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E ds
S
The total outward flux of the E-field over any closed surface
in free space is equal to the total charge enclosed in the surface
divided by 0.
Gausss law is useful in determining E-field of charge
Distributions with symmetry conditions, for the normal component
Of the electric field intensity is constant over an enclosed surface.
This closed surface is called a Gaussian surface.
Gausss law
Electric Potential
Cylindrical
Gaussian
surface
x
E ds 2rLE
l L
2LEr
0
Er
1
2r 0
E ds az Ez az ds Ez ds
Ez ds
E ds 2E ds 2E A
z
E aR ER
2
E
ds
E
4
R
R
E aR
0
R
3 0
0b 3
E aR
3 0 R 2
F=qE
q
F.dl
dl
E
b
Contour line c1
Contour line c2
Wba F cos dl F dl q E dl
The negatives sign implies that work needs to be done in
order to move the charge agains the electric field, and this
force is provided by some charge distribution in the vicinity.
Consider a closed contour loop, from a to b via c1,
and then from b to a via c2, the total work done is zero:
Wba c1 Wab c 2 0
b
q E dl q E dl 0
E dl 0
Therefore c
, which is known as
The conservative property of the electrostatic field.
From Stokes theorem,
E dl E ds 0
c
Therefore E=0.
E= -V, where V is a scalar quantity, and is called the
electrostatic potential function.
Therefore, if we integrate the electric field along the contour
line,
b
E dl V dl V (b) V (a)
V(b) are V(a) are the potential values at b and a, i.e the
voltage values at b and a. We also obtain:
b
Wba
E dl V (b) V (a)
a
q
Electric Potential
due to a line charge
The absolute potential at a point is:
Vb E dl
E dl
a
dl
dr
2 r
2
4
r
4
r
0
0
And
Q 1
1
Vab E dl
a
4 0 Rb Ra
b
da
Vab E dl
db
da
xdb
s
a x a x dx
2 0
s
d b d a
2 0
Vba
q
4 0 r
V Vn
n
qn
4 0 n rn
1
V dV
dq
4 0 r
q2
q3
q3
q1 q2 q3 q4
4 0
r
1
0.71m
500V
dy
Surface charge density, s C/m2
dV
dq
1 s 2ydy
4 0 r ' 4 0 y 2 r 2
1
2
s
2
2
y r dy
V dV
2 0 0
a2 r 2 r
2 0
a
a2
2
2
a r r 1 2
r
1 a2
a2
r 1
... r
2
2r
2r
Therefore V becomes
sa 2
s a2
1 q
r r
V
2 0
2r
4 0 r 4 0 r
Vab E dl
b
r b
Q
4 0 r
ar ar dr
Q 1 1
4 0 a b
r1
+q
r
r2
a
-q
V Vn V1 V2
n
1 q q
q r2 r1
4 0 r1 r2 4 0 r1r2
If r>>2a,
r2-r12a cos and r1r2r2
And the potential reduces to
2a cos
1 p cos
V
2
4 0
r
4 0 r 2
q