CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE & STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of books, journals,
articles and research reports with important bearing on the
topic of the research study.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
The proposed system entitled DWCL Senior High Mobile
Voting System is an electronic voting system term used to
describe the act of voting using android devices to cast and
count votes. The study will be using Android Studio for
mobile application development purpose, SQLite for database
connection and PHP for web-based server.

LOCAL LITERATURE
According

to

an

article

in

Rey

Hermoso

entitled

Application Fundamentals, android apps are written in the

Java programming language. The Android SDK tools compile
your code along with any data and resource les into an APK:
an Android package, which is an archive le with an .apk
sufx. One APK le contains all the contents of an Android
app and is the le that Android powered devices use to
install the app. Once installed on a device, each Android
app lives in its own security sandbox: The Android operating

system is a multi-user Linux system in which each app is a

different user. By default, the system assigns each app a
unique Linux user ID (the ID is used only by the system and
is unknown to the app). The system sets permissions for all
the les in an app so that only the user ID assigned to that
app

can

access

them.

Each

process

has

its

own

virtual

machine (VM), so an apps code runs in isolation from other

apps. By default, every app runs in its own Linux process.
Android starts the process when any of the apps components
need to be executed, then shuts down the process when its
no longer needed or when the system must recover memory for
other apps. In this way, the Android system implements the
principle of least privilege. That is, each app, by default,
has access only to the components that it requires to do its
work and no more. This creates a very secure environment in
which an app cannot access parts of the system for which it
is not given permission. An app can request permission to
access

device

messages,

the

data

such

mountable

as

the

storage

users
(SD

contacts,
card),

SMS

camera,

Bluetooth, and more. All app permissions must be granted by

the user at install time.1
The article above tackles about the fundamentals of an
android

application,

how

the

software

behaves

and

what

processes does it undergo. Since the proposed project is an

android application, it is important for the proponent to

understand the basics regarding how an android application
exists within the system before proceeding to the phase of
developing the application.
According
Introducing

to

an

article

Electronic

of

Voting:

Sussane
Essential

Caarls

entitled

Considerations

(2011) the reason for introducing electronic voting should

be clearly defined. Clear goals make it easier to evaluate
the

advantages

of

possible

e-voting

solutions

between

alternative systems as well as against the existing or an

improved paper voting system. Be aware of the challenges, evoting is still work in progress. Currently none of the
available systems are perfect, nor is there agreement on
what such a perfect e-voting system would look like. One can
only decide to implement a solution that best fits the local
context in terms of needs, urgency, costs and timing.2
The article gives the researcher a vision on what to
consider in making the system from the goals, awareness and
other visible development in the system. These factor can
contribute to make the system more effective, the proponent
will focus on these aspects to make the application better.

The

local

literature

explain

the

fundamentals

of

developing a mobile application and more awareness of the

proposed study to make the application effectively.

FOREIGN LITERATURE
The legal basis of the casting vote is found in section
49 of the Constitution Act (BNA Act), 1867.

It states:

Questions arising in the House of Commons shall be decided

by a Majority of Voices other than that of the Speaker, and
when the Voices are equal, but not otherwise, the Speaker
shall have a Vote.

The words but not otherwise mean that

in no other circumstance is the Speaker permitted to vote.

Standing Order 9 of the House of Commons provides that
The Speaker shall not take part in any debate before the
House. In case of an equality of voices, the Speaker gives a
casting

vote,

and

any

reasons

stated

from

the

article

made

are

entered

in

the Journals.3
According

by

John

Earnshaw,

et.al, entitled The Casting Vote, all casted votes are

counted

and

there

has

question

if

the

result

of

an

elections or arguments votes are equal. Based from the

above

article,

it

can

relate

to

proposed

study

because

theres an instances that all counted votes are equal from

different positions or candidates. The article indicated

above helps the proposed study to find a solution when equal
counted votes encounter by the users of the proposed system.
A tally (also
private

see tally

observation

under Proportional
Transferable
candidates

of

an

parties,

is

election

Representation

Vote. Tallymen,
and

sticks)

count

the

unofficial
carried

using

appointed

observe

an

the
by

out

Single
political

opening

of ballot

boxes and watch as the individual ballot papers are counted.

Individual tallymen may be placed to observe the opening of
each box and watch as separate bundles of ballot papers are
sorted, stacked and counted. They record their estimation of
counts by marking votes for each candidate on their 'tally
sheet' as a tick (/) which are then assembled together to
produce a full prediction of what the likely outcome of the
result will be. Many political parties, having been rival
during elections, co-operate in producing a tally.4
This
tally.

literature

The

indicated

from

Wikipedia,

above

article

it

define

present

the

the

word

manual

process of tallying votes from ballot box and ballot papers

by the tallymen. From the research article, it helps to the
proposed study to know the manual process of tallying so
that the proponent can develop the problem encountered about

tallying.

It

relate

to

the

proposed

system

since

the

proposed study contains a tallying of votes from elections.

All the articles helps and gives the researcher ideas
to enhance and develop the functions of a Voting System that
would help to the user to assure that there votes is counted
correctly.

LOCAL STUDIES
The study of Masarate Albert M., et.al, (2009) entitled
Electronic Voting System in CSEB used System Development
Life Cycle (SDLC) that consists of seven phases in problem
solving procedure for examining an electronic voting system.
It is a conceptual model that describes the stages involved
in

an

information

initial
completed

feasibility

system
study

application.

In

development
through

project,

from

an

of

the

system,

the

maintenance

developing

the

researcher used Application Program Visual Basic Script,

MySQL for the data storing to database and Adobe Photoshop
for the designs. The study aims to develop a system of EVoting in College Student Executive Board (CSEB) in order to
conduct an efficient and reliable election.5

The study above is an E-Voting System in CSEB that

helps the CSEB to conduct an election, it is a voting system
using MySQL for the data storing. It relates to the present
study since the proposed system is also helps the DWCL
Senior High Executive Board to conduct an election and it
will also be made using MySQL for storing data to database.
The

study

will

also

help

to

those

who

are

researching

similar studies.

According to Jenny Lyn V. Alamo et.al, study entitled

Philippines

Smart

App

Voting

System

Mobile

Voting

System, the people are given the right to vote freely and
cast the votes according to their beliefs. The main goal of
mobile application voting system is to eliminate the long
queue in the precincts, paper ballots, vote interruption due
to power lost, unsecured data transfer, violence in actual
voting

area,

and

mass

requirement

of

manpower

for

vote

process. Renewal of the registration is required every year

to ensure that the person is still residing in the country
and

not

connection

deceased.
or

data

Mobile

voting

network.

This

is

through

technology

internet
will

be

efficient and reliable. The substantial mobile phone users

present an idea on the researchers the possibility of the
usage of the mobile device in an important matter like

election. The scope of the study is to include valid Voters

ID and also the mobile number per person will be used to
register, through this all the details of voter are saved in
database. It will act as the main security to the voting
system. The process of the mobile voting system that a
person needs to register to verify its eligibility and store
the information to the database. One vote is allowed on the
registered

mobile

phone

per

selected

officials.

Thus,

duplicate entries are not allowed.6

The study above helps the proponent to understand all
the risk to from the existing voting process. Since the
proponent

study

has

verification

also,

the

study

above

support the proposed study for more understanding about the

connection

from

android

app

to

server

using

internet

connection or data connection for transferring files to the

server.

All the local studies above benefit the proponent to

understand more about voting system even using computers or
mobile phones. To the process of the system proposed by the
proponent,

all

the

said

studies

help

to

understand

the

sequence process from before voting process until showing

the final result.

FOREIGN STUDIES
According to Jeppe Koelewijn et. Al, entitled E-Voting
System Using Android Application an E-voting System is a
system that are using android application on smartphones to
vote.

The

researcher

proposed

system

described

how

the

android mobile phones are efficient and can be used for

voting. The researcher studies objectives is to develop a
system that will lessen the problem encountering of Araullo
University in terms of current voting system.7
This study is proposed for the students of Araullo
University that encountering the manual process of voting
during

election

period.

This

relates

to

proposed

system

because it also helps the students from DWCL Senior High to

be aware that android phones can be used for voting purpose.

According to Lourdes Lopez Garcia et. al, entitled EVoting System for Android Smartphones that mobile devices
had not been considered due to their storage restrictions
and

low

computational

power;

however,

nowadays

the

technology in these devices has advanced and it is possible

to implement complicated applications that offer security
services such as confidentiality and authentication.

The

E-voting

proposed

herein

is

composed

of

three

entities: the authentication server (AS), the voting server

(VS) and the voter (V) which runs on an Android Smartphone.
Two short messages, between V and AS, are necessary to
generate an electronic ballot. In order to cast a vote, one
more message containing the ballot is sent from V to VS. 8
The study indicate the important entities for e-voting
system

using

android

phones.

This

relates

to

researcher

because the proposed system will be using also the three

entities of e-voting system and the proposed study will run
in android phones.

The foreign studies give the proponent different ideas

in developing the proposed system. Like the significant of
the parts of the voting system to make effectively.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

The authenticated voter

In election period, the
register in order to
registered voter will
vote the same as the
co- to the system
login
admin in order to edit
using their registration
information of an information.
election.

The system will

determine the total of
number of vote casted,
the total voters for
each candidate and the
result of the conducted
election.

The casted votes of the

voters will submitted
over a network a secure
database. The voter who
has already their
casted votes would be
denied to re-entry a
vote.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Input
Authenticated
student voter
Authorized
personnel
Election
information
Votes

Process

Output

Mobile Voting
System
Authenticatio
n
Balloting
process
Vote Counting
Process
Feedback
(Result)

Official Newly
Elected officer
Well-Organized
Election

NOTES
Hermoso R., Application Fundamentals, Retrieved on August

6,

2016.

From

http://www.androidpinoy.com/Article.aspx?

article 746705publicationSubCategoryid.

Caarls S., E-voting Handbook: Key Steps for Introducing E-

voting,

Retrieved

on

August

6,

2016.

From

http://www.eods.eu/library/IDEA.Introducing-ElectronicVoting-Essential-Considerations.pdf

John Earshaw MP., et.al, The Casting Vote, Retrieved on

August 2, 2016 from http://www.revparl.ca.

Tally,

Retrieved

on

August

2,

2016

from

https://en.wikipedia.org

Masarate Albert M., et.al, (2009) E-Voting System in CSEB,

Retrieved on July 25, 2016 from Divine Word College of

Legazpi, Legazpi City.

Jenny Lin A., et.al, (2016) Philippines Smart App Voting

System a Mobile Voting System, Retrieved on August 9, 2016

from AMA Computer College, Legazpi City.

Jeppe Koelewijn et. Al (2013) E-Voting System using Android

Application,

Retrieved

on

August

2,

2016

from

https://prezi.com/58bqjughcknj/copy-of-e-voting-systemusing-android-app/

Lourdes

Lopez

Smartphones,

Garcia.,
Retrieved

et.al,
on

E-Voting

August

2,

http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?
script=sci_arttext&pid=S0120-62302014000300002

System
2016.

for
From