NAME

MATRIX NO.

SHARIFAH NURSYAHIDA BINTI SYED

ZAFAR
MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN MOHD AMIR

2014251136
2014657602

MASIZANAZIFA BINTI MOHAINI

2014623372

NUR FATHUL WARDA BINTI MAT

ARIFFIN

2014899844

MUHAMAD HAFIZUDIN BIN MD

SIDEK

2014402048

MUHAMMAD ARIF DANIAL BIN

RAMLI

2014211218

Faculty of Architecture, Planning and Surveying

Department of Surveying, Science and Geomatics
COURSE
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHOTOGRAMMETRY (GEO290)
TITLE
LAB 3 LOCATING PRINCIPAL POINTS & BASE LINING
PREPARED BY
GROUP
RAP1204F
LECTURER NAME
MADAM NOORFATEKAH BINTI TALIB
SUBMITION DATE
7/3/2016
MARK

TABLE OF CONTENT

INTRODUCTION3
OBJECTIVES..........................................................................................................................4
STUDY AREA..........................................................................................................................5
INSTRUMENT USED.............................................................................................................6
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................9
DATA PROCESSING............................................................................................................10
RESULT..14
INDIVIDUAL COMMENTS17
CONCLUSION...24
REFERENCE.........................................................................................................................24

INTRODUCTION
Parallax is the apparent displacement in the position of an object, with respect to a
frame of referent, caused by a shift in the position of observation. A simple experiment will
serve to illustrate parallax. If a finger is held in front of eyes, and while gazing at the finger
the head is quickly shifted from side to side without moving the finger, the finger will appear
to move from side to side with respect to objects beyond the finger, such as picture on the
wall. Rather than shifting the head, the same effect can be created by alternately blinking
ones eyes. The closer the finger is held to the eyes, the greater will be its apparent shift. This
apparent motion of the finger is parallax, and it is due to the shift in the position of
observation.
Parallax is the apparent shift in the position of an object, with respect to a frame of
reference, caused by a shift in the position of observation. From this, parallaxes of points on a
stereopair may be measured either monoscopically or stereoscopically. There are certain
advantages and disadvantages associated with each method. In either method the
photographic flight line axes must first be carefully located by marking principal points and
corresponding points. A disadvantage of this method is that two measurements are required
for each point. In this method, p1 p2 and p1 p2 are marked as usual on manila card and the
two photos are carefully mounted and the flight lines of photographic are coincident with
AA(a long straight line).
Besides that, parallaxes of points can be measured while viewing stereoscopically
with the advantages of speed and accuracy. Stereoscopic measurement of parallax makes use
of the principle of the floating mark. The principle of the floating mark can be used to
transfer principal points to their corresponding locations, thereby marking the flight-line axes.
Then, through the principal of the floating mark, parallaxes of points may be
measured stereoscopically. This method used an instrument called a parallax bar. A parallax
bar consists of a metal rod to which are fastened two half marks. The right half mark may be
moved to the left mark by turning a micrometer screw. One of the advantages of measuring
parallax stereoscopically is increased speed and increased accuracy. By using the quality
equipment and clear photos is generally able to obtain parallaxes to within approximately
0.03mm of their correct values.

OBJECTIVES
To calculate parallax
To produce base lining
To introduce the principles and measuring method from aerials photos.
To expose the students with the different method use in height determination from
aerial photos.
To understand that photographic coordinates for parallax determination are measured
with respect to the flight-line axis system.
Learnt how to locate and mark the flight lines on photos.
To expose the students with the different method use in height determination from
aerial photos.
To understand that photographic coordinates for parallax determination are measured
with respect to the flight-line axis system.
Learnt and apply how to orient stereopairs for parallax measurements.

STUDY AREA

Figure 1: Photogrammetry Lab, UiTM, Arau, Perlis.

INSTRUMENT USED

Figure 2: Mirror Stereoscopic.

To adjustment photo
To make the stereo pair photo

Figure 3: Parallax Bar.

To measure parallax on the aerial photograph.

Figure 4: Ruler.

To measure distance between TK 1 and TK 2.

Figure 5: Manila Card

Manila card used to stick couple of Aerial Photo on it.

Figure 6: Aerial Photo L2S5ph119.TIF

Image 1
7

Figure 7 :Aerial Photo L2Sph120.jpg.

Image 2

METHODOLOGY
FLOW WORK OF LOCATING BASELINES AND PRINCIPAL POINTS.
RECONNAISSANCE
Reconnaissance is the first
step to get the overall
instrument and alphabet paper
which all of that in good
condition.

INTRUMENT SET UP
All instrument need to set up
correctly
above
the
alphabetical card.

OBSERVATION
Observation need to be
caries out by following the
instruction in the lab
manual.

DATA PROCESSING
(LAB PROCEDURE)
1. First of all, prepare the aerial photos.
2. The requirements of the photos is the photos must be taken at the same area which is
taken from slightly different positions. And the best is with at least 60% overlap.
3. Then arrange the photos in the same sequence in which they were taken. The overlap area
should be towards the insides.
4. Mark a principal point [the centre of the photo] (TU) on both aerial photographs by
drawing lines between opposite fiducial marks.

5.
6.
7.
8.

Mark TU1 on left photograph and TU2 on right photograph.

On manila card, draw a straight line.

Get your eye base and set in the stereoscope.
Adjust your stereoscope so that it will parallel with the line on the manila card.
Mark a midpoint on the straight line for each viewing monocularly.
Left midpoint (Ki)
Right midpoint (Ka)

10

Implement the transferring process of principal point.

Put the left principal point on Ki.

By using your finger/pencil, find the same object on right photo and put it on Ka.
Adjust right photo stereoscopically for 3D viewing.

On the right photo, mark TU1.

Do the same method on the left photo by put TU2 (right photo) on Ka and adjust left photo

for 3D viewing.
On the left photo, mark TU2.
Joining both principal point on the left and right photo, which are TU1, TU2 (right photo)

and TU2 (left photo).

The line that connecting both principal point of left and right photo is calls Flight Line.

11

By referring to the flight line on left photo, put TU1 on Ki and adjust the flight line so that it

will parallel with the line on manila card.

Adjust the right photo by putting TU1 on Ka and make sure that the flight line is parallel with

the line on manila card.

By viewing stereoscopically, we can look both photographs in 3D.
If not, adjust only the right photo by moving it into flight line upward and downward.

3.1.2 Locating Principle Points

1. Prepare the entire instrument before do the measurement.
2. Then, find D and d distance on the photo by monoscopic method.
d = 18.8 cm

P
1

P1

P2

P2

D = 34.9 cm

3. Mark the control point on the left and right photo (5 point) as 1,2,3,4 and 5 which is the
control point must be the permanent features.

12

1
2

3
4

4
5

4. Then, by using our own eye (raw), put the parallax bar at the point 1 and adjust the parallax
bar until the red mark on the mirror of parallax bar is level with the mark at point 1

1
1

5. Then, by using the mirror stereoscope, once again, adjust the parallax bar like in step 4. This
time, for left photo, close the right eye while viewing it and vice versa. Then, view it with
both eyes.
6. After that, read the result from the parallax bar. From this, we could know the height of P
point.
7. Repeat step 4 until 7 for point 2, 3, 4 and 5.
8. Record all data in table.

13

RESULT
Parallax Bar Reading of Principle Points.
Parallax measurement:
Given:

Photo Scale = 1 : 10 000

Elevation height, H = 1579.900 m

Camera focal length, f = 152.790 mm

Reference point, hi (assume) = 70 m

Calculation:
1. Pi - Parallax Reading Average
Point 1 = (25.50+25.40+25.40) / 3 = 25.43 cm
Point 2 = (25.60+25.50+25.40) / 3 = 25.50 cm
Point 3 = (25.00+24.90+25.10) / 3 = 25.00 cm
Point 4 = (23.20+23.10+23.20) / 3 = 23.17 cm
Point 5 = (23.40+23.30+23.30) / 3 = 23.33 cm

2. Pai - Parallax Difference

Point 1

= 25.43 - 25.43 = 0 cm

Point 2

= 25.50 25.43 = 0.07 cm

Point 3

= 25.00 25.43 = -0.43 cm

Point 4

= 23.17 25.43 = -2.26 cm

Point 5

= 23.33 25.43 = -2.10 cm

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Pi Parallax At Point
Point 1 =P1= C + fi

= 245+6.92

= 251.92 mm = 2519.2 cm

Point 2 =P2= P1 + Pai2

= 251.92 + (-2.83)

= 249.09 mm = 2490.9 cm

Point 3 =P3= P1 + Pai3

= 251.92+2.76

= 254.68mm = 2546.8 cm

Point 4 =P4= P1 + Pai4

= 251.92+40.99

= 292.91mm = 2929.1 cm

Point 5 =P5= P1 + Pai5

= 251.92+39.95

= 291.87 mm = 2918.7 cm

hAi (Different Height)

H 18000cm = (152.79 / 10) / (1/10000)
=170790 cm
Point 1 = (170790 18000) (0/27.0)
= 0cm
Point 2 = (170790 18000) (0.07/27.0)
= 396.122cm
Point 3 = (170790 18000) (-0.43/27.0)
= -2433.322 cm
Point 4 = (170790 18000) (-2.26/27.0)
= -12789.089 cm
Point 5 = (170790 18000) (-2.1/27.0)
= -11883.667 cm
hi (Point Elevation)
h1

= hA + hAi
=18000 + 0
=0
15

h2

= hA + hA2
= 18000 + 396.122
= 18396.122 cm

h3

= hA + hA3
= 18000 + (-2433.322)
= 15566.678

h4

= hA + hA4
= 18000 + (-12789.089)
= 5210.911cm

h5

= hA + hA5
= 18000 + (-11883.667)
= 6116.333 cm

Since the parallax bar that we used had error, it also causes error to our data.

16

INDIVIDUAL COMMENT

NAME:MASIZANAZIFA BINTI MOHAINI

STUDENT ID: 2013342023
Firsty thanked to Allah because give us chance to finish our report on time. Thanked
too at to our lecturer Puan Noorfatekah Talib, who has guided us to carry out this
practical work and my group mate who give full commitment on finishing this task.
Many things i learn when on finishing my task. , I know how to locating the principle
point of the aerial photograph.Then, by using this principle point, we can locate
another point at each photograph in order to get the overlapping of both photograph,
by that, I can produced 3D view of the photograph and lastly by using the point I can
define the flight strip of the photograph and learn how to identify the flight line on the
manila card and map and also I could study detail about the aerial photograph such as
aerial photograph number, focal length and another.

I.
II.
III.
IV.

New things that you have learned in this practical task:

I learn how to overcome our problem while doing the practical.
I learn how to calculate the parallax bar value.
I learn how to create 3D images
I learn how to control my emotions when they are completely a lot of problems occur
in our practical.

17

Name
MUHAMMAD NAJMI
ARIF DANIAL
FATHUL WARDA
SHARIFAH NURSYAHIDA
MOHAMAD HAFIZUDIN

Commitment
10
10
10
10
10

Leadership
10
10
10
10
10

Attendances
10
10
10
10
10

NAME:MUHAMMAD ARIF DANIAL BIN RAMLI

NO MATRIK : 2014211218
First of all, I would to express my gratitude to our lecturer Puan Noorfatekah Bt Talib
because always help us and explain clearly how to get the 3D images through parallax
bar also want to say much thankyou to my member group who give a great
commitment on finishing this task.By doing this practical task, I know how to
locating the principle point of the aerial photograph. Then, we can locate another
18

point at each photograph in order to get the overlapping of both photographs by using
this principle point. Besides that, we also had problem such as the reading of parallax
bar had an error. So, we need to proceed because we didnt have much time to redo it.
New things that you have learned in this practical task:
I. I understand the theory of stereoscopic parallax.
II. I learn about how to set up the instrument.
III. How to solve the simple photogrammetric problems.
IV. I also learn steps to booking the data of viewing test.

NAME:MUHAMMAD NAJMI BIN MOHD AMIR

NO MATRIK : 2014657602
Firstly, praised to Allah because willing us to finish our practical task on time.
Although we had problem while doing the task, I would like to thank to my lecturer
Puan Noorfatekah Talib, who has guided and helped me and members to carry out this
practical work. Do not forget also to my class mates that also helped me a lot and
always give a good cooperation within the lab class.Many things that I learned from
this practical task, there are how to calculate the parallax bar value, I also learn How
to solve the simple photogrammetric problems.
New things that you have learned in this practical task:
I. Learnt how to locate and mark the flight lines on photos
II. I learn about how to set up the instrument.
III. How to solve the simple photogrammetric problems.
IV. I also learn steps to booking the data of viewing test.
19

NAME: SHARIFAH NURSYAHIDA BINTI SYED ZAFAR

STUDENT ID: 2014251136
Alhamdulillah thanks full to Allah because we had done our first task stereoscopic
viewing test. Firstly, I want to thanked to our lecturer Puan Noorfatekah Talib as our
lecturer who teach and handle all student about the procedure how to use the
instruments such as pocket stereoscope and mirror strereocopic, how to calculate the
parallax bar value, how to make base line, flight line, how to determine both of
principle point. I also not forget to say thank to all my friends because they also had
help us teach me in the photo lab.

New things that you have learned in this practical task:

I. I understand the theory of stereoscopic parallax.
II. I learn about how to set up the instrument.
III. how to determine both of principle point.
IV. I also learn steps to booking the data of viewing

20

NAME:NUR FATHUL WARDA BINTI MAT ARIFFIN

NO MATRIK : 20144899844
First of all, Thanked to Allah for willing us in finishing this practical task on time.
Although we had face obstacle while doing our task such as we didnt have much time
to do it, but we success to finish it. Lastly, Im very feel comfortable with my friends
member who gives good commitment and carry this task together in the lab photo
without problems. In this practical task, I had learn how to determine both of principle
point also getting more explore and understand the theory of stereoscopic parallax.

I.
II.
III.
IV.

New things that you have learned in this practical task:

I learn how to overcome our problem while doing the practical.
I learn how to calculate the parallax bar value.
How to orient stereopairs for parallax measurements.
To understand that photographic coordinates for parallax determination are measured
with respect to the flight-line axis system.

21

NAME: MOHAMAD HAFIZUDIN BIN MD SIDEK

STUDENT ID: 2014402048
I would like to say thank to all my friends because they had help and teach me in the photo
lab. Although we had face obstacle while doing our task such as we didnt have much time to
do it, but we success to finish it. I had learn many thing from this practical task that is
procedure how to use the instruments such as pocket stereoscope and mirror strereocopic,
how to calculate the parallax bar value, how to make base line, flight line, how to determine
both of principle point. I also know how to use alphabetical card in practical work. I also
learned how to the viewing test. Our group manages to full fill all requirement and
specification. Our group had difficults with our data because the parallax bar is broken. The
reading measurement of the parallax bar had error and we need to double check with other
parallax bar to confirm the error.

I.
II.
III.

New things that you have learned in this practical task:

I learn how to overcome our problem while doing the practical.
I learn how to calculate the parallax bar value.
I learn how to overcome our problem while doing the practical.

IV.

I learn how to control my emotions when they are completely a lot of problems occur
in our practical

CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, we can manage to handle the instrument stereoscopic. We also know how to
use alphabetical card in practical work. We also learned how to the viewing test. Our group
manages to full fill all requirement and specification. Our group had difficults with our data
because the parallax bar is broken. The reading measurement of the parallax bar had error and
we need to double check with other parallax bar to confirm the error.

22

REFERENCE

Lecturer Madam NoorFatekah

Lecture notes GEO290 : Fundamentals of Photogrammetry

23