Q.

137 A diesel engine crankcase ventilation system is provided to

Ans. remove the combustible gases.
Inside the crankcase, the oil is getting spread all around due to the moving parts of the
engine. At the same time, this oil is coming in contact with the hot surfaces thus causing
evaporation of oil. If this evaporated oil is allowed to condense, it forms oil mist. This oil
mist is a potential hazard for the crankcase explosion. The only thing that lacks is a spark.
If there is any spark present due to the blowpast or running of any hot part, crankcase
explosion will take place. In order to avoid such occurrence, crankcase is fitted with
ventilation so as to remove the combustible gases which are formed.
Q.138 Most fuel injector nozzles are opened by
Ans. (a) fuel oil pressure.
Most of the fuel injector nozzles presently utilized on the internal combustion engines are
hydraulically operated. This hydraulic pressure is produced by the fuel itself which is
going to burn in the cylinder. Hence when the fuel pump plunger is moving upwards, oil
pressure is developed which acts on the underside annular space of the fuel valve needle.
This results in the lifting up of the needle and the oil, under high pressure, finds its way
through the already unseated fuel injector needle and is forced through the fuel injector
holes as a fine stream. As soon as the pressure drops, the spring pressure will be more
than the hydraulic pressure and the valve snap closes on the seat.
Q.139 The bearing used to support the crankshaft are generally called
Ans. (c) main bearings.
Main bearings are the bearings which support the crankshaft. The full load or the full
power developed by the engine is transmitted to the crankshaft through various moving
parts such as pistons, connecting bearing, crosshead bearing, bottom end bearing and
ultimately to the crankshaft. From crankshaft, it is transmitted to the propeller shaft. At
the same time, the downward forces acting on the crankshaft are taken care of by the
bearings which supports the crankshaft. Hence they are called the main bearings as they
are the most important bearing of the system. If they are not of proper strength or are
worn out, the crankshaft may get deflected and there is a possibility that the crankshaft
may crack. Also, the complete alignment of the engine is fully dependent on these
bearings; hence they are called main bearings.
Q.140 Injection pressure in a common rail fuel system is controlled
Ans. (d) by a bypass valve.
In common rail system of fuel injection, common piping supplies fuel to the individual
injectors by a branch pipe which is the feature of the common rail system. This pipe and
the full system is under high pressure i.e. the injection pressure. To control this, a bypass
valve is utilized which is fitted at the end of the common pipe. By closing or opening this
valve, more or less, the fuel is bypassed from the system back to the suction of the pump,
thus reducing the pressure.
Q.141 In internal combustion engines, the crankcase vent outlets must be equipped
with
Ans. (b) corrosion resistant flame screens.

Corrosion resistant flame screens are required on the vent outlets of the crankcase, in
internal combustion engines, in order to prevent spark from outside to enter the
crankcase. As the crankcase atmosphere is full of oil mist, it is only waiting for the spark
to come in contact to have an explosion. Under any circumstances, the spark must be
prevented from entering the crankcase. For this purpose, it is necessary to have the flame
arrester fitted on the crankcase breather. At the same time, this flame arrester should be
maintained in clean condition so that it should have better heat transfer property so that it
can extinguish the flame before entering the crankcase. It is therefore necessary that there
should be not any rust formation on the screen because of which the heat transfering
capacity and the efficiency of the arrester would be reduced. Taking into consideration
the above conditions, it is necessary to provide a rustproof flame arrester screen on the
crankcase vent outlet.
Q.142 What is to be installed on an internal combustion engine if a cylinder bore
exceeds 200mm?
Ans. (d) Explosion relief valves.
The engines having cylinder bore that exceeds 200mm are generally highly rated engines
with high peak pressures. At the same time, most of these engines are compressed air
started engines. Taking into consideration these conditions, it is necessary to prevent the
excessive build-up of pressure inside the cylinder as this excessive pressure may put the
parts of the engine under heavy stresses, which may cause mechanical failure of these
parts. Hence, in order to avoid this, it is necessary to provide a cylinder relief valve on
these engines.
Q.143 Cylinder lubricating oil for a low-speed main propulsion diesel engine is
admitted to each cylinder during
Ans. (b) the compression stroke.
Cylinder lubricating oil, for lubricating the piston rings and the liner, has to be admitted
when the piston, piston rings and the liner are in cool condition and the piston is moving
upward so that oil can be retained on the piston rings and sprayed by the piston rings on
the liner walls. This is only possible during the compression stroke. Otherwise, the piston
is hot and if the lubricating oil is sprayed on it, it will evaporate very fast and will not
carry out any work of lubrication. At the same time, if lubricating oil is injected during
the expansion stroke, i.e. when the piston is moving downwards, it will have a scrapping
effect rather than lubrication.
Q.144 What is the purpose of the window installed in the housing of an individual
jerk-type fuel pump?
Ans. (a) To allow the pump to be timed with the engine.
Through the window of the fuel pump housing, it is possible to see the movement of the
sleeve up and down. The sleeve has one marking only. At the same time, the sides of the
window also have one reference mark. When the reference mark on the sleeve starts
moving upward, it indicates that the plunger is moving upward. When the mark on the
upward moving sleeve coincides with the mark on the pump body, it indicates that the
upward moving plunger has closed the suction port of the fuel pump. This is the

beginning of the injection. This can be checked on the flywheel and, if required, can be
adjusted. The end of the injection will be dependent on the amount of fuel to be injected.
Q.145 Which of the following listed construction details of the internal combustion
engines is required?
Ans. (a) A warning notice of caution against the opening of a hot crankcase for a
specified period of time after shutdown.
On most of the modern engines, the crankcase doors has been put up with a warning or
notice as not to open before particular time has lapsed. The crankcase is full of oil spray.
This oil spray will be spread over the hot surfaces of the crankcase and will get
evaporated into oil mist. This oil mist, when comes in contact with the hotspots, causes
the explosion. Most of the times these crankcase explosions do not occur as the
atmosphere in there is too rich to cause an explosion. If the crankcase is hot due to some
reason and oil mist has been already formed, under such circumstances, if the crankcase
door is opened before allowing sufficient amount of cooling, there will be ingress of fresh
air. This will try to dilute the crankcase atmosphere and bring it into explosive range and
an explosion might occur. Thus it is necessary to wait for specified amount of time before
opening a crankcase door.
Q.146 Which statement regarding the arrangement and location of explosion relief
valve used on internal combustion engines is true?
Ans. (b) Minimising the danger from emission of flames is a key consideration.
When a crankcase explosion takes place, the crankcase relief door opens and allows the
hot gases to get relieved through the relief door. Along with this, there is a possibility of a
flame emerging from the crankcase relief door. An arrangement should be made on the
crankcase relief door so that this flame and hot gases will not emerge directly and create
danger for the personnel working in the engine room. Hence it has to be deflected to a
safer place. This is carried out by a deflector plate on the outside of the crankcase relief
doors. At the same time, inside of the crankcase relief door is provided with a flame
arrester valve which also cools the flame before it emerges in the engine room
atmosphere. Thus it prevents the spreading of fire in the engine room.
Q.147 The term proper metering as applied to a diesel engine injection system can
be best defined as
Ans. (a) delivering the same quantity of fuel to each cylinder for each power stroke
depending upon the engine load.
It is necessary to inject particular quantity of fuel oil, for a specified load, in order to have
proper combustion of the fuel and the best thermal efficiency of the engine. Also it is
necessary that this fuel oil should be injected at the right time. In addition, it is necessary
that all the units get equal quantity of fuel so that the engine will be mechanically and
thermally balanced. For this purpose metering is done. The process of injecting the right
quantity of oil at the right time and to distribute equally for all the cylinders so as to have
the full power balancing of the engine is called metering. Actually, metering is the word
used for measuring the fuel equally for all units.
Q.148 One function of the fuel pump delivery chest valve is to

Ans. (c) help the injector needle reset without dribbling at the injection nozzle holes.
The fuel pump delivery valve is designed in such a manner that it has got one portion of
the valve in the form of a piston. This piston form of the valve will help in preventing the
smart closing of the valve. In other words, it will delay the closing of the valve because
of the drag effect. This delayed closing of the valve will help in relieving the pressure
wave caused due to sudden closing of the fuel valve needle on the seat. As this pressure
wave is reduced, it will not have any effect on the fuel valve needle. If this pressure wave
is not reduced, then as the delivery valve of the fuel pump is closed, it will cause the fuel
injector to open for the second time thus causing secondary injection. This is not
desirable as it would increase the exhaust temperature and reduce the power generated
and increase the specific fuel oil consumption. Hence the fuel pump delivery valve does
this function quite efficiently.
Q.149 The rate of fuel injection in a diesel engine cylinder depends primarily on
Ans. (a) the size of holes in the fuel nozzle.
Taking into consideration the size of the holes, the volume of the fuel injected through
each hole will depend upon the diameter of the hole because the length of the hole is
constant for a particular fuel injector nozzle. Also, as the hole size of the injector
increases, the droplet size increases. As the droplet size increases, it has more penetration
into the cylinder volume. Hence it can overcome the compression pressure of the
cylinder. Taking into consideration both these aspects, the diameter of the hole of nozzle
will be the main governing factor for the rate of fuel injection.
Q.150 The fuel injection system meters, atomize, and
Ans. (c) inject the fuel at the right time.
Fuel injection system has many functions to perform. One of the functions is to inject the
proper amount of the fuel which is determined by load on the engine and through the
governor. Secondly, it has to atomize the fuel by passing the high-pressure fuel through
the fuel injector nozzle having tiny holes so that it would be spread in the form of oil
mist. One more important function of the system is to inject the fuel at the proper time.
Right time fuel injection is the most important aspect of the efficient burning of the fuel.
This is carried out by the helix cut on the plunger or with the help of the * spring valve.
Hence, in most of the engines, the proper timing is the beginning of injection time
because the end of the injection timing is governed by the quantity of the fuel injected.
This is achieved by the time when the upward moving plunger closes the inlet port of the
fuel pump or when the fuel pump plunger moves upward and the suction valve closes.
Q.151 The valve cam slope angle determines the
Ans. (b) acceleration rate of valve closing and opening.
As steeper the slope angle of the valve, more abrupt is the opening and closing of the
valve. At the same time, this gives lot of stresses on the operating mechanism of the
cams, the rollers and the pushrods. The best possible efficiency can be obtained from the
cam when the flank of the cam is kept tangential to the base surface which gives snap
opening and snap closing, without undue stresses on the operating mechanism of the
cams. Especially in the case of the inlet and exhaust valves, the closing and opening

should be fast enough to avoid the throttling effect which may be encountered during the
opening and closing. Steeper the angle, the valve will open and close faster.
Q.152 The engine displacement is equal to the cylinder
Ans. (b) area x stroke x the number of the cylinder.
The displacement of the engine is the displacement volume caused by the engine or the
swept volume of the engine piston, together for all units. Hence the displacement is
calculated by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the cylinder and the stroke of the
piston which gives the swept volume for one cylinder. When this is multiplied by the
number of cylinders, it gives the total swept volume for the engine.
Q.153 Cylinder diameters greater than 230mm require additional safety devices
when the scavenging spaces are openly connected to the cylinders. Which of the
following devices will be used to protect such spaces?
Ans. (b) Explosion relief valves.
When the under piston scavenge spaces are directly connected to the cylinder, in such conditions if there is
blowpast due to the any reasons (such as broken piston rings, excessive liner wear, seized piston rings in
the groove), it will cause scavenge fire. When scavenge fire takes place, there is a possibility of explosion
occurring inside the scavenge space because of the availability of combustible material, hot gases or sparks
blowing past and plenty air available in the scavenge space. In order to avoid such explosion, it is necessary
to relieve the pressure if it gets generated. This is carried out by the explosion relief valves.
Q.154 A loop or cross scavenge engines utilizes the motion of its piston and turbocharger to provide
scavenge air. Which of the listed mechanical design prevents the air under the piston from being pumped
back through the scavenge ports during the piston travel?
Ans. (b) length of the piston skirt.
Q.159 The duration of fuel injection developed by the individual port and helix fuel injection pump is
determined by
Ans. (b) effective pump stroke.
Effective pump stroke is the stroke when fuel is delivered by the pump. It will not take into consideration
the idle stroke before the up-moving fuel pump plunger covers the suction port or the movement of the fuel
pump plunger after the completion of the delivery stroke. Hence the position the fuel pump will be decided
by the time through which the fuel is actually delivered. When the fuel pump plunger is moving upwards,
as soon as it covers the ports, fuel injection is started. This is the beginning of the effective delivery stroke.
As the plunger moves upwards, depending upon the load on the engine, the rack position of fuel pump will
rotate the fuel pump plunger. Thus, for every load, there will be a definite disruptive position between the
helix cut on the fuel pump plunger surface and the suction port. When the plunger is moving upwards, a
point will come when the top of the plunger, i.e. the high pressure side, will get connected to the suction
side thus relieving the high pressure and causing the end of injection. This is the end of effective delivery
stroke. The quantity of the fuel injected will vary as per the effective delivery stroke which is controlled by
the governor through fuel pump rack.
Q.160 The plunger in a jerk pump is rotated until the release port is uncovered. If the port remains
uncovered all the time which of the listed operation will occur?
Ans. (a) no fuel.
When the plunger is moving upwards, the fuel pump as soon as the top of plunger covers the suction port,
the oil on top of the plunger will get compressed and pressure will be developed and injection will
commence. As soon as the top of the plunger will get connected through the helix to the suction port, the
suction and the delivery side will get short-circuited and hence no pressure will be developed on top of the
plunger which will cause the end of the delivery stroke. If the rack position is nearly zero, even though the
plunger is moving upwards and is covering the suction port, the helix position is such that it will always

connect the discharge side of the pump with the suction side of the pump thus causing the short-circuiting
and no pressure will be developed throughout the stroke of the plunger. If no pressure is developed
throughout the stroke of the plunger in that case there will be no delivery of the fuel throughout the stroke
of the plunger. This is called as a zero delivery stroke.
Q.161 When the lower edge of the spiral begins to uncover the release port, in a jerk pump,
Ans. (b) effective pumping stroke of the plunger ends.
As the plunger is moving upwards and the fuel is getting compressed, the pressure is developed and it will
cause the fuel injector nozzle to get lifted and the fuel is injected. Depending on the position of the rack
which governs the position of the helix with respect to the suction port, a point will come when the helix
bottom portion will come in contact with the suction port. This will cause the short-circuiting of the fuel oil
between the high pressure and the low-pressure side i.e. between the top of the plunger and the suction side.
This will cause a sudden drop in the delivery pressure due to which the fuel valve will close under the
spring pressure thus causing the end of fuel injection and hence the end of effective delivery stroke.
Q.162 The amount of fuel delivered by a helical plunger fuel injection pump is controlled by
Ans. (c) the rotation of the pump plunger.
The surface of the pump plunger has a helix cut on it. These helical grooves on the surface will be
responsible for changing the effective delivery stroke of the plunger. The moment at which the helical
groove connects the delivery side of the plunger with the suction side will be the end of injection. The
position of the helical groove can be changed with respect to the fuel pump barrel suction hole by means of
rotating the fuel pump plunger while it is moving up and down in vertical position. This movement of the
plunger with respect to the pump barrel is due the fuel pump rack which is connected to the governor.
Hence depending upon the fuel load, the governor will change the position of the rack. Due to this, the fuel
pump plunger will rotate and change the position of the helix with respect to the suction holes. Hence the
quantity of fuel delivered will vary as this causes change in the end of injection timing.
Q.163 Which of the following will occur when lower edge of the spiral on the plunger of a jerk pump
uncovers the spill ports?
Ans. The pressure drops and the fuel delivery stops.
When the lower spiral edge cut of the helix cut on the fuel pump plunger surface uncovers the suction port
or the spill port, it will have a short-circuiting effect between the top of the plunger and the suction side. As
the top of the plunger is high-pressure side, when it is connected to suction low-pressure side the pressure
will drop suddenly on the delivery side. As a result, the fuel pump will have the end of effective delivery
stroke and the fuel valve will close smartly.
Q.164 In a diesel engine, the pistons are attached to the crankshaft by
Ans. (c) connecting rods.
The transfer of the power from a piston to the crankshaft is achieved by the use of connecting rod and
gudgeon pin assembly or connecting rod and crosshead assembly. This connecting rod also helps in
converting the reciprocating motion of the piston into rotary movements of the crankshaft. This part of
engine connects the piston to the crankshaft hence it is called the connecting rod.
Q.165 Which of the component listed is not found in a single acting engine?
Ans. (b) Double crankshaft.
In single acting engine, the action of the fuel burning and load transmission is carried out only on the top of
the piston and during the downward movement of the piston Hence it requires only one crankshaft to
transfer the power.
Q.166 In diesel engines designed with a crosshead the motion of the engine can be described as
Ans. (c) straight reciprocating.
In an engine with crosshead, the piston has a piston rod which is rigidly connected to the bottom of the
piston and the other end is connected to the crosshead. Hence when the piston moves up and down, the
piston rod also moves in a vertical direction thus causing the reciprocating movement which follows the
movement of the piston. At the same time it is passes through a stuffing box which separates the scavenge

space from the crankcase space. This vertical movement of the piston rod is converted into the rotary
movement by the use of crosshead and connecting rod combination.
Q.167 Cast iron piston used in large propulsion diesel engines are constructed with
Ans. (d) the crown being tapered and smaller than the skirt.
The crown of a large engine is always subjected to more heat rather than the skirt and hence the expansion
of the crown is higher than the skirt. Clearance is provided for the expansion. Otherwise, the crown will
expand to such an extent that it may start to touch the liner and it may cause a damage. In order to avoid
such things, clearance is kept at higher valve at the top of the piston. This is achieved by using a tapered
crown so that the clearance is maximized at the top of the crown where the temperature is maximum and
reduced at the bottom where the temperature is minimum.
Q.168 Which of the manufacturing method is recommended diesel engine fuel injection line piping?
Ans. (c) Seamless drawn.
The diesel engine fuel injection piping is subjected to very high pressure, in the range of about 1200bar.
Also, there is sudden increase and decrease of pressure which causes the fatigue in the material. Taking into
consideration these two things it is necessary that the material and the manufacturing process of the piping
should be such that it should be able to withstand the high pressure and fatigue. It is also of prime
importance, from the point of view of safety of the ship and fire hazard, that the fuel pipe should not get
cracked under these high pressures. In order to achieve these requirements, it is necessary to use fuel pump
pipes made up of seamless, solid drawn tubes.
Q.169 The surface of combustion in the cylinder of a diesel engine depends on
(i) fine atomizing.
(ii) high temperature.
(iii) good mixing of fuel and air.
(iv) All of the above.
Ans. (iv) All of the above.
The efficient combustion of fuel will depend on the proper mixing of the fuel and air in the combustion
space and evaporation of the fuel as fast as possible so as to form a combustible mixture. This is achieved
by breaking the fuel into fine particles and to spread the fuel in the entire combustion space available. This
is carried out by the fuel injector which will atomize the fuel into fine spray due to which the fuel droplets
will be broken down into small particles and cause the evaporation of the fuel. Higher the temperature of
the fuel or the compressed air, the time required for the fuel to evaporate and form a combustible mixture
reduces and hence greater combustion effect is achieved. As good mixing of fuel and air takes place, entire
volume of air is available for combustion. Hence full quantity of fuel can be burnt effectively as there are
no pocket formations which will cause local combustion.
Q.170 Which of the combustion parameters listed is use in diesel engine but not related to the
injection system?
Ans. (c) Effective stroke.
Effective stroke is not directly related with the injection system. It will control only the quantity of fuel
which is injected. It will not be related to any of the parameters required for efficient combustion such as
atomization, metering or penetration.
Q.171 Fuel oil penetration in the cylinder of a diesel engine is
Ans. (b) reduced by the finer atomization.
Atomization is carried out by injecting the fuel with high pressure through the fuel injector nozzle holes
and it breaks the fuel into very minute particles. If the atomization is too much, the particle size will be
very small which will have less weight and hence it will not have sufficient amount of kinetic energy to
overcome the pressure of compression which is existing inside the cylinder at the time of injection. Hence
it will not be possible for the fuel to penetrate deep into the combustion space, which is filled with highpressure compressed air, at the end of compression stroke. This may cause the improper burning of the fuel
as pockets of high concentration of fuel will be created and complete amount of air available will not be use
for combustion.

Q.172 Proper atomization of fuel in the diesel engine combustion chamber will
Ans. (b) improve the combustion.
Proper atomization means breaking the fuel oil droplets into fine particles or to inject the fuel under the
influence of high pressure which will convert the fuel oil into fine spray. This will cause more surface area
of the fuel available for the contact with air. As the surface area increases, the fuel and air mixing will be
properly done. At the same time, because of availability of more area, the fuel will evaporate fast and will
form the combustible mixture which is the main important point from the point of view of greater
combustion of the fuel and increasing the thermal efficiency of the engine.
Q.173 What is required for crosshead type engines that have a scavenging space in open connection
to the cylinder?
Ans. (c) The scavenge space to be permanently connected through an approved fire extinguishing
system, entirely separated from the extinguishing system of the engine room.
When the scavenge space is connected to the under side of the piston, there is every possibility of scavenge
fire if the blowpast of the hot exhaust gas takes place due to worn out cylinder liner or broken piston rings
or piston ring cut off in the groove. In such circumstances, the hot gases or the spark, entering the scavenge
space, will start burning the sludge and accumulated oil inside the scavenge space. As plenty amount of air
is available this scavenge fire may continue for a longer period and it may also go beyond control. Hence it
is necessary that a permanent arrangement must be provided so that if all other means, such as stopping of
the engine and covering the exhaust and the turbocharger suction filter with a cloth, fail. In such
circumstances, it should be possible to extinguish the fire by the use of a permanent extinguishing medium
which is connected to the underside of the piston scavenge space mostly CO2 or steam is utilized. The
requirement for this is very small and it should be independent of the engine room system because if it is
connected to the engine room fire fighting system, it may possible that you may discharge the complete
safe battery of the cylinder which are actually kept for the engine room fire. In such condition, engine room
fire fighting equipment capacity will be reduced. Hence the scavenge space fire fighting installation should
be entirely independent of the engine room fire fighting installation.
Q. 174 Which of the following statement is an accurate description of the fuel injection piping used in
a diesel engine with a cylinder bore of 250mm and above?
Ans. (b) The piping is to be effectively shielded and secured to prevent fuel or the fuel mist from
reaching the source of ignition on the engine or the surrounding.
In case of engines of high capacity or those utilized in UMS ships, it is necessary that if the high-pressure
pipe do burst, the oil or the oil mist should not come in contact with hot surfaces such as exhaust manifold
so as to prevent the fire. For this purpose, it is necessary to double-walled the high pressure injection piping
between the fuel pump and the fuel valve. Hence in case of any rupture in the pipe, the outcoming highpressure oil will not get injected directly over the hot surfaces and will not cause fire in the engine room.
Also in the double-walled pipes, the outer portion of the pipes is connected to a leak-off tank whereby if
any high pressure pipe does crack, the leak-off will led to the leak-off tank where it will give an alarm
which indicates that there is a crack in the fuel piping