A-32.1
S188A-33.1
S188A-34.1
S188A-35.1
S188A-36.1
S188A-37.1
S188A-38.1
(1) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
42
ppm U
ppm Th
232 Th/
238 U
S188B-01.1
S188B-02.1
S188B-03.1
S188B-03.2
S188B-04.1
S188B-05.1
S188B-06.1
S188B-07.1
S188B-08.1
S188B-09.1
S188B-10.1
S188B-11.1
S188B-12.1
S188B-13.1
S188B-14.1
S188B-15.1
S188B-16.1
S188B-17.1
S188B-18.1
S188B-19.1
S188B-20.1
S188B-21.1
S188B-22.1
S188B-23.1
S188B-24.1
S188B-25.1
S188B-26.1
S188B-27.1
S188B-28.1
S188B-29.1
S188B-30.1
S188B-31.1
S188B-32.1
S188B-33.1
S188B-34.1
S188B-35.1
S188B-36.1
S188B-37.1
S188B-38.1
S188B-39.1
S188B-40.1
S188B-41.1
S188B-42.1
S188B-43.1
S188B-44.1
S188B-45.1
S188B-46.1
S188B-47.1
S188B-48.1
S188B-49.1
S188B-50.1
S188B-51.1
S188B-52.1
S188B-53.1
S188B-54.1
S188B-55.1
S188B-56.1
0.01
0.53
0.06
0.66
0.18
0.19
0.48
0.01
0.26
0.00
0.27
0.42
0.04
0.15
0.24
0.37
0.33
0.34
0.85
0.50
0.43
1.09
0.52
0.15
0.27
0.17
0.30
0.83
0.05
1.12
0.72
0.36
0.41
0.61
0.01
0.22
0.44
0.01
0.16
0.35
0.43
0.15
0.31
0.08
0.03
1.25
0.23
0.04
0.61
0.32
0.82
0.24
0.26
0.38
0.01
0.29
0.69
1993
35
202
49
43
46
55
50
67
4396
53
53
1232
59
65
73
74
45
266
42
46
32
55
50
46
29
46
50
53
37
49
54
44
52
3037
62
82
80
44
40
91
76
35
45
1583
47
57
51
38
71
48
48
61
47
2281
64
68
176
7
5
14
14
13
14
11
15
208
17
23
148
19
22
32
31
15
82
11
10
7
14
10
16
7
17
16
22
8
17
20
13
19
393
12
42
35
11
10
20
28
8
13
119
16
15
13
11
32
9
18
40
14
182
25
26
0.09
0.22
0.03
0.30
0.33
0.29
0.26
0.22
0.24
0.05
0.33
0.45
0.12
0.33
0.35
0.45
0.44
0.34
0.32
0.26
0.23
0.24
0.27
0.21
0.35
0.25
0.39
0.33
0.43
0.23
0.36
0.38
0.29
0.38
0.13
0.19
0.53
0.46
0.27
0.26
0.23
0.38
0.25
0.31
0.08
0.36
0.27
0.26
0.29
0.47
0.20
0.39
0.68
0.31
0.08
0.41
0.39
(1) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
146
2.99
14.8
3.88
3.71
3.91
4.35
4.31
5.63
328
4.56
4.13
90.5
5.04
5.54
6.01
6.31
3.8
14
3.63
3.78
2.53
4.26
4.27
3.57
2.47
3.92
4.09
4.53
2.89
3.82
4.59
3.81
4.51
227
5.32
6.43
6.94
3.43
3.38
7.17
6.44
2.98
3.82
116
3.92
4.89
4.36
3.24
5.59
3.74
3.78
4.75
4.01
167
5.47
5.88
528.6
616
529.1
560
611.1
607.8
561.7
613
603.6
537.05
611.3
561.5
528.8
612.5
608.4
586.5
611.5
606
380.3
608.5
588.6
557.6
554.9
613.2
558.3
610.3
608
583.4
615.3
552.9
557.9
610.7
609.8
613.4
537.26
608.6
558.2
618.1
555.7
609.3
560.2
603.1
607.4
609.3
527.8
589.2
607.1
610.4
607
562.5
554
564.4
558.9
612.6
528.1
605
612.5
1.1
11
2.5
5.3
6.1
8.2
5
5.7
4.8
0.89
5.4
5.3
1.2
5.1
4.9
4.5
4.5
5.8
5.1
9
5.6
6.4
7.5
7.5
5.3
7.3
6.1
5.7
7.1
6
5.6
5.4
5.9
5.6
0.92
4.9
4.1
4.4
6.4
6.1
5
4.3
6.3
5.7
1.2
5.7
4.9
5.2
6.5
4.7
5.6
5.5
5.1
5.9
1
5.1
5.3
(2) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
528.6
616
529.4
559.9
609.9
606.9
562
613
603.4
537.33
611.9
561.3
528.6
610.7
608.9
586.6
611.4
606.4
381.5
608
589
557.6
555.5
613.5
558.1
610.5
607.9
583.6
614.9
552.9
557.6
611.3
609
614
537.32
607.6
558.2
618.3
555.1
608.7
560.2
603.2
606.9
608.7
527.9
589.2
607.3
610
607.1
562.5
554.1
563.7
557.7
612.7
528
605
612.3
1.1
10
2.6
5.4
6.1
8.3
5.1
5.8
4.9
0.91
5.5
5.2
1.2
5
4.9
4.4
4.6
5.8
5.1
9.1
5.7
6.4
7.6
7.7
5.3
7.2
6.2
5.8
7.3
6.1
5.4
5.4
6
5.6
0.94
5
4.1
4.5
6.3
6.1
5
4.4
6.4
5.7
1.2
5.9
4.9
5.3
6
4.7
5.7
5.6
5
5.9
1
5.2
5.4
(3) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
528.6
616
529.1
560.5
609.5
606.7
562.8
612.4
602.7
537.21
610.5
561.7
528.8
610.9
608.8
588.7
611.8
603.8
381.7
607.5
588.8
557.9
555.7
613.8
558.4
609
608.3
584.1
615.4
552.9
558.6
611
609
613.1
537.42
607.8
558.2
617.6
555.9
609.6
560.4
602.8
607.1
609.2
527.8
589.3
607.1
610.4
606.9
562.7
554.3
565.4
560.5
611.1
528.3
604.8
612.7
1.1
10
2.5
5.5
6.3
8.5
5.2
5.8
4.9
0.9
5.7
5.5
1.2
5.2
5
4.7
4.8
6
5.3
9.3
5.7
6.6
7.8
7.7
5.5
7.4
6.5
6
7.6
6.2
5.6
5.7
6.2
5.8
0.94
5.1
4.4
4.7
6.4
6.2
5.1
4.6
6.6
5.9
1.2
6.2
5
5.4
6.2
5
5.8
5.8
5.5
6.1
1
5.5
5.6
(1) 207 Pb/

206 Pb Age
530.6
599
512
568
671
653
550
612
613
520.5
586
574
541
700
582
581
620
591
262
639
570
560
521
599
568
599
615
572
639
559
577
584
653
589
533.7
657
556
611
587
641
563
601
637
639
522.2
593
597
631
605
561
553
601
628
612
534.8
606
622
6.4
170
24
81
86
78
55
57
54
4.5
53
100
11
64
78
84
39
95
160
96
65
110
83
56
71
120
68
77
43
85
130
75
61
96
5.4
38
70
31
130
81
68
47
63
72
9
85
56
56
160
75
87
62
83
70
5.9
59
55
(1) 208 Pb/

232 Th Age
528.7
601
529
550
645
635
535
632
629
514.6
628
559
529
645
601
555
608
650
350
635
583
550
534
597
557
646
603
569
614
556
544
606
630
620
529.1
636
558
627
551
603
555
609
616
612
522.7
588
606
611
609
560
545
547
545
646
515.6
609
609
4.6
110
60
33
39
40
24
35
30
6.9
22
30
8.2
30
32
25
14
39
35
53
35
55
36
31
26
64
26
29
19
39
44
29
29
35
3.5
22
17
12
58
44
37
19
34
36
9.4
28
29
30
75
22
51
20
18
32
4.4
21
19
% Dis-cor-dant
Total 238 U/
206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/
206 Pb
(1) 238 U/
206 Pb*
0
3
3
1
10
7
2
0
2
3
4
2
2
14
4
1
1
3
31
5
3
0
6
2
2
2
1
2
4
1
3
4
7
4
1
8
0
1
6
5
1
0
5
5
1
1
2
3
0
0
0
6
12
0
1
0
2
11.701
9.92
11.683
10.94
10.04
10.09
10.93
10.023
10.16
11.51
10.025
10.94
11.693
10.018
10.079
10.46
10.015
10.11
16.32
10.05
10.41
10.95
11.07
10
11.02
10.05
10.08
10.47
9.98
11.04
10.98
10.026
10.04
9.955
11.504
10.078
11.007
9.935
11.09
10.05
10.967
10.181
10.09
10.079
11.718
10.32
10.103
10.064
10.07
10.932
11.05
10.9
11.01
9.991
11.712
10.133
9.963
0.21
1.7
0.49
0.97
1
1.4
0.92
0.96
0.82
0.17
0.92
0.93
0.23
0.84
0.82
0.77
0.76
0.97
1.3
1.5
0.98
1.2
1.4
1.3
0.96
1.2
1
1
1.2
1.1
0.97
0.91
1
0.92
0.18
0.84
0.74
0.74
1.1
1
0.9
0.74
1.1
0.95
0.23
1
0.82
0.88
1
0.84
1
1
0.91
0.99
0.2
0.88
0.89
0.05809
0.0642
0.05801
0.0644
0.0634
0.063
0.0625
0.0603
0.06243
0.05779
0.06176
0.0626
0.05863
0.06396
0.06137
0.06242
0.06319
0.0624
0.0583
0.0651
0.0626
0.0677
0.062
0.0611
0.0613
0.0612
0.0628
0.0659
0.06139
0.0679
0.0651
0.06241
0.0647
0.0646
0.05822
0.06327
0.06232
0.06032
0.0609
0.0639
0.06237
0.06111
0.0635
0.06161
0.05803
0.0699
0.06168
0.06112
0.065
0.06146
0.0653
0.0619
0.06276
0.0634
0.05824
0.06247
0.0661
0.29
1.9
0.88
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
0.2
1.5
1.6
0.34
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.6
2.3
1.7
1.6
1.9
1.7
2.1
1.7
2.4
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.7
1.7
0.22
1.5
1.3
1.3
3
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.8
1.6
0.33
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.4
1.7
2
1.5
1.7
0.26
1.5
1.6
11.702
9.98
11.689
11.02
10.06
10.11
10.98
10.024
10.187
11.51
10.052
10.99
11.698
10.032
10.103
10.499
10.048
10.14
16.46
10.1
10.46
11.07
11.12
10.02
11.05
10.07
10.11
10.56
9.98
11.16
11.06
10.063
10.08
10.016
11.506
10.1
11.056
9.937
11.11
10.09
11.01
10.196
10.12
10.087
11.721
10.45
10.126
10.068
10.13
10.968
11.14
10.93
11.04
10.03
11.713
10.163
10.032
0.21
1.8
0.5
10
1.1
1.4
0.93
0.97
0.83
0.17
0.93
0.99
0.23
0.86
0.85
0.81
0.77
1
1.4
1.6
0.99
1.2
1.4
1.3
0.98
1.3
1.1
1
1.2
1.1
1
0.93
1
0.96
0.18
0.84
0.76
0.74
1.2
1
0.93
0.75
1.1
0.97
0.23
1
0.84
0.89
1.1
0.87
1.1
1
0.95
1
0.2
0.89
0.9
(1) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
0.05802
0.0599
0.05754
0.059
0.0619
0.0614
0.0585
0.0602
0.0603
0.05775
0.0595
0.0592
0.05829
0.0628
0.0594
0.0594
0.0605
0.0596
0.0515
0.061
0.0591
0.0588
0.0578
0.0599
0.059
0.0599
0.0603
0.0592
0.061
0.0588
0.0593
0.0595
0.0614
0.0596
0.0581
0.0615
0.0587
0.06021
0.0596
0.061
0.0589
0.0599
0.0609
0.061
0.0578
0.0597
0.0598
0.0608
0.06
0.0588
0.0586
0.0599
0.0607
0.0602
0.05813
0.0601
0.0605
0.29
7.9
1.1
3.7
4
3.7
2.5
2.6
2.5
0.2
2.4
4.8
0.48
3
3.6
3.8
1.8
4.4
7
4.5
3
5.1
3.8
2.6
3.3
5.3
3.1
3.5
2
3.9
5.8
3.4
2.8
4.4
0.25
1.8
3.2
1.4
6.1
3.8
3.1
2.2
2.9
3.3
0.41
3.9
2.6
2.6
7.2
3.4
4
2.9
3.9
3.2
0.27
2.7
2.6
% 206 Pbc
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
G Model

43
Table 8
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR188B.
ppm Th
232 Th/
238 U
S188B-57.1
S188B-58.1
S188B-59.1
S188B-60.1
S188B-62.1
S188B-63.1
S188B-64.1
S188B-65.1
S188B-66.1
S188B-67.1
S188B-68.1
S188B-69.1
S188B-70.1
S188B-71.1
S188B-72.1
S188B-72.2
S188B-73.1
S188B-74.1
S188B-75.1
0.63
0.13
0.75
0.21
0.24
0.35
0.33
0.43
0.65
0.32
0.52
0.05
0.43
0.08
1.01
0.12
0.36
2.00
0.04
43
87
47
50
69
32
73
56
44
59
53
59
46
54
31
65
90
43
1149
12
26
11
17
23
7
24
9
13
15
19
21
13
18
6
27
19
9
133
0.30
0.31
0.25
0.36
0.35
0.23
0.34
0.17
0.30
0.26
0.36
0.37
0.28
0.35
0.19
0.43
0.21
0.23
0.12
Spot
(1) 207 Pb*/

235 U
S188B-01.1
S188B-02.1
S188B-03.1
S188B-03.2
S188B-04.1
S188B-05.1
S188B-06.1
S188B-07.1
S188B-08.1
S188B-09.1
S188B-10.1
S188B-11.1
S188B-12.1
S188B-13.1
S188B-14.1
S188B-15.1
S188B-16.1
S188B-17.1
S188B-18.1
S188B-19.1
S188B-20.1
S188B-21.1
S188B-22.1
S188B-23.1
S188B-24.1
S188B-25.1
S188B-26.1
S188B-27.1
S188B-28.1
S188B-29.1
S188B-30.1
S188B-31.1
S188B-32.1
S188B-33.1
S188B-34.1
0.6836
0.827
0.6787
0.738
0.849
0.837
0.735
0.828
0.816
0.6918
0.816
0.743
0.6871
0.863
0.811
0.78
0.829
0.811
0.431
0.832
0.779
0.732
0.716
0.824
0.736
0.82
0.823
0.772
0.842
0.726
0.739
0.815
0.84
0.82
0.6963
%
0.36
8.1
1.2
3.8
4.2
3.9
2.7
2.8
2.6
0.27
2.6
4.9
0.53
3.1
3.7
3.9
2
4.5
7.2
4.7
3.2
5.2
4
2.9
3.4
5.5
3.3
3.7
2.4
4.1
5.9
3.6
3
4.5
0.31
(1) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
4.21
7.41
4.01
4.3
5.65
2.75
6.26
4.74
3.83
5.01
4.53
5.38
3.92
4.62
2.67
5.51
7.65
3.68
84.6
(1) 206 Pb*/
238 U
0.08545
0.1002
0.08555
0.09075
0.0994
0.0989
0.09105
0.09976
0.09816
0.08688
0.09947
0.09101
0.08548
0.09967
0.09898
0.09525
0.09951
0.09857
0.06076
0.099
0.09561
0.0903
0.0899
0.0998
0.09047
0.0993
0.0989
0.09472
0.1002
0.0896
0.0904
0.09937
0.0992
0.09983
0.08691
692.1
608.4
607.4
613.9
584.3
611.1
608.5
605.7
611.5
609.6
610.2
646.3
607.4
614.4
613.6
606.8
605.6
602.2
529.4
6.9
4.3
7.5
5.7
6.9
7.2
4.6
5.2
5.9
5.2
5.2
5.2
6.8
5.5
6.9
6.7
4
8.4
1.6
%
0.21
1.8
0.5
10
1.1
1.4
0.93
0.97
0.83
0.17
0.93
0.99
0.23
0.87
0.85
0.81
0.77
1
1.4
1.6
0.99
1.2
1.4
1.3
0.98
1.3
1.1
1
1.2
1.1
1
0.93
1
0.96
0.18
(2) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
691.9
608.2
606.6
613.1
584.5
610
609.1
605.7
612.1
609.3
609.8
646.6
607
612.7
614.3
605.9
605.6
610.3
529.6
7
4.3
7.7
5.7
7
7
4.6
5.2
5.9
5.1
5.3
5.2
6.7
5.5
7.1
6.8
4.1
8
1.7
(3) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
692.3
607.5
608.1
612.9
585.6
610.9
608.6
604.9
611.4
608.8
609.5
645.9
605.5
613.3
614
605.5
605.9
610.1
529.7
7.2
4.5
7.9
5.9
7.3
7.1
4.8
5.2
6
5.2
5.5
5.4
6.9
5.7
7.2
7.1
4.1
8.1
1.7
Err corr
(3) 238 U/
206 Pb*
.580
.222
.418
.260
.254
.361
.349
.348
.318
.648
.357
.203
.433
.277
.229
.206
.392
.225
.195
.328
.314
.229
.350
.444
.289
.230
.320
.279
.515
.277
.179
.261
.340
.213
.585
11.702
9.97
11.69
11.01
10.09
10.13
10.96
10.03
10.203
11.507
10.067
10.98
11.698
10.06
10.097
10.458
10.045
10.19
16.39
10.12
10.46
11.06
11.11
10.01
11.05
10.09
10.1
10.54
9.98
11.17
11.05
10.059
10.09
10.023
11.502
(1) 207 Pb/

206 Pb Age
705
618
653
655
578
670
583
610
585
625
634
630
628
695
584
650
606
146
518
71
56
62
81
54
120
64
88
98
83
46
65
130
52
78
39
48
270
8.6
%
0.21
1.8
0.5
1
1.1
1.5
0.97
10
0.86
0.17
0.98
1
0.24
0.9
0.87
0.83
0.83
1
1.4
1.6
1
1.2
1.5
1.3
1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1
0.98
1.1
0.99
0.18
(1) 208 Pb/

232 Th Age
689
627
590
632
561
619
608
640
615
630
625
653
652
635
598
628
596
365
517.2
42
26
31
34
22
74
26
68
44
45
18
27
60
24
46
16
29
120
6.3
% Dis-cor-dant
Total 238 U/
206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/
206 Pb
(1) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(1) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
2
2
7
7
1
10
4
1
4
3
4
3
3
13
5
7
0
76
2
8.766
10.091
10.04
9.987
10.51
10.02
10.067
10.105
9.984
10.049
10.019
9.479
10.08
9.993
9.91
10.12
10.115
10.01
11.678
1
0.73
1.3
0.94
1.2
1.2
0.77
0.87
0.97
0.85
0.88
0.83
1.1
0.92
1.2
1.1
0.69
1.3
0.32
0.0681
0.06142
0.0675
0.0632
0.06123
0.0647
0.06213
0.06374
0.0648
0.06326
0.06507
0.06115
0.0642
0.06325
0.0678
0.06227
0.06304
0.0655
0.05799
1.8
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.4
2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.5
2.7
1.5
1.9
1.3
1.1
1.8
0.34
8.822
10.104
10.12
10.008
10.54
10.06
10.1
10.149
10.05
10.082
10.071
9.483
10.12
10.001
10.01
10.13
10.151
10.21
11.683
1.1
0.75
1.3
0.97
1.2
1.2
0.79
0.91
1
0.89
0.89
0.85
1.2
0.93
1.2
1.1
0.7
1.5
0.32
0.0629
0.0604
0.0614
0.0614
0.0593
0.0619
0.0594
0.0602
0.0595
0.0606
0.0608
0.0607
0.0607
0.0626
0.0595
0.0613
0.0601
0.049
0.05769
3.3
2.6
2.9
3.8
2.5
5.6
2.9
4.1
4.5
3.8
2.1
3
5.8
2.4
3.6
1.8
2.2
11
0.39
(3) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(3) 206 Pb*/

238 U
0.05802
0.0605
0.05754
0.0597
0.0596
0.0598
0.0601
0.0594
0.059
0.058
0.0584
0.0594
0.05829
0.0606
0.0599
0.0625
0.0608
0.0564
0.0547
0.0596
0.0593
0.0592
0.059
0.0606
0.0591
0.0581
0.0608
0.0602
0.0611
0.0587
0.0604
0.0598
0.0602
0.0591
0.05835
0.35
3.2
0.94
2.9
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
0.25
2.7
3.1
0.42
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.2
4
3.1
2.5
3.7
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.1
3.5
3
2.9
2.8
3.1
0.27
0.7759
1.035
0.7716
0.874
1.006
1.001
0.885
1.01
0.979
0.7964
0.991
0.875
0.7795
1.023
1.006
0.984
1.026
0.948
0.436
0.999
0.945
0.862
0.854
1.029
0.863
0.983
1.016
0.942
1.041
0.843
0.879
1.011
1.011
1.007
0.8011
0.43
4.2
1.1
3.4
3.5
3.6
2.8
2.7
2.5
0.32
3.2
3.7
0.52
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.7
4.7
4
3
4.3
3.6
3.4
3.4
4
3.4
3.5
3.9
4
3.6
3.4
3.4
3.6
0.36
0.08545
0.1003
0.08555
0.09083
0.0992
0.0987
0.09122
0.09966
0.09801
0.0869
0.09934
0.09104
0.08548
0.0994
0.09904
0.09562
0.09955
0.0982
0.061
0.0988
0.09564
0.0904
0.09
0.0999
0.09048
0.0991
0.099
0.0948
0.1002
0.0895
0.09052
0.09941
0.0991
0.09977
0.08694
%
0.21
1.8
0.5
1
1.1
1.5
0.97
10
0.86
0.17
0.98
1
0.24
0.9
0.87
0.83
0.83
1
1.4
1.6
1
1.2
1.5
1.3
1
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.2
1
0.98
1.1
0.99
0.18
Err corr
.610
.682
.501
.600
.616
.699
.596
.588
.586
.633
.617
.642
.599
.618
.625
.656
.647
.608
.613
.693
.586
.570
.693
.596
.613
.559
.656
.630
.695
.572
.617
.619
.605
.608
.667
G Model
ppm U
% 206 Pbc
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
44
(1) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
(3) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(3) 206 Pb*/

238 U
S188B-35.1
S188B-36.1
S188B-37.1
S188B-38.1
S188B-39.1
S188B-40.1
S188B-41.1
S188B-42.1
S188B-43.1
S188B-44.1
S188B-45.1
S188B-46.1
S188B-47.1
S188B-48.1
S188B-49.1
S188B-50.1
S188B-51.1
S188B-52.1
S188B-53.1
S188B-54.1
S188B-55.1
S188B-56.1
S188B-57.1
S188B-58.1
S188B-59.1
S188B-60.1
S188B-62.1
S188B-63.1
S188B-64.1
S188B-65.1
S188B-66.1
S188B-67.1
S188B-68.1
S188B-69.1
S188B-70.1
S188B-71.1
S188B-72.1
S188B-72.2
S188B-73.1
S188B-74.1
S188B-75.1
0.84
0.732
0.836
0.739
0.834
0.737
0.81
0.83
0.834
0.6799
0.788
0.815
0.832
0.817
0.739
0.725
0.756
0.758
0.828
0.6843
0.815
0.832
0.983
0.824
0.836
0.846
0.776
0.848
0.811
0.818
0.816
0.829
0.833
0.883
0.827
0.863
0.819
0.835
0.816
0.661
0.6809
1.9
3.3
1.6
6.2
3.9
3.3
2.3
3.1
3.5
0.47
4
2.7
2.7
7.3
3.6
4.1
3.1
4
3.4
0.34
2.9
2.7
3.5
2.7
3.2
3.9
2.8
5.7
3.1
4.2
4.6
3.9
2.3
3.1
6
2.6
3.8
2.2
2.3
11
0.51
0.09901
0.09045
0.10064
0.09
0.0991
0.09079
0.09808
0.0988
0.09913
0.08531
0.0957
0.09875
0.09932
0.0987
0.09117
0.08974
0.0915
0.09058
0.0997
0.08537
0.09839
0.09967
0.1133
0.09897
0.0988
0.09991
0.0949
0.0994
0.099
0.09852
0.0995
0.09918
0.09929
0.10545
0.0988
0.09999
0.0999
0.0987
0.0985
0.0979
0.0856
0.84
0.76
0.74
1.2
1
0.93
0.75
1.1
0.98
0.23
1
0.84
0.89
1.1
0.87
1.1
1
0.95
1
0.2
0.89
0.9
1.1
0.75
1.3
0.98
1.2
1.2
0.8
0.91
1
0.89
0.89
0.85
1.2
0.93
1.2
1.1
0.7
1.5
0.32
.433
.233
.461
.194
.266
.283
.328
.348
.282
.484
.253
.309
.328
.155
.244
.256
.333
.239
.297
.594
.311
.331
.299
.276
.411
.251
.444
.217
.261
.218
.221
.225
.385
.270
.198
.357
.314
.534
.298
.128
.631
10.114
11.056
9.947
11.1
10.08
11.01
10.202
10.13
10.09
11.72
10.45
10.126
10.068
10.13
10.96
11.14
10.91
11.01
10.06
11.71
10.167
10.029
8.821
10.119
10.11
10.03
10.52
10.06
10.1
10.165
10.05
10.096
10.085
9.489
10.15
10.019
10.01
10.16
10.147
10.08
11.678
0.87
0.82
0.81
1.2
1.1
0.94
0.8
1.1
1
0.23
1.1
0.87
0.92
1.1
0.92
1.1
1.1
1
1.1
0.2
0.95
0.97
1.1
0.77
1.4
1
1.3
1.2
0.82
0.9
1
0.89
0.95
0.88
1.2
0.98
1.2
1.2
0.71
1.4
0.33
0.0604
0.0587
0.0594
0.0598
0.0614
0.0592
0.0595
0.0605
0.0608
0.05789
0.0598
0.0599
0.0608
0.0599
0.0591
0.059
0.0614
0.063
0.0581
0.05837
0.0598
0.0608
0.0631
0.0592
0.0623
0.0601
0.0611
0.0615
0.0595
0.059
0.0593
0.0595
0.0597
0.0603
0.0581
0.0612
0.0601
0.0594
0.0605
0.06
0.05803
2.1
2.9
2.3
3.8
2.6
1.9
2.3
2.8
2.8
0.4
3.7
2.3
2.2
2.9
3
3.2
3
3.4
3
0.3
2.7
2.9
3.4
2
2.7
2.9
2.4
2.9
2.2
2.2
2.9
2.3
2.8
2.4
4
2.6
3.3
2.8
1.7
2.9
0.43
1.012
0.857
1.024
0.865
1.028
0.868
0.985
1.01
1.02
0.7725
0.952
1.001
1.023
1.001
0.874
0.851
0.908
0.915
0.99
0.7792
0.994
1.029
1.301
0.994
1.036
1.021
0.958
1.034
1
0.984
1.005
1.002
1.007
1.117
0.974
1.037
1.023
0.992
1.006
1.002
0.7785
2.5
3.3
2.8
4.2
3.1
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.3
0.48
4.2
2.7
2.6
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.5
4
3.5
0.38
3.2
3.4
3.9
2.4
3.4
3.4
3.2
3.5
2.6
2.6
3.4
2.7
3.3
2.8
4.5
3.1
3.8
3.5
2
3.6
0.59
0.09887
0.09045
0.10054
0.0901
0.0992
0.09082
0.09802
0.0988
0.0991
0.08532
0.0957
0.09876
0.09932
0.0987
0.09121
0.08978
0.09166
0.09084
0.0994
0.0854
0.09835
0.09971
0.1134
0.09882
0.0989
0.0997
0.0951
0.0994
0.09901
0.09837
0.0995
0.09905
0.09915
0.10538
0.0985
0.09981
0.0999
0.0985
0.09855
0.0993
0.08563
0.87
0.82
0.81
1.2
1.1
0.94
0.8
1.1
1
0.23
1.1
0.87
0.92
1.1
0.92
1.1
1.1
1
1.1
0.2
0.95
0.97
1.1
0.77
1.4
1
1.3
1.2
0.82
0.9
1
0.89
0.95
0.88
1.2
0.98
1.2
1.2
0.71
1.4
0.33
Err corr
.558
.653
.652
.497
.598
.654
.625
.592
.593
.581
.615
.593
.599
.601
.641
.552
.613
.703
.604
.631
.640
.617
.582
.612
.671
.618
.730
.590
.621
.560
.604
.593
.623
.618
.520
.625
.567
.727
.584
.648
.706
(1) 207 Pb*/

235 U
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
G Model

45
0.00
0.10
0.08
0.07
0.26
0.34
0.12
0.51
0.10
0.06
0.22
0.29
0.01
0.40
0.00
0.28
0.20
0.05
0.10
0.13
0.16
0.12
0.10
0.04
0.08
0.22
0.12
0.23
0.22
0.40
0.27
0.04
0.13
0.31
0.01
0.08
0.21
0.06
0.14
0.08
0.09
0.06
0.01
0.08
0.09
0.04
0.06
0.19
0.13
0.16
0.27
542
586
200
157
170
166
168
316
68
402
196
203
127
114
81
66
125
248
68
216
66
93
216
110
211
217
415
118
42
103
54
118
352
118
170
55
175
267
208
179
421
695
2877
117
313
485
221
166
177
83
125
ppm Th
40
39
49
55
61
73
223
27
55
178
83
16
87
57
29
67
144
161
15
93
52
40
56
90
161
80
195
40
14
52
9
59
113
47
89
17
62
23
70
56
28
35
501
67
167
32
135
123
15
30
52
232 Th/
238 U
ppm 206 Pb*
(1) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
0.08
0.07
0.26
0.36
0.37
0.45
1.37
0.09
0.82
0.46
0.44
0.08
0.71
0.52
0.37
1.06
1.19
0.67
0.22
0.45
0.81
0.45
0.27
0.85
0.79
0.38
0.49
0.35
0.34
0.53
0.17
0.51
0.33
0.41
0.54
0.32
0.36
0.09
0.35
0.32
0.07
0.05
0.18
0.59
0.55
0.07
0.63
0.77
0.09
0.37
0.43
39.8
43.2
16.1
13.8
13.6
13.5
13.5
23.3
9.75
31.5
15.8
14.9
9.96
9.21
6.55
5.26
9.99
21.3
5.75
18.4
5.12
8.2
18.4
8.79
16.9
18.6
36.7
9.63
3.73
8.02
4.38
18.7
30.1
10.2
15.1
4.89
13.8
19.6
17.9
15.3
30.8
51.1
227
9.53
24.3
35.6
19.5
14.8
13.1
11.9
10.7
528.6
530.2
577.1
628.2
574.9
580.9
576.6
528.5
988.5
561.5
577.4
526.3
564
575.8
577.8
574
573.5
613.2
609
610.2
558
628.9
608.9
575.1
575.3
612.2
631
585.4
626.9
557.6
582.7
1090.3
611.6
612.1
633.9
630.9
563.4
528.6
613.2
611.1
527.4
529.1
567.4
585.9
558.7
528.8
629
636.3
530.5
989.5
612.1
1.6
2.2
2.8
3.3
3
3
3.1
2.1
7.9
2.6
3.9
3.6
4.8
4
4
4.7
3.3
2.5
4.7
2.7
4.5
4.1
3.2
3.6
2.6
2.7
3.7
3.4
6.1
3.4
6.7
5.6
2.5
3.6
3.1
5.2
2.7
2.1
2.9
3.9
1.8
1.5
1
4.1
2.2
1.7
3.7
4.9
2.7
6.4
3.6
(2) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
528.5
530.2
577.1
628.1
575.5
581.7
576.6
528.6
987.6
561.5
577.9
526.4
563.2
577.2
578.2
574.3
573.6
613
609.2
609.8
558.1
628.8
608.9
574.1
575.7
612.4
631.4
586.2
626.9
558.2
581.1
1089.2
611.9
612
633.6
631.1
564
528.3
613
611.5
527.5
528.9
567.6
586.3
558.7
528.9
629.3
636.5
530.6
990.8
612.3
1.6
2.2
2.9
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.1
8.2
2.6
4
3.6
4.9
3.9
4.1
4.6
3.4
2.6
4.7
2.7
4.5
4.2
3.2
3.6
2.7
2.7
3.8
3.4
6
3.5
6.6
5.9
2.5
3.6
3.1
5.3
2.7
2.1
3
3.9
1.9
1.6
1
4.2
2.2
1.7
3.8
4.9
2.7
6.6
3.6
(3) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
528.5
530.3
577.3
628.4
575.1
582.5
575.7
528.7
988.5
561.8
578.4
526.4
564
576.2
578
576.4
574.4
613.5
609.1
609.8
555.7
629
608.6
574.5
575.9
612.4
631.1
585.5
626.2
557.8
582.3
1088.7
611.8
612.4
631.9
629.9
563.8
528.5
613.8
610.8
527.3
529.2
567.5
585.4
559.6
528.8
629.6
637.2
530.7
989.9
611.6
1.6
2.2
2.9
3.5
3.2
3.3
4
2.1
9
2.8
4.3
3.7
5.4
4.2
4.3
5.5
4.2
2.8
4.8
2.9
5.1
4.4
3.3
4.1
3
2.8
4
3.6
6.2
3.8
6.7
6.1
2.6
3.7
3.3
5.4
2.8
2.1
3.1
4
1.9
1.5
1
4.5
2.4
1.7
4.2
5.5
2.8
6.7
3.8
(1) 207 Pb/

206 Pb Age
533
529
578
633
542
539
577
525
1012
561
552
522
604
503
559
559
572
624
601
629
553
633
609
624
553
605
612
540
629
527
667
1115
599
618
645
624
534
542
624
591
517
541
560.8
565
559
520
614
630
528
958
606
15
15
28
27
32
36
31
45
28
17
32
43
49
74
36
86
46
18
62
29
65
41
21
59
29
24
19
41
95
41
82
16
18
49
33
52
30
25
26
30
16
19
5.2
43
24
17
20
45
40
28
55
(1) 208 Pb/

232 Th Age
540
523
574
626
570
558
580.3
514
989
556.8
562
514
564
571
575
560
569.6
610.9
608
615.9
576
627
617
579
570.8
609.6
629.8
584
640
555
598
1114
608
607
658
654
557
536
602
617
531
512
565.3
591
547.6
525
623.3
629
519
981
620
% Dis-cor-dant
17
1
17
0
14
0
12
1
11 6
11 7
5.7
0
54 1
15
2
5.7
0
11 4
63 1
12
7
19 13
14 3
13 3
7.6
0
5.7
2
38 1
10
3
13 1
16
1
10
0
11
8
6.1 4
9.3 1
7.1 3
16 8
42
0
11 5
64
14
13
2
11 2
18
1
11
2
25 1
11 5
22
3
11
2
13 3
17 2
36
2
3
1
12 4
6.5
0
21 2
7.7 2
12 1
71 1
23 3
19 1
Total 238 U/
206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/
206 Pb
(1) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(1) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
11.702
11.653
10.668
9.763
10.693
10.568
10.674
11.644
6.028
10.982
10.648
11.722
10.936
10.659
10.663
10.708
10.725
10.015
10.082
10.059
11.043
9.747
10.084
10.713
10.704
10.015
9.713
10.496
9.769
11.024
10.54
5.424
10.034
10.008
9.677
9.717
10.926
11.695
10.007
10.048
11.72
11.684
10.867
10.502
11.036
11.693
9.75
9.621
11.642
6.017
10.012
0.31
0.43
0.51
0.55
0.55
0.54
0.55
0.41
0.86
0.48
0.71
0.7
0.88
0.69
0.73
0.82
0.6
0.43
0.79
0.45
0.81
0.68
0.54
0.63
0.47
0.46
0.62
0.6
0.97
0.64
1.2
0.56
0.43
0.59
0.5
0.85
0.49
0.4
0.5
0.66
0.36
0.3
0.19
0.73
0.41
0.33
0.62
0.79
0.51
0.69
0.6
0.0581
0.05883
0.05997
0.06139
0.06048
0.06102
0.06029
0.06199
0.07377
0.05936
0.06038
0.06011
0.06013
0.06057
0.0588
0.06108
0.06078
0.06097
0.06076
0.06175
0.05994
0.06178
0.06099
0.0609
0.05925
0.06186
0.06122
0.06017
0.0625
0.06118
0.06401
0.07711
0.06095
0.06291
0.06127
0.06124
0.0598
0.05885
0.06169
0.06029
0.05837
0.05878
0.0589
0.05958
0.05954
0.0581
0.06083
0.06226
0.05902
0.0724
0.06226
0.53
0.54
0.86
0.91
0.92
0.91
0.93
0.68
1
0.59
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.3
1.4
1
0.7
1.3
0.74
1.4
1.1
0.92
1.1
10
0.74
0.52
1
1.6
1.1
1.5
0.66
0.57
0.97
0.81
1.4
0.84
0.9
0.8
0.86
0.62
0.49
0.22
1.3
0.69
0.56
0.75
0.85
0.92
0.89
0.99
11.702
11.665
10.677
9.77
10.721
10.604
10.688
11.703
6.034
10.989
10.672
11.756
10.938
10.702
10.663
10.738
10.747
10.02
10.092
10.072
11.061
9.758
10.094
10.717
10.712
10.038
9.724
10.52
9.79
11.068
10.57
5.426
10.047
10.039
9.678
9.725
10.949
11.703
10.02
10.056
11.73
11.69
10.868
10.51
11.046
11.698
9.756
9.639
11.657
6.027
10.039
0.31
0.43
0.51
0.56
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.42
0.86
0.48
0.71
0.71
0.89
0.73
0.73
0.86
0.61
0.43
0.81
0.46
0.83
0.69
0.54
0.66
0.47
0.46
0.62
0.61
1
0.64
1.2
0.56
0.43
0.61
0.51
0.86
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.66
0.36
0.3
0.19
0.73
0.41
0.34
0.63
0.8
0.53
0.69
0.62
0.0581
0.05798
0.05929
0.06081
0.05833
0.05824
0.05928
0.0579
0.0729
0.05884
0.05859
0.0578
0.06
0.0573
0.05877
0.0588
0.0591
0.06056
0.0599
0.06072
0.0586
0.0608
0.06016
0.0606
0.05863
0.06003
0.06023
0.0583
0.0607
0.0579
0.0618
0.07678
0.05988
0.0604
0.06117
0.0606
0.05811
0.05833
0.06058
0.05964
0.05766
0.05831
0.05883
0.0589
0.05877
0.05774
0.0603
0.0607
0.0579
0.07102
0.0601
0.67
0.68
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.4
2.1
1.4
0.77
1.5
1.9
2.3
3.4
1.7
3.9
2.1
0.83
2.8
1.3
3
1.9
0.97
2.7
1.3
1.1
0.86
1.9
4.4
1.9
3.8
0.81
0.85
2.3
1.5
2.4
1.4
1.1
1.2
1.4
0.74
0.86
0.24
2
1.1
0.77
0.94
2.1
1.8
1.4
2.5
G Model
S188C-01.1
S188C-02.1
S188C-02.2
S188C-03.1
S188C-04.1
S188C-05.1
S188C-06.1
S188C-07.1
S188C-08.1
S188C-09.1
S188C-10.1
S188C-11.1
S188C-12.1
S188C-13.1
S188C-14.1
S188C-15.1
S188C-16.1
S188C-17.1
S188C-18.1
S188C-18.2
S188C-19.1
S188C-20.1
S188C-21.1
S188C-22.1
S188C-22.2
S188C-23.1
S188C-24.1
S188C-25.1
S188C-26.1
S188C-27.1
S188C-28.1
S188C-29.1
S188C-30.1
S188C-31.1
S188C-32.1
S188C-33.1
S188C-34.1
S188C-35.1
S188C-37.1
S188C-38.1
S188C-38.2
S188C-39.1
S188C-40.1
S188C-41.1
S188C-42.1
S188C-43.1
S188C-43.2
S188C-44.1
S188C-44.2
S188C-45.1
S188C-46.1
ppm U
% 206 Pbc
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
46
Table 9
Analytical data from SHRIMP analysis of zircons from sample SR188C.
S188C-47.1
S188C-48.1
S188C-49.1
S188C-50.1
S188C-51.1
S188C-52.1
S188C-53.1
S188C-54.1
S188C-55.1
S188C-56.1
S188C-57.1
S188C-58.1
S188C-60.1
S188C-61.1
S188C-64.1
S188C-65.1
S188C-66.1
S188C-59.2
S188C-62.1
S188C-63.1
S188C-65.1
S188C-66.1
S188C-67.1
S188C-68.1
S188C-69.1
S188C-69.2
0.27
0.20
0.05
0.00
0.08
0.45
0.07
0.24
0.10
0.34
0.06
0.17
0.12
0.20
0.25
0.25
0.11
0.16
0.07
0.13
0.09
0.06
1.02
0.03
0.20
0.02
ppm U
103
197
154
208
78
36
353
52
261
37
146
143
150
100
138
125
124
328
170
191
156
260
2000
486
99
337
ppm Th
53
116
112
55
20
9
150
17
18
10
57
47
167
54
10
9
9
31
60
115
55
136
220
32
51
25
232 Th/
238 U
ppm 206 Pb*
0.53
0.61
0.75
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.44
0.33
0.07
0.29
0.40
0.34
1.15
0.56
0.07
0.07
0.07
0.10
0.36
0.62
0.37
0.54
0.11
0.07
0.53
0.08
8.04
17.5
13.6
17.7
6.69
3.18
31.1
4.47
19.1
3.19
12.5
12.2
12.3
7.81
10.2
9.2
9.06
24.1
14.5
15
12.9
22.4
131
39.1
8.09
24.7
(1) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
560.3
631.4
631.7
609.4
615
635.8
628.3
609.6
525.7
608.8
611
608
586
557.5
530.3
527.5
527.7
528.5
611.4
561.1
590.4
615.1
469.5
576.4
583.9
528.3
3.6
3
3.2
3.5
4.4
6.8
3.4
5.2
2.6
6.4
3.2
4.8
4
4
3.8
3.6
3.8
2
3.2
3.2
3.1
2.6
1.4
2.5
4.1
2
(2) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
560.2
631.9
631.9
609.6
615
635.9
628.3
609.5
525.4
607.8
610.6
607.9
585.9
558.3
529.6
527.2
527.9
528.9
611.5
561.4
590.2
615
469.7
576.4
583.7
528.2
3.6
3
3.3
3.6
4.5
6.7
3.5
5.3
2.6
6.3
3.2
4.8
4.1
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.8
2.1
3.3
3.3
3.2
2.6
1.5
2.5
4
2.1
(3) 206 Pb/

238 U Age
560
632
632.2
609.3
615.2
637.1
628.4
609.1
525.9
608
610.9
608.4
590.6
557.3
530.3
527.6
527.4
528.5
611.2
562.4
590.2
615
470.5
576.4
583.4
528.3
3.9
3.2
3.7
3.6
4.6
6.8
3.6
5.4
2.6
6.4
3.4
5
6.3
4.4
3.9
3.6
3.8
2.1
3.4
3.6
3.3
2.8
1.5
2.5
4.3
2
(1) 207 Pb/

206 Pb Age
564
610
622
597
616
633
625
616
548
663
631
615
590
513
569
546
516
508
605
545
602
619
453
573
597
537
48
36
26
25
31
100
15
60
32
100
36
42
25
45
40
36
63
19
23
22
28
26
50
16
74
19
(1) 208 Pb/

232 Th Age
563
626
627.7
611
612
602
625.8
619
509
628
613
600
562
561
531
519
553
530
614.6
547.9
594
615.9
405
575
591
535
13
10
8.1
13
16
56
6.8
26
45
53
14
18
21
11
48
39
92
15
9.8
6.6
11
7.8
33
24
20
19
% Dis-cor-dant
1
3
2
2
0
0
1
1
4
9
3
1
1
8
7
4
2
4
1
3
2
1
4
1
2
2
Total 238 U/
206 Pb
Total
207 Pb/
206 Pb
(1) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(1) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
10.983
9.697
9.707
10.087
9.981
9.6
9.763
10.058
11.756
10.06
10.052
10.093
10.496
11.047
11.634
11.698
11.71
11.685
10.045
10.981
10.417
9.982
13.103
10.689
10.525
11.706
0.66
0.48
0.53
0.6
0.74
1.1
0.56
0.88
0.51
1
0.54
0.81
0.71
0.74
0.75
0.7
0.73
0.4
0.54
0.6
0.55
0.44
0.3
0.45
0.7
0.4
0.06113
0.06184
0.06096
0.05983
0.06103
0.0645
0.06112
0.06234
0.05933
0.0644
0.06124
0.06174
0.06061
0.0592
0.06106
0.06043
0.05855
0.0587
0.06066
0.05948
0.06071
0.06094
0.06426
0.0594
0.06149
0.05831
1.1
0.92
1
0.77
1.3
1.8
0.57
1.5
0.92
1.7
0.89
0.89
10
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.71
0.91
0.87
0.93
0.77
0.34
0.54
1.2
0.7
11.013
9.717
9.713
10.087
9.989
9.65
9.769
10.083
11.768
10.1
10.058
10.11
10.509
11.07
11.663
11.727
11.723
11.703
10.052
10.995
10.426
9.988
13.237
10.692
10.547
11.708
0.67
0.49
0.53
0.6
0.74
1.1
0.56
0.9
0.51
1.1
0.55
0.82
0.71
0.75
0.76
0.71
0.76
0.4
0.54
0.6
0.56
0.44
0.32
0.45
0.74
0.4
0.0589
0.0602
0.06051
0.05983
0.06034
0.0608
0.06059
0.0603
0.0585
0.0617
0.0608
0.0603
0.05961
0.0576
0.0591
0.05844
0.0576
0.05743
0.06004
0.05841
0.05997
0.06044
0.056
0.05917
0.0598
0.05818
2.2
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.4
4.6
0.68
2.8
1.5
4.9
1.7
1.9
1.2
2
1.8
1.6
2.9
0.87
1.1
1
1.3
1.2
2.2
0.75
3.4
0.85
Spot
(1) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(1) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
(3) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

235 U
(3) 206 Pb*/

238 U
S188C-01.1
S188C-02.1
S188C-02.2
S188C-03.1
S188C-04.1
S188C-05.1
S188C-06.1
S188C-07.1
S188C-08.1
S188C-09.1
S188C-10.1
S188C-11.1
S188C-12.1
S188C-13.1
S188C-14.1
S188C-15.1
S188C-16.1
S188C-17.1
S188C-18.1
S188C-18.2
S188C-19.1
S188C-20.1
S188C-21.1
S188C-22.1
S188C-22.2
S188C-23.1
S188C-24.1
S188C-25.1
S188C-26.1
S188C-27.1
S188C-28.1
S188C-29.1
S188C-30.1
S188C-31.1
S188C-32.1
S188C-33.1
S188C-34.1
0.6845
0.6853
0.766
0.858
0.75
0.757
0.765
0.682
1.667
0.7383
0.757
0.678
0.757
0.738
0.76
0.755
0.759
0.8334
0.819
0.831
0.731
0.859
0.8217
0.779
0.755
0.825
0.8539
0.764
0.855
0.722
0.806
1.951
0.8217
0.829
0.871
0.859
0.732
0.74
0.8
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
1.5
2.1
1.6
0.91
1.6
2.1
2.4
3.4
1.8
4
2.2
0.93
3
1.4
3.1
2
1.1
2.8
1.4
1.2
1.1
2
4.5
2
4
0.98
0.95
2.3
1.6
2.6
1.5
0.08546
0.08572
0.09366
0.10236
0.09327
0.0943
0.09356
0.08544
0.1657
0.091
0.0937
0.08506
0.09143
0.09343
0.09378
0.09312
0.09305
0.0998
0.09908
0.09928
0.09041
0.10248
0.09906
0.09331
0.09335
0.09962
0.10283
0.09506
0.1021
0.09035
0.0946
0.1843
0.09953
0.09961
0.10333
0.10282
0.09133
0.31
0.43
0.51
0.56
0.55
0.55
0.55
0.42
0.86
0.48
0.71
0.71
0.89
0.73
0.73
0.86
0.61
0.43
0.81
0.46
0.83
0.69
0.54
0.66
0.47
0.46
0.62
0.61
1
0.64
1.2
0.56
0.43
0.61
0.51
0.86
0.5
.423
.538
.373
.403
.356
.314
.365
.202
.524
.532
.439
.343
.364
.211
.404
.213
.277
.461
.275
.329
.269
.338
.488
.235
.332
.377
.585
.306
.225
.328
.299
.568
.450
.260
.313
.336
.340
11.705
11.664
10.675
9.767
10.716
10.574
10.705
11.699
6.035
10.982
10.653
11.753
10.94
10.695
10.66
10.69
10.731
10.016
10.092
10.079
11.11
9.757
10.1
10.728
10.701
10.035
9.723
10.519
9.8
11.065
10.58
5.436
10.044
10.034
9.711
9.743
10.942
0.32
0.44
0.53
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.73
0.42
0.99
0.52
0.77
0.73
1
0.77
0.78
1
0.76
0.48
0.82
0.49
0.96
0.74
0.57
0.74
0.54
0.49
0.67
0.64
1
0.71
1.2
0.61
0.45
0.64
0.55
0.9
0.52
0.0579
0.05809
0.05947
0.061
0.05872
0.0605
0.0579
0.05817
0.0729
0.05933
0.06
0.058
0.0601
0.0579
0.059
0.0624
0.0603
0.06091
0.06
0.06018
0.0551
0.061
0.05972
0.0597
0.0595
0.06023
0.06035
0.0584
0.0598
0.0582
0.0612
0.0754
0.06012
0.0608
0.0585
0.0591
0.05861
0.62
0.62
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
4
1.1
2.7
1.2
2.1
2.2
3.5
2.6
2.1
4.3
3.8
1.6
1.9
1.4
4.2
2.5
1.5
3
2.1
1.3
1.3
1.7
2.8
2.4
2.1
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.8
2.4
1.4
0.7744
0.7807
0.916
1.076
0.9
0.942
0.893
0.7779
2.665
0.874
0.925
0.77
0.889
0.892
0.912
0.949
0.919
1.033
1.008
1.013
0.808
1.078
1.004
0.913
0.912
1.021
1.075
0.923
1.054
0.85
0.952
3.239
1.017
1.028
1.053
1.055
0.87
0.73
0.81
1.5
1.8
1.9
2
4.6
1.2
3.3
1.5
2.6
2.5
4.2
3
2.5
5
4.3
1.9
2.2
1.7
4.9
2.9
1.7
3.4
2.5
1.6
1.7
2.1
3.3
2.8
2.7
1.7
1.5
2.3
2.1
2.8
1.7
0.08543
0.08573
0.09368
0.10238
0.09332
0.09457
0.09341
0.08547
0.1657
0.09106
0.09387
0.08508
0.09143
0.0935
0.09381
0.09354
0.09319
0.09984
0.09909
0.09922
0.09002
0.1025
0.09901
0.09321
0.09345
0.09965
0.10285
0.09507
0.102
0.09038
0.0945
0.184
0.09956
0.09966
0.10298
0.10264
0.09139
0.32
0.44
0.53
0.59
0.59
0.59
0.73
0.42
0.99
0.52
0.77
0.73
1
0.77
0.78
1
0.76
0.48
0.82
0.49
0.96
0.74
0.57
0.74
0.54
0.49
0.67
0.64
1
0.71
1.2
0.61
0.45
0.64
0.55
0.9
0.52
Err corr
.533
.640
.600
.637
.629
.652
.799
.507
.773
.728
.650
.483
.703
.655
.621
.758
.774
.703
.590
.653
.712
.625
.592
.725
.696
.639
.800
.620
.621
.658
.656
.729
.621
.630
.669
.614
.624
% 206 Pbc
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
G Model

47
(1) 206 Pb*/

238 U
Err corr
(3) 238 U/
206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

206 Pb*
(3) 207 Pb*/

235 U
S188C-35.1
S188C-37.1
S188C-38.1
S188C-38.2
S188C-39.1
S188C-40.1
S188C-41.1
S188C-42.1
S188C-43.1
S188C-43.2
S188C-44.1
S188C-44.2
S188C-45.1
S188C-46.1
S188C-47.1
S188C-48.1
S188C-49.1
S188C-50.1
S188C-51.1
S188C-52.1
S188C-53.1
S188C-54.1
S188C-55.1
S188C-56.1
S188C-57.1
S188C-58.1
S188C-60.1
S188C-61.1
S188C-64.1
S188C-65.1
S188C-66.1
S188C-59.2
S188C-62.1
S188C-63.1
S188C-65.1
S188C-66.1
S188C-67.1
S188C-68.1
S188C-69.1
S188C-69.2
0.6872
0.834
0.818
0.6778
0.6877
0.7464
0.773
0.7336
0.6806
0.8522
0.869
0.685
1.624
0.825
0.737
0.854
0.859
0.818
0.833
0.869
0.8551
0.825
0.685
0.842
0.833
0.823
0.782
0.717
0.698
0.687
0.678
0.6766
0.8236
0.7324
0.793
0.834
0.583
0.763
0.782
0.6852
1.2
1.3
1.5
0.83
0.91
0.3
2.1
1.2
0.84
1.1
2.2
1.9
1.5
2.6
2.3
1.8
1.3
1.3
1.6
4.8
0.88
2.9
1.6
5
1.8
2.1
1.4
2.2
2
1.8
3
0.96
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.3
2.3
0.87
3.5
0.94
0.08545
0.0998
0.09944
0.08525
0.08554
0.09202
0.09515
0.09053
0.08549
0.1025
0.10374
0.08578
0.1659
0.09961
0.0908
0.10291
0.10296
0.09914
0.10011
0.1037
0.10236
0.09918
0.08497
0.099
0.09942
0.0989
0.09516
0.09034
0.08574
0.08527
0.0853
0.08544
0.09948
0.09095
0.09591
0.10012
0.07554
0.09353
0.09481
0.08541
0.4
0.5
0.66
0.36
0.3
0.19
0.73
0.41
0.34
0.63
0.8
0.53
0.69
0.62
0.67
0.49
0.53
0.6
0.74
1.1
0.56
0.9
0.51
1.1
0.55
0.82
0.71
0.75
0.76
0.71
0.76
0.4
0.54
0.6
0.56
0.44
0.32
0.45
0.74
0.4
.333
.382
.435
.439
.333
.615
.351
.351
.400
.552
.361
.277
.448
.238
.294
.281
.409
.467
.459
.235
.641
.306
.327
.221
.308
.393
.524
.347
.379
.395
.256
.416
.453
.508
.390
.350
.140
.512
.212
.423
11.705
10.01
10.062
11.731
11.687
10.867
10.519
11.027
11.697
9.747
9.626
11.654
6.025
10.048
11.018
9.708
9.705
10.088
9.987
9.63
9.766
10.091
11.764
10.11
10.06
10.104
10.42
11.075
11.663
11.725
11.729
11.704
10.055
10.969
10.43
9.99
13.207
10.691
10.558
11.71
0.41
0.53
0.69
0.37
0.3
0.19
0.81
0.45
0.34
0.7
0.91
0.55
0.73
0.65
0.73
0.54
0.62
0.62
0.78
1.1
0.61
0.93
0.51
1.1
0.58
0.86
1.1
0.83
0.76
0.72
0.75
0.41
0.58
0.67
0.59
0.48
0.32
0.45
0.77
0.4
0.05817
0.0614
0.05922
0.05761
0.05852
0.05891
0.0582
0.0602
0.0578
0.0611
0.0619
0.0582
0.0714
0.0594
0.0585
0.0609
0.0611
0.05972
0.0605
0.0626
0.06081
0.0597
0.05877
0.0606
0.06061
0.06091
0.0663
0.0572
0.05906
0.05858
0.05722
0.0574
0.0598
0.0603
0.05972
0.06034
0.05792
0.05919
0.0589
0.05806
1
1.3
1.4
0.72
0.54
0.3
2.8
1.4
0.63
1.9
2.8
2.7
1.4
1.9
2.4
1.9
2.8
1.2
1.8
2.6
1.2
2.5
1
2.9
1.5
1.6
9.1
2.9
1.5
1.5
1.7
0.87
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.5
1.3
0.6
2.5
0.8
0.7775
1.04
1.003
0.7682
0.7832
0.8834
0.922
0.879
0.7739
1.08
1.113
0.783
2.637
1.007
0.86
1.086
1.089
1.005
1.032
1.123
1.074
1.005
0.7781
1.014
1.022
1.019
1.04
0.836
0.792
0.78
0.764
0.7685
1.012
0.887
0.954
1.03
0.6415
0.91
0.926
0.7756
%
1.1
1.6
1.8
0.84
0.64
0.4
3.3
1.6
0.75
2.4
3.5
2.9
1.8
2.3
2.8
2.2
3.1
1.5
2.2
3.2
1.6
2.9
1.2
3.4
1.8
2.1
10
3.4
1.8
1.8
2
1
1.8
2.4
1.9
1.7
1.4
0.79
2.9
0.94
(3) 206 Pb*/

238 U
0.08543
0.0999
0.09938
0.08524
0.08556
0.09202
0.09506
0.09069
0.08549
0.10259
0.10389
0.08581
0.166
0.09953
0.09076
0.10301
0.10304
0.09913
0.10013
0.1039
0.10239
0.0991
0.085
0.0989
0.0994
0.09898
0.096
0.09029
0.08574
0.08529
0.08526
0.08544
0.09945
0.09117
0.09588
0.1001
0.07572
0.09353
0.09471
0.0854
0.41
0.53
0.69
0.37
0.3
0.19
0.81
0.45
0.34
0.7
0.91
0.55
0.73
0.65
0.73
0.54
0.62
0.62
0.78
1.1
0.61
0.93
0.51
1.1
0.58
0.86
1.1
0.83
0.76
0.72
0.75
0.41
0.58
0.67
0.59
0.48
0.32
0.45
0.77
0.4
G Model
Err corr
.461
.635
.687
.530
.543
.683
.670
.676
.539
.739
.759
.504
.692
.643
.661
.664
.678
.686
.606
.607
.749
.617
.513
.606
.643
.737
.821
.656
.529
.512
.494
.526
.633
.719
.632
.668
.530
.657
.664
.525
(1) 207 Pb*/

235 U
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Spot
48
G Model
ARTICLE IN PRESS
surviving in Africa (Monapo and Mugeba in Fig. 1) in contrast

to extensive allochthonous areas in Antarctica including Sr Rondane and eastern CDML. In the lower part of Fig. 19 four stages of
tectonic evolution are shown. In Stage 1, the Namuno and Nampula Terranes are separated by a paleo-Mozambique Ocean. In the
Namuno Terrane, the terminal stages of the EAO are represented by
metamorphism and intrusion at deep crustal levels >1012 kb and
900 C at between 640 Ma and 600 Ma with the EAO rocks in
the Namuno Terrane forming the accretionary thrust fault stacked
complex described by Bingen et al. (2009) and Viola et al. (2008)
with top to W and WNW vergence.
At approximately 600 Ma (Stage 2, Fig. 19), collision with the
Nampula Terrane and Maud Belt is started with the EAO rocks being
thrust over the Nampula Terrane + Maud Belt rocks. During this
period, PT conditions follow the PT paths described above with
uids being introduced into the hot hanging wall rocks, probably
from dehydration reactions in the oor as well as from molasse
basins over ridden by the hanging wall thrust sheet. Insight into
the timing and nature of this uid is provided by Higashino et al.
(in this issue) who have described the effects of Cl-rich uids which
they infer were introduced at 603 14 Ma. The introduction of the
uids results in partial to complete hydration of the granulite grade
assemblages in the hanging wall as well contributing to granite melt
genesis resulting from decompression melting assisted by uid
ingress. The declining PT conditions are also indicative of rapid
erosion resulting in the deposition of the Mecuburi Group and Alto
Benca Group molasses sediments ahead of the advancing thrust
front.
Their burial under the thrust front (Stages 3 and 4, Fig. 19), facilitates the metamorphism of the Mecuburi and Alto Benca Group
metasediments at the same time that granites are generated by
partial melting in the footwall Nampula Terrane and Maud Belt
rocks after 530 Ma. The genesis of post tectonic granites, with ages
mostly younger than the metamorphic ages of the hanging wall
Namuno rocks, in the footwall is consistent with thermal models
described by England and Thompson (1984) for continental collisional settings where granite genesis occurs typically 4050 my
after collision due to heat accumulation in the oor or foot wall.
Although most of the granites with ages 530-490 Ma appear to
be post tectonic, it is evident at exposures along the transpressional, top to the north, sinistral Main Shear zone in Sr Rondane
(Fig. 3, Osanai et al., 1996) that some of the youngest granites were
emplaced broadly synchronously with the shearing. An example
of the compressional intrusion of the granite is evident in Fig. 5E
where granitic sills form conjugate pairs whose acute angle (i.e.
1 ) is near horizontal. Strike slip, transpressional shearing with a
top to the west sense of shear is also seen at the exposure at the
northern end of Austhameren (Fig. 10) with the strike slip sense of
shear indicated by shallowly plunging stretching lineations (Stereonet B, Fig. 10) in the near vertical gneisses. Ishikawa et al. (under
review) have described a complex structural history from northern
Balchenfjella and recognized dextral strike slip shear in N. Balchenfjella, interpreted to be related to the East African Orogeny in eastern
DML, although no time constraints on the deformation we determined.
The direction of the emplacement of the Monapo Complex is
uncertain with this uncertainty resulting from the difculty in dating specic structures e.g. lineations and kinematic indicators. Most
of the lineations within the complex plunge westwards (Fig. 2).
These data may suggest EW transport and emplacement. However these lineations may also predate the emplacement of the
complex. Lineations measured from the marginal/basal mylonite
potentially provide a clearer indication however available data
from these rocks show a wide range of orientations from between
ENE to SE. The synformal shape of the klippen also suggests that
there has probably been gentle warping after emplacement thus
49
the plunge orientations do not necessarily reect the original

directions.
The geochronological and PT data from Monapo and Balchenfjella suggest that the rocks were metamorphosed at 900 C and
10 kb at 635 Ma after which they were exhumed by thrustfaulting to 7 kb depth at 700 C at 570-580 Ma. During the
exhumation some of the samples have been partially to completely
retrogressed. This retrogression is interpreted to have resulted
from uids generated by dehydration reactions in the footwall
gneisses.
On a broader scale, the Monapo and Mugeba Complexes (Roberts
et al., 2005) along with the inferred allochthonous CDML rocks
have similar ages to other allochthonous units along the Kuunga
Orogenic Belt with klippen structures being recognized to the east
of Mozambique (the Kataragama klippe in Sri Lanka, Kriegsman,
1995) and to the west along the Zambesi Damara Belts including the Urungwe klippe (Shackleton et al., 1966; Vail and Snelling,
1971), the Makuti Gneisses (Dirks, 1997; Dirks et al., 1999) and the
Masoso Gneisses in Zimbabwe (Dirks and Jelsma, 2006) and the
Naukluft nappes in Namibia (Ahrendt et al., 1978; Hartnady, 1978;
Gray et al., 2006, 2008). These klippen are interpreted to have similar origins resulting from collision between N and S Gondwana
during the Kuungu Orogeny (Meert, 2003) at 550 Ma.
Rocks with similar PT histories and geochronology are recognized in Schirmacher Oasis in northern Central Dronning Maud
Land, Antarctica which are also considered as part of the thrustfaulted block from north of the Lurio Belt (Grantham et al., 2008;
Baba et al., 2008; Ravikant et al., 2002, 2004, 2007).
Acknowledgements
GHG would like to thank Prof. K. Shiraishi, Dr. Y. Motoyoshi and
Dr. T Hokada of the National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo,
Japan for the invitation to join JARE51 to Sr Rondane in the
austral summer of 2009/2010. The expedition was a rare privilege.
We would also like to acknowledge the contribution of numerous
geologists and support personnel who have assisted with logistical support and companionship in the eld in Mozambique and
in Antarctica as well as laboratory personnel at CGS and NIPR
who have assisted with microprobe analyses as well as zircon
separations and SHRIMP analysis. Constructive reviews by two
anonymous reviewers and Prof. T.R.K. Chetty are appreciated.
References
Ahrendt, H., Hunziker, J.C., Weber, K., 1978. Age and degree of metamorphism and
time of nappe emplacement along the southern margin of the Damara Orogen,
South-West Africa (Namibia). Geologische Rundschau 67, 719742.
Aranovich, L., Kozlovskii, V., 2008. The role of silica mobility in the origin of incipient
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1607-7962/gra/EGU2008-A-01099.
Asami, M., Makimoto, H., Grew, E.S., Osanai, Y., Takahashi, Y., Tsuchiya, N., Tainosho,
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ARTICLE IN PRESS
Compston, W., Williams, I.S., Kirschvink, J.L., Zhang, Z., Ma, G., 1992. Zircon UPb ages
for the Early Cambrian time-scale. Journal of the Geological Society of London
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PRECAM-3679; No. of Pages 51

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Comparison of the metamorphic history of the Monapo Complex, northern

Council for Geoscience, P/Bag X112, Pretoria, South Africa

2. Previous work and general geology of the Monapo

is underlain by NS oriented gneisses, including mac to ultramac

deformation. It is potentially signicant that the orientations of

a clockwise decompression path from pressures of 1214 kb and

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2013) xxxxxx

Asami et al. (2007) described relict sapphirine + kyanite

Nakano et al. (2011) provided the rst recognition of an UHT

PRECAM-3679; No. of Pages 51

1.9557 1.9512 1.9546 1.9591 1.8780

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3. Petrography and mineral chemistry of samples used in

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meta-pelite (SR132), two meta-ultrabasic rocks (SR161A&D), and

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and boudinaged into isolated blocks within and adjacent to the

comprises a meta-basic boudin within strong tectonically banded

solid solution between spinel and hercynite with mole fractions of

The exsolution lamellae are strongly developed along fracture

The location of the spinel clinopyroxene granulite adjacent

of 8%, resulting in a fairly high Ca Tschermaks component

An5256 . Orthopyoxene is hypersthene with En52 and 1.5 wt%

3.1.5. Sample SR150

3.2. Monapo Complex

3.2.1. Sample PM04073

and contains up to 1.45 wt% Al2 O3 (Table 2). Garnet is typically

3.2.3. Sample PM04039

4.1.1. Sample SR161A&D

3.2.4. Sample PM04088

4.1.2. Sample SR150

of THERMOCALC (Fig. 8B). The estimated average PT estimates

Application of the Zr solubility in rutile calibrations of Zack et al.

decreasing simultaneously (Fig. 8E) with slopes near parallel to

of pale green amphibole. In thin section all minerals form grain

and 520 Ma with the data dening four concordant groups or

of continuous but episodic zircon growth between 610 Ma and

Fig. 14. (Continued).

6. Discussion and interpretation

model, the Monapo Complex and rocks of eastern CDML and Sr

In this setting it is important to recognize that the age of 600 Ma

in the Namuno Terrane (Fig. 18G) or in the allochthonous fragments

are found in WDML (Sverdrupfjella, Gjelsvikfjella and Kirwanveggan)

orogenesis forming part of the NS oriented East Africa Orogeny

The PT estimates derived from these rocks, including those of

Neoproterozoic to Cambrian age granitoids intrusions in both areas

The granites from Mozambique form extensive plutons (Fig. 1),

meta-conglomerates, meta-arenites and metapelites and rest

(SR188B, SR188C, SR161A and SR161D) (Fig. 17). An interesting

ppm 206 Pb*

G.H. Grantham et al. / Precambrian Research xxx (2013) xxxxxx