ABSTRACT:

The digital camera technology, high-quality images can be recaptured from an

liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor screen . An attacker may choose to recapture
a forged image concealim perfections and to increase its authenticity. The problem
of detecting images recaptured from LCD monitors to provide a comprehensive
traces found in recaptured images, and aliasing and blurriness are the least scene
dependent features. then aliasing can be eliminated by capture parameters to
predetermined values. Recapture detection algorithm based on learned edge
blurriness two sets of dictionaries are trained using the K- singular value
decomposition approach from the line spread profiles of selected edges from single
captured and recaptured images. An support vector machine classifier is then built
using dictionary approximation errors and the mean edge spread width from the
training images. The algorithm, which requires no user intervention, was tested on
a database that included more than 2500 high-quality recaptured images. To
achieves a performance rate that exceeds 99% for recaptured images and 94% for
single captured images.

INTRODUCTION:
In this paper we will deal with automatic recognition of pic-tures ad videos
that have been recaptured from LCD screens.Recent advances in digital camera
technology have caused that high resolution images can easily be obtained at a
rel-atively low cost by using digital camera and smart-phones.Moreover, a
widespread availability of high quality soft-copy display mediums, such as LCD
monitors have made it possi-ble to reproduce digital images with ease by
recapturing the photo or the video from a display using a digital camera.The
motivation of detecting re-captured images and videos can be several. For
example, automatic distribution of illegally captures movies from LCD screens.
Recapturing is an easy tool to eliminate copy-right related invisible water-marks
hidden in images and videos. Another area that needs to be capable of detecting
recaptured videos and images is the authentication area. Access systems using face
recogni-tion techniques are often vulnerable to spoofing attacks. In
a spoofing attempt, a person tries to masquerade as another person to gain an
access to the system.Our motivation does come from the digital forensics point
of view. A large portion of digital forensics methods are bases
on searching for inconsistencies among pixels [1, 2, 3, 4, 5,6, 7, 8]. This, they can
easily be overcome by recapturing a digitally manipulated image or video. The recaptured image would not contain traces of digital manipulation and inconsistencies among pixels. In other words, it would act as an original image. In other
words, the forger can display fake images on LCD display and recapture the
manipulated digi-tal image to overcome image forensic systems. Consequently,
detecting recapturing can signify tampering. This paper will introduce a method
capable of detecting recaptured images and videos by using single images (or sin-

gle frames). Hence, from now on, we will only consider digi-tal images. In case of
videos, the method can easily be applied on individual frames separately.
Recaptured images from the LCD screen are often perceptually indistinguishable
to humans. However, there are fine differences between LCD screen recaptured
images and non-recaptured ones caused, for example, by regular monitor pixel
grid projected into the recaptured image and aliasing. We will use these differences
to develop the method presented in this paper. Specifically, we will detect periodic
properties present in the LCD recaptured images by using theory and methods of
cyclostationarity. The term cyclostationarity refers to a special class of signals
which exhibit periodicity in their statistics. Our methods will be based on the fact
that a cyclostationary signal has a frequency spectrum correlated with a shifted
version of itself.

LITERATURE SURVEY
1. IDENTIFICATION OF IMAGE ACQUISITION CHAINS USING A
DICTIONARY OF EDGE PROFILES
ABSTRACT :
This paper presents a novel framework for the identification of an image
acquisition chain using dictionaries of edge profiles. We investigate how edges,
one of the most common features present in images, are transformed during the
image acquisition chain. A dictionary of edge profiles is constructed corresponding
to edges obtained from known devices and at different stages in the chain. The
processing chain of a query image is then identified by feature matching using the
maximum inner product criteria. Experiments have shown that the proposed
method is able to identify the sources and acquisition stages of query images. It
also has good performance in both recapture detection and chain identification
applications for natural scene images.

2.

RECAPTURED

PHOTO

DETECTION

USING

SPECULARITY

DISTRIBUTION
ABSTRACT :
Detection of planar surfaces in a generic scene is difficult when the
illumination is complex and less intense, and the surfaces have non-uniform colors
(e.g., a movie poster). As a result, the specularity, if appears, is superimposed with
the surface color pattern, and hence the observation of uniform specularity is no
longer sufficient for identifying planar surfaces in a generic scene as it does under
a distant point light source. In this paper, we address the problem of planar surface
recognition in a single generic-scene image. In particular, we study the problem of
recaptured photo recognition as an application in image forensics. We discover that
the specularity of a recaptured photo is modulated by the mesostructure of the
photo surface, and its spatial distribution can be used for differentiating recaptured
photos from the original photos. We validate our findings in real images of generic
scenes. Experimental results show that there is a distinguishable feature of natural
scene and recaptured images. Given the definition of specular ratio as the
percentage of specularity in the overall measured intensity, the distribution of
specular ratio image's gradient of natural images is Laplacian-like while that of
recaptured images is Rayleigh-like.

3.MARKOV-BASED IMAGE FORENSICS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC

COPYING FROM PRINTED PICTURE

ABSTRACT:
Nowadays, photographic-copying technique is very popular along with the
rapid development of the image-capturing device, especially digital camera. As a
result, the recaptured images, i.e., images taken from real-scene images displayed
on various medium, e.g., LCD screen, are used in illegal cases now and then. In
this paper, by comparing the recaptured images with their corresponding real-scene
images, we find the recapturing procedure changes the statistics of the images.
Then the Markov process based features extracted from the Discrete Cosine
Transform (DCT) coefficients array are proposed to characterize this changes.
During experimentation, a large and typical image dataset, which consisted of 3994
real-scene images and 3994 recaptured images that are taken from printed pictures
with diversified image contents and camera models, is build and used for training
and testing the classifier Support Vector Machine(SVM). Experimental results
show that the proposed forensics scheme performs very well and outperforms the
state-of-art methods.

4.SINGLE-VIEW RECAPTURED IMAGE DETECTION BASED ON

PHYSICS-BASED FEATURES
ABSTRACT :

In daily life, we can see images of real-life objects on posters, television, or

virtually any type of smooth physical surfaces. We seldom confuse these images
with the objects per se mainly with the help of the contextual information from the
surrounding environment and nearby objects. Without this contextual information,
distinguishing an object from an image of the object becomes subtle; it is precisely
an effect that a large immersive display aims at achieving. In this work, we study
and address a problem that mirrors the above-mentioned recognition problem, i.e.,
distinguishing images of true natural scenes and those from recapturing. Being able
to detect recaptured images, robot vision can be more intelligent and a singleimage-based counter-measure for re-broadcast attack on a face authentication
system becomes feasible. This work is timely as the face authentication system is
getting common on consumer mobile devices such as smart phones and laptop
computers. In this work, we present a physical model for image recapturing and the
features derived from the model are used in a recaptured image detector. Our
physics-based method out-performs a statistics-based method by a significant
margin on images of VGA (640480) and QVGA (320240) resolutions which are
common for mobile devices. In our study, we find that apart from the contextual
information, the unique properties for the recaptured image rendering process are
crucial for the recognition problem.

5.IDENTIFICATION OF RECAPTURED PHOTOGRAPHS ON LCD

SCREENS
ABSTRACT :

With advances in image display technology, recapturing good-quality

images from the high-fidelity artificial scenery on a LCD screen becomes possible.
Such image recapturing posts a security threat, which allows the forgery images to
bypass the current forensic systems. In this paper, we first recapture some goodquality photos on different LCD screens by properly setting up the recapturing
environment and tuning the controllable settings. In a perceptional study, we find
that such finely recaptured images can hardly be identified by human eyes. To
prevent the image recapturing attack, we propose a set of statistical features, which
capture the common anomalies introduced in the camera recapturing process on
LCD screens. With a probabilistic support vector machine classifier, comparison
results show that our proposed features work very well, which outperform the
conventional image forensic features in identification of the finely recaptured
images.

EXISTING SYSTEM:
An attacker may choose to recapture a forged image in order to conceal
imperfections and to increase its authenticity.

 Aliasing and blurriness are the least scene dependent features. How aliasing
can be eliminated by setting the capture parameters to predetermined values.
Addressed

the

problem

of

classifying

photographic

images

and

photorealistic computer graphics (PRCG) images.

detect images recaptured from an LCD monitor by analysing noise features
A support vector machine to classify recaptured images from LCD monitors
with a 136 dimension feature set. Their descriptors are based on blurriness,
texture, noise and colour features.
DISADVANTAGES :
Demonstrated that PRCG images that were recaptured from LCD monitors
were more difficult to distinguish from originally captured photographic
images.
The images used in their dataset are low in resolution and quality, however,
due to the smart-phone cameras used to perform the recapture.
develop detectors based on several features associated with recaptured
images including the non-linearity of the tone response curve, the spatial
distribution of the specularity in the image, image contrast, colour,
chromaticity and sharpness.

PROPOSED SYSTEM:
Detecting images recaptured from LCD monitors.

 A recapture detection algorithm based on learned edge blurriness.

Two sets of dictionaries are trained
K-singular value decomposition approach
dictionary approximation errors
The features are highly scene dependent and can be difficult to extract. Our
first contribution is then to show how aliasing can be eliminated by properly
configuring the recapture settings.
The edges found in single and recaptured images can be fully characterised
by their line spread function (LSF).
Representation of LSFs can be learned using the K-SVD dictionary learning
method
ADVANTAGES:
In noise features the image was denoised using three different discrete
wavelet transforms and statistical features such as mean, variance, skewness
and kurtosis were computed from the histogram of the extracted noise
residual.
This results in a high quality recaptured image that is free from visible
aliasing artefacts.
An SVM classifier was then built to detect recaptured images using
dictionary approximation errors and mean edge spread width.

 Our algorithm, which does not require user intervention, achieved an

average recapture detection performance that exceeded 99% for recaptured
images and 94% for single capture images.
REFERENCES:
identification of image acquisition chains using a dictionary of edge profiles
Recaptured photo detection using specularity distribution
Markov-based image forensics for photographic copying from printed
picture
Single-view recaptured image detection based on physics-based features
Identification of recaptured photographs on LCD screens