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quantum magnetism
Radu Coldea
Oxford
Outline
- principles of (magnetic) neutron scattering
- spin waves in a Heisenberg ferromagnet
- spin waves in square-lattice AFM La2CuO4
Neutron reactors
(Institute Laue Langevin)
ki
kf
Q
ki kf = Q
Ei Ef = E
neutron
guide
spectrometers
Clifford
Shull
Bertram
Brockhouse
p+
neutron
guide
time-of-flight
spectrometer
LET@ISIS
kf
ki
dipole moment M
magnetic
unit cell
- Intensity ~
Fourier transform of magnetic
moment density (perp to
scattering wavevector Q)
structural
Bragg peak t
magnetic
sample
excited
state
ground state
Fourier transform of
magnetic e- density
polarization factor
Cs2CuCl4
(solution growth)
CoNb2O6
(mirror furnace growth)
4 cm
2.5 cm
magnon
energy
(q) = -J(q)
(0) +- J(0) + h
1
iqrij
2
Fourier transform
of magnetic couplings
J(q) = _ ijJij e
S-
exact
result
Zeeman
energy
Wavevector (q)
(q)
Energy
Gap
0
|q> =
e iqr |
1
N i
i>
kf
S z = + 1/2
S z = -1/2
Magnon
k
ki - kf = k
Ei - Ef = w(k)
Wavevector k
L (rlu)
Sz = -1
J antiferromagnetic
La2CuO4
Magnetic Bragg peak (1/2,1/2,0)
- insulating parent of
high-TC cuprates
- square-lattice of CuO2
planes, Cu2+ S=1/2
Keimer at al, PRB (1992)
ki
S=1
magnon
kf
Energy
325 meV
275 meV
75 meV
Dispersion relations
La2CuO4, T=293 K
Antiferromagnetic
Bragg peak
position
RC et al, PRL 86, 5377 (2001)
Expand up to 4
electron hops
A.H. MacDonald (1990),
Takahashi (1977)
1.25
(0,0.5,l)
Intensity (a.u.)
J'
0.1
0.2
E (meV)
0.8
0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
Energy (meV)
0.8
1.0
1.2
B=0
B >> J
J antiferromagnetic
Fully-polarized
state
State with AF
correlations
BC
Magnetically
ordered, spin
liquid etc.
gapped
magnons
Applied
Field
Exact eigenstate if
Hamiltonian
conserves Sz
Bose condensation
of magnons at Bc
S Jd
2 d
exp( i k d)
T=60 mK
1.0
0.8
Bc = 8.42 T
0.6
0.4
0.2
Magnetization ()
0.2
0.1
20
0.0
10
0.0
T=60 mK
10
0
Field // a (Tesla)
10
0.4
Field // a (Tesla)
(021)
2.0
1.5
0.5
0.6
Energy (meV)
(010)
(020)
1.0
0.0
0.5
(021)
[0,2,l]
[0,,-1]
1.5
Energy (meV)
(0,1.447,0)
1.0
1.0
Fourier transform of
couplings J(q)
J=0.374(5) meV
J=0.128(5) meV
_J ~ _1
J
3
J'
0.5
2D Hamiltonian
B = 12 T || a
T < 0.2 K
0.0
1.0
1.5
[0,k,0]
RC et al, PRL 88,137203 (2002)
2.0
J= 0.017(2) meV
interlayer coupling
Da = 0.020(0) meV DM anisotropy _| bc plane
B=Bc
B>Bc
magnon
dispersion
Gap
B (T) || a
4
12
0)
2
0
(
(a)
1.25
1.5
0)
1
(0
1.00
1.0
+
)
1
7,
4
4
.
(0,
)
1
7,
4
4
.
(0,
0.75
0.50
0.25
0.00
Peak intensity
(arb. units)
10
(b) CONE
0.04
FERRO
0.03
0.02
0.5
D
150
0.0
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
[0,k,0]
Intensity a.u.)
Energy (meV)
1.50
Energy (meV)
B > Bc
B < Bc
100
50
0.01
0.00
0
B (T) || a
10
12
0
1.40
1.45
K (rlu)
1.50
(000)
Alternating layers
counter-rotate
+D
1.0
-D
0.5
-Q
Sense
selected by
DM couplings
+Q
0.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
[0 k 0]
D(Si x Sj)
2 condensates at
+Q and -Q
1.6
1.0
1.4
1.2
0.5
1.0
0.0
1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
B (T) || a
[0,k,0]
Energy (meV)
Asymmetry <Sb>/<Sc>
1.5
B=Bc
Incommensuration
(2/b)
B<Bc
mean-field
result
0.05
Bc= 8.44(1)T
c=0.0536(5)
0.04
(0,1.5-,0)
(0,0.5-,1)
0.03
0.02
0
10
Strong quantum
renormalization
20 e0/ecl=0.56
Energy
Collinear
spins
RC et al, PRL 88,137203 (2002)
10
B (T) || a
Wave
vector k
Quantum Classical
Spin-1/2 instability
large-S
12
S=1/2
Spinons
La2CuO4
H = - J Si z S j +
i,j
<Sz>
<Sz>
quantum fluctuations
add transverse field
- B Sx
quantum tunneling
- B (S++S-) / 2
TC
Temperature
Quantum fluctuations
driven continuous
phase transition
BC
B field
H = - J Si Si+1 +- B S ix
i
T
TC
Quantum
paramagnet
Ferromagnet
0
z
- transverse field
- B Sx = - B (S++S-) / 2
generates quantum fluctuations
that melt the spontaneous
magnetic order at BC ~ J/2
BC
Ordered
moment
Field
x
Magnetization
Temperature
Critical
Phase 2
Phase 1
BC
Tuning
parameter
Bx
=> propagating solitons
(Jordan Wigner fermions)
classical soliton
(large-S limit)
Gap D
Ferromagnet
solitons
BC
Quantum
paramagnet
spin-flip
quasiparticle
Experimental requirements
1) good 1D character to see solitons
2) low-exchange J ~ 1 meV to access critical field BC ~ J/2 < 10 T
3) strong uniaxial anisotropy (Ising character) but not perfect to still
have transverse g-factor
l LS
Strong Crystal field + Spin Orbit
Ferromagnetic
superexchange
~ 90 bond Co-O-Co
~ 20K ~ 2meV
Single crystal
of CoNb2O6
(Oxford
image
furnace)
Co2+
4 cm
k1
incident
scattered
k2
k1
k2
TC
ordered
T= 5 K, 1D phase above TN
1D phase
3D phase
BC
H=-2.5
H=-2.0
H=-1.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1.1
chain direction
1.2
1.3
1.4
Energy (meV)
1.5
T =40 mK
0.04 K
5K
1
0.3
L = 0.00(5)
2
0.2
3
4
0.1
0.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Energy (meV)
Continuum of
Bound states in
free 2-soliton
confining potential
states
E
2
1
x x x x
Soliton separation
costs energy
V(x) = l x
l ~ J Sz
T =40 mK
0.04 K
5K
1
0.3
L = 0.00(5)
2
0.2
3
4
0.1
0.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Energy (meV)
Continuum of
Bound states in
free 2-soliton
confining potential
states
E
2
1
x x x x x
Soliton separation
costs energy
V(x) = l x
l ~ J Sz
T =40 mK
0.04 K
5K
1
0.3
L = 0.00(5)
2
0.2
3
4
0.1
0.0
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
Energy (meV)
Continuum of
Bound states in
free 2-soliton
confining potential
states
E
2
1
x x x x x x
Soliton separation
costs energy
V(x) = l x
l ~ J Sz
Soliton confinement
0.04 K
5K
McCoy&Wu (78)
Schrdingers equation
1
0.3
L = 0.00(5)
2
0.2
3
4
0.1
0.0
kinetic energy
string tension
Ai(z)
0.5
-0.5
-10
-5
Airy function
zn = 2.33, 4.08, 5.52, 6.78
1.0
1.2
1.4
Energy (meV)
1.6
2-soliton states
=J
-a
-b d n,1
a 2 soliton state
z
gap
from Ising J Siz Si+1
+
i+1
soliton hopping
from XY term
i-1
x + Sy Sy
+ S- + S - S+
- Jxy ( Six Si+1
)
~
S
i i+1
i i+1 i i+1
T = 40 mK
Gap:
J ~ 1.94 meV
Bandwidth
Kinetic bound state : transverse couplings for nn bond SxSx + SySy , J / J z = 0.24
and 2-nd neighbour AFM along chain J z' = - 0.15 J z
Weak confinement term: hz ~ 0.02 J longitudinal field includes interchain mean-field
4T
Energy
3.25 T
Gap decreases
with field
B
t
torque
wavevector
CoNb2O6
crystal
BxSx = (S++S-)/2
6T
Magnetic 3D LRO
Bragg peak
Two-soliton states
Ordered
Single sharp
mode
Paramagnetic
1000
Excitations change
character above
critical field
800
Intensity (a.u.)
7T
600
400
200
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
Energy(meV)
2.0
Excitations in
transverse field
2-soliton continuum
RC et al, Science 327, 177 (2010)
Summary
- realized experimentally field-tuned quantum phase transition in
quasi 1D Ising magnet CoNb2O6
- observed transmutation of quasiparticles at critical point
ordered
paramagnet
2-soliton
states
spin-flip
Conclusions
- neutron scattering is a very versatile probe of magnetic ordering and
dynamics (meV->eV, magnetic field (15 T->25 T), low T (mK)
- quantitative: probe dispersions of excitations through wellunderstood matrix element (quantitative comparison with theories)
- sample size limited, large crystals needed (advanced crystal growth)
- new neutron sources (ISIS 2nd target station, USA + JAPAN, ESS) will
bring new opportunities: higher flux, higher resolution, wider coverage
50 detectors,
2D data set
40,000 detectors,
4D data set, 4
energies measured
simultaneously,
Collaborators
La2CuO4
CoNb2O6
G. Aeppli (UCL)
T.G. Perring(ISIS)
C.D. Frost (ISIS)
T.E. Mason (Oak Ridge)
Z. Fisk (Florida)
D. Prabhakaran (Oxford)
Cs2CuCl4
D. A. Tennant (HZB)
A.M. Tsvelik (Brookhaven)
Z. Tylczynski (Poland)