EXAM NOTES

CONSCRIPTION: forced military service, coursed division between

Francophones at Anglophones
WAR MEASURES ACT: gives government power to pass laws approval of
parliament control media imprison people w/o trial, label people as enemies
BATTLE OF YPRES: first major battle fought by Canadian troops
BATTLE OF VIMY RIDGE: Canadas four divisions all fought together under
Arthur Currie. 3rd attempt capturing the ridge.
CONVOYS: as a counter to German U-boats, Britain introduced convoys to
protect merchant ships.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS: formed after WW1 to resolve international conflict.
SIR ROBERT BORDEN: 8th PM of Canada. Served during WW1, introduced
the War Measures Act, and conscription.
IMPERIALISM: extension of power of one country over others through
military force or economic control cause of WW1
NO-MANS LAND Area between Allied and German trenched, little
protection for soldiers.
U-BOATS German submarines set up to cut off Allied supply ships.
HALIFAX EXPLOSION 1917, 2 ships collided one of which contained
explosives.
ENEMY ALIENS people living in Canada whose origin are at war with
Canada.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES officially end war, harsh conditions forced upon
Germany
WINNIPEG GENERAL STRIKE 1919; building trade unions strike when
employers refused wage increase, numbers raised to 30 000 in days.
PROHOBITION Womens Christian Temperance Union campaigned for
prohibition of alcohol, believing it was the source of husbands problems.
LEAGUE OF INDIANS Fred Loft, war veteran formed League of Indians
hoping to receive compensation they deserved. Gov. made it illegal for FN to
form organizations.
FLAPPER - young liberal women who broke gender barriers by wearing
short dresses , short hair, drinking in public and sexualizing themselves.
STATUE OF WESTMINISTER British Parliament passed in 1931 allowing
Canada complete control over foreign affairs; big step towards sovereignty.
FAMOUS FIVE Emily Murphy considered a senate candidate PM Borden
refused as she was not a qualified person, in response Murphy and 4 other
women took the case to the supreme court where they lost.

Great Depression
-A long and severe recession in an economy or market.

 Easy Credit: Many families lived above their means due to credit/financed
purchasing; when creditors demanded their money back many couldnt
afford to pay and lost what they
Had a Lack of Financial Regulation: People bought stocks on credit and
even banks invested in the stock market; once the market crashed banks
werent being paid their money and had
On-To-Ottawa Trek
On-To-Ottawa Trek R.B. Bennett put men in work camps, but these men
decided that the government wasnt listening to there complains so they
went on strike
Relief Camps
Relief camps were places usually located far away from cities; they offered
work on little pay, and poor living conditions. Stealing was a major problem
in the camps (regent park in current day time)
Bennett Buggy
-Horse drawn car
-Didnt use fuel (made it less expensive to operate than a car)
-Couldnt afford fuel during this time
The Social Credit Party
The Social Credit Party of Canada, colloquially known as the Socreds, was a
conservative-populist political party in Canada that promoted social credit
theories of monetary reform. It was the federal wing of the Canadian social
credit movement.
The Union Nationale
Objective to under consumption and could be fixed by social dividends,
elected premier of Alberta Union National Promised to defend French
language, religion, culture against English
The Coorperative Commonwealth Federation
(CCF) Cooperative Commonwealth Federation a socialist party that wanted
to reorganized the economy against capitalism in favour of an economy for
the benefit of all
-Calgary
-1932
-J.S Woodsworth
-Goals: Unemployment insurance, health insurance, universal pensions,
allowance for children, remove suffering, economic reform
Richard B. Bennett
-Caught the most blame for the effects of depression

-Won the election with a majority win after 1930

-Promised jobs and high tariffs to protect Canadian Industries
-In power from 1930 1935
-Bennetts initiatives didnt offer Canadians a good way to get back to work
and his ideas werent assisting anyone
W.L. Mackenzie King
-Prime Minister of Canada during WWII
-Determined to change Britain from controlling foreign affairs
-1935-1948 as PM
-Lacked many traits of a leader, such as charisma and oraticle skill.
Generally, voters disliked King but trusted him as their prime minister
-Lost the election of 1930 to conservative Richard Bennett
-Repaired North American trade with 1935 Reciprocal Trade Agreement
Chinese Exclusion Act
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by
President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was one of the most
significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all
immigration of Chinese laborers.
UNIT 3: WWII
(1939-1945)
Appeasement
-Appeasement, the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in
order to avoid conflict, governed Anglo-French foreign policy during the
1930s. It became indelibly associated with Conservative Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain.
-Appeasement was a policy that fed on emotions as well as intellect, at least
with Chamberlain
-Neville Chamberlain was the British prime minister who believed in
appeasement. In 1938, Germans living in the border areas of Czechoslovakia
(the Sudetenland) started to demand a union with Hitler's Germany. The
Czechs refused. Hitler threatened war.
Fascism
-Right Wing
-Intense nationalism and elitism
-Totalitarian control
-Interests of the state more important than individual rights
-Maintain class system and private ownership
-The turmoil of the post war world sparked the rise of fascism
Rationing

A fixed allowance of provisions or food, especially for soldiers or sailors or for

civilians during a shortage: a daily ration of meat and bread. 2. an allotted
amount: They finally saved up enough gas rations for the trip.
War Measures Act
-Affected over 21,000 Japanese Canadians
-Most held in livestock barns in Hastings Park
Convoys
-Group of merchant vessels sailing together, with or without naval escort, for
mutual security and protection
-The outbreak of war in 1939 found the British Admiralty convinced of the
value of the convoy system, though lacking in the resources to adequately
re-introduce it
Blitzkrieg
A German term for lightning war, blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to
create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces
and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short
military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure
of artillery.
Dieppe Raid
The Dieppe Raid, also known as the Battle of Dieppe, Operation Rutter during
planning stages, and by its final official code-name Operation Jubilee, was an
Allied attack on the German-occupied port of Dieppe during the Second
World War. The raid took place on the northern coast of France on 19 August
1942.
Invasion of Normandy/D-Day
-June 6 August 21,1944
-The largest invasion force in human history. (Operation Overlord)
-By June 30th, over 980k men, 148k vehicles, and 570k tons of supplies had
landed on the Normandy shores.
-Winston Churchill (Great Britain) and Franklin Roosevelt (USA)
Battle at Ortona
-Occurred from 20-27 December 1943
-The Battle of Ortona (2027 December 1943) was a battle fought between a
battalion of German paratroops from the German 1st Parachute Division
under Generalleutnant Richard Heidrich, and assaulting Canadian troops
from the Canadian 1st Infantry Division under Major General Chris Vokes.
Battle at Hong Kong
-Occurred from 8-25 December 1941

-The Empire of Japan attacked Hong Kong illegally because they had not
declared war
-1975 Canadian troops were sent to defend the Crown Colony of Hong Kong
Propaganda
-Specific type of message presentation aimed at serving an agenda.
-Most common use of this term (historically) is in political contexts
-Hitler used this term during WW2
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
-August 1945: US dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
-Japan surrenders one month later
-This was the first time the world had ever seen an atomic bomb
St. Louis Incident
-Many Jews tried to escape Europe
-In June 1939, almost 1000 refugees chartered the German ocean liner the
SS St. Louis and sailed across the Atlantic- The USA, Paraguay and Panama,
and Cuba refused their requests for a safe haven
-The SS St. Louis then headed north to Canada, but King refused to accept
refugees
-Forced to return to Europe where around half of passengers died in Nazi
concentration camps
Enemy Aliens
A well-known example of enemy aliens was the Japanese citizens residing in
the United States during World War II. President Roosevelt imprisoned many
of these Japanese and Japanese Americans in internment camps during
wartime, alongside many German- and Italian-Americans.
UNIT 4: POST-WAR PERIOD
United Nations
-he United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization to promote
international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of
Nations, the organization was established on 24 October 1945 after World
War II in order to prevent another such conflict.
-The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, after ratification
of the United Nations Charter by the five permanent members of the United
Nations Security Council (the Republic of China, France, the Soviet Union, the
United Kingdom, and the United States) and a majority of the other
signatories.
Cold War

1947-1991
-USSR and US engaged in the Cold War
- The Cold War was to dominate international affairs for decades and many
major crises occurred the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary and the
Berlin Wall being just some. For many, the growth in weapons of mass
destruction was the most worrying issue
NATO
-North Atlantic Treaty Organization
-Signed by US, Canada, Britain, France, and eight other nation in 1949
-All members agreed to contribute military units to a new NATO defense
force, intended to discourage Soviet expansion into Western Europe
-Canada was a founding nation in NATO
Korean War
-1950s
-North Korea invades South Korea
-Ends in stalemate
-1953: Armistice signed; Korea remains divided
- 26,000 Canadians served in the Korean War,
- The newly-created United Nations supported South Korea and sent troops
from member nations
Baby Boom
- A temporary marked increase in the birth rate, especially the one following
World War II.
-Refers to the postWorld War II baby boom (19461964) when the number of
annual births exceeded 2 per 100 women (or approximately 1% of the total
population size). There are an estimated 78.3 million Americans who were
born during this period.
-9.6 Million Canadians were baby boomers
Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ)
-Created in 1963 with the goal of achieving independence for Quebec by any
means
-Achieving Quebec independence by resorting to terrorism, if necessary
PRIMARY SOURCE
In the study of history, a primary source is an artifact, a document, a
recording, or other source of information that was created at the time under
study. It serves as an original source of information about the topic.
Some primary sources may be judged more reliable than others, but
every source is biased in some way. As a result, historians
read sources skeptically and critically.
SECONDARY SOURCE

Secondary sources are documents written after an event has occurred,

providing secondhand accounts of that event, person, or topic. Unlike
primary sources, which provide first-hand accounts, secondary sources offer
different perspectives, analysis, and conclusions of those accounts.
ABORIGINAL CANADIANS AND THE RESIDENTIAL SCHOOLS
Indian Act 1976 gave government almost complete control over First
Nations who lived on reserves
Defined who qualified as Indians and was eligible to receive treaty
benefits.
Benefits to free healthcare and education.
Took away right to vote, govern themselves earn a living or consume
alcohol

Goal was to assimilate First Nations

League of Indians after WW1, first nations who returned home hoping their
contribution would be rewarded; instead denied of post war treatment.
Fred Loft formed league to make First nations voices heard.
Was ignored by government and instead government passed a law
making it illegal to form organizations.
Residential Schools changed Indian act requiring all first nation children to
attend school
Goal was to assimilate child
New language, culture, and religion.
Cause cultural genocide; loss of culture, traditions, identity,
psychological effects from abuse.
Parents were powerless to protect children. Could never raise the
generation
INTERNATIONAL CONFLCITS
Paris Peace conference- Canada gets own seat and signs treaty
independently also joining the League of Nations apart from Britain.
World War 1 British government controlled Canadas foreign affairs;
forced Canada into war.
Trade Partners until 1920s, Britain was Canadas main trading partner.
Chanak Affair, 1922 British outnumbered after Grease attacked Turkey,
called off Canada for help but Prime Minister McKenzie King refuse to send
Canada.
Halibut Treaty 1923 US and Canada negotiated agreement to manage
fishing industries by setting limits on catches and fishing seasons.
United Nations: Canada acted as a middle power, quiet diplomat and
respected mediator.
NATO
Cold war/ Korean War: Canada involved as NATO member.

DEVELOPMENTS EFFECTING FRENCH AND ENGLISH RELTIONSHIPS

Conscription almost all French Canadians opposed, causing division.
Quiet Revolution Duplosiss death led to new liberal government
Made Quebec more secular
John Lesage (premier) led many reforms which divided Quebec.
FLQ October Crisis divided En & Fr when FLQ kidnapped British trade
commissioner James Cross and Quebec minister of Labour, Piere Laporte
These actions led to another War Measures Act.
1980 Sovereignty Referendum Quebec wanted to become own state
Trudeau campaigned for no side promised to change
constitution in favor of Fr if they vote no.
CANADAS REASON FOR INTERMENT
WW1 feared immigrants from European countries might sabotage the war
effort
Government used powers from the War Measures Act to label
80000 people as enemy aliens
More than 8500 people of Ukraine and German heritage were
placed in internment camps and forced to build roads/ highways,
WW2 many German & Italian descendants were forced to report to the
RCMP
People were interned or even arrested if they were thought to
sympathize
Nazi/fascists etc.
After pearl harbor and Hong Kong (1942) Canada confiscated JapCdns property and deprived them of their rights.
After much debate, all Jap-Cdn sent to internment camps lost
belongings and were told to leave Canada after the war ended.
CANADAS IMMIGRATION POLICY
Before WW1, government actively recruited immigrants
Immigration Act of 1919 banned immigration for people who sided with
Central Powers, illiterate socialists/communists and odd people.
Canada welcomed Britains and white Americans
Didnt welcome blacks, Indians, Chinese, nor Japanese.
Chinese required to pay head tax, then came in 1923, the Chinese
Immigration Act.
Komagatu Maru: Indian Passengers forced to stop on boat without
entering Canada, killed or arrested when ship was forced to return to
India.
CANDAS IMMIGRATION POLICY
WW1- went overseas as nurses, ambulance drivers or worked traditional men
jobs.

After WW1 expected to go back to traditional roles but new jobs

emerged and women became more educated.
Flapper
WW2 went to participate in war more jobs choice; more labor shortage at
home, all
types of women employed