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5 authors, including:
Mehmet Candan
Murat Erdem
Anadolu University
Anadolu University
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Ayen Trk
Anadolu University
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Introduction
Lichens are symbiotic associations between a
fungus and an algae (Fahselt, 1994) and about
20 000 lichen species are distributed throughout
the world. Their chemistry involves the production
of a wide range of both primary (intracellular) and
secondary (extracellular) compounds (Elix, 1996).
Primary metabolites consist of amino acids, polyols, carotenoids, polysaccharides and vitamins.
Secondary metabolites that are produced by the
fungus partner of the lichen are often called lichen
acids and make the majority of organic compounds found in lichens. So far more than 850 secondary metabolites in lichens have been identified, and studies have shown that lichens are
forced to produce such compounds as protective
substances which are essential for the self-protection of slow growing lichens (Fahselt, 1994; Mller,
09395075/2007/07000619 $ 06.00
620
Notes
Table I. MIC values of the extracts of Parmelia sulcata and its salazinic acid constituent.
MIC (against 107 cells or spores)
Microorganism
A.
B.
B.
L.
P.
Y.
S.
S.
P.
S.
C.
C.
A.
A.
P.
a
b
hydrophila
cereus
subtilis
monocytogenes
vulgaris
enterocolitica
aureus
faecalis
aeruginosa
typhimurium
albicans
glabrata
niger
fumigatus
notatum
Acetone
extracta
[g]
Chloroform
extracta
[g]
Diethyl ether
extracta
[g]
80
20
20
40
160
160
40
40
160
80
640
1280
1280
120
15
15
60
120
60
30
15
60
60
240
120
480
210
26
53
53
210
210
26
26
210
210
105
105
210
Methanol
Salazinic acid
extracta
[g]
[g/41.7 l]
[mm]
40
20
20
80
640
1280
80
40
320
160
320
320
640
125
63
125
b
125
250
250
500
500
250
250
500
7.7
3.9
7.7
7.7
15.4
15.4
30.8
30.8
15.4
15.4
30.8
The concentrations of the stock solutions were 3 mg/ml for the acetone extract, 1.12 mg/ml for the chloroform
extract, 0.5 mg/ml for the diethyl ether extract, and 6 mg/ml for the methanol extract.
Inactive.
Notes
621