1 Looking back <4 No working allowed until question 6. 1 Write down the answer to: a 26+38 b 73-37 < 78495 d_ 650 — 280 Calculate: a 390% 10 b 497 x 100 © 240 x 1000 d_ 8600+ 10 e 96400 + 100 f 105000 ~ 1000 Write down the answer to: a 365% 20 b 38% 400 ¢ 7500+ 50 d@ 74100 + 300 Greg made two phone calls. One lasted 57 minutes and the other lasted 65 minutes. What was the total length of the two calls in minutes? Chris weighs 62 kg, His sister Laura weighs 47 kg What is the difference in their weights? Calculate: a 432643085 b 8163-2571 © 3465x3 d 4302591 ~ 10 = Katie made 1967 minutes of calls on her mobile phone. She is charged 7 pence per minute. How much did she have to pay for her calls? There are 7000 leaflets and 8 volunteers to deliver them. How many leaflets should each volunteer be given if they all have to deliver the same number? In the year 2000 the estimated population of Scotland's four largest cities was: Edinburgh 445 400, Glasgow 678 700, Aberdeen 223 200, Dundee 170700. a What was the total population of the four cities? b The population of Scotland in 2000 was estimated at 5 728 000. How many of the population did not live in one of these four cities? A garage bought 55 000 litres of petrol at 87 pence a litre and sold it at 96 pence a litre. Calculate: a the amount paid by the garage for the petrol b the amount collected by the garage on selling the petrol the profit made by the garage Give your answers in pounds (£). The population of the USA in the year 2000 was estimated at two hundred and seventy-four million and thirty thousand. The population of the UK was estimated at fifty-eight million, nine hundred and forty thousand. a How many mare people lived in the USA than in the UK in the year 2000? b How many short of sixty million was the UK population?12 Last year Ann earned £23 244. How much did she earn in @ amonth b a week? 13 This year Ann will earn £24057. How much will she earn in @ amonth b aweek? Round both answers to the nearest pound (£) 2 Mental calculations Remember to look for shortcuts. Examples 32x 80=32x8x10 480 + 80 = 480 + 10 + : 96 + 35=90+ 30+6+5=120+ 11=131 72-45 =72-40-2-3=30-3=27Add 87 and 94. From 92 subtract 37. Find the sum of 66 and 77, What is the difference between 71 and 27? Multiply 85 by 30. What is the product of 176 and 6007 Divide 1040 by 80. Divide 36 000 by 100. Multiply 550 by 1000. What is the product of 280 and 90? Divide 93 200 by 400. 12 Divide a quarter of a million by 10. won oaupawn = =a 261 Last week 78 mm of rain fell and 84 mm fell this week. How much rain fell altogether? There were 28 hours of sunshine last week and 81 hours of sunshine this week. What's the difference? Sara drove 96 km to her gran’s house and then 67 km to her friend's. How many kilometres did Sara drive altogether? A baker baked 85 pies and sold 58 of them. How many pies did he have left? If 47 people each paid £40 for a train journey, how much was paid altogether? A store bought 600 computer games for £49 each. How much was paid in total for the games? £6153 is shared among 70 people. How much does each person receive? 8 Aschaol paid £1870 for 50 tables. How much did one table cost? 10 11 12 One torch battery cost 85 pence. How much will ten cost? A metal washer weighs 108 grams. How much do 100 of the washers weigh? One sheet of card costs 11 pence. Haw much will 1000 of the sheets of card cost? One hundred calculators cost £485, What should be the cost of one calculator?3 Whole number calculations Lay all working out clearly, & 6 Examples 7472 A472 8572 +6569 6569 Xs4i6 gpaie 14041 903 51432 Exercise 3.1 1 Calculate: a 873849685 b 7051-3184 © 98067 d 4284-9 2 Re-write the following, replacing the dots with the correct numbers: a 316: b 251+ © sede ds 756+ B= 95+ $2903 — #86 x7 6-11 808 6922 3 Ann and Babs fly out from London, Ann to Chicago and Babs to Perth in Australia. They then meet up in Johannesburg. Johannesburg How many more miles does Babs fly than Ann? 4 Acarwas bought for £12 050 and sald for £9975. Calculate the loss made on the deal.5 The populations of the countries forming the UK were estimated in the year 2000 as: England 49392000 Northern Ireland 1664000 Scotland 5728000 Wales 2946 000 a Write the populations of England and Scotland in words. b If the population of Wales had been 10000 less, what would it have been? «© What was the total population of the four countries in the year 20007The attendances at five Scottish Cup matches played one Saturday were: 7095, 14689, 57283, 8065 and 6728. How many watched the five games? Divide the total above by 5 to find the average attendance. wo How many of the attendances were above the average? What was the difference between the largest and the smallest crowd? The price of a ticket was £15 for an adult and £8 for a senior citizen ora child, Half the people watching were adults and the rest senior citizens ‘or children, How much was collected altagether in ticket money? oonoe A lorry can carry no more than 16 tonnes of stone chips. How many lorry journeys are needed to transport all 875 tonnes of chips from a quarry to a road development? The dimensions, to the nearest metre, of same of the famous faotball pitches in Scotland are: Hampden Park 105m by 69m Love St 110m by 68m Fir Park 101mby69m Rugby Park 108m by 68m Dens Park 103m by 68m = Tannadice Park 101m by 66m Which of these pitches has the greatest area and which has the smallest area? Assume all pitches are rectangular. A rectangular field has dimensions 450 metres by 325 metres. Calculate the area of the field and give your answer in hectares. (1 hectare = 10.000 square metres)5 AHollywood movie made £350 million at the box office in ticket sales. It cast £185 250 000 ta make. Calculate the profit made on the movie. 6 Chloe has an annual salary of £19 684, How much does she earn in a month, to the nearest pound (£}? 7 Amanufacturer makes 3 875000 washers. They are put into packets of 25. a How many packets will there be? b Each packet is sald for £2. How much money is made fram the washers? 8 a 65.830 curtain hooks are put into packs of 24. How many packs are obtained? b Arailway carriage can seat 78 passengers. How many carriages are needed on a train to seat 500 passengers? 4 Squares, cubes and square roots Examples Square 3 and we get 3 x 3=9. Square 5 and we get 5 x 5 = 25. We write 3°=3%3=9 and we say ‘3 squared equals 9’, S=55=25 and we say'5 squared equals 25’, The small number is often referred to as a power or index. We can say 3? is ‘3 to the power 2’, 5? is ‘5 to the power 2°. For any numbera, a? =a X a (@* is the second power of a) Similarly a@=aXaXa (a3 is the third power of a) a? is read as ‘a cubed’ or ‘a to the power 3’. Examples 23=2x2x2=8 5'=5xX5xX5=125No calculators unless the question asks you to use one! 1 Calculate: a # b 3 c 6 d 7 es # 10% g 100? h (5—3/p i 9-7 j (P+37P Find the value of each expression when a = 2 and b = 4. a wtb? b PR © (ab)? di a’b? e 2b f (a+b? g 50°? Ih 30% i (a+b? j @+b a Fora square of side L cm, what does L cm L? cm? represent? b Fora cube of side L cm, what does L? cm? represent? If we use a calculator, the button [x] will give us the square number. [=] will give the value 25. Alternatively, will give us squares and cubes of numbers. ] & =36 (=) 6 =216 Examples (6] (6) A square play area of side 18 metres is ta be laid with square rubber tiles of side 1 metre. How many tiles are needed? a Use the x? key on your calculator to evaluate 182 b Another square play area is laid with tiles. It is 23 metres long. Use yaur calculator to calculate how many tiles are needed for this play area. ¢ Use your calculator to find the value of each of the following i 100? ii 1000? 1934?Use the x” key on your calculator to evaluate: aS? b 10° c 9 d 15? e 25° f 122 g O+3P h5433 GF 7-6 fj 2x4-4x%3? A number, when squared, has the value 289 (x? = 289). What is the number? The button on the calculator will give us the answer. will give the value 17. So 17? = 289 We say the square root of 289 is 17, because 17° = 289. Without using a calculator, write down the values of: avi b v4 « V16 d v49 e V64 f V100 Use the ¥ key on your calculator to find: a V625 b V961 «© v2025 d v4096 e v400 # ¥2500 g v(32 + 4) h v(3? + 33) V10 lies between 3 and 4 because V'10 lies between V9 and v 16. Between which pair of whole numbers does each of these square roots lie? a V6 b V20 © V¥30 d v70 e V90 # v102 Copy and complete each table: ale 121 729 676 vx 16 21 bw 144 2304 x 17 2310 a A square has an area of 361 cm?. Find the length of its side. b. Find the side of the square with area: i 1764cm? ii 961m? ii 4356 cm? 11 A garden is square with an area of 1089 m*. Acentral square with an area of 729 m7 is dug out. The border is uniform, which means i the same width all round. What is the width of the border? 12 A box in the shape of a cube is made from square plastic sheets of area 3600 cm*. Calculate: y a_ the length of a side of the square b the volume of the box. 3600 cm?5 Factors and prime factors I, 2, 3.and 6 are the whole numbers that divide 6 evenly, i.e, they divide 6 without a remainder, 6=1=6 G=2=3 6=3=2 6=6=1 1, 2, 3 and 6 are called the factors of 6. Example 1 List the factors of 8. Example 2 List the factors of 20, Answer: 1, 2, 4,8 Answer: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 1 List all the factors of: a 10 b 13 c¢ 16 d 18 e 24 f 30 g 31 h 64 i 100 j 400 k 360 2) What whole number less than 100 has most factors? 3 Make a list of the first ten whole numbers that have an odd number of factors. What is special about these numbers? 4 Which number has only one factor? uw a_ List all the numbers less than 20 that have only two factors. You should have found eight of them.6 b What is the only even number that is a prime number? Follow these instructions to write down the prime numbers less than 100. a Write down the number 2 b Write down all the odd numbers fram 3 to 99. ¢ Circle the number 2, the lowest prime number. ds Circle the number 3, the lowest unmarked number on the list, and score out its multiples from the list. Circle the number 5, the lowest unmarked number on the list, and score out its multiples. Circle the number 7, the lowest unmarked number on the list, and score out its multiples. g 11 is now the lowest unmarked number. Allits multiples are scored out already, or bigger than 100. Circle 11 and all the other unmarked numbers. ~ Example To see if 211 is prime we need only try 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13. (V211 = 14.5 to 1d p.) Which of the following are prime numbers? a 109 b 167 © 227 d 299 e 311 A prime factor is a factor which is a prime number. 2 and 3 are prime factors of 12. Write down the prime factors of: a 6 bs « 20 d 36 e 70 f 90.9 We can write any whale number as a product of prime factors, i.e. as prime factors multiplied together. Examples Consider 84, Consider 90, 84=2%42 2\84 90=2 «45 2/90 =2x2x21 2/42 =2x5x9 5/45, =2x2xK3xK7 3/21 =2xK5xX3x%3 3/9 =2x3x7 77 =2x3x5 3[3 1 1 Write each of these numbers as a product of prime factors. Give your answer in index form where appropriate. a 12 big « 30 di6 e 50 #72 +g 84 hh 1846 Working with integers: below zero Reminders Example 1 Water freezes to ice at zero degrees Celsius (0 °C). On a really cold day the temperature can drop below zero. Three degrees below zero is written as —3°C. We read —3°C as ‘negative 3°C’ or ‘3 degrees below zero’. Example 2 The depth to which a submarine dives is given as its depth below sea level. A submarine 500 metres below sea level is at ~500 metres. Example 3 A company can make a profit or a loss. A loss of £1000 is often denoted as a profit of —£1000. The examples above show us where negative numbers can be used. Positive and negative whole numbers are called integers. These can be represented on a number line.Adding integers with a number line Start at the first number and do as the second number tells you (where 2 means go 2 to the right, —2 means go 2 to the left). Example 1 —3 +2 means —3 add 2 Start at —3 and go 2 to the right. “2 ne -3 -2 -1 0 | Example 2 somata VARS oe Start at 4 and go 6 to the left. 4+(-6)=-2 2 -I 0 1 2 3 4 Example 3 —1+ (3) means (—1) add (—3) Start at —1 and go 3 to the left. ree ee 4-3 -2 -1 0 Use a number line to help you do these calculations. 124 (-2) 2 54(-1) 3 4+4(-3) 4 6+(-1) 5 1+(-4) 6 3+(-4) 7 3+(-1) 8 2+(-5) 9 6+(-8) 10 -1+5 11 -3+4 12 -6+3 13 -7+2 14 -3+(-2) 15 -5+(-1) 16 —4+(-4) 17 -2+(-7) 18 0+(-9) 19 Perform each pair of calculations. You may use a number line to help you. a i 5+(-3) ii 5-3 b i 7+(-2) ii 7-2 e i 6+(-1) fi 6-1 d i 3+(-3) ii 3-3 e i 4+(-2) ii 4-2 f i O+(-4) ii O-41 Copy and continue the fallawing sequences for three more terms a 5,4,3,2,1,0,_, b 10,8, 6,4, 2,0 ce 15, 12, 9, 6, 3, 0, d 9,5, 1, —3, 2 Copy and complete each list of subtractions by looking for the pattern: a 1=,2-1=,1-1=,0-1=,-1-1=,-2-1=,-3-1=, b ,3-2=,2-2=,1-2=,0-2=,-1-2=,-2-2-, 3-2= e 4-3=,3-3=,2-3=,1-3=,0-3=,-1-3=,-2-3=, —3-3= d 4-4-,3-4-,2-4-, =,0-4=,-1-4=,-2-4-, -3-4= 3 Perform each pair of calculations. You may find results found in question 2 helpful with parts ii. a i -4+(-1) i -4-1 bi -34+(-2) fi -3-2 e i -3+(-3) ii -3-3 d i —3+(-4) ii -3-4 4 Copy and complete each list of subtractions by looking for the pattern: a 6-4=,6-3=,6-2=,6-1=,6-0=,6-(-1)=,6-(-2)= 6—(-3)= b 8-4=,8-3=,8-2=,8-1=,8-0=,8-(-1)=,8-(-2)= B-(-3)= © 5-4=,5-3=,5-2=,5—-1=,5—-0=,5-(-1)=,5-(-2)= 5-(-3)= d -4-4=,-4-3=,-4-2=,-4-1=,-4-0=,-4-(-1)=, —(-2)=5 Perform each pair of calculations. You may find results found in question 4 helpful with parts ii, a i 6+3 ii 6-(-3) b i 8+3 ii 8-(-3) © i 543 fi S-(-3) d i -442 ii -4-(-2) 7 Subtracting integers From the above we see that for each subtraction we can always find an addition which gives the same answer. Instead of subtracting a number, we can add its negative. a—b=a+(-b) and a=(=b)=a+b in, we can use the number Once the subtraction has been exchanged for an addit line as before.1 Use a number line to help you do these calculations. a2-5 b 1-3 © -2-1 d e 4-5 f -1-7 g 2-(-1) h i 5—(-5) j -1-C4) k ~8~(-3) ' Write down the answer to each of the following: az-4 b 4-8 « 1-7 d e -34+4 # -247 g -149 h i Oo-5 j -3-4 k -4-3 I Evaluate: a 7+(-4) b G+(-1) « 3-(-1) d e 5+(-5) f 54+(-7) g 2+(-8) h i o-(-4) j -1-(-5) k -3-(-4) 1 m —2 +(—3) n —5+(-2) o -—4+(-1) p 4 Find the value of: a -14+19 b -27 412 € 43429 d e 19-41 f 11-30 g —-16-17 h 5 Simplify: a 18+(-17) b 23—(-15) c —46 + (—25) d —17—(-23) e -36+(-27) f -37-({-15) —-3-3 3-(-4) —2-(-2) 2-5 -6+7 -6-1 1—{-3) 34-9) ~2-(-6) —2+(-7) 17-31 ~23- 18 @ Find the answer to 3 — (—5) + (-1) —(—6) —-8 + (—3) —(-2) -4.7 Brutus was born in 32 BC and died in AD 39. What age was Brutus when he died? 8 Cleo was born in 93 BC and died when she was 68 years old. In what year did Cleo die? 9 Helen died in AD 23 aged 65 years. When was she born? 10 A submarine is at —350m. A helicopter directly above the submarine is at a height of 250m. What is their distance apart? 8 Multiplying integers 5*5=25 When we study this pattern: 5 x 4=20 5x3=15 5x*2=10 Sx1=5 5x0=0 ‘we can see a pattern that continues like this 5x0=0 5x-1=-5 5x—-2=—10 5x —-3=—-15 5x —4=—20 5-5 =—25Exercise 1. a By looking for patterns in the rows, copy and complete the table down to the green line. b By looking for patterns in the columns, complete the table below the green line. « Use your table to state — Fire the value of number i -5x3 4x (—2) —4x (-3) iv —3x(—4) d= What can be said about all the answers in the pale green areas dark green areas? e What can be said about the pair 5 * 3 and —5 x (—3) —5& 3 and 5 x (—3)? # Weknow thatSx3=35. Is this true for —5 X 3 and 3 x (—5)? Second numberUse this rule to calculate these. a -3«2 b 2x6 ec —4x(—5) d 4x (—6) e 6x8 f 7x9 g —5x(-9) h 8x(-7) i -10™21 j 16x12 k -14™ (—8) I 17 x (-5) 9 Dividing integers We know that ... ifS x 4 = 32 then32+4=8 Similarly © If8%(—4 32 then —32 + (-4) =8 e@ If —8 ¥4=—32 then —3: © If —8 x (—4) = 32 then 32 + (—4) =1 Write down the answers to the following: a 24>6 b -24-8 «© —24=(—2) d 24+(-1) e —30=(-6) f -1457 g 42+(-3) h ~50 = (—5) i 72+12 j 17+(-1) k 56+(-8) I —-48+8 2 Calculate each pair of expressions. a i (24+4)+2 fi 24+ (4+ 2) b i (100+ (—50)) +2 100 = (~50 = 2) «© i (—60=(—6)) +(—2) ii —60+(—6+(—2)) 3 a Ingeneral, is (a+b) +c=a~+(b=c)? b How would you interpret 24 + 4 + 2? 4 Evaluate: a ?x(-2) b (-3) x6 © (-2)«(-8) d (-12)+6 e 20+(-10) f i c (-18)+(-9) g (-4)x8 h (-7) x (7) i 28+ (-4) (-36) +9 k 12-1) 1 Ox (-3) m 2x (-3) *4 nm (-1)x(-1)X(-1) @ 4X (~6}& (-3) Pp (-5)x2 «(-6) q (12 = (—3)) =(-2) vr ((-36) = (—1)) = (-9) s ((-24)=8)+(-3) t (18+ (—2))+3 u (-2~ w (-3P10 Sum, difference, product and quotient The sum is what you get when you add numbers together. Example 1 The sum of 3, 8 and 7 is 18. The difference is the result of subtracting one number from another. Example 2 The difference between 8 and 13 (when 8 is subtracted from 13) is 5. The product is the result of multiplying numbers together. Example 3 The product of 2, 4 and 10 is 80. The quotient is the result of dividing one number by another. Example 4 When 30 is divided by 3, the quotient is 10. Exercise 10.1 1 Find the sum of: a Qand 12 b —-3and7 © iland-8 d -i4dand -7 e -1,3and7 f -6, —2and3 2 Find the difference when: a 8is subtracted from 15 b —7is subtracted fram 10 ¢€ 6is taken away from —2 d= —4is subtracted from —1 3 Find the product of: a 7and-2 b —3and8 © —6and —9 d -5,3and-4 e ~—9,-4and -3 f 12,-4and5 4 Find the quotient: a35-5 b 40:8 ce 36=(-4) d —81=(-3)11 More mental calculations In the following exercises write down your answer to each question without the help of a calculator or any written working, Genet) What is the cost of 9 tapes at £9.99 each? What is 8000 minus 150? What is the walue of 10%? Write down the value of 2500. 1 2 3 4 5 What factor, other than 1, is common to both 98 and 105? 6 What is 25 — 84? 7 Calculate (—27) + 45. 8 Take 37 away from (~26). 9 Two different numbers when squared give the answer 1. What are they? 10 Decrease (—5) by 7. 41 What is (—198) = 6? 12 Find the product of 8 and ((—6) + (—6)).Exercise 11.2 One pen costs 99p. What is the cost of 40 pens? What is 10 000 minus 320? What is the value of 40°? Calculate 8? — 4° Write down the prime factors of 84. What is (— 100) + 36? Find the value of 73 — (— 48). Evaluate (54) — 67, Increase (—9) by 15. Calculate (—2) x (—7) x (—6). Divide the product of 7 and (—8) by 4. Calculate the value of 17 + 2? + 33. on TH BW N ow N23 ©