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A3.
B1.
Everything except some food products has undergone some separation operations. Even the
water in bottles has been purified (either by reverse osmosis or by distillation).
B2.
New problem for 3rd edition. Many homes have a water softener (ion exchange), or a filter, or a
carbon water filter (actually adsorption), or a reverse osmosis system.
B3.
New problem for 3rd edition. For example: the lungs are a gas permeation system, the intestines
and kidney are liquid permeation or dialysis systems.
B4.
New problem for 3rd edition. You probably used some of the following: chromatography,
crystallization, distillation, extraction, filtration and ultrafiltration.
D1.
.4 kmole E .4 MW 46 18.4 kg
.6 kmol Water .6 MW 18
10.8 kg
total 29.2 kg
17
Chapter 2
New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems are: 2A6, 2A9 to 2A16, 2C4, 2C8, 2C9, 2D1.g, 2.D4, 2D10, 2D13, 2D24 to 2D30, 2E1, 2F4,
2G4 to 2G6, 2H1 to 2H3.
2.A1.
Feed to flash drum is a liquid at high pressure. At this pressure its enthalpy can be calculated
as a liquid. eg. h TF,Phigh
c p LIQ TF
its bubble point and is a two-phase mixture (It flashes). In the flash mixture enthalpy is
unchanged but temperature changes. Feed location cannot be found from T F and z on the
graph because equilibrium data is at a lower pressure on the graph used for this calculation.
2.A2.
Yes.
2.A4.
1.0
Equilibrium
(pure water)
yw
zw = 0.965
Flash
operating
line
.5
2.A4
0
.5
xw
1.0
2.A6. New Problem. In a flash drum separating a multicomponent mixture, raising the pressure will:
i. Decrease the drum diameter and decrease the relative volatilities.
Answer is i.
2.A8.
a. K increases as T increases
b. K decreases as P increases
c. K stays same as mole fraction changes (T, p constant)
-Assumption is no concentration effect in DePriester charts
d. K decreases as molecular weight increases
2.A9.
2.A10.
2.A11.
18
2.A12.
2.A13.
2.A14.
2.A15.
New Problem. a.
b. The answer is
The answer is
36C
3.5 to 3.6
2.A16. New Problem. The liquid is superheated when the pressure drops, and the energy comes from the
amount of superheat.
2.B1.
Must be sure you dont violate Gibbs phase rule for intensive variables in equilibrium.
Examples:
F, z, Tdrum , Pdrum
F, h F , z, p
F, TF , z, p
F, z, y, Pdrum
F, TF , z, y
F, h F , z, y
F, z, x, p drum
F, TF , z, x
etc.
F, z, y, p drum
F, TF , z, Tdrum , p drum
F, z, x, Tdrum
F, TF , y, p
F, TF , y, Tdrum
F, TF , x, p
etc.
F, TF , x, Tdrum
F, TF , y, x
2.B2.
This is essentially the same problem (disguised) as problem 2-D1c and e but with an existing
(larger) drum and a higher flow rate.
With y = 0.58, x = 0.20, and V/F = 0.25 which corresponds to 2-D1c.
lb mole
If F 1000
, D .98 and L
2.95 ft from Problem 2-D1e .
hr
Since D V and for constant V/F, V F, we have D
With F = 25,000:
F.
19
y = .58,
V = .25 (16660) = 4150
16,660
25,000
LTotal
x
8340
V MWv
3K drum 3600
Bypass reduces V
c1)
Kdrum is already 0.35. Perhaps small improvements can be made with a better demister
Talk to the manufacturers.
c2) v can be increased by increasing pressure. Thus operate at higher pressure. Note this
will change the equilibrium data and raise temperature. Thus a complete new
calculation needs to be done.
d) Try bypass with vapor mixing.
e) Other alternatives are possible.
2.C2.
2.C5.
a. Start with
zA
zB
KB 1
KA 1
xi
Fz i
L VK i
Fz i
xi
Then y i
From
Kixi
yi
and let V
L
F
xi
F L Ki
F L
or x i
L
F
zi
1
L
Ki
F
K i zi
L
1
Ki
F
0 we obtain
K i 1 zi
L
F
L
1
Ki
F
20
zi
2.C7.
1
V/F
f
0
0
Ki 1
.1
-.09
.2
-.1
V
F
1 f
.3
-.09
V
F
.4
.5
-.06 -.007
.6
.07
.7
.16
.8
.3
.9
.49
1.0
.77
p drum
F=L+V
Tdrum
Fz
y
Lx Vy
21
2.C9.
New Problem. Derivation of Eqs. (2-62) and (2-63). Overall and component mass balances are,
V L1
Fzi
L2
L1x i,L1
L2
x i,L2
Vyi
Fz i
L1K i,L1
L2
x i,L2
Solving,
x i,L 2
L 2 x i,L2
VK iV
L2
x i,L2
Fz i
L1K i,L 2
Fz i
L2
VK i,V
L1K i,L1
L2
F V L1
L2
VK i,V
L2
x i,liq 2
Since
yi
K i,V
L2
x i,L2 , y i
2.D1.
a.
i 1
K i,L1
L2
x i,liq1
0.4 100
K i,L1
x i,L 2
L2
K i,L1
L2
1,
i 1
L2
yi
L
1 1
F
F V
K i,V
V
F
L2
V
F
C
i 1
L2
yi
i 1
x i,L 2
L2
L
1 1
F
V
1
F
(2-62)
K i,L1 L 2 z i
L
K i,L1 L 2 1 1
K i,V
F
K i,L1 L 2 1 z i
K i,L1
K i,V
L2
L2
V
1
F
V
F
(2-63)
60 kmol/h
L V
3 2, y x
0.77 and x 0.48
600 and L
1 , thus,
C
i 1
L2
1 zi
x i,liq 2
K i,V
K i,V L 2 zi
L
1 1
K i,V
F
L2
K i,V
40 and L
0.4 1500
c. Plot x
i 1
K i,L1
which becomes
In addition,
1
C
Stoichiometric equations,
Since x i,liq1
zi
L
1 1
F
0.6
zF V 1.2
0.58 .
22
Slope
Plot operating line, y
e. Find Liquid Density.
MW L
Then, VL
xm
V
z at z
x m MWm
MWm
F V
xw
MWw
.2
RT
.2 32.04
32.04
.7914
MW L VL
P MW
.8
4
V
V F
.2
0.51 . From mass balance F 37.5 kmol/h.
x w MWw
1 V F
.8
.8 18.01
18.01
1.00
22.51 ml/mol
20.82
82.0575
ml atm
mol K
354.7 K
26.15 g/mol
8.98 10
g/ml
23
u perm
K drum
K drum
exp A
nFlv
V
Since V
Wv
L
F V
1000 250
15615
WV
6537.5
V MW v
A cs
u perm 3600
Thus, D
MW L
nFlv
lb
nFlv
20.82
4A cs
2.598
14.19 ft/s
2-60
.925
8.98 10
6537.5 lb / h
lbmol
250 lbmol/h,
750
8.89 10
.925 8.98 10
.442
250 26.15
L
0.25 1000
V MW v
WL
nFlv
Flv
Then K drum
2.28 ft 2 .
Work backwards. Starting with x 2, find y2 = 0.62 from equilibrium. From equilibrium point
V
plot op. line of slope
This gives
L V 2
1
V F 2
3 7.
F 2
z2
For stage 1,
2.D3.
0.4
z1
x1
0.55 0.51
y1
x1
0.78 0.51
V F 0.6
V
L
y
x z V F
V
Op. eq.
2
y
x 2 3
3
See graph: y 0.55 x M 0.18
a.
0.78 .
0.148 .
6.0 k mol h, L
4.0
24
b. Product
78.0 C
Mass Bal: Fz
or
0.30,
Lx Vy
4.0
0.665,
F V x Vy
10 V 0.3 0.665V
V 2.985 and V F
Can also calculate V/F from slope.
c.
F 10,
y
If y
L
V
0.3
V F
0.8, x
Then z
3&L
0.2985
z
0.3
0.545 @ equil
0.3 0.8
0.545
0.6215.
3
7
Can also draw line of slope
through equil point.
3
25
zi
yi .
Ki
K ref TNew
If pick C4 as reference: First guess
yi
yi K i
1.0
K ref TOld
K bu tan e
.2
.35
yi K i
1.0,
41 C : K C3
yi
.2
.35
.45
Ki
8.8
4.0145
.9
4.0145 .6099
yi
.2
.35
.45
Ki
2.45
.44
K C4,NEW
3.1,
K C6
0.125
.45
K C4,NEW
yi x i
xi
Want
V F
2.45 1.2
.2
.35
.45
Ki
6.9
2.94
.56
.9
0.6099
2.45, T
85 : K C2
6.0,
K C6
0.44
1.20
2.94, T
yi
K C6
0.804
96 C : K C3
6.9,
K C6
0.56
Gives 84 C
26
K C4
yi K i
2.D5.
2.7, K C3
.2
.35
.45
6.5
2.7
.49
6.5, K C6
0.49
1.079
T ~ 87 88 C
Note: hexane probably better choice as reference.
a)
v1 = F2
v2
y1 = z2
z1 = 0.55
y2
1
F1 = 1000
V
F
y1
V1
V1
V1
0.45454 & L1
V1
F1
1000
V1 = 687.5 kmol/h = F2
c) Stage 2
At x
0, y
0.25 ,
z V F
From graph y 2
V2
V
F
F2
y1 = 0.66 = z2
y = x = z = 0.55
to x1 = 0.3 on eq. curve (see graph)
0.55 0.80
.25
0.454545
.55 0
.55
Slope
L1
x1
0.25
2
x2
x1 = 0.30
b)
p1,2 = 1 atm
687.5
1000
0.75F
3, y x
V
0.25F
0.66
2.64. At y 0, x 2
0.25
0.82, x 2
0.25 687.5
0.6875
0.66. Plot op line
z2
F
L
0.66
L F
0.75
0.88
0.63 .
171.875 kmol/h
27
2.D6.
V
F = 1.0 kmol/min
T = 50C
P = 200 kPa
zc4 = 0.45
zc5 = 0.35
Zc6 = 0.20
K i 1 zi
1
Ki 1 V F
1.4 .45
0.2 .35
0.7 .2
1 0.7 0.6
df k
i 1
V
k 1
Fk
0.0215
K i 1 zi
d V F
Kc6 = 0.30
RR eq.,
f1
Kc4 = 2.4
Kc5 = 0.80
Ki 1 V F
fk
df
d V F
28
df1
V
d
F
V
F2
f2
1.4 2 0.45
0.2
2
1 1.4 .6
0215
0.6
0.35
1 0.2 0.6
0.7
2
0.20
1 0.7 0.6
0.570
0.6377
0.570
1.4 .45
0.2 .35
0.7 0.2
0.00028
1 1.4 0.6377 1 0.2 0.6377 1 0.7 0.6377
Which is close enough.
yi K i x i
zi
0.45
x c4
0.2377,
V 1 1.4 .6377
yc4
2.4 0.2377
1 Ki 1
F
0.35
x c5
0.4012, y c5
0.8 0.4012 0.3210
1 0.2 0.6377
x c6
2.D7.
0.20
1 0.7 0.6377
xi
zA
zB
KB 1
KA 1
KM
5.6 and K P
1.0002
0.3
0.7
0.21 1
5.6 1
zM
0.30 0.4012
yi
0.9998
0.3
xP
1 xM
0.1466
V 1 4.6 0.2276
1 KM 1
F
5.6 0.1466 0.8208
0.8534 , y M K M x M
yP
1 yM
0.1792
Converge on V F
0.1084
0.2276
K i 1 zi
V
F
.076, V
Ki 1 V / F
73, K 2
F V F
4.1 K 3
152 kmol/h, L
.115
F V 1848 kmol/h .
zi
2.D9.
, y8
0.21
Eq. (2-38) x M
2.D8.
0.3613
0.5705
CPL
CPEtOH x EtOH
CPw x w
29
Where x EtOH and x w are mole fractions. Convert weight to mole fractions.
Basis: 100 kg mixture
30
30 kg EtOH
0.651 kmol
46.07
70 kg water 70 18.016 3.885
Total = 4.536 kmol
0.6512
100
Avg. MW
0.1435, x w 0.8565 .
22.046 Mole fracs: x E
4.536
4.536
Use CPL
at 100 C as an average CP value.
EtOH
C PL
Per kg this is
37.96 .1435
18.0 .8565
C PL
20.86
MWavg
22.046
0.946
20.86
kcal
kmol C
kcal
kg C
1.088 and h F
30
K C3
Kixi ,
xi
zi
1
Ki
V
1
F
5,
,
z C4
35 Mole % n-butane
K C4
1.9,
xi
yi
K C6
1
x C6
0.7
0.3
zi
K i 1 zi
0
z C3 1 z C6 z C 4 .65 z C6
V
1 Ki 1
F
zC6
zC6
V
For C6
0.7
z C 6 0.7 1 0.7
V
V
F
1 K C6 1
1 0.7
F
F
V
z C6 0.7 0.49
F
4 .65 z C 6
0.9 .35
0.7z C 6
RR Eq:
0
V
V
V
1 4
1 0.9
1 0.7
F
F
F
2 equations & 2 unknowns. Substitute in for z C6 . Do in Spreadsheet.
R.R.
2.D11.
31
2.D12.
For problem 2.D1c, plot x = 0.2 on equilibrium diagram with feed composition of 0.3. The
resulting operating line has a y intercept z V / F 1.2 . Thus V F 0.25 (see figure in
Solution to 2.D1) Vapor mole fraction is y = 0.58.
Find Liquid Density.
MW L
Then, VL
x m MWm
xm
MWm
x w MWw
xw
MWw
.2 32.04
.2
32.04
.7914
L
p MW
v
RT
.8
.8 18.01
18.01
1.00
MW L VL
20.82
22.51 ml/mol
32
82.0575
ml atm
mol K
354.7 K
8.98 10
g/ml
u perm
K drum
K drum,horizontal
1.25 K drum,vertical
Since V
Wv
L
F V
V F
0.25 1000
V MW v
1000 250
exp A
nFlv
15615
WV
6537.5
A cs
A Cs
MW L
8.98 10
0.5525
8.98 10
u perm 3600
Or y c
AT
2.D14.
xc
1 xc
cp
Raoults Law: K C 4
A Cs 0.2
1.25
20.82
2.598
17.74 ft/s
4A T
9.12 ft 2
1.76 .7
1 .76 .7
cp
0.80418
0.5682
pc
VPC 4
PTot
4.04615 ,
VPC 4
11121 mm Hg
log 10 VPC 6
3.2658 ,
VPC 6
1844.36 mm Hg
1.0
0.5525
log 10 VPC 4
xi
nFlv
0.19582
cp
1.824 ft 2 ,
1 yp
yc
0.925 8.98 10
V MW v
With L/D = 4,
nFlv
750
.925
u perm
6537.5 lb / h
WL
K drum ,vertical
nFlv
250 lbmol/h,
Flv
zi
1
Ki 1 V F
1.0
33
0.3
0.7
1
11121
1844.36
1
1 0.4 1
1 0.4
P
P
Solve for Pdrum = 3260 mmHg
zi
xi
V
1 Ki 1
F
.3
11121
x C4
0.1527, y C 4 K C 4 x C 4
0.1527
11121
3260
1
1 .4
3260
1844.36
x C6 1 x C 4 0.84715,
y C6
0.84715 0.47928
3260
Check
1.00019
2.D15.
This is an unusual way of stating problem. However, if we count specified variables we see
that problem is not over or under specified. Usually V/F would be the variable, but here it
isnt. We can still write R-R eqn. Will have three variables: zC2, ziC4, znC4. Need two other
eqns: z iC4 z nC4 constant, and z C2 z iC4 z nC4 1.0
Thus, solve three equations and three unknowns simultaneously.
Do It. Rachford-Rice equation is,
K C2 1 zC2
K iC 4 1 z iC 4
K nC 4 1 z nC 2
0
V
V
V
1 K C2 1
1 K iC 4 1
1 K nC 4 1
F
F
F
Can solve for zC2 = 1 ziC4 and ziC4 = (.8) znC4. Thus zC2 = 1 1.8 znC4
Substitute for ziC4 and zC2 into R-R eqn.
K C2 1
.8 K iC 4 1
K nC 4
1 1.8 z nC4
z nC 4 z nC 4
V
V
1 K C2 1
1 K iC 4 1
1 K nC 4
F
F
K C2 1
V
1 K C2 1
F
Thus,
z nC 4
K C2 1
.8 K iC 4 1
K nC 4
1.8
V
V
1 K C2 1
1 K iC 4 1
1 K nC 4
F
F
Can now find K values and plug away. KC2 = 2.92, KiC4 = .375, KnC4 = .26.
Solution is znC4 = 0.2957, ziC4 = .8 (.2957) = 0.2366, and zC2 = 0.4677
2.D16.
0.52091
1
V
1
F
1
1
V
F
0.05
34
R.R. eq.
K i 1 zi
V
F
49 .5
1 49 .53
Eq. 3.33
V
F
.4 .1
.83 .15
.95 .25
1 .4 .53
1 .83 .53
1 .95 .53
f V F
V
F
zi K i 1
Ki
V
1
F
V/F
0.53 and f V / F
calculate
V/F
x C1
.584 150
1
0.157 .
0.584
K C1 1 (V / F)
y C1 K C1 x C1 50 0.016883
Similar for other components.
0.157
where
2-D17.
Ki 1 V F
.5
1 49 .584
62.4
0.016883
0.844
L F
1.5
V 0.4F 400, L 600 Slope
Intercepts y = x = z = 0.70. Plot line and find xA = 0.65, yA = 0.77 (see graph)
b. V = 2000, L = 3000. Rest identical to part a.
c. Lowest xA is horizontal op line (L = 0). xA = 0.12
Highest yA is vertical op line (V = 0). yA = 0.52. See graph
a.
35
d.
K1 1 z i
Check:
Initial guess: If x h
Kh
Try T
0 ?
.85 then Tdrum must be less than temperature to boil pure hexane
4.8, K p =11.7 .
0.6
1
V 0.85
1.471 . Not possible. Must have K h
F
0.8 1
73 C where K h 0.6 . Then K b 3.8, K p 9.9 .
0.6
1
.85
.6 1
V
F
Check:
K i 1 zi
1
K1 1 V F
1.0, T
K h =0.8, K b
0.85
0.706
0.735
8.9 .1
Ki 1 V F
0.6
2.8 .3
8.9 .735 1
.4 .6
2.8 .735 1
.4 735
0.05276
F V to obtain z C6 .9
C 8 balance: z C6 F
Lx C6
z C6
or
Vy C6
L x C6
1 V F x C6
F V x C6
1 V F x C6
K C6 Vx C6
x C6 K C6 V F
z C6
Solve for V F.
.9 z C6 KV F
.93C 6
.1
.9K C6
1 V F
.1
0?
K ref Told
1 df T
36
Try
70 C. K C4
3.1, K C5
.1
F
.9 .37 .1
Rachford Rice equation
2.1 .4
f
1 2.1 .231 1
.37
K ref
0.231 .
.08 .25
.63 .35
.08 .231 1
.63 .231
.28719
.37
K ref Tnew
Converge on TNew
.93, K C6
0.293 .
Then RR eq =
K i 1 zi
0
V
1 Ki 1
F
7.7 .2
.46 z B
1+7.7 25
K C2
a.)
zB
K C5
0.153
0.6078
zA
zB
KB 1
KA 1
0.55
0.45
.153 1
4.8 1
0.5309
zC2
0.55
V 1 3.8 .5309
1 K C2 1
F
x C5 0.8177 , y C5 0.1251
Need to convert F to kmol.
Avg MW 0.55 30.07 0.45 72.15
F 100, 000
kmol
K drum
0.1823,
yC2
0.8749
49.17
2033.7 kmol/h
hr 49.17 kg
V F F 1079.7,
u Perm
b.)
kg
.8 z B
0.86 .25
V
x C2
zE
0.8764 1.0955z B
0.3499
4.8
1 zB
.86 .8 z B
.46 .25
0.5265 0.51977 z B
0 .5757z B
2.D21.
Use z F
F V
954.0 kmol/h
v
v
To find
MW L
0.1823 30.07
0.8177 72.15
64.48
37
MW V
0.8749 30.07
For liquid assume ideal mixture:
V1
x C2 VC2,liq
0.1251 72.15
x C5 VC5,liq
x C2
MW C2
35.33
x C5
MW C5
C2,liq
VL
0.1823
30.07
MW L
64.48
VL
103.797
72.15
0.8177
0.54
0.621 g/ml
RT
atm
g
700 kPa
35.33
101.3 kPa
mol
v
ml atm
82.0575
303.16K
mol K
WL
K drum : Use Eq. (2-60) with FlV
WV
K drum
kmol 64.48 kg
WV
997.7
WV
881.5 35.33
exp
31,143.3
0.621
n 0.2597
2.6612
AC
0.18707
0.0010149
n 0.2597
0.009814
1.0 m
s 3.2808 ft
0.8111
4A C
m
s
3600
s
h
n 0.2597
4
0.3372
2.6612 ft/s
0.8111 m/s
1079.7
V MWV
u Perm 3600
n .2597
0.621 0.009814
ft
0.2597
0.81458
0.3372
31,143.4 kg/h
0.009814
1.877478
0.009814 g / ml
6, 4331.7 kg/h
kmol
64331.7
0.0145229
u Perm
103.797 ml/mol
0.63
MW v
FlV
C5,liq
kmol
h
35.33
0.009814
g
cm 3
kg
kmol
kg
1000g
10 cm
m3
1.392 m 2
1.33 m
Arbitrarily
L D
4,
5.32 m
38
2.D22.
K i 1 zi
K iP 1 z iP
V
1 K iP 1
F
Ki 1 V F
K NP 1
K iP 1 z iP
K iP 1 z iP
V
F
p tot
log10 VP
K NP 1 z NP
760 mm Hg,
where z iP
z NP
1.0
90 C
1580.9
3.011679
20 219.61
1027.256 mm Hg ,
K iP 1027.256 760 1.35165
VPiP
Note: MWiP
8.11778
MWNP .
z iP
0.24384 0.5
z iP
1
x NP
K iP
1 x iP
5.7,
0.4095
V
1
F
0.5905; yip K iP x iP
K ethylene
1.43,
K Ethane
0.98,
y NP
0.44653
K C6
0.007
.47 .4
0.43 .05
F1
1 4.7 .6
1 .43 .6
.02 0.35
1
xi
x ethane
zi
1
Ki 1 V F
0.354, x C6
0.993 0.2
.02 .6
V
F
zi K i 1
yi
0.55347
0.629
0.24384 0.35165
x iP
First, try
0.35165 0.5
Find
K NP 1 z NP
1499.2
7.84767
NP
log10 VPiP
Eq. (2-46)
2.75943
90 204.64
574.68 mm Hg , K NP 574.68 p tot 0.75616
VPNP
K iP 1
K NP 1 K iP 1
p drum
2.D23.
K NP 1 z NP
V
1 K NP 1
F
.993 6
0.6059
2
2
Ki 1
V
F
. xM
0.104, x ethylene
0.502,
0.0108
0.040
1.0001 OK
Ki xi
39
y C3 x C3
K C6
y C6 x C6
Ks are known.
K C6
1 x C3 K C6
x C3 K C3
K C3
x C3
at 110C
x C3
1 K C3 x C3
1 x C3
1 K C3 x C3
K C6
1 K C6
K C6
&
y C3
1 x C3
1 K C6
x C3
Check:
1 yC3
K C3 1 K C6
K C3
K C6
(Fig. 2-11)
0,
1, y C3
y C3
1 1 K C6
1.0
1 K C6
K C3 0
K C3
T
0C
10C
20C
30C
40C
50C
60C
70C
K C3
1.45
2.1
2.6
3.3
3.9
4.7
5.5
6.4
K C6
0.027
0.044
0.069
0.105
0.15
0.21
0.29
0.38
x C3
1- 0.027
= 0.684
1.45 - 0.027
0.465
0.368
0.280
0.227
0.176
0.136
0.103
yC3
K C3 x C3
0.9915
0.976
0.956
0.924
0.884
0.827
0.75
0.659
See
Graph
40
41
b.
c.
Drum T: K C3
d.
.8,
y C3 x C3
x ~ .16
Slope
V
.8 .6
x
1
.16 .6
1.45
1 f
0.45
.45
0.69
1500 kPa: K C4
13
1 and K C4
12 .2
f1
K nC4
.6 .8
1 12 .4
1
1.0 is OK)
0.4
d f Pold
0.2178
1 .6 .4
K C 4 Pold
K C 4 Pnew
0.4
.2138
0.511
1.0
Pnew
1160
K C1
15.5 .2
f2
.489 .8
1 15.5 .4
K C 4 Pnew
Pnew
f3
16.5
1
0.4305
.4863
0.055769
0.511
1
1100
0.541
0.055769
K C1 17.4
16.4 .2
1
.489 .4
16.4 .4
.459 .8
1
.459 .4
42
b.)
xi
yC1
2.D26. New Problem. a)
b) Stage is equil.
K C5
zi
1
0.2
, x C1
Ki
K C1x C1
V
1 16.4 .4
1
F
17.4 0.02645 0.4603
0.02645
0.2
.2552
0.7838
These K values are at same T, P. Find these 2 K values on DePriester chart.
Draw straight line between them. Extend to Tdrum , p drum . Find 10C, 160 kPa.
2.D27. New Problem. a.)
VPC5 : log10 VP
1064.8
6.853
0 233.01
VP 191.97 mmHg
b.)
VP
3 760
2.2832 ,
2280 mmHg ,
log10 VP
6.853 1064.8 / T 233.01
Solve for T = 71.65C
c.)
Ptot 191.97 mm Hg [at boiling for pure component Ptot
d.)
C5:
log10 VP
30 233.01
637.51 mm Hg
VP
K C5
C6:
VPC5 Ptot
log10 VPC6
VPC6
K C6
e.)
KA
yA x A
1064.8
6.853
2.8045
6.876
30 224.41
187.29 mm Hg
187.29 500
KB
2.2725
0.3746
yB x B
(1 y A ) / (1 x A )
x C5
1 K C6
K C5
K C6
VP ]
1 0.3746
1.2750 0.3746
Solve.
0.6946
43
V
h
F
L
From example 2-4, x H
With h D
C, D
0.19, Tdrum
378K, V F
0.51, y H
0.6, z H
0.40
V MWv
u perm 3600
3.14 10 3 g mol
28316.85ml
454g lbm
ft
0.198
lbm
ft 3
Example 2.4
u perm
K drum
K horiz
1.25 K vertical
u perm
V
V
F
0.5541
F
0.4433 , K horiz
0.6960 0.00314
0.00314
lbmol
0.51 3000
hr
1.25 0.4433
0.5541
12
1530 lbmol hr
lbmol
lbm
97.39
h
lbmol
ft
s
lbm
8.231
3600
0.1958 3
s
h
ft
1530
5.067 ft
4D
20.27 ft
1
Use 5 20 or 5
22 ft drum.
2
2.D29. New Problem. The stream tables in Aspen Plus include a line stating the fraction vapor in a given
stream. Change the feed pressure until the feed stream is all liquid (fraction vapor = 0). For the PengRobinson correlation the appropriate pressure is 74 atm.
The feed mole fractions are: methane = 0.4569, propane = 0.3087, n-butane = 0.1441, i-butane = 0.0661,
and n-pentane = 0.0242.
b. At 74 atm, the Aspen Plus results are; L = 10169.84 kg/h = 201.636 kmol/h, V = 4830.16 kg/h =
228.098 kmol/h, and Tdrum = -40.22 oC.
44
The vapor mole fractions are: methane = 0.8296, propane = 0.1458, n-butane = 0.0143, i-butane = 0.0097,
and n-pentane = 0.0006.
The liquid mole fractions are: methane = 0.0353, propane = 0.4930, n-butane = 0.2910, i-butane =
0.1298, and n-pentane = 0.0509.
c. Aspen Plus gives the liquid density = 0.60786 g/cc, liquid avg MW = 50.4367, vapor density =
0.004578 g/cc = 4.578 kg/m3, and vapor avg MW = 21.17579 g/mol = kg/kmol.
Since the flow area for vapor = LD and L = 4D, the area for flow = 4D 2. Then the equation for the drum
diameter is
D = {[(MWV) V]/[V uperm (L/D)]}0.5 = {[(21.17579 kg/kmol)(228.098 kmol/h)]/[(4.578 kg/m3)(uperm
ft/s)(1 m/3.281 ft)(3600 s/h)(4)]0.5
where the unit conversions are used to give D in meters. The value of u perm (in ft/s) can be determined by
combining Eqs. (2-59) and (2-60) for vertical drums with Eq. (2-64a).
Flv = (WL/WV)[V/ L]0.5 = (10169.84/4830.16)[0.004578/0.60786]0.5 = 0.18272
Resulting Kvertical = 0.378887 , Khorizontal = 0.473608, and uperm = 5.436779 ft/s, and D = 0.4896 m and L =
1.9585 m. Appropriate standard size would be used.
2.D30. New Problem. a. From the equilibrium data if yA = .40 mole fraction water, then x A = 0.09 mole
fraction water.
Can find LA and VA by solving the two mass balances for stage A simultaneously.
LA + VA = FA = 100 and LA (.09) + VA (.40) = (100) (.20). The results are VA = 35.48 and LA = 64.52.
b. In chamber B, since 40 % of the vapor is condensed, (V/F)B = 0.6. The operating line for this flash
chamber is,
y = -(L/V)x + FB/V) zB where zB = yA = 0.4 and L/V + .4FB/.6FB = 2/3. This operating line goes through
the point y = x = zB = 0.4 with a slope of -2/3. This is shown on the graph. Obtain xB = 0.18 & yB = 0.54.
LB = (fraction condensed)(feed to B) = 0.4(35.48) = 14.19 kmol/h and VB = FB LB = 21.29.
c. From the equilibrium if xB = 0.20, yB = 0.57. Then solving the mass balances in the same way as for
part a with FB = 35.48 and zB = 0.4, LB = 16.30 and VB = 19.18. Because xB = zA, recycling LB does not
change yB = 0.57 or xA = 0.09, but it changes the flow rates VB,new and LA,new. With recycle these can be
found from the overall mass balances: F = VB,new + LA,new and FzA = VB,newyB + LA,new xA. Then VB,new =
22.92 and LA,new = 77.08.
45
46
2.E1. New Problem. From Aspen Plus run with 1000 kmol/h at 1 bar, L = V = 500 kmol/h, WL = 9212.78
kg/h, WV = 13010.57 kg/h, liquid density = 916.14 kg/m3 , liquid avg MW = 18.43, vapor density = 0.85
kg/m3 , and vapor avg MW = 26.02, Tdrum = 94.1 oC, and Q = 6240.85 kW.
The diameter of the vertical drum in meters (with u perm in ft/s) is
D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 V uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =
{[4(26.02)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(0.85)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5
Flv = (WL/WV)[V/ L]0.5 = (9212.78/13010.57)[0.85/916.14]0.5 = 0.02157
Resulting Kvertical = 0.404299, and uperm = 13.2699 ft/s, and D = 1.16 m. Appropriate standard size would
be used. Mole fractions isopropanol: liquid = 0.00975, vapor = 0.1903
b. Ran with feed at 9 bar and pdrum at 8.9 bar with V/F = 0.5. Obtain WL = 9155.07 kg/h, WV = 13068.27,
density liquid = 836.89, density vapor = 6.37 kg/m3
D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 V uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =
{[4(26.14)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(6.37)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5
Flv = (WL/WV)[V/ L]0.5 = (9155.07/13068.27)[6.37/836.89]0.5 = 0.06112
Resulting Kvertical = .446199, uperm = 5.094885 ft/s, and D = 0.684 m. Thus, the method is feasible.
c. Finding a pressure to match the diameter of the existing drum is trial and error.
If we do a linear interpolation between the two simulations to find a pressure that will give us D = 1.0 m
(if linear), we find p = 3.66. Running this simulation we obtain, WL = 9173.91 kg/h, WV = 13049.43,
density liquid = 874.58, density vapor = 2.83 kg/m3, MWv = 26.10
D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 V uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =
{[4(26.10)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(2.83)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5
Flv = (WL/WV)[V/ L]0.5 = (9173.91/13049.43)[2.83/874.58]0.5 = 0.0400
Resulting Kvertical = .441162, uperm = 7.742851 ft/s, and D = 0.831 m.
Plotting the curve of D versus pdrum and setting D = 1.0, we interpolate pdrum = 2.1 bar
At pdrum = 2.1 bar simulation gives, WL = 9188.82 kg/h, WV = 13034.53, density liquid = 893.99 , density
vapor = 1.69 kg/m3, MWv = 26.07.
D = {[4(MWV) V]/[3600 V uperm (1 m/3.281 ft)]}0.5 =
{[4(26.07)(500)]/[3600(3.14159)(1.69)(1/3.281)uperm]}0.5
Flv = (WL/WV)[V/ L]0.5 = (9188.82/13034.53)[1.69/893.99]0.5 = 0.0307
Resulting Kvertical = .42933, uperm = 9.865175ft/s, and D = 0.953 m.
This is reasonably close and will work OK. T drum = 115.42 oC, Q = 6630.39 kW,
47
2.E2.
1 K C8
x C6
K C6 K C8
Pick T, find KC6 and KC8 (e.g. from DePriester charts), solve for xC6. Then yC6 = KC6xC6
TC
KC6
125
120
110
100
90
80
66.5
Op Line Slope
KC8
4
3.7
3.0
2.37
1.8
1.4
1.0
xC6
1.0
.90
.68
.52
.37
.26
.17
1 V F
.6
V F
.4
.0357
.1379
.2595
.4406
.650
1.0
See Figure.
yC6 = 0.85 and xC6 = 0.52. Thus KC6 = .85/.52 = 1.63.
This corresponds to T = 86C = 359K
48
MW L
VL
x C8 MW
x C6
MW
x C8 MW
C6
MW
x C8
C6
C6
MW v
C8
86.17
.52
.659
C8
MW L
99.63
VL
145.98
.52 86.17
C8
yC6 MWC6
.48
114.22
42.57
454 g/lbm
.85 86.17
.15 114.22
V MW v
F V
4000 90.38
6000 lbmol/h, WL
Flv
L MW L
597, 780
0.19135
Wv
361, 520
42.57
exp
1.87748
0.01452
u Perm
K drum
.81458
2.1995
v
V MW v
A Cs
4A Cs
0.111, nFlv
2.1995
2.1995
0.00101
.18707
2.1995
2.1995
0.423
4 83.33
90.38
6000 99.63
4000 90.38
u Perm 3600
0.423
ft 3
WL
K drum
lbm
0.19135 lbm/ft 3
Wv
99.63
145.98 ml/mol
.703
28316 ml/ft 3
.682 g/ml
yC8 MWC8
.48 114.22
6.30 ft/s
83.33 ft 2
2.F1
xB
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.8
.9
yB
.22
.38
.52
.62
.71
.96
.7
See Graph. Data is from Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th ed., p. 13-12.
49
Stage 1)
z F1
.4
.4
Intercept
Stage 2)
z F2
13
.164
z F3
23
.240
.240
Intercept
2.F3.
f
.164
Intercept
Stage 3)
12
13
1.2
y1
23
Converge to
12
18 C,
0 C,
z1
K1
K1
x2
x3
K1z1
K1
0C
x1
1,
.164
13
23
.01
Slope
.480
.872
.246
2,
13
Slope
23
Slope
z2
12
y2
.240
y3
.461
z3
.022
1
K2
.043,
K3
.00095,
.52
K2
0.11,
K3
0.0033,
120.26
1.0
1.93,
50
Converge to
T 124 C . This is a wide boiling feed.
Tdrum must be lower than 95C since that is feed temperature.
First Trial: Guess
Td,1 70 C : K1 7.8, K 2 1.07, K 3
Guess V F
.083
fV F
.07 .091
6.8 .5
V F .6 gives f .6
.07 .5
.14
.083 1 .5
.101
V F .56. f 0.56
By linear interpolation
.083 1 .392
trial.
V F F 56,
zi
xi
Ki 1 V F
x1
.1075
y1
.839
Data: Pick
x2
y2
.088
.094
44
and y i
x3
y3
Kixi
.806
x 1.001
.067
y .9999
th
Tref
1
81.76 cal/g
44
3597.44 kcal/kmol
87.54 cal/g
72
6302.88 kcal/kmol
86.80 cal/g
114
9895.2 kcal/kmol
at
0 C, CpL1
0.576 cal / (g C) 44
For
20 to 123 C, CpL3
at
75 C, CpL2
25.34 kcal/(kmol C) .
65.89 kcal/(kmol C)
Cpv a bT cT 2
propane
a = 16.26 b = 5.398 10-2
c = -3.134 10-5
-2
n-pentane
a = 27.45
b = 8.148 10
c = -4.538 10-5
-3
**n-octane
a = 8.163
b = 140.217 10
c = -44.127 10-6
** Smith & Van Ness p. 106
Energy Balance: E(Td) = VHv + LhL FhF = 0
Fh F 100 .577 25.34
.091 39.66 .392 65.89 95.25 297, 773 kcal/h
Lh L
44 .1075 25.34
VH v
56 .839
0.94
.088 39.66
E Tdrum
Converge on
For
V F
.806 65.89
70.25
117, 450
45
45
3
45
240, 423
57.2 C : K1
0.513, f 0.513
6.4, K 2
0.0027. V
.8, K 3
51.3, L
.054
48.7
51
x1
.137, x 2
.101, x 3
.762,
x1 1.0000
y1
.878, y 2
.081, y3
.041,
y1 1.0000
209,999; E Tdrum
2685
New Problem.
yV Lx
V F
Find:
0.4, V
0, y
Fz
4kmol h , L
z
2.5 .25
V
V = 4 kmol/h, L = 6 kmol/h.
or
y
6,
L
V
1.5
L
V
F
V
slope
0.625
52
FIGURE 2.F.4.
2.G2.
x i yi
53
2.G3.
Used NRTL-2.
xM
Tdrum
0.18 and y M
xM
79.97 C ,
0.2475, y M
0.6287 .
x(I)
0.12053E-01
0.12978
0.29304
0.56513
y(I)
0.84824
0.78744E-01
0.47918E-01
0.25101E-01
New Problem. Used NRTL. T = 368.07, Q = 14889 kW, 1st liquid/total liquid = 0.4221,
Comp
Furfural
Water
Ethanol
Liquid 1, x1
0.630
0.346
0.0241
Liquid 2, x2
0.0226
0.965
0.0125
Vapor, y
0.0815
0.820
0.0989
2.G6. New Problem. Used Peng Robinson. Feed pressure = 10.6216 atm, Feed temperature = 81.14oC,
V/F = 0.40001, Qdrum =0. Note there are very small differences in feed temperature with
different versions of Aspen Plus.
COMP
METHANE
BUTANE
PENTANE
HEXANE
V/F = 0.40001
x(I)
0.000273
0.18015
0.51681
0.30276
y(I)
0.04959
0.47976
0.39979
0.07086
2.H1. New Problem. The spreadsheet with equations for problem 2.D16 is shown in Appendix B of
Chapter 2. The spreadsheet with numbers for i-butane replacing n-butane is below.
MC flash, HW 2.G.b., MC flash with ibutane
K const. aT1
aT2
aT6
ap1
ap2
ap3
M
-292860
0 8.2445 -0.8951 59.8465
0
iB
-1166846
0 7.72668 0.92213
0
0
nPentane
-1524891
0 7.33129 0.89143
0
0
nHex
-1778901
0 6.96783 0.84634
0
0
p
T deg R
509.688 psia
36.258 F
150
zM
0.5 z iB
0.1 z np
0.15 znhex
V/F
0.602698586
0.25
54
guess
KM
KiB
KnPen
KnHex
xM
xib
xnPen
xnHex
Sum
RR M
RR nB
RRnP
RRnHex
sum RR
51.86751896
0.926804057
0.175621816
0.05400053
Use goal seek for cell B24 to = 1.0 change B9
0.015793905
0.104615105
0.29812276
0.581601672
1.000133443
0.803396766
-0.007657401
-0.2457659
-0.550194874
-0.000221409
2.H3. New Problem. Use the same spreadsheet as for problem 2H1, but with methane feed mole fraction
= 0.
Answer: V/F = 0.8625,
xib
0.08596648
xnPen
0.203540261
xnHex
0.710481125
KiB
3.886544834
KnPen
1.264637936
KnHex
0.574940847
yib = xib Kib = .33411 and so forth
55
Chapter 3
New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems are: 3A7, 3A10, 3A11, 3C3, 3C4, 3D4, 3D8, 3G2.
3.A7.
3.B1.
Simultaneous solution is likely when one of the key variables can be found only from the
energy balances. For example, if only 1 of x D , x B , D, B, FR A dist are given energy balances
will be required. This is case for most of the simulation problems and for a few design
problems. In some simulation problems the internal equations have to be solved also.
a.
x D , x B , opt feed, Q Re b
x D , x B , opt feed, Q C
x D , x B , opt feed, S (open steam), satd vapor steam
All of above with fractional recoveries set instead of x D , x B
D, x B , opt feed, L/D
b. N, N F , col diameter, frac. recoveries both comp.
N, N F , col diameter, FR A dist, Lo D
N, N F , col diameter, FR A dist, QR
N, N F , col diameter, FR A dist, QC
N, N F , col diameter, x D , QC
or x B
3.C2.
3.C3.
z mix
F1z1 F2 z 2
Fmix
Now solve like 1 Feed Column Fmix & z mix . From Eq. (3-3),
z mix x B
Fmix kmol/h.
xD xB
B Fmix D kmol/h.
3.C4.
56
3.D1.
V1
F1
QC
F1z1 F2 z 2 Bx B D x D
Lo
F2
D, x D
V
QR
xD 0.85
z avg x B
Solve D
Ftotal
xD xB
Ftotal F1 F2 1500 kg/h
z avg
x B 0.0001 0.01%
F1 F2 B D
F1z1 F2 z 2
Ftotal
0.43333 0.0001
1500 764.62 kg/h
0.85 0.0001
B, x B
kg
h
Mass balance calculation is valid for parts a & b for problem 3G1.
a)
Lo
3, Eq 3-14 QC 1 L0 / D D h D H1
D
h D is a saturated liquid at x D 0.85 wt. frac. From Fig. 2-4, h D ~ 45 kcal/kg
H1 is saturated vapor at x D y1 0.85, H1 ~ 310 kcal/kg
EB around column.
F1h F1 F2 h F2 Qcol QC QR Dh D Bh B
QR 764.62 45 735.38 100 1000 190 500 10 810, 497 657, 259 kcal/kg
(b) V B 2.5 mass.
57
V (Satd vapor)
Reboiler
QR
Satd liqd
Lh L QR VH V Bh B
L V B L 1838.45 735.38 2573.83
EB.
QC Dh D Bh B Qcol F1h F1 F2 h F2 QR
QC 34407.9 7353.8 190, 000 5000 992, 763 1,146, 001 kcal/h
3.D2.
36.4
xD xB
.6 .05
Note: Not Eq. (3-3). Solve Eqs. (4) and (5) to get:
QC D 1 L D h D H1
L Dh D F S D h B Fh F SH S
1
D
D h D H1
L D
3.D3.
External balances: F + C = B + D
Fz Cx C Bx B DyD
(1)
(2)
QR Fh F Ch C Bh B DH D
(3)
58
h F 20 C 30.7,
h C sat 'd liquid 50, h B sat 'd liquid 92, H D sat 'd vapor 327 kcal/kg
L VB
Lx N Vy Re b Bx B
Around reboiler:
Lh N QR VH reb Bh B
For a total reboiler: x N x B , y N x N x B , h N h B 92
M.B.:
V B h
Q R VH reb Bh B
QR
since h B h N
H reb h N
HReb 617 (saturated vapor at y N 1 0.05 )
Fz Cx C Fy D Cy D
Solve Eqs. (1) and (2) for B: B
x B yD
800 1000 1600 800
Thus
B
800 and D 2200
.05 .8
or
QR Bh B DH D Fh F Ch C
QR
804500
1532.4 kg/h
H reb h N 617 92
B D 100 F
OK
59
yd,M
DyD,M
D
a)
b)
V1 D L0 93.3
40, 656 J mol@100 C 40, 656 kJ/kmol choose water reference 100C.
The condenser is at 66.1C (linear interpolation Table 2-7).
Assuming only constant & linear T term are important in CP,V eqs., C P,V CP Tavg . For
67.6 64.5
67.6 100
66.65 C . For water, Tavg
83.8 C .
2
2
J 1000 mol kJ
kJ
42.93 0.08301 66.05 48.41
48.41
mol kmol 1000J
kmol C
methanol Tavg
CPV,M
J
kJ
34.04
o
mol C
kmol C
TM 67.6 64.5 3.1 ; TW 67.6 100 32.4
H1 35270 0.914 40656 0.086 48.41 3.1 0.914 34.04 32.4 0.086
H1 35775.5 kJ kmol
H D is at yD 0.955@66.1 C
CP,V,M
100 66.1
83.05
2
33.46 0.00688 83.05 34.03
CP,V,W
60
H D 35270 .955 40656 0.045 48.35 0.955 1.6 34.03 0.045 33.9
HD 33682.85 1829.5 73.88 51.91 35534.3
Reflux liquid at 66.1C and x M,0 0.893, x W,0 0.107
Reference MeOH 64.5C, water reference 100 C
h 0 CPL,M x M,0 TM CPL,W x W,0 TW
kJ
kmol C
h 0 86.85 0.8931.6 75.4 0.107 33.9 149 kJ kmol
3204
2, 242, 030
Mass Balances: F = D + S + B, Fz Dx D Sx S Bx B
Solving simultaneously, B = 76.4 kg/min, D = 13.6 kg/min.
Condenser: QC V1 h 0 H1
QR Dh D ShS Bh B Fh F QC
61
3.D6.
z xB
.4 .002
2500
998 lbmol/h.
.999 .002
xD xB
Then B = F = 1502.
Condenser: V Lo D Lo D D D
QC h D H V D Lo D 1
With 99.9% nC5 have essentially pure nC5 . Thus, it is at its boiling point.
h D H V C5 11,369 Btu/lbmol.
QC 11,369 998 4 45,385, 048 Btu/h
Overall:
QR Dh D Bh B Fh F QC
K C6 1.0
Bottoms
67C.
QR 998 3771.5 1502 7889.4 2500 4033.4 45,385, 048 50,861, 491 Btu/h
3.D7.
z xB
0.7 0.001
1000
700.4 kmol/h
0.999 0.001
xD xB
Eq. (3-3), D F
B F D 299.6 kmol/h
Condenser: Lo Lo D D 2.8 700.4 1961.1 kmol/h
Only this reflux is condensed since product is a vapor.
QC Lo where is for essentially pure n-pentane.
kmol
Btu 2.20462 lbmol
QC 1966.1
11,369
h
lbmol
1 kmol
Btu
1J
J
QC 49,154, 204.85
5.18176 1010
-4
h 9.486 10 Btu
h
62
kmol
Btu
kmol
Btu
QR 700.4
15,140.5
299.6
7889.4
h
lbmol
h
lbmol
kmol
Btu 2.20462 lbmol
Btu
1000
49,154, 204.85
4113.5
h
lbmol
kmol
h
Btu
1J
QR 68, 675,167.9
7.240 1010 J h
-4
h 9.486 10 Btu
3.D8.
F 300,
z E .3,
z w .7
.98 90 0.6885
128.1
B Bottoms .02 90 .81 210 171.9 kmol h
yD , D, H D
b.
Partial Condenser.
Vapor
H1 y1 V1
Qc
L0
2, L0 2D 2 128.1 256.2 kmol h.
x 0 , L0 , h 0
D
x 0 in equilibrium with y 0 , thus from equation data x 0 0.575.
Entering vapor y1 (from graph) 0.61
63
E.B. on PC. V1H1 Qc DHdist L0 h 0 . Can use Figure 2-4 by converting mole fracs to mass
fracs. Basis 1 kmole.
.6885 mol E MW 46 31.671 kgE
Distillate
5.607 kgW
37.28 kg total
Mass frac. E = 31.671 37.28 0.8496
.3115 mole W MW 18
Vapor V1
7.02 kgW
35.08 kg total
Mass frac E = 28.06 35.08 0.7999
.39 mole W 18
Liquid reflux L 0
7.65 kgE
34.1 total
Mass frac E = 26.45 34.1 0.7757
~ 310 kcal kg, H1 ~ 330 kcal kg, h 0 ~ 65 kcal kg
0.425 mole W 18
kmol 37.28 kg
kcal
310
256.2 34.1 65
hr
kg
kg
35.08 kg
330 2, 400,517 kcal hr
kmol
Fh F QR Qc DHdist Bh B
364.3
Overall EB.
12.6
total 26.4 kg kmol
Mass frac E 13.8 26.4 0.5227
70% W : .7 18
Bottoms
17.811
total 18.293 kg kmol
Mass frac E 0.48162 18.28 0.0263
0.98953 mole 18
h B satd liqd 97
64
QR DHdist Bh B Fh F Qc
Then
3D9. New Problem 3rd Edition. B = (xD z)/(xD xB)F = [(0.9999 - 0.76)/(0.9999 0.00002)](500) = 120
QR Lh VH Bh B and L V B
Q R L B h Vh V H h V
Assume h h B .
3.D10.
kmol/h
Since
Bx B
xB
452.3667
Distillate is essentially pure Pentane. Bottoms Pure in Hexane. From DePriester Chart
K P 1@ p 202.6 kPa when Tdist 59.5 C
L
QC 1 o D h D H1
D
kcal
kcal
59.5 25 1369.65
kmol C
kmol
H1 h D assuming is independent of temperature
h D 39.7
kmol
kcal
Eq. (3-14) is
QC 1 2.8 547.6333
6310.5 13,132, 288
h
h
kcal
kcal
h B pure hexane CPLC6 Tbot Tref 51.7
94 25 3567.3
kmol C
kmol
H1 1369.65 11369
65
QR Dh D Bh B Fh F QC
QC
D, x D 0.990
M.B. F + S = D + B
F
Fz M SyS,M Dx D Bx B
p = 1.0 atm
100 kmol h
z M 0.6
S
B
x B 0.02
Fh F QC SHS Dh D Bh B
Pick as basis liquid at 0C, h W 0 & h M 0 (essentially steam table choice)
Assume ideal mixtures.
HS 2676.0
kJ 18.0 kg
kg kmol
66
E2.
F 500
kmol
mol
500, 000
h
h
Fz SyS Dx D Bx B
2 eq. 3 unknowns
Condenser: QC 1 L0 / D D h o H1
Note Eq (3-14) not valid.
For enthalpy pick reference pure liquid water 0C and pure liquid methanol 0C. Felder &
Rouseau: CPMeOH 75.86 0.01683T at Tavg
64.5 0
3225, CPMeOH 76.4 J mol C.
2
67
J
J
h F CPi zi T Tref 0.6 76.459 71.2 0.4 75.4 71.2 5413.7 J/mol
Lo
D h D H1 or QC 141, 080D
D
+ Q C = D(4928) + B (7540)
Solve simultaneously: D = 298.98, B = 1245.5, S = 1044.2 kmol/h
Q C = - 4.218 10+7 kJ/h
3.F1.
z xB
0.79 0.004
D
25, 000 19, 788.5 kmol/h
F
0.997 0.004
xD xB
Note that N 2 mole fractions were used since N 2 is more volatile. B = F D = 5211.5
From enthalpy comp. diag. h D 0, H1 1350 kcal/kmol, h B 160, h F 1575 .
Eq. (3-3)
Then,
3.F2.
We will use the enthalpy composition diagram on p. 3-171 of Perrys 6th edition or p. 3-158 of
Perrys 5th ed.Do for 1 kmol of feed:
Conversion of feed from kg to moles.
Basis 100 kg
30 kg NH 3 = 1.765 kmol
70 kg H 2O 3.888
Total 5.653 kmol
Thus 1 kmol is 100/5.653 = 17.69 kg
68
Will work problem in weight fractions since data is presented that way.
95% recovery: (0.95) Fz = Dx D or, D = (.95) Fz / x D = (.95) (17.69) (.3)/(.98) = 5.15 kg.
B = F D = 12.54 kg
x D 1.000
x DC6 1.211107
x B 0.0013316
69
4A2.
4A6.
4A7.
4A13.
4A14.
4B2.
a. Use columns in parallel. Lower F to each column allows for higher L/D and may be sufficient
for product specifications.
b. Add a reboiler instead of steam injection. Slightly less stages required and adds 1 stage.
c. Make the condenser a partial instead of a total condenser. Adds a stage.
d. Stop removing side stream. Fewer stages are now required for the same separation.
e. Remove the intermediate reboiler or condenser and use it at bottom (or top) of column. Fewer
stages, but all energy at highest T (reboilers) or lowest T (condenser) for same separation.
Many other ideas will be useful in certain cases.
4C7. Easiest proof is for a saturated liquid feed. Show point z, y D satisfies operating equation.
Solution: Op. Eq.
Substitute in
yD V
But
q 1.0, V
Lz
D, L
L V x
yD , x
L V 1 xB
z
L V xB
F, L V
y D D Fz Bx B
Which is external mass balance.
B
QED.
70
QR / D
4.C16.
(1 L / D) .
FT
F1
F1z1
F2 , z T
F2 z 2
, hT
F1h F1
F2 h F2
FT
FT
Intersection of top & bottom operating lines must occur at feed line for fictitious feed F T.
(Draw a column with a single mixed feed to prove this.)
This feed line goes through y x z T
with slope
where
FT
qT
qT
qT 1
H mix
hT
H mix
h mix
z0
z2
y
zT
z1
Plot top op line. Plot all 3 feed lines. Draw
xB
x
b.)
Does
qT
q1F1
FT
71
check q T
H mix
hT
H mix
h mix
F1h F1
H mix
F2 h F2
FT
H mix
F1
F2 H mix
h mix
F1H F1
H mix
F2 h F2
h mix FT
where H mix & h mix are vapor and liquid enthalpies on feed stage of mixed column
F1 H mix
H mix
qT
h F1
F2
h mix
H mix
h F2
H mix
h mix
FT
Usual CMO assumption is >> latent heat effects in either vapor or liquid.
H mix h F1
H mix h F2
Then
q1 and
q2
H mix h mix
H mix h mix
F1q1 F2 q 2
Thus q T
if CMO is valid.
FT
4D1.
a. Top op line: y
Intersects y
When x
xD
L
V
x D and
L D
1.25
1 L D
2.25
0.5555
0.9
0, y
b. Bottom op line: y
xD
0.4
1 x B , and
V B
V B 1
V
V
V B
2
V
V
Intersects y = x = xB = 0.05
1 0.5 / 2
@y 1 x
0.683 this is convenient point to plot
32
c. See diagram for stages. Optimum feed stage is #2 above partial reboiler.
5 equilibrium stages + PR is more than sufficient.
72
b.
c.
zE
.6
Slope
F V
1 V/F
.63
1.703
V
V
V F
.37
From Table 2-1, at 84.1 C y .5089
H hF
liquid at 20C
and 40 mole % ethanol.
q
H h
The pressure in Figure 2-4 is very close to 1.0 atm, thus it can be used, but must convert to wt
frac.
73
.4 kmole E
.6 kmol Water
From Figure 2-4
H
q
Alternate Solution:
40 mole %E
.6 MW
46
0.63 wt frac.
10.8 kg
18
398 kcal kg , h
18.4 kg
total
29.2 kg
75, h F 20 C
10
398 10
1.20
398 75
q
1.2
Slope
6
q 1
.2
40 mole % ethanol boils at 84.1C (Table 2-1).
Then if pick reference as saturated liquid at 40 mole %
h F Cp,40%liq 20 84.1
h
d.
.4 MW
0,
63 wt%, H
40%E
398 kcal kg , h
CPvapor
y E CPEvapor
65, h F
398
kcal
kg
y w CPw ,vapor
For linear
CPvapor
10.592 0.16952T
84.1
Tavg
hF
398 15.149
q
e.
f.
Flash
kcal
hF
V
F
kg
10.592
15.147
398 65
333
f, L
13 12 , slope
.7,
12.32
kcal
kmol
kcal 1 kmol
kmol 27.2 kg
413.15 kcal kg
398 413.15
L L
0.16952 102.05
0.045.
F
12
q q 1
13
12
13 12
1 12
1 V F
.3
V F
.7
13
74
75
4.D3*.
h L 200
q
Hv
CPL 200 60
hF
.864 200 60
h L 60 C
395 167.1
0.691,
46.1 167.1
0.691
2.24
Hv hL
395 65
q 1
0.309
b. From Figure 2-4 at 50 wt% ethanol Hv = 446 and hL = 70. Since CMO is valid obtaining both
enthalpies at 50% wt is OK. The feed is a liquid
h F C P,liq TF Tref
CP,liq 250 0
hF
4.D4*. a.
Hv
hL
446 70
H CPv 350 50
q q 1
0.911 . Then,
228
0.58
25 300
H hF
L L F where L
L L
25.91
Hv
q
q
MWAVG
250 C
kg C
h F 446 228
Slope
slope
23.61
kcal
H h
q q 1 0.6. y
b.
c.
0.911
CP
4.D4a
y=x
25 300
z
1.5
0.6 is intersection.
L 0.6F. Then q
feed
line
L 0.6F L / F
.5
.6
0.6, and
.7
1.5
F where L
L F 5. q
L F5 L F
1 5 , slope
q q 1
16
76
4.D5*.
h liq
fL
h reflux
3100 1500
h liq
17500 3100
L0
L0 D
1.1
V1
L0 D 1
2.1
H vap
1 fc
L1
V2
Alternate Solution
L1
L1
V2
4D6.
qL0
L1
0.524
1.1111 .524
1 f c L 0 V1
L 0 V1
0.1111
0.55
.111 .524
L1
H h0
17500 1500
L0
H h1
17500 3100
1.111
1.1111 L0
L1 D
L1
1.111 L0
L1 D L1 D 1 D
L1 1.222
0.55
V2 2.222
1.111 1.1
a) 175
F1
F2
1.2222
B D
85 75 .6 100 0.4
0.1 B 0.9D
Solve simultaneously.
D 84.375 and B 90.625 kmol hr
b) Feed 1. q1 1, vertical at y x z1 0.6
Feed 2.
q2
0.4
q2 1
.06
L V x
Slope
L
Middle
Lx
When
0, y
F2
L V
0.4
2 3 through y
z2
L V 1 x B . Through y
V B 1
V B
0.4
xB
32
B V
F2 z 2
F2 z 2
Bx B
Bx B
Vy
L
V
F2 z 2
, Slope L V
V
Also intersects bot. op. line and Feed line 2.
Do External Balances and Find D & B. Then V
V/B B
Bx B
V
2B 181.25
L V B 271.875
At feed 2, L .4F L or L L 0.4F 271.875 40 231.875
V V 0.6F 181.25 60 241.25
L V 0.961
40 9.625
x 0, y
0.126 Plot Middle Op Line.
241.25
77
V
Know that y x
Also, L
F1
xD
V
x D and gives through interaction Middle and Feed line 1.
L V 156.875 241.25
241.25 ; thus,
0.65
c) See graph.
Graph for 4D6.
78
L
V
.8 , x
V
B
slope
1 1
xD
a. total reflux. Need 5 2/3 stages (from large graph) 5.9 from small diagram shown.
.9 .462
b. L V min
0.660 (see figure)
.9 .236
L V min
L D min
1.941
1 L V min
c. In 4.D7, L D act
L V
1 L V
.8
.2
L Dact
Multiplier
Multiplier = 4/1.941 = 2.06
L D
min
79
d. Operating lines are same as in Problem 4.D7. Start at bottom of column. Reboiler is an
equilibrium contact. Then use E MV AB AC 0.75 (illustrated for the first real stage)
Stage 1 is the optimum feed stage. 11 real stages plus a partial reboiler are sufficient.
4D9.
F1z1
F2 z 2
100 F1
Dx B
Bx B
F1 .42
L D
L
1
2
80 B
F1
B 20
18 .66 80
0.04 B
93.68
L D
12
1 L D
32
D 40, V L D 120
D
V V 120
Saturated Liquid Feed
L L F1 40 93.68 133.68, L V
c) Top Op. Line Normal: y
Through y
Bottom Normal: y
L V x
1.114
1 L V xD
x D , Slope 1 3, y intercept
L V x
L V 1 x B , through y
2
3
.66
.44
xB
L F2
.7
VF2
.3
80
Middle
Slope
0, y
Dx D
xD
F1z1
F1z1
80 .66
93.68 .42
0.11212
V
120
d)Opt. Feed F2 stage 1 from bottom, Opt feed F1 , Stage 2. 4 stages + PR more than sufficient.
Also,
L V x
81
L V x
x D , where
L D
1 L D
.8
y1
1.79 .76y1
x1
Operating:
y2
Equilibrium:
x2
Operating:
y3
y1
.96
1.76 .76y1
x
y
1.0
1.0
.192
1.76
.76 .93736
.9
.9406
0.93736
.93736
1.76 .76y 2
0.9317
.192
0.89476
0.9078
1.76x
1 .76x
.8
.7
.8756 .8042
.6
.7253
.5
.6377
.4
.5399
Plot equilibrium curve and operating line. (See Figure). Slope = L/V = .8, y intercept (x = 0)
= 0.192, y = x = x D = 0.96. Find x 6 = 0.660.
L V
L D
1 L D
0.6969 @ x = 0
q q 1 ,
0.6
82
Bottom Op line:
yV Lx Sy M,S Bx B
But y M,S 0 (Pure steam)
With CMO B L
V
S
L
V
L
V
xB
L V
min
Slope
L
D
0.99 0.57
0.99 0
L V
min
1 L V
0.4242
0.4242
min
1 0.4242
0.73684
83
4.D12. L V
L
V
L D
1 L D
1
L
V
Bottom slope
34
xD @ x
L V
0, y
.25 .998
1245167
1044168
1.19
xD
0.998
0.2495
From Soln to 3.D9 or
from graph. 1.169
Feed line is vertical at z = 0.6. Can also plot top and feed lines, and then find bottom from 2
points y 0, x x B & intersect top & feed .
For accuracy Use expanded portions near distillate & near bottoms.
From Table 2-7 from (x = .95, y = .979)
Draw straight line to (x = 1.0, y = 1.0)
From (x = 0, y = 0) draw straight line to (x = 0.02, y = 0.134)
or (x = 0.01, y = 0.067)
Opt feed = # 9 from top. Need 13 equilibrium stages.
84
85
See Figure
0.665 0.95
0.30 0.95
MIN
L V
0.4385
0.4385
0.7808
D MIN V L 1 L V 0.5615
L
L
L D
1.5616
c.)
2.0 L D MIN 1.5616 ,
D
V 1 L D 2.5616
L
y intersect 1
yD
Bottom y
L
V
L
V
0.6096
L
V
x yD
V
0.95
yD
1 xB
Goes through y
86
87
4.D14a.
88
New S.S.
External M.B. S = B
Sys = BxB . Since yS = 0 (pure water)
xB = 0
S
4.D14b.
Two approaches to answer. Common sense is all methanol leaks out and x MA
x M,b
y intercept
L
V
1 L V yD
ys
y D , Slope
q
q 1
L D
1 L D
1 3 0.6885
L V x
1,
0.
0.2295 and y
0 also.
L V 1 x B goes through y
.3 .
yD
xB
And goes through interaction feed line and top operating line. See graph.
Optimum feed is stage 2 below partial condenser. Partial condenser + Partial reboiler + 3
equilibrium stages are more than enough to obtain separation.
89
90
4.D16*.
L-L
Hv
hF
Hv
hL
Hv
hL
4033.4 Btu/lbmole.
at feed conditions.
. Approx.
.4 11369
.6 13572 12691 Btu/lbmole
For approx. temperature of feed stage, do bubble pt. calc.
y1 1
K1x1
K1z1
Pick T = 48C (~ 40% of way between boiling pts.)
K C5 1.5, K C6 .54,
K1x1 1.5 .4 .54 .6
K C5 Tnew =
.54
.92
K C5 50 C
Hv
=.594, Tnew
1.6,
Note : CP feed,liq
Hv
q
1.6 .4 .584 .6
, 50 C 122 F
feed
Hv
50 C
K1 x 1
h L 50 C
.92
46.9 122
5721.8
HV
hF
18412.8 4033.4
HV
hL
12691
1.133
V
L D
1 L D
V
7 2
0, y
xS
9 2
L
x D , goes through y
xD
0.9
7 9
2
xD
.9 =0.2
V
9
Plot Top. Step off 2 stages. Find x S ~ 0.81
xS .
External Balances
Fz
Dx D
x B (unknown)
D B S Dont know D, B, or x B .
Bx B
Sx S
0&V
91
L
V
7 9 100
L S
L 62.777
Fz Dx D Sx S
xB
77.777. D
77.7777 15
60
V L 100 77.777
62.7777. L V
22.222 0.9
62.7777
62.7777 100
15 0.81
22.222
0.6278
0.444
92
Feed F2 : z 2
LF / F
0.2F / F .2
.2
14
q 1
.8
Part a.) Bottom operating line goes through point, y
xB
0.04
Slope
1.0 .04
V
B
Part b. L
V
L
min
F1
L V 1
1.2326
100
.2 80
116
L L F2
V B and V B 1.5
L
1.5B B
L B 116 46.4
V VF2
100
V 133.6
Check overall balance
116
0.8113
100
116
2.2326
.47 .04
max
46.4
2.5
69.6
116
L V
69.6 .8 80
69.6
1.66667
133.6
0.7485
F1
F2
D B
F1z1
or
yD
F2 z 2
F1z1
Dy D
F2 z 2
Bx B
Bx B
100 .6
80 .4
133.6
L
V
L
V
46.4 0.4
0.675
1 xB
V B
V B 1
2.5
V B
1.5
93
L V
1 L D
and y
V
x
xD
xD
.75
94
4.D20*.
0.01 to 0.02
Lo
D
Qc
Qc
D ho
H1
Lo h o
From chart:
h D 54 Kcal/kg and H1 285 Kcal/kg
Need D in weight units. Convert feed to weight units.
100 kgmoles
Ethanol:
.32 46.07 1474.24 kg/hr
hr
Water:
(100)(.68)(18.016) = 1225 kg/hr
Total:
F = 2699.328 kg/hr
95
F z xB
Then,
Then,
Lo D
xD
2699.328 .0963
xB
1489.93 kg/hr
.911 .0963
Q D ho
H1
2, 065,113
1489.98 54 285
1 5.0
Now do usual McCabe-Thiele analysis using molar units. Note L o D is the same in mass
and molar units.
L
L
L
L D
Top Operating Line:
y
x 1
x D and
V
V
V 1 L D
; x
xD
V 6
Feed Line: Goes through y = x = z = .32
Weight fraction of feed = .546. Then, h f
HV
hF
430.7 15
HV
hL
430.7 69
V
V
intersection top operating line and feed line.
15 kcal/kg, H v
1.149 Slope
xD
5
6
.8
1.149
q 1
1.149 1
1 x B . Goes through x
.133
69 .
7.711
x B and
From Figure need about 8 equilibrium contacts including a reboiler. Stage 1 above reboiler is the
optimum feed stage location.
96
4.D21. Feed 1: q1
Feed 2: q 2
Top:
q2
q2 1
L D
1.375
1 L D
2.375
Goes through y
0.9 0.1
L
0.579 , y
x D , When x = 0, y
Bottom:
9
L
L
V
F1
xD
xD .
0.40
100 kmoles/hr
.1 F2
At feed F2
.9 F2
L
D
B
L V V
L 0.9 F2
0.579 108
0.1F2
100 8 108
62.532
V L 108 45.46
F1 F2 D 100 80 45.46 134.532
L B 134.532
62.532 0.9 80
134.532, OK
Draw top op line. Intersects with F2 feed line. Then draw bottom op line with slope
L V 1.3453 .
Intersection bottom op & q. line gives x B
Check
F1z1
F2 z 2
Dx D
B
Check External MB
180 F1
F1z1
F2 z 2
F2
x B or x B
D B
Dx D
0.09 .
20 36 43.187
134.532
0.095 , OK
Bx B
97
0.75, y x
yD
Vy Cx W
xw
V
V
V
For pure entering water, x W 1.0 . With saturated liquid entering, L = C. Then from overall
balance, V = D. Thus L/V = C/D = and D/V = 1.0. Operating equation becomes
y 0.75x .92 .75 0.75x .17
Slope
V C and Lx Dy D
0.17, y x 1
0.92
yD , y
0.68
Not y D
98
4.D23*.
Note L/V C/D since C is subcooled. Let c = amount condensed. The energy required to
heat stream W to the boiling point must come from this condensation. That is,
H h c h hW C
hW
Cp
18 212 100
H h
L C c 1.1154C
V D c D 0.1154C
17465.4
0.1154C
1.1154
0.77
V D .1154C 4 3 .1154 4 3 .1154
This compares to L/V = 0.75 if entering water is a saturated liquid. Very little effect since
is very large.
L
L D
3.25
0.7647
V 1 L D 4.25
Goes through
When
0, y
1 L V yD
Bottom Op Line:
yD
0.85
0.20
1 xB
Through
y x x D 0.05 and intersects top op line @ feed line
Opt. Feed is #4 below partial condenser see diagram. Need 6 equil stages + P.C. (an equil.
contact)
Note Commercial columns usually operate much closer to minimum reflux ratio and have
many more stages.
b.)
L V
0.85 0.376
min
0.85 0
0.558 ,
L V
L
D
min
Min
L V
1.26
Min
99
100
4.D25.
CPL
fc
0.084654 kJ gmole ,
MeOH
0.058804 ,
1.058804 1.2
L1
V2
64.5
1.058804 1.2
0.5596
101
b.
4.D26.
L D
1.2
V 1 L D 2.2
subcooling not important.
a) 50% feed:
q
L L
F, L
amt vaporized
Usually
L F 20
1
F
q
1 20
0.05
, Slope =
L F
0.0476
20
20
q 1
1 20 1
1.05
35% feed: Saturated liquid vertical feed line. Plot both feed lines. The one with lowest
intersection point with equilibrium curve will normally control V B
q
min
L V
Find
L V
max
. Then V B
1 0.1
slope
max
b)
0.46 0.1
L V
L V
L
Bot. y
V
y
x
1,
x y
V
L
V
V
L
min
1
V
2.497 ,
V B
1
min
2.497 1.0
0.6681
2.0043
min
V B
V B 1
3.0043
V B
2.0043
L V x B or x
max
1 x B . Goes through y
1
L V
x
1
1.49892
slope
1 0.49892 0.1
0.6338
1.49892
Intersects feed line with 50% feed first.
Middle operating line: Do mass balance around bottom of column. Mass balance intersects
streams L & V (in column), F50% and B.
yV L x F50% z50% Bx B
y
F50 z 50
Bx B
V
V
Intersects bottom operating line & 50% feed line.
@ x 0, y (F50 z 50 Bx B ) / V , Slope
q 50
L V
0.05 (L L ) / F50 .
F50
q 50 F50
0.05 100
440.63
398.964 , Slope
445.63
L V
1.11698
y intercept (x = 0), y
[ 100 .5
146.666 0.1 ] / 398.964 0.0885
Top Intersects feed line for 35% feed and middle op. line and goes through
y x y D 0.85
102
EQ
Stages
0.75 = E ML =
actual
op
change at equilibrium
eq. change
103
4.D27*.
Feed: q
L
V
L D
1 L D
L F
L
V
xD
, y intercept
1
F
4
F
L
V
xD
q
.46, y
xD
.92
54
5 , y x z .48
14
Bx B
L
Middle: V B L S , V y Bx B L x Sy s y s 0 or y
x
V
V
Does not intersect at y x x B or at y 0, x x B . Does intersect top op. line at feed line.
Need another point.
L V B V B 1 1.5
L
L
Bottom:
3, y x x B 0.08
y
x
1 xB ,
V
B
V B
.5
V
V
The steam is another feed to the column: Satd vapor q = 0, q/(q-1) = 0, y = x = z = ys = 0.
Middle Op. Line intersects this steam at bottom op. line (see figure).
F
5 4 , slope
q 1
This problem is a two-feed column with the lower feed (steam) input at a non-optimum feed
stage. Otimum feed is 3rd above partial reboiler. Need 5.6 equilibrium stages plus PR.
4.D28.
104
L V
1.0 0.02
max
0.81 0.02
V
B
1
Op line y
1.24,
1, x=
1.5
L
V
V
B
1 xB
V
B
5800 / 0.675
min
6.25, L V
.16 .02
1
V
L V
max
1
1
0.24
V B
V B 1
6.25 1
V B
6.25
min
L V
1.16
Overall Balance: 10,000 = F = D + B
6000 Fz Dy D Bx B D .695
4.167
1.16
B .02
105
4.D29.
L D
3,
3 4,
xD
V
V
4
Step off 3 stages on top op line. Find x S
on middle op. line
0.9
0.225
0.76 is also
xD
xs, S = 15
V
F = 100
F=D+B+S
z = .6
Fz
Dx D
Bx B
Sx S
L V
135.375 200.5
L x Sx S
y
L
V
0.6752
Dx D
Sx S
Dx D
V
, when x
0, y
11.4 45.1125
200.5
0.2819
q = 0.8.
4
106
4.D30*.
a. Subcooled Reflux:
1
3
Lo
500 ,
Lo
Lo D
V1
1 Lo D
L1
V2
x2
, L1
4 Lo 3
1
V1
Lo
3
L1
1.0
L2
0.62
1 14
xS
4
3
1
Lo
c and V2
V1
L o V1
1 Lo
3 V1
1
4
54
xD
0.92
yS
107
FM
h F (satd vapor), h FM
External Balances: F = D + B, Fz
Lo
3D
Middle: L
1500, and L
L S
FM z M
0.52667
1500 , Fz SyS
4
3
Lo
SHS
HS
Dx D
FM H FM
0 (horizontal).
L D
2500
1500
2500
2500 , Slope
.6
FM
4.D31*. Was problem 4.D36 in 2nd edition. Solution is trial & error. Need to pick L/V. Final answer
shown in figure.
L .63 .385 0.245
.389
V
.63
0.63
L V
L 0.389
.636
1 L V D 0.611
Note feed stage is not optimum.
108
4.D32*.
4.D33*. a.
L V
.75 .452
min
b.
L D
act
L V
min
0.4 .
0.659
1 L V
1.318. L V
0, x
min
L D
1 L D
.75
D
Bx B . Thus x B
yB
0.569
yD
0.75
L L F .25F, q 5 4, slope q q 1 5
Optimum feed is 3rd from bottom. Need 9 real stages plus partial condenser (see figure).
c. From figure slope of bottom operating line L V 2.025
Feed:
109
4.D34*.
4-E1.
L F F 2, q
3 2, Slope
3.
0.3547 ,
L V min
L
D
min
1 L V min
0.5497
110
L
D
1.0994 ,
act
min
External M.B. F = D + B, Fz
or Eq. (4.3) D
xB
xD
Dx D
xB
L
V
L D
act
Bx B
0.6 0.025
0.95 0.025
100
D
L
L
V
V
62.162
, B = F D = 37.838
L D D
68.030
V = L + D = 130.192
At feed V
L
kgmol
0.5237
1 L D
P=
xP
V (satd liquid)
L F 168.030
Top op line y
1st middle
L
V
1 L F x D normal . At x = 0, y = 0.4525
168.030
1.2906
130.192
At pump-around return, V V 130.192
L L P 208.030, L V
V
111
Using MB:
yV
When
4-E2*. Feed:
Px P
0, x
Bx B
P
Bx B
L
V
40
P
V
xP
Bx B
V
32838 0.025
.335
0.0690
L
L
208.030
208.030
Draw, 2nd middle Step off stage 2 & start 3. 3 is op loc. for feed and where pump-around is
returned. Need PR + 6 equil stages. (Actually 5 and a large fraction)
L L
F
xP
Lx, y
, L
L 1.5F, q
3 2 , slope
q
q 1
xB
0.015
yS
0 this is, y
Bx B
Side x side
V
V
Side stream is removed as a saturated liquid so q = 1.
Step off two stages (see figure) and find x side 0.0975
112
Find slope:
V
L
Side B
S, B L Side
Side B 1 0.4 1
SB
0.833
1.68
slope
Draw in the middle operating line. Step off 4 stages. Trial and error to find x D
for final result).
4-E3*. This column has 4 sections. The exact shape is not known ahead of time. Plot top operating line
L
L D
1.86
L
L
0.650, y
x 1
xD
V 1 L D 2.86
V
V
xD
.35 .8 .28, y x x D 0.8
V
Step off 8 stages and find x S 0.495 yS . Feed line for this vapor is horizontal. Feed line for
feed to column is vertical at z = 0.32. From figure the feed is injected below the liquid
withdrawal and above vapor stream from intermediate reboiler. Can now calculate flows in each
section of columns.
Overall Balance:
Fz Dx D F D x B
113
D
Flows: L
L
D
F z xB
xD
.3 1000
xB
.78
385
716.1, V
L D 1101.1 V
L S
258.8, L V
V ,V
643.8
0.235
F 1258.8, L V
1.143
D
b)
z xB
xD
xB
.25 .025
.9 .025
V B 1.0, V
100
25.7 kmol h , B
74.3 kmol h
74.3
L V B 148.6, L V 2.0
At feed, amount condensed = C = F/10 = 10
1
L L F C L F
F 148.6 110
10
V V C 74.3 10 64.3
38.6
114
At stage 2
L L R and V
L0
64.3
21.4
21.4
V
LR
64.3
L L
0.333 1 3
L
V
LR
D
V
L0
xD
x, y
LR
xD
xD
x D sin ce V
LR
LR
Plot
Middle:
Bottom:
V
L V x
Slope
Slope
1 L V x D . Slope
L V 1 3, y
x
38.6
64.3
x x D 0.9
L
0,y
1
xD
V
0.600 y
xD
0.6
0.9
L V 1 xB
xB
L V
V B 1
2
V B
Now have somewhat redundant information.
Can plot bottom.
Intersection bottom and feed line should also be on middle. Or use this pt to find middle or
bottom op. line.
From graph: Opt. Feed = #4.
Need 6 stages + P.R.
115
V B
At feed stage:
L
687.5
937.5
V B
L
V
D B and Fz
2.25
9 4
V B
1.25
54
1 xB, y
Dx D
Bx B ,
x B , Slope
D
F
z xB
xD
xB
V B B
L V
.3 0.10
.2
0.90 0.10
.8
1.25 750
937.5, L
F or L
L F 1687.5 1000
687.5
0.733333
116
MB:
L x Dy D
V y, D
L , y
L
V
L
V
487.5, V
yD
yD
V
V
Goes through y x y D , and intersects feed and bot. op. lines.
At side withdrawal: 687.5 L L , V S V or V 937.5 200 737.5
Op line by intermediate condenser: L D V S
Dy D Sx S
L
L x Dy D V y Sx S or y
x
V
V
687.5
Find from intersection L V op line @ y yS plus slope
0.932 or intersection
737.5
top op line and x x S
At side stream feed point: L
737.5. Thus,
487.5
737.5
1 .661 .9
0.661
0.305
117
4-F1.
970.33
HS
H Equil
h water @ 212F
1381.4
1192
(in column)
118
L v, V
0.1952S
S v
B v
BS vS
2 0.1952
S v
1 vS
1 0.1952
BS
1.837
2 , which is incorrect.
4-F3*. An approximate check is to compare molar latent heats of vaporization. Data is available in
Perrys and in Himmelblau.
a. See Example 4-4.
b. isopropanol = 159.35 cal/g. MW = 60.09, = 9.575 kcal/mole. Water = 9.72 kcal/mole.
CMO is OK.
c. CMO is not valid. AA 5.83 kcal / gmole, W 9.72
d. nC4. = 5.331 kcal/mole, MW = 58.12. = 0.0917 kcal/g
nC5. = 6.16 kcal/mole, MW = 72.15. = 0.0854 kcal/g
Constant mass overflow is closer than constant molar overflow.
e. benzene. = 7.353 kcal/mole, MW = 78.11, = 0.0941 kcal/g
toluene. = 8.00 kcal/mole, MW = 92.13, = 0.0868 kcal/g
CMO is within about 6%.
4G1.
a*. Answer should be close, but not identical, to result obtained in Example 4-4.
4G2.
QR
Optimum N F
17 & N
119
10
11
0.974009 0.992216
0.991288 0.996557
With L/D = 6.95 the result is given below. With feed stages below 85 the feed stage was too low.
xd
0.7
xb
0.0001 F
1000
z
0.1
L/D
6.95
q
0
feed stg 85
partial reboiler
total condenser
Ethanol-water
Prob. 4H3.
VLE 6th 5th
4th
3rd
2nd
1st
constant
-47.949 161.42
-212.43 138.68 -46.65 7.9322
0
yeqatxint 0.100057 yint
0.1
xint
0.0136691
stage
x
y
1
0.0001
0.000793
2
0.000194 0.001538
3
0.000295 0.002338
4
0.000404 0.003197
5
0.000521 0.004117
6
0.000646 0.005102
7
0.000779 0.006154
8
0.000922 0.007277
9
0.001075 0.008472
10
0.001237 0.009742
11
0.00141 0.011089
12
0.001593 0.012515
13
0.001786 0.014021
14
0.001991 0.015608
15
0.002206 0.017276
16
0.002433 0.019025
17
0.00267 0.020853
18
0.002919 0.022758
19
0.003178 0.024739
20
0.003447 0.026791
21
0.003725 0.02891
22
0.004013 0.03109
23
0.004309 0.033327
24
0.004613 0.035613
25
0.004924 0.037941
26
0.00524 0.040302
27
0.005561 0.042689
28
0.005885 0.045091
120
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
0.006211
0.006538
0.006865
0.00719
0.007513
0.007831
0.008144
0.00845
0.00875
0.009041
0.009323
0.009595
0.009858
0.010109
0.01035
0.010579
0.010797
0.011004
0.0112
0.011384
0.011558
0.011721
0.011874
0.012018
0.012151
0.012276
0.012392
0.0125
0.0126
0.012693
0.012779
0.012858
0.012932
0.012999
0.013062
0.01312
0.013173
0.013222
0.013267
0.013308
0.013346
0.013381
0.013413
0.013442
0.013469
0.013494
0.013516
0.013537
0.013556
0.013573
0.0475
0.049907
0.052301
0.054674
0.057017
0.059321
0.061579
0.063782
0.065925
0.068002
0.070008
0.071938
0.07379
0.075561
0.077251
0.078857
0.08038
0.08182
0.083179
0.084459
0.085661
0.086787
0.087841
0.088826
0.089743
0.090598
0.091392
0.092129
0.092812
0.093445
0.09403
0.094571
0.09507
0.095531
0.095955
0.096346
0.096705
0.097036
0.09734
0.09762
0.097876
0.098112
0.098328
0.098526
0.098708
0.098874
0.099027
0.099167
0.099295
0.099412
121
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
0.013589
0.013604
0.013617
0.013629
0.013641
0.013651
0.01366
0.013665
0.013706
0.014018
0.016416
0.034534
0.155188
0.490181
0.646064
0.099519
0.099618
0.099707
0.09979
0.099865
0.099934
0.099997
0.100032
0.100305
0.102401
0.11824
0.223718
0.516574
0.652848
0.724878
122
Sub McCabeThiele()
' Find minimum reflux ratio assuming it occurs at feed plate. Then
' L/D actual = L/D min times Multiplier. Steps off stages from the bottom up.
' Assumes that the feed stage is specified.
Sheets("Sheet2").Select
Range("A8", "G108").Clear
Dim i, feedstage As Integer
Dim D, B, xd, xb, F, z, q, LoverD, LoverV, x, y, xint, yint, yeq As Single
Dim a6, a5, a4, a3, a2, a1, a0, L, V, LbaroverVbar, LoverDmin As Single
Dim LoverVmin, LoverVdelta, Multiplier As Single
' Input values from spread sheet
xd = Cells(1, 2).Value
xb = Cells(1, 4).Value
F = Cells(1, 6).Value
z = Cells(1, 8).Value
Multiplier = Cells(2, 2).Value
q = Cells(2, 4).Value
feedstage = Cells(2, 8).Value
' Fit of equilibrium data to 6th order polynomial to find y. a6 is multiplied
' by x to the 6th power.
a6 = Cells(5, 1).Value
a5 = Cells(5, 2).Value
a4 = Cells(5, 3).Value
a3 = Cells(5, 4).Value
a2 = Cells(5, 5).Value
a1 = Cells(5, 6).Value
a0 = Cells(5, 7).Value
' Calculate intersection point of two operating lines and use this to find
' minimum L/D and L/V. Initialize
LoverV = 1
LoverVdelta = 0.00001
Do
LoverV = LoverV - LoverVdelta
xint = ((-(q - 1) * (1 - LoverV) * xd) - z) / (((q - 1) * LoverV) - q)
x = xint
yint = LoverV * xint + (1 - LoverV) * xd
' Equilibrium y at value of x intersection. When yint=yeq, have minimum L/V and L/D.
yeq = a6 * x ^ 6 + a5 * x ^ 5 + a4 * x ^ 4 + a3 * x ^ 3 + a2 * x ^ 2 + a1 * x + a0
Loop While yint < yeq
'Print intersection and equilibrium values.
LoverVmin = LoverV + LoverVdelta
LoverDmin = LoverVmin / (1 - LoverVmin)
LoverD = Multiplier * LoverDmin
LoverV = LoverD / (1 + LoverD)
Cells(6, 2).Value = LoverDmin
Cells(6, 4).Value = LoverVmin
Cells(6, 6).Value = LoverD
Cells(6, 8).Value = LoverV
' Calculate flow rates and ratios.
D = ((z - xb) / (xd - xb)) * F
L = LoverD * D
123
V=L+D
LbaroverVbar = (LoverV + (q * F / V)) / (1 - ((1 - q) * F / V))
' Step off stages from bottom up. First stage is partial reboiler. Initialize
x = xb
i=1
' Loop in stipping section stepping off stages with equilibrium and operating eqs.
Do While i < feedstage
y = a6 * x ^ 6 + a5 * x ^ 5 + a4 * x ^ 4 + a3 * x ^ 3 + a2 * x ^ 2 + a1 * x + a0
Cells(i + 7, 1).Value = i
Cells(i + 7, 2).Value = x
Cells(i + 7, 3).Value = y
i=i+1
x = (y / LbaroverVbar) + (LbaroverVbar - 1) * xb / LbaroverVbar
Loop
' Calculations in enriching section continues to Loop While y < xd.
Do While y < xd
y = a6 * x ^ 6 + a5 * x ^ 5 + a4 * x ^ 4 + a3 * x ^ 3 + a2 * x ^ 2 + a1 * x + a0
Cells(i + 7, 1).Value = i
Cells(i + 7, 2).Value = x
Cells(i + 7, 3).Value = y
i=i+1
x = (y / LoverV) - (1 - LoverV) * xd / LoverV
If x < 0 Then
Cells(i + 7, 4).Value = "Feed stage too low"
Exit Do
End If
If i > 100 Then
Cells(i + 7, 6).Value = "Too many stages"
Exit Do
End If
Loop
End Sub
124
Ethane is less volatile than methane so it decreases toward distillate. At bottoms it is more
volatile than propane and butane, so must decrease towards bottoms. Thus ethane
concentrates within column.
5.A7.
5.A9.
Pure LK cannot be withdrawn because LNK is present. Pure LNK can be removed at
distillate if all LK is removed in side stream. However, recovery of LNK will be < 100%.
5.A13.
If z HNK F
cross.
(frac. rec. HK in bot) z HK F, then there is more HNK in bottoms and curves
125
Dx M ,d
a)
Dx B,d
2280
Dx E,d
Dx P ,d
3638.16
x i,d D
19.44
5937.6 kg/h
wt. frac
Bx M ,B
Bx B,B
Bx E ,B
Bx P ,B
x i,b
2760.0
0.4553
81.84
0.0135
3220.56
0.5312
x i,b B 6062.4 kg hr
y4
yi P
Raoults Law
Antoines Eqn.
log10 VP
xi
yi P
VPi
0.30, y 5
xi
0.5, y 6
0.20, P
760 mmHg
VPi x i
B
T C
126
VPi
10
A4
10 A
T C4
10
0.30 760
10
6.809
A5
T C5
10
A6
T C6
0.50 760
935.86
T 238.73
10
6.853
0.20 760
1064.8
T 233.01
10
6.876
1171.17
T 224.41
Assume that ethanol is HK. Then assume that HNKs are totally in the bottoms.
x M,dist .99, x E,dist .01
2195.6 = (.998) (0.22) (10,000) = Dx MD
2195.6
2195.6
2217.78 and B
x MD
.99
Bottoms: MeOH: .0021 (.22) (10,000) = 4.4
4.4
x Mbot
0.0006
7782.22
1.0 .18 10, 000
x n propanol,bot
0.2313
7782.22
1.0 .13 10, 000
x n butanol,bot
.1670
7782.22
x EtOH,bot 1 x MeOH,bot x n p,bot x nbut,bot 0.6011
5.D4.
a. .99 F z C5
F D
7782.22
.98 F z C6,bot
Dx l,dist
b.
402 kg moles/hr
x C5,d
x C6,d
.99 1000 .4
0.9851
402
1 0.9851 0.0149
127
x C7,bot
1000 .3 1.0
598
.98 1000 .3
x C6,bot
c.
5.D5.
0.5017
0.4916
598
x C5,bot 1 .5017 .4916 0.0067
L = (L/D)D = (2.5) (402) = 1005
V = L + D = 1005 + 402 = 1407
At feed stage: L = L + .6F = 1005 + 600 = 1605
V = V - .4F = 1407 400 = 1007
Dx EtOH,dist
0.21 100
Dx prop,dist
0.993
Dx bu tan ol,dis
0.03 150
0.23 100
1 0.995
56.5
25.5
0.26 150
0.01 100
61.57
0.70 150
0.53
D 144.1
B
Check:
F1
F2
D 105.9
Bx Pr op,bot
1 0.993
Bx but,dist
0.7 150
0.434
105.47
Check = 105.90
Mole fractions:
x M ,bot
0 , x E ,bot
x but,bot
1 x prop,bot
0.9959
Dx MeOH ,dist
56.5
x M ,dist
x E,dist
x p,dist
x But,dist
0, x prop,bot
D
144.1
25.5
0.1767
144.1
61.566
0.427
144.1
0.53 144.1 0.0037
Check
= 1.000
0.434
105.90
0.0041
0.392
OK
128
129
5.D7.
Distillate
C2
Propylene:
n-C3
n-C4
C5 & C6
x B,C2
0, x B,propylene
F2
x B,C5
0, x B,C3
1000 0.09
= 330
= 7.5
= 816.0885
= 15.08
= 15.08
D=
= 1168.7
1500 0.18
1331.33
xD
0.2824
0.0064
0.06983
0.0129
0.0
x B,C4
5.D8.
kg/h
1500 0.249
1331.3
.98 1000 .154 1500 .40
1331.3
0.2704,
x B,C6
0.0056
0.5550
1500 .15
1331.31
0.1690
130
131
132
x C5
.40 , x C6
.60 , p
yi
760 mmHg , y C5
1.0
y C6
K 5 x C5
K 6 x C6
1.0
133
or
VPC5
Ptot
x C5
0.40 10
TC
20
51
VPC6
Ptot
6.853
1.0 , VPC5 x C5
x C6
1064.8
T 233.01
0.60 10
6.876
VPC6 x C6
Ptot
1171.17
T 224.41
1270.095 .4 = 508.04 +
760
C6 term x (.6)
121.387 .6 =
SUM
249.23
420.28 .6 = 252.17
760.21
5.D11. Was problem 6.D2 in 2nd edition SPE. Since x i known, want
yi
K i p BP x i
K ref p old
Kixi
K NC7
0.13
Ki xi
K C2
29 0.1
K rep p new
Ki xi
K C5 p new
29
1.0 .35
0.13 .55
1.0
~ 0.3
p new
3.32
8.0 0.1
0.3 .35
0.042 0.55
0.042
K C2
8.0
0.927
0.3
.032
p new 400 kPa, K nC7 0.045
K C2
0.927
K i x i 8.7 0.1 0.32 0.35 0.045 0.55 1.004
8.7
1.0, T 174 C
1.0, T 110 C
5.D13. Was problem 6.D6 in 2nd edition SPE. Let 1 = n-butane, 2 = n-pentane and 3 = n-hexane. p = 101.3 kPa.
Bubble Point: First guess. K1 1 at T
1 , K 2 1 at T 36 , K 3 1 at T 68 .
Tfirst
K1
z1T1
3.6, K 2
.2
1.08, K 3
.5 36
0.36.
Tnew
29 C. K1
2.7, K 5
Tnew
28.8 K1
K1x1
38
.2 3.6
1.8 1.368
0.26, and
0.789 1.013
2.7, K8
.3 68
Kixi
.5 1.08
.3 .36
1.368
0.789
1.013
0.779
0.255, and
Kx
i i
28.8 C.
134
135
136
5.H1. New Problem in 3rd Edition. Same program as 5.H5 except do not list y values as distillate.
Different input in spreadsheet see below.
Ternary Distillation: Constant relative volatility. Step off stages from bottom up. Use whole stages.
System has A = LK, B = HK and C = HNK
C5H9
alpha
Alpha CA-B
3.58 alpha B-B
1.86 B
1 feedstage
8
zA
0.35 z B
0.4 z C
0.25 epsilon (values for
0.00000001
N loop(
F
200 q
1 L/D
6 convergence
100
df(HNK frac
frac rec B in dist
0.996 guess frac rec C bot
1 recovery)
0.9
frac rec A in dist
0.961
D
67.59011 B
132.4099 L/V
0.857143 Lbar/Vbar
1.279858988
Mass balance
xAdist
0.995264 xBdist
0.004734 xCdist
1.56E-06 values
Mass balance
xAbot
0.020618 xBbot
0.601768 xCbot
0.377614 values
137
0.046992
0.0869
0.143487
0.218289
0.308791
0.407144
0.502187
0.584094
0.685129
0.774848
0.846817
0.899855
0.936484
0.960636
0.97607
0.985732
0.991702
0.995362
xB
yB
xC
yC
0.601768 0.7125981 0.377614
0.688364 0.7538807 0.270411
0.720619 0.7419438 0.206975
0.711292 0.6917342 0.172088
0.672062 0.6158891 0.152873
0.612801 0.5274175 0.141421
0.543675 0.4396808
0.1337
0.475123 0.3632905 0.127992
0.42305 0.2920855 0.061385
0.339977 0.2160685 0.026583
0.251291 0.1497869 0.010597
0.173962
0.098934 0.003962
0.114634 0.0630978 0.001413
0.072825 0.0392226 0.000488
0.044971 0.0238835 0.000164
0.027075 0.0142529 5.45E-05
0.015839 0.0082925 1.77E-05
0.008886 0.0046363 5.57E-06
0.240409437
0.159219617
0.114569647
0.089976459
0.075319919
0.0654388
0.058132319
0.05261578
0.02278591
0.009083172
0.003395923
0.001211305
0.000418127
0.000141178
4.69552E-05
1.54307E-05
4.9941E-06
1.56158E-06
0.998702 j
Note x1 =
xbot
6
0.0001
10
0.9
1.565105
Note y1 =
xdist
138
5.H.3. New Problem in 3rd Edition. (L/D)min = 0.26761 by trial and error using spreadsheet in Table 5.A1..
5.H.4. New Problem in 3rd Edition.
Ternary Distillation with Constant relative volatility. Step off stages from top down.
System has A = LK, B = sandwich and C = HK
5.G.e.
alpha A-B 1.4
alpha B-B 1
Alpha C-B 0.7
feedstage
zA
0.25
zB
0.35
zC
0.4
epsilon (values for
F
100
q
1
L/D
5
N loop( convergence
frac rec B in dist
0.583
frac rec C in bot
0.995
df(LNK frac recovery)
Guess: frac rec A in dist
0.95
D
44.10818 B
55.89182 L/V
0.833333 Lbar/Vbar
xAdist
0.532853 xBdist
0.462613 xCdist
0.004534 Mass balance values
xAbot
0.026781 xBbot
0.261129 xCbot
0.71209 Mass balance values
Stage by stage calculations
i xA
yA
xB
yB
xC
yC
1
0.447934 0.532853 0.544443 0.462613 0.007623 0.004534307
2
0.378937 0.462087 0.609404 0.530804 0.011659 0.007108533
3
0.325116 0.40459 0.658055 0.584939 0.016829 0.010471366
4
0.284385 0.359739 0.692247 0.625481 0.023368 0.01477984
5
0.254167 0.325796 0.71427 0.653975 0.031563 0.020228923
6
0.231958 0.300615 0.726286 0.672327 0.041757 0.027058086
7
0.215598 0.282107 0.730061 0.68234 0.054342 0.035552935
8
0.203353 0.268473 0.726901 0.685486 0.069746 0.046040694
9
0.193893 0.258269 0.717703 0.682853 0.088403 0.058877558
10
0.18623 0.250387 0.703059 0.675188 0.110711 0.074425299
11
0.179649 0.244001 0.683384 0.662985 0.136967 0.093014635
12
0.173652 0.238516 0.65905 0.646589 0.167298 0.114894592
13
0.167915 0.233519 0.630501 0.62631 0.201584 0.140170911
14
0.162254 0.228738 0.598352 0.602519 0.239393 0.168742359
15
0.156599 0.224021 0.563437 0.575729 0.279964 0.200250121
16
0.150964 0.219308 0.526798 0.546633 0.322237 0.234059083
17
0.145428 0.214612 0.489617 0.516101 0.364955 0.269286831
18
0.140099 0.209999 0.453098 0.485116 0.406803 0.304884695
19
0.135091 0.205558 0.418339 0.454684 0.446571 0.339758041
20
0.100543 0.157965 0.402362 0.45154 0.497094 0.39049513
21
0.071479 0.116121 0.372448 0.43219 0.556074 0.45168881
22
0.048123 0.080918 0.329669 0.395957 0.622209 0.523124245
23
0.030232 0.05263 0.276757 0.344144 0.693012 0.603226557
24
0.017191 0.03096 0.2177 0.280057 0.765109 0.688982619
Mass balance: fraction stage, A, B, C calculated at bottom, % error B
0.264616 0.026781
0.261129
0.71209 6.65242E-09
Calc frac recovery A in distillate
0.940127 j
4
19
1E-10
100
0.8
1.21119
Note y1 =
xdist
Part d. Fractional recovery of B in distillate. is 0.725. Note that B goes through a maximum of close to
1% on stages 7 and 8.
Ternary Distillation with Constant relative volatility. Step off stages from top down.
System has A = LK, B = trace sandwich and C = HK
5.G.e. Part d.
alpha A-B 1.4
alpha B-B 1
Alpha C-B 0.7
feedstage
19
139
zA
0.38
zB
0.02
zC
0.6
epsilon (values for
F
100
q
1
L/D
4
N loop( convergence
frac rec B in dist
0.725
frac rec C in bot
0.995
df(LNK frac recovery)
Guess: frac rec A in dist
0.99
D
39.37044 B
60.62956 L/V
0.8
Lbar/Vbar
xAdist
0.95555 xBdist
0.03683 xCdist
0.00762 Mass balance values
xAbot
0.00626 xBbot
0.009071 xCbot
0.984668 Mass balance values
Stage by stage calculations
i xA
yA
xB
yB
xC
yC
1
0.934659 0.95555 0.050434 0.03683 0.014907 0.00761993
2
0.909255 0.938837 0.064694 0.047713 0.026051 0.013449322
3
0.878109 0.918514 0.079128 0.059121 0.042762 0.02236485
4
0.839847 0.893598 0.092985 0.070669 0.067168 0.035733649
5
0.793216 0.862987 0.105202 0.081754 0.101582 0.055258739
6
0.737611 0.825683 0.114471 0.091527 0.147918 0.082789801
7
0.673775 0.781199 0.119471 0.098942 0.206753 0.119858439
8
0.604361 0.73013 0.119295 0.102943 0.276345 0.166926476
9
0.53382 0.674599 0.113888 0.102802 0.352293 0.222599678
10
0.467334 0.618166 0.104227 0.098476 0.428438 0.283358088
11
0.409234 0.564978 0.092025 0.090748 0.498741 0.344274648
12
0.361849 0.518497 0.079126 0.080986 0.559026 0.400517103
13
0.325379 0.480589 0.066982 0.070666 0.607639 0.448744495
14
0.298551 0.451414 0.056436 0.060951 0.645013 0.487634893
15
0.279454 0.429951 0.047786 0.052515 0.67276 0.517534464
16
0.266162 0.414673 0.040972 0.045595 0.692866 0.539732259
17
0.257043 0.40404 0.035754 0.040143 0.707203 0.555816779
18
0.250839 0.396745 0.031838 0.035969 0.717324 0.567286133
19
0.246633 0.391781 0.028939 0.032836 0.724428 0.575383054
20
0.193371 0.320667 0.029598 0.035058 0.777031 0.644274899
21
0.145301 0.251
0.029111 0.03592 0.825588 0.713080242
22
0.105056 0.188125 0.027585 0.035283 0.867359 0.776592117
23
0.073452 0.135485 0.025264 0.033287 0.901284 0.831228269
24
0.049874 0.094147 0.022436 0.030252 0.92769 0.875601733
25
0.032959 0.063306 0.019353 0.026552 0.947688 0.910141552
26
0.02117 0.041182 0.016207 0.02252 0.962623 0.93629802
27
0.013123 0.025762 0.013125 0.018405 0.973752 0.955833007
28
0.00771 0.015236 0.010183 0.014373 0.982107 0.970390508
29
0.004108 0.008156 0.007421 0.010525 0.988471 0.981318291
Mass balance: fraction stage, A, B, C calculated at bottom, % error B
0.402462 0.00626
0.009071
0.984668 5.53216E-07
Calc frac recovery A in distillate
0.990012 j
16
1E-10
100
0.8
1.308
Note y1 =
xdist
140
aT2
0
0
0
0.995
aT6
7.94986
7.33129
6.96783
Trebguess
ap1
-0.96455
-0.89143
-0.84634
500
ap2
0
0
0
p, psia
ap3
0
0
0
14.7
D
xAdist
xAbot
29.940006 B
0.9969938 xBdist
0.002141 xBbot
70.05999 L/V
0.003006 xCdist
0.42692 xCbot
stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
xA
0.002141
0.0086951
0.0291201
0.0853111
0.214736
0.4743433
0.7600825
0.920961
0.9779073
0.994401
xB
0.42692
0.613018
0.714099
0.717438
0.617813
0.483106
0.233736
0.078451
0.022047
0.005596
xC
0.57094
0.37829
0.25678
0.19725
0.16745
0.04255
0.00618
0.00059
4.6E-05
3.4E-06
yA
0.0103991
0.0361347
0.1069354
0.270011
0.5324156
0.786406
0.9294091
0.980028
0.9946891
0.9986729
yB
0.6614042
0.7887656
0.7929732
0.6674458
0.4297616
0.2080991
0.0700679
0.0199309
0.0053079
0.0013269
yC
0.3282
0.1751
0.10009
0.06254
0.03782
0.00549
0.00052
4.1E-05
3E-06
2.2E-07
T
582.283
570.622
561.854
551.835
536.481
513.748
498.351
491.769
489.686
489.103
KB
1.549247
1.286692
1.110453
0.930318
0.695617
0.430752
0.299774
0.254057
0.240759
0.237137
Option Explicit
Sub Ternary_bottom_up_BP()
' Ternary distillation with constant alpha. Frac recoveries of LK and HK given.
' There is a HNK present and its frac rec in bottoms is guessed.
Sheets("Sheet1").Select
Range("A18", "I150").Clear
Dim i, j, k, feedstage, N As Integer
Dim AaT1, AaT6, Aap1, BaT1, BaT6, Bap1, CaT1, CaT6, Cap1 As Double
Dim F, fracBbot, fracCbot, q, LoverD, LoverV As Double
Dim LbaroverVbar, D, B, L, V, Lbar, Vbar, Eqsum, fracAdist As Double
Dim xA, xB, xC, yA, yB, yC, zA, zB, zC, xAbot, xBbot, xCbot As Double
Dim DxA, DxB, DxC, BxA, BxB, BxC, xAdist, xBdist, xCdist As Double
Dim fracCbotcalc, difference, epsilon, df As Double
Dim T, p, Tinit, KA, KB, KC, sum As Double
'Input data
AaT1 = Cells(9, 2).Value
AaT6 = Cells(9, 4).Value
Aap1 = Cells(9, 5).Value
BaT1 = Cells(10, 2).Value
BaT6 = Cells(10, 4).Value
Bap1 = Cells(10, 5).Value
CaT1 = Cells(11, 2).Value
CaT6 = Cells(11, 4).Value
Cap1 = Cells(11, 5).Value
feedstage = Cells(3, 8).Value
F = Cells(5, 2).Value
141
q = Cells(5, 4).Value
LoverD = Cells(5, 6).Value
zA = Cells(4, 2).Value
zB = Cells(4, 4).Value
zC = Cells(4, 6).Value
fracBbot = Cells(6, 3).Value
fracCbot = Cells(6, 6).Value
fracAdist = Cells(7, 4).Value
epsilon = Cells(4, 8).Value
N = Cells(5, 8).Value
df = Cells(6, 8).Value
p = Cells(7, 8).Value
Tinit = Cells(7, 6).Value
' The For loop (remainder of program) is to obtain convergence of guess of
' fractional recovery of A in distillate.
For j = 1 To N
' Calculate compositions and flow rates.
DxA = F * zA * fracAdist
DxB = F * zB * (1 - fracBbot)
DxC = F * zC * (1 - fracCbot)
BxA = F * zA * (1 - fracAdist)
BxB = F * zB * fracBbot
BxC = F * zC * fracCbot
D = DxA + DxB + DxC
B = BxA + BxB + BxC
xAdist = DxA / D
xBdist = DxB / D
xCdist = DxC / D
xAbot = BxA / B
xBbot = BxB / B
xCbot = BxC / B
L = LoverD * D
V=L+D
LoverV = L / V
Lbar = L + q * F
Vbar = Lbar - B
LbaroverVbar = Lbar / Vbar
' Print values of flowrates and mole fractions
Cells(13, 2) = D
Cells(13, 4) = B
Cells(13, 6) = LoverV
Cells(13, 8) = LbaroverVbar
Cells(14, 2) = xAdist
Cells(14, 4) = xBdist
Cells(14, 6) = xCdist
Cells(15, 2) = xAbot
Cells(15, 4) = xBbot
Cells(15, 6) = xCbot
' initialize (reboiler =1) and start loops
i=1
xA = xAbot
142
xB = xBbot
xC = xCbot
T = Tinit
' Calculations in stripping section: equilibrium then operating.
Do While i < feedstage
' Bubble point calculaton
For k = 1 To 10
KB = 1
KA = Exp((AaT1 / (T * T)) + AaT6 + (Aap1 * Log(p)))
KB = Exp((BaT1 / (T * T)) + BaT6 + (Bap1 * Log(p)))
KC = Exp((CaT1 / (T * T)) + CaT6 + (Cap1 * Log(p)))
yA = KA * xA
yB = KB * xB
yC = KC * xC
sum = yA + yB + yC
KB = KB / sum
T = Sqr(BaT1 / (Log(KB) - BaT6 - (Bap1 * Log(p))))
Next k
' Print values
Cells(i + 17, 1).Value = i
Cells(i + 17, 2).Value = xA
Cells(i + 17, 3).Value = yA
Cells(i + 17, 4).Value = xB
Cells(i + 17, 5).Value = yB
Cells(i + 17, 6).Value = xC
Cells(i + 17, 7).Value = yC
Cells(i + 17, 8).Value = T
Cells(i + 17, 9).Value = KB
' Bottom operating line
i=i+1
xA = yA / LbaroverVbar + (1 - (1 / LbaroverVbar)) * xAbot
xB = yB / LbaroverVbar + (1 - (1 / LbaroverVbar)) * xBbot
xC = yC / LbaroverVbar + (1 - (1 / LbaroverVbar)) * xCbot
Loop
' Calculations in enriching section
Do
For k = 1 To 10
' Bubble point calculation
KA = Exp((AaT1 / (T * T)) + AaT6 + (Aap1 * Log(p)))
KB = Exp((BaT1 / (T * T)) + BaT6 + (Bap1 * Log(p)))
KC = Exp((CaT1 / (T * T)) + CaT6 + (Cap1 * Log(p)))
yA = KA * xA
yB = KB * xB
yC = KC * xC
sum = yA + yB + yC
KB = KB / sum
T = Sqr(BaT1 / (Log(KB) - BaT6 - (Bap1 * Log(p))))
Next k
' Print values
Cells(i + 17, 1).Value = i
Cells(i + 17, 2).Value = xA
143
144
Chapter 6
New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems are: 6A1, 6A5, 6D3, 6D4, 6G4-6G7.
6.A1. New Problem in 3rd Edition. Trial and error. Try a feed stage and determine the distillate and
bottoms mole fractions of the key components. Repeat for additional feed stages. The feed stage
that produces the best separation is the optimum feed stage for this value of N.
6.A5. New Problem in 3rd Edition. Trial and error. Pick an N that you think is close (a systematic
method to do this is described in Chapter 7). Find the optimum feed stage. If you need more
separation to meet specifications, increase N, and if you exceed specifications, try decreasing N.
For an initial estimate of the optimum feed location for the new N, assume that the ratio
(Optimum feed stage)/(total number of stages) is constant. Continue process until specifications
are met or slightly exceeded.
6.C1. a.
Fjz j
Now L jh j
Lj
Vj
Fj h Fj
L j x j , Eqs.
Fk
k 1
k
Substituting into EB we find
DEj
x j . Since L j x j Sx S
L j S, x S
Qj
D hj
j 1
k
Sk , L j
hj
SK h j
k
j
Vj
j 1
FK h j
j 1
k
j 1
Fk
FK h j
Sk
SK h j
B1
DK1
L1
, C1
(6-7)
K 2 V2
L2
, and D1
(6-8)
F1z1
L3 1825, L 4 450 B, V2
j = 1 (total condenser),
V3
1.05, L1
V4
L2
825 kmole/hr,
1375.
145
1.05 1375
K 2 V2
C1
L2
2, C 2
B2
825
K 3 V3
1.05 1375
L3
1825
V2 K 2
2.75, A 2
L2
j 3, C 3
B3
L4
450
1.791, A 3
L3
1.75
2.75
6.D2.
1,C5
p = 5 atm: z C2
0
0.791
1.791
to
0.08, z C3
0.33, z C4
yi
1, K C4
5.4 0.08
yi
1.7 0.33
12 , K C2
2,C5
3,C5
350
4,C5
0.49, z C5
0.10
yi
1.0.
506.5 kPa
0.47, K C5
0.47 0.49
Kixi
0.14
0.14 0.10
K C3 20
4.6, K C4
1.7
1.37
1.237
0.35, K C5
1.237
0.10
D3
Fz c3
V2
V3
L1
1.7, K C4
K C3 Tnew
Tnew
350
1. DePriester Chart.
5.4, K C3
Need lower T.
1,C5
x i . Want
1, D 4
4.208
1000 0.35
3.208
1.67, D1
825
4,C5
st
Fz C51
4.208, A 4
L4
1.67
L1
550
3.208
1, D 3
1 V4 K 4
1.05 1375
V3 K 3
0.791
1, D 2
K 4 V4
4 Reboiler , B 4
Values for
1.75 , B1
1.37, B
330, D1
V4
L1
D
L3 L 2 F
Total Condenser (1):
V5
D2
V6
1025
2025
L4
F D 1000 410
D4
L1
L2
D5
D6
590
L6
D 1435
L3
L5
146
B1 1 D L1 1.40, C1
Stage 2.
A2
Stage 3. A 3
1, B2
1, B3
V2 K 2
L3
Stage 4:
A4
1, B 4
Stage 5:
A5
1, B5
V4 K 4
L5
1, B6
2.918
1435 1.37
L3
2025
V4 K 4
1435 1.37
L4
2025
V5 K 5
V6 K 6
1435 1.37
V6 K 6
L6
590
-0.9708
0.9708
-1
0.9708
0.9708
3.32
=4.32
L6
1.9708
1.918
0.9708
L5
=1.9708, C 5
1025
V3 K 3
=1.9708, C 4
L4
-1
=1.9708, C 3
V5 K 5
1.37 1435
=2.918, C 2
L2
V3 K 3
K 2 V2 L 2
1.9708
0.9708
1.9708 -3.32
-1
4.32
12 , K C2
4.6, K C3 =1.37, K C4
D3
Fz c3
V2
V3
490, D1
V4
V5
0.35, B
D2
V6
D4
L1
0.35, K C5
F D 1000 410
D5
D6
A2
Stage3. A 3
Stage 4.
1, B 2
1, B3
A4
1, B 4
V2 K 2
L2
V3 K 3
L3
1
=1.49, C 2
=1.2480, C 3
V4 K 4
L4
L6
D 1435
L1
Stage 2.
590
D 1025 L 2 , L3 L 2 F 2025
D
Total Condenser (1):
B1 1 D L1 1.40, C1
K 2 V2 L 2
L1
0.10
=1.2480, C 4
L4
L5
0.35 1435
V3 K 3
L3
1025
1435 0.35
2025
1435 0.35
V4 K 4
L4
2025
V5 K 5
L5
0.49
0.2480
0.2480
0.2480
147
Stage5: A 5
1, B5
V5 K 5
L5
1, B 6
V6 K 6
L6
1435 0.35
V6 K 6
=1.2480, C 5
L6
=1.8513
-1
1.49
-0.248
1.248
0.248
-1
1.248 -0.851
-1
5 60
300
1.248
L D D
V L D 360
Saturated liquid feed: V V
360; L
0.8513
590
L F
0.248
0
1.851
400
L1
V1
V1
L, L 2
0, V2
L, L3
L, L 4
V, V3
V, V4
F D
40
L2
V3
3
yi
V4
1.0 or
Ki xi
L3
xi
yi
Ki xi
1.0
M
3.58,
2.17,
NP
1,
NB
0.412
b.
yi
xi
xi
Eq. (5-30),
zi i
.3 3.58
Then
and
y nP
K nP
z NP
.25 2.17
NP
zi
y x
nP
.35 1.0
0.1 .412
2.0077
0.35 1.0
0.1743
2.0077
0.1743
0.4981
0.35
148
KM
c.
M NP
K nB
1, B 2
L2
300
V4 K 4
C3
F3z nBut
Stage 4. A 4
1.2
1
0
0
d.
y 1
j
j=3
1.8468
40
10
V4 K 4
2.8468, C 4 , D 4
B
0
0.2463
1.2463
0.1847
1.1847
1
1.2, V21
V12
B2
A2
D2
C 2 V11
V13
B3
V23
V33
D3
A3
10
.2463
1.2
1.2463
1
V12
V13
10
1.8468 1.04105
.20525
.20525
0
0.1847
0.1539
1.2
V3 2 1.1847
1
A3V22
C3 V12
0, V31
V3
A 2 V2
V32
2.8468
B1
0
1.8468
V11
V22
1.1847
360 0.2052
1 B4
0.2052
0.1847, D 2
400
L3
100 .1
0.2463, D1
360 .2052
V3 K 3
K NP
1.2463
L2
L3
L4
D3
V2 K 2
V3 K 3
1, B3
nB NP
1 0.2 1.2,
360 0.2052
1.0809, K n-B
0.1
V2 K 2
C2
Stage 3. A 3
1.7832; K E
0.2052, z nB
1 D L1
C1
Stage 2. A 2
K NP
1.04105
0.1539
1.0308
1 0 1.0308 9.7014
1.7740
149
V14
j=4
B4
V24
D4
V34
e.
VP
V3
A 4 V23
C4 V13
2.8468
V14
1.7740
1 9.7014
1.0728
1.0728 9.0428
not needed.
9.0428 (bottoms flow rate)
V24
3NB
V23
V33
9.7014
2 NB
V22
V33
0.1539 25.743
3.9619
1NB
V22
V31
.20525 3.9619
0.8132
VP
VP
nP
Ptot
K nP 760
1.7740 9.0428
n 200
760
0.4981 760
378.5 mmHg
5.2983, n 378.5
1 66.8 273.16
Linear Interpolation:
5.9362
TbP
5.2983
273.16
25.743
in mmHg
6.F1.
4,NB
K nP
Raoults Law
A4
1T
5.9362, n 400
2.9415E 3
5.99146
1 82.0+273.16
2.9415E 3 2.8163E 3
5.2983 5.99146
351.74 or TbP
2.81563E 3
2.9415E 3
0.00284
78.6 C.
Plots of vapor pressure are available in Maxwell (see Table 2-2 for reference) while tabulated
values are in Perrys K
VPi p tot . Dew point calculation on feed gives 245.7F.
Overall Mass Balances: D = 30, L = 5D = 150
V = L + D = 180, V V F 180 100 80 , L L 150 , B = F D = 70
First Trial Values
Stage
T
L
V
KB
KT
Kx
245.7
70 = B
80
2.307
1.042
4
0.534
245.7
150
180
2.307
1.042
3
0.534
245.7
150
180
2.307
1.042
2
0.534
1
245.7
150
30 = D
2.307
1.042
0.534
Stage
4
3
2
1
Stage
4
3
2
1
C
-2.705
-2.8404
-2.8404
Benzene
B
3.705
3.8404
3.8404
1.2
C
-1.191
-1.2504
-1.2504
Toluene
B
2.191
2.2504
2.2504
1.2
A
-1
-1
-1
A
-1
-1
-1
-
D
0
35
0
0
D
0
40
0
0
7.9886
29.5978
57.058
135.6569
27.1651
59.5188
61.5875
64.1742
150
Stage
4
3
2
1
6.G1.
6.G2.
C
-.6103
-.6408
-.6408
Xylenes
B
1.6103
1.6408
1.6408
1.2
A
-1
-1
-
D
0
25
0
0
22.7361
36.6120
21.1971
11.3193
Stage
T1C
L kmol/h
C4
C5
C8
38.31
825
x1
y1
0.360
0.6568
0.6013
0.3424
0.0386
0.00083
69.16
557.3
1375
x2
y2
0.0993
0.3601
0.4499
0.6013
0.4508
0.0386
107.02
1533.9
1107.3
x3
y3
0.03355
0.2288
0.1731
0.5251
0.7934
0.2461
140.92
450
1083.9
x4
y4
0.00436
0.04568
0.0429
0.2271
0.9528
0.7272
1.2 E 13, C3
0.6360, C4
0.0004
0.000492, C4
0.9995
3. Was the specified feed stage the optimum feed stage? Yes No
If no, the feed stage should be: a. closer to the condenser, b. closer to the reboiler.
4. Which tray gives the largest column diameter (in meters) with sieve trays when one uses the
originally specified feed stage? Tray # 28 Diameter = 0.792 m.
5. Which components in the original problem are the key components? LK = Propane, HK =
butane
6. Change one specification in the operating conditions (keep original number of stages, feed
location, feed flow, feed composition, feed pressure, feed temperature/fraction vaporized
constant) to make ethane the light key and propane the heavy key.
What operating parameter did you change, and what is its new value? D = 20
Temperature of condenser = - 31.54 oC
Temperature of reboiler = 50.87 oC
Distillate product mole fractions C2 0.9955, C3 0.00448, C4 1.32 E 07
Bottoms product mole fractions C2
0.00112, C3
0.4364, C4
0.5625
151
6.G3.
[Use the default values for number of passes (1), tray spacing (0.6096 m), minimum downcomer
area (0.10), foaming factor (1), and over-design factor (1). Set the fractional approach to flooding
at 0.7. Use the Fair design method for flooding.]
4. Which components in the original problem are the key components (label light and heavy
keys) ________benzene = LK, toluene = HK______________________
5. Change one specification in the operating conditions (keep N, feed location, feed flow, feed
composition, feed pressure, feed temperature or fraction vaporized constant) to make toluene the
light key and p-xylene the heavy key.
What operating parameter did you change, and what is its new value?__D=260______
Temperature of condenser = _142.2____ K, Temperature of reboiler = _183.98__ K
Distillate product mole fractions: _B = 0.30769, T = 0.68850, Pxy = 0.003805________
Bottoms product mole fractions: __B= 0.3177 E-06, T = 0.007066, Pxy = 0.99293_____
6.G.6. New Problem in 3rd Edition. Part a. L D 27 . b. L D 60 . c. D = 147, S = 453 (liquid)
distillate mole fracs:
E = 0.99007,
B = 0.00993,
P = 0.5 E-9
side stream mole fracs: E = 0.0009845, B = 0.98930,
P = 0.000854
bottoms mole fracs:
E = 0.7 E-14,
B = 0.00043,
P = 0.99957
d. distillate :
E = 0.89146,
B = 0.10854,
P = 0.556 E-8
side:
E = 0.041845,
B = 0.95794,
P = 0.000218
bottoms:
E = 0.1 E-14,
B = 0.0001095,
P = 0.99989
Since vapor mole fraction ethane > liquid mole fraction (ethane is LK), have more ethane in
vapor side stream.
e. The separation of n-pentane and n-butane is much more difficult than between ethane and nbutane. Thus side stream purity is less. Also feed has lot more pentane than ethane, which makes
side stream below feed less pure.
6.G.7. New Problem in 3rd edition.
1. Report the following values:
Temperature of condenser = _373.28____ K. Temperature of reboiler = ___411.75___ K
Qcondenser = _-829828_____cal/sec, Qreboiler = ____1012650_____cal/sec
Distillate product mole fractions: M = 0.59998, E = 0.36184, NP = 0.038177, NB = 0.3087E -05
Bottoms product mole fractions: M= 0.2042E-04, E = 0.03816, NP = 0.46182, NB = 0.50000_
2. Was the specified feed stage the optimum feed stage? Yes No X
If no, the feed stage should be: a. closer to the condenser, b. closer to the reboiler. Answer a
(Note: Do minimum number of simulations to answer these questions. Do not optimize.)
3. Which tray gives the largest column diameter with sieve trays when one uses the originally specified
feed stage? Aspen Tray #_____18_____Column Diameter =___1.77____meters
[Use the default values for number of passes (1), tray spacing (0.6096 m), minimum downcomer area
(0.10), foaming factor (1), and over-design factor (1). Set the fractional approach to flooding at 0.7. Use
the Fair design method for flooding.]
4. Which components in the original problem are the key components (label light and heavy keys)
______________LK = ethanol, HK = n-propanol_______________________
153
5. Change one specification in the operating conditions (keep N, feed location, feed flow, feed
composition, feed pressure, feed temperature or fraction vaporized constant) to make methanol the light
key and ethanol the heavy key.
What operating parameter did you change, and what is its new value?_____D = 60____
Temperature of condenser = __368.66__ K, Temperature of reboiler = _404.23___ K
Distillate product mole fractions: M = 0.97858, E = 0.021417, NP = 0.155 E-07, NB = 0.1 E-10_
Bottoms product mole fractions: M = 0.0091787, E = 0.27654, NP = 0.35714, NB = 0.35714__
154
Chapter 7
New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems are: 7.A1, 7.A4, 7.D2, 7.D10, 7.D11, 7.D14, 7.D21, 7.G1.
7.A1. New problem in 3rd edition. f. none of the above.
7.A.4. New problem in 3rd edition. a. estimate fractional recoveries nonkeys at total reflux.
7.C4.
Use yi, j
which is
L min x i, j
Vmin K i x i, j
1
L min x ij
Vmin K i K HK
Dx i,dist
Dx i,dist where K i
Kx i,dist , or L min x i, j
L min
i 1
L min x ij
L feed
7.C5.
VF
L min
(A)
1
i
(B)
1
i
(C)
c
i 1
L min
1/
i 1
Dx i,dist
1/
Fz i
(7-33 analogue)
i
L
(7-29 analogue)
Vmin K
Dx i,dist
V K
i 1 min HK
L min
L min
L min
Add Eqs. (A) and (B), and use external mass balance,
qF
K HK . Rearranging,
Vmin K HK
L min
Vmin K1
Dx i,dist
Vmin K HK
L min
Bx i ,bot
L min
Let
L min x ij
1 1
z2
1 1
2 2
Solutions are,
For satd liqd
1 1
0 or
VF
2 2
1 1
z2
155
x 1 x
n
7.D1.
dist
x 1 x
bot
.992
.008
.014
.986
10.36
n AB
n 2.4
This includes the partial reboiler. Eq. (7-40a) gives,
x 1 x
z 1 z
N f ,min
b. Saturated liquid:
Vf
dist
zB
zT
1.0 2.4
zB
zB
5.97
n 2.4
AB
.008
.4 .6
feed
.992
zT
2.4 .4
1.0 .6
1.53846
Which does lie between the s of the keys. To use Eq. (7-29) we need D. From mass
balances (Eq. (3-3)).
D
Eq (7-29) is:
x bot
x dist
Vmin
x bot
.4 .014
.992 .014
Dx Bdist
Dx Tdist
Vmin
L min
c.
L D
Using Eq. 7-42b,
1.1 L D
N
3.9468 kg moles/hr
min
10
1.9234 , x
L D
L D
min
L D 1
10.848
0.0598
N min
0.5563
N 1
.5563 N min
Solving for N, N
24.6 (includes reboiler)
1 .5563
N F,min
5.97
From Eq. (7-40b), N F N
24.6
14.2
N min
10.36
Try stage 14 from top for feed stage.
7.D.2.
5 atm, z C2
0.08, z C3
x i . Want
1 (light key), K C4
yi
101.3
0.33, z C4
0.49, z C5
0.10
1.0 .
kPa
506.5 kPa
atm
1 (heavy key). Use DePriester Chart.
156
20 C , K C2
Try T
yi
1.7 , K C4
5.4 , K C3
5.4 0.8
1.7 0.33
0.47 , K C5
0.47 0.49
0.14 0.10
12 , K C2
yi
n
N MIN
b)
C2 C4
0.35, K C5
C4
HK be reference.
0.10
1.37 0.35
C3C4
3.914
0.997 0.998
0.003 0.002
12.01874
n 3.914
C4 C4
1.0,
3.914 0.33
13.14
3.914
VMIN
0.1 0.35
C5 C4
0.286
zi
1.36456
Eq (7-29)
1.37
a)
4.6, K C4
0.14
1.0
3.914
LK HK
Dx i,dist
1.0 0.49
0.10 0.286
0.286
HK HK
Dx i,C2
Dx i
Dx i
80, Dx i,C5
C3
C4
D
VMIN
c)
13.14 80
329.01 3.914
13.14 1.74
L MIN VMIN
L MIN
Eq (7-42b)
N
N
Dx i,d
0.98
409.99
0.98 1.0
0 683.23 kmole h
3.914 1.74
1.0 1.74
D 273.24; L D MIN 0.6664
1.15 L D
Ordinate Gilliland
329.01
MIN
0.7664
0.7664 0.6664
1.7664
N MIN
0.05662
N 1
0.5608 8.808
1 0.5608
0.002743
0.05662
0.56079
157
Dx LK Dx HK
n
N F,MIN
Eq. (7-40b)
N F,min
NF
N min
1
N min
AB
x 1 x
n
7.D4.
x 1 x
N min
a.)
dist
bot
log
xA
xB
n3.914
.552
NF
xA
xB
xA
xB
xA
xB
bot
bot
.01773 0.98227
L D
L D
13
.36
.64
1.287
y*
10.02
0.9915 y*
0.9915 0.6
x
1 x
c.) Abscissa =
.545
.455
.9915 .0085
(L/V)min =
* z = .6
bot
AB
1 N min
n AB
n 2.4
b.) Feed is saturated liquid, feed line is vertical.
y*
xA
xB
log
xA
xB
4.552
21.33 11 (approximate)
8.808
AB
329.01 0.98
0.33 0.49
LK HK
log
Rearrange, log
dist
z LK z HK
0.7826
x z 0.6
L
D
L V
min
L V
1.144
min
2.2286 1.144
0.336
L D 1
3.2286
From Eq. (7-42b)
N N min
0.002743
0.545827 0.591422 0.336
0.3553 ordinate
N 1
0.336
N min ordinate 10.022 0.3553
N
16.1
1 ordinate
1 0.3553
10.022 0.3474
From fitted curve ordinate = 0.3474, N
16.2
1 .3474
Error = 25-16 25 36% low. Aspen Plus equilibrium data is not = 2.4. Note that =
2.24 may be a better fit.
min
158
log
7.D5.
xD
1 xD
xB
1 xB
log
30,
7.D6.
N min
1.30 and x D
xD
1 xD
log
Fenske Eq.: N min
xD 1 xD
0.984, this is x B
xB
1 xB
log
2.4 .4
x
1
1 x
xD
L
V
xD
min
Then,
.01
.99
.993 .616
.993 .4
1.15 1.746
0.636 ,
0.4 .
L
D
L V
1 L V
min
1.746 .
min
2.01
act
L D
L D
2.01 1.746
min
L D 1
3.01
N N min N 10.82
Ordinate 0.557
N 1
N 1
Clear fractions, and find N = 25.3 (including partial reboiler).
7.D7.
K C2
Let C 4
4.6, K C3
1.37, K C4
HK
reference.
Eq. 7-33, 0
i i
i
Want
LK HK
0.35, K C5
0.10
0.02 0.008
8.7121
1.36456
C2-C4
0.10 0.35
C4 C4
6.38
1.0
0.286
Vmin
13.14 0.08
13.14
3.914
.0878
12 C
n 3.914
C5 C4
3.01
3.914
0.35
0.98 0.992
C3 C 4
C4
.264
1.37
HK be reference.
b)
10.82
2.4
.616
1.4 .4
y*
L
D
0.229
.993
.007
log
log
y*
xB
1 xB
xD 1 xD
xD
1 xD
N min
or
3.914 0.33
3.914
1.0
HK HK
1.0 .49
1.0
. Converge to
0.10 0.286
0.286
= 1.74.
159
Dx i
C2
Dx i
C4
Fzi
C3
13.14 80
80, Dx i
323.4 3.914
3.92, Dx i
C5
323.4
0
3.92 1.0
0 671.05
13.14 1.74
3.914 1.74
1.0 1.74
D
Dx i,d
407.32, Lmin Vmin D 263.73, L D min
c)
L D 1.2 L D
N
Eq. (7-42b),
N min
0.002743
0.073
0.073
0.5402
y
y
c.
min
N min
.992 .3755
1.2
22.83
N
.958 ,
xB
1 xB
L V
min
L D
27.4 , Abscissa
L D
22.83
1 L V
.992
.005
.008
.995
n 1.11
n
This is 95.9 stages plus partial reboiler.
L D
.3755
.4 1.11 .6
.992 .4
xD
1 xD
n
b.
.4
1 y
min
L D 1
96.9
27.4 22.83
27.4 1
.161
N min
7.D9.
a.
N 1
0.5402 6.38
7.D8.
min
0.647
See Graph.
.47
L V
L
D
b.
c.
N min
L
D
3
4
min
min
L V
min
slope
min
0.5175
1 .5175
.8 0.386
0.8 0
8
2
0.5175
1.0725
1.05 1.0725
actual
160
L D
L D
min
1.1262 1.0725
0.053666
2.1262
2.1262
L D 1
Ordinate ~ 0.63 from graph.
From eq. (7-42b), Ordinate
0.02524
0.002743
0.02524
0.6396
(7-40b)
n
N MIN
FR E ,dist
FR B,bot
1 FR E ,dist 1 FR B,bot
n
EB
161
0.989 0.998
n
EB
b)
N MIN
0.011 0.002
N MIN
13.14
n 13.14
4.159 is known..
PB
2.5756
FR B,bot
Dx D
4.159
PB
N MIN
1 FR B,bot
c)
4.159
3.91.
N MIN
10.7114
PB
3.91
0.998
3.91
0.002
4.159
0.3677
FR i,dist Fzi
Ethane
Dx DE
29.67
Propane
Dx DP
12.134
n-butane
Dx DB
D
Also accept D = 0 since total reflux.
i 1
0.074
Dx i,d
41.878
kmol
h
D
200
zn
0.35
z iP
0.4
z NP
V1
0.25
1
B
Use Underwood Eqns. Case A Assume LNK (propane) is all in distillate.
b)
Vfeed
F 1 q
Eq. (7-33). F 1
F since q
i
F zi
Dx p,dist
Fz p
20
0.20 0.45
0.20
162
Then
Vmin
Dx B,dist
Dx i,dist
34.65
Dx p,dist
20
Dx H ,dist
0.9
VMIN
L min
7.D12.
2.04 20
55.55
1.0 34.65
0.2 0.9
A = benzene (LK),
AB
2.25, FR A,dist
B = toluene (HK),
BB
1.0, FR B,bot
C = cumene (HNK),
CB
0.210
0.98
0.99
n
a. Use Fenske eqn. at total reflux. N min
FR A ,dist
1 FR B,bot
1 FR A ,dist
FR B,bot
n
0.98
0.02
n
N min
0.01
0.99
FR A ,dist
AC
N min
where
AC
AC
1 FR A ,dist
AB
10.47
n 2.25
N min
FR C,bot
119.98
AB
2.25
CB
0.21
10.71
10.47
10.71
FR C,bot
0.98
10.47
10.71
0.02
(We can also substitute into Eq. (7-17)).
N min
AC
FR C,dist
FR B,bot
0,
100
Find
Vfeed
0.21
N min
CB
1 FR B,bot
b. Underwood equations Case B analysis
F 1 q
.99
.01
F 100 ,
10.47
0.21
Vfeed
2.25 40
1.0 30
0.21 30
2.25
1.0
0.21
8.1 10
10.47
C
i 1
12
Fz1
1.6516.
163
Vmin
Dx A,dist
i 1
2.25 1.6516
1 1.6516
1.25 2.71
min
L D
xA
xB
Underwood:
Vf
V V
Dx B,d
Dx T,d
Vmin
L min
dist
39.6
min
2.71
feed
AB
n 2.25
N feed
N
gives N feed
1 .9899
0.0101
5.30.
.99
.02
99 , FR C 1 FR C
0.0204
.01
.98
log 99 0.0204
log 4851
5.438
log TC
log 1 0.21
2.5 .25
0, 0
zA
zB
0.9899,
xB
39.6
0.9899
0.4
n
0.0101
0.3
min
N min
107.2
min
39.2
min
1 FR T
L D
min
N min
Use Fenske eq. FR T
min
x A ,dist
7.D13.
39.6
3.39
L D 1
N feed
0, D
N feed
i,dist
0 146.78
N feed
Fz1 FR
0.4, Dx C,dist
2.25 39.2
Vmin
L D 1.25 L D
where Dx i,dist
39.2, Dx B,dist
Vmin
c.
Dx i,dist
2.5
1.0 .30
1.0
0.21 45
21
Fz B
3
i 1
Dx i,d
1
.99 Fz T
2.5 25
29.7, Dx c,d
1.0 29.7
0.02 Fz c
0.9, D
.21 9
55.6
72.24
164
Gilliland: Ordinate
N min
9 5.438
0.3562
N 1
10
Abscissa ~ .29 (original Gilliland) or .36 (Liddle)
L
L
L
If use 0.29 have,
0.29
0.29
D D min
D
.29 0.2993
D
L
1 .29
.36 .2993
.83
1.03 which are quite different. Safer to use
1 .36
higher value.
If
2.25, N min is same. Underwood Eq. gives
BT
Vmin
72.68 , L min
BT
0.3073
2.5.
7.D14. New problem in 3rd edition. Use Gilliland correlation to find the value of the minimum reflux
ratio, (L/D)min = 1.4
FR B,dist FR C,bot
n
7-D15.
1 FR B,dist
N min
TC
1 FR C ,bot
FR tol,dist
Dx d ,tol
N F,min
BC
where
FR C ,bot
1 FR C,bot
n
N min
TC
1
.21
0.8238 167
Dx d ,benz
0.9992 397
Dx d ,cum
0.0001 436
x LK
x HK
dist
LK-HK
.9992 .9999
.0008 .0001
2.25
n
.21
6.89
1
TC
.21
6.89
1
.21
.9999
.0001
z LK
z HK
6.89
x dist
137.57
396.68
0.2568
0.7418
.0436
D
n
0.1762
534.294
0.0008
.7418
.397
.000815
.0436
n 2.25 .21
1.94 .
165
Eq. (7-29):
Vmin
Dx i,dist
i 1
Write for
For
2.25 396.88
becomes Vmin
1.0 Dx tol
2.25
.21 0.436
1.0
.21
1.216 and for 0.3373. Obtain 2 eqns and 2 unknowns: Vmin and Dx tol,dist .
1.216 , Vmin
.3373, Vmin
563.84, Dx tol
64.740
Dx i,d
L min
Vmin
D 101.79 and L D
L D L D min
462.056
min
0.2203
1.2 .2203
0.445
L D 1
2.2
N N min
Ord. .245
(Original Gilliland)
N 1
Obtain N = 9.45 (includes reboiler)
N F,min
2.91
N
9.45
2.66 (Use stage 3)
Estimate N F
N min
6.89
Gilliland Abscissa
n
7.D16. a. Fenske: N min
b. Underwood:
1 x
dist
Vfeed
EP
2.1 .6
1.0 4
2.1
1.0
To find D: D
1 x
bot
n
Fz E
z
xD
1.0 F z p
1.0
EP
.99 .992
.01 .008
n 2.1
0 or
xB
xB
, zE
.6, z P
1.44 . Use
.6 .008
.99 .008
1000
1.0 .008
2.1 1.44
1.00 1.44
N min
Vmin
D 1285.3,
2.13
min
.30 12.69
VF
F
3.132
0.558
N 1
31
L D L D min
Abscissa ~ 0.8
(Original Gilliland), L D
L D 1
7.D17.
V V
602.85 . Then
2.1 .99
1888.12, L min
V feed
Vmin
Vmin
.4,
12.69
i
i
zi
tol-xy
3.03,
xy xy
2.4
166
, 0
tol
z tol
xy
tol
xy
Result is linear,
xy
tol
tol z tol
1 z tol
tol z tol
Dx i,dist
3.03
3.03 .1
0.3
.9
3.03
3.03 .3
0.5
.7
3.03
3.03 .5
.7
.5
3.03
3.03 .7 .3
.9
3.03 .996
3.03
3.03
3.03 .9
.1
3.03 2.51870
1 2.51870
3.03 .996
.004
3.03 1.88316
1 1.88316
.004
3.03 1.503722
1 1.50372
3.03 .996
.004
3.03 1.25155
1 1.25155
90.2834
1.071806
54.93685
3.03 .996
70.0405
1.25155
Vmin
L min
.004
49.7976
1.503722
, L min
3.03 .996
29.5547
1.88316
0.988
Vmin
9.3117
2.51870
xB
xy
z .008
1.0 .004
z tol
0.1
xB
xD
Vmin
sin ce
tol
xy z xy
Vmin
Then
z xy
77.6383
D
D
3.03 .996
.004
3.03 1.071808
1 1.071808
98.0683
117.739
129.08
100
D
45.625
D min
4.8997
48.0836
1.6269
48.2707
0.96934
47.6985
0.68101
38.7990
0.429
Slope
xD
L V
xD
y*
V
y
y*
.5 = z
min
y*
x D .5
min
where
xF
1
1 xF
0.75186
0.996 0.75186
x
As z
0.996 0.5
L V
.4922
V L
1 L V
1 4922
min
Q R,min
min
Vmin
0.4922
0.96934 Perfect
as expected.
also.
167
FR A ,dist FR B,bot
1 FR A ,dist
7.D18.a.
1 FR B,bot
AB
1/ .49
AB
.9854 .8791
.0146 .1209
N min
8.7
n 2.04
x C3
x C4
n
N F,min
z C3
zC4
dist
.575
.0617
n
F
.368
.322
2.94
0.713
C3-C4
0.0617
Vfeed
Fz1
for 1.0
.49
9.92 .229
9.92
L min
1.0
9.92 .229
0.6213 , Vmin
Find
1.0 .368
.081 0.10
.49
1.0 .363
.10
.49 .0389
Vmin
.49 322
N min
L / D (L / D) min
L/D 1
1.057
0.33
FR C 6
FR C 3
dist
where
FR C 6
C6 C3
0.0156
1 0.0156
N min
C6C3
bot
FR C 3
0.10
dist
N min
C6 C3
bot
0.10, FR C3bot
1 FR C3dist
8.7.
8.7
0.10
8.7
0.00000013 , FR C6
bot
0.99999987
168
FR C3dist
n
N min
1)
2)
0.8791
FR C3dist FR C 4 bot
1 FR C3dist
n
.999 .8791
1 FR C 4bot
.001 .1209
12.47
0.713
C3C 4
Now
9.92 .229
1.0 .368
9.92
.49 .332
.081 .1
.49
.1
Which is same [ depends only on feed & s]. Thus, same = 0.6213
Vmin
L min
7.D19.
9.92 0.229
1.0 0.368
0.49 4689 ??
9.92 .6213
1 .6213
.49 .6213
1.0709 0.6356
L D
0.4345
N min
25 11
N 1
L D
L D min
1.0709
0.5385
26
Then Abscissa
7.D20. a) Distillate
Dx Bdist
x dist
Find
Fz B
min
5, Dx Tdist
1.0 becomes
Fz T
15
min
1.97
15 ,
n
b) Can use Fenske eq. (7-11) or alternatives. N min
AB
xylene cumene
Xylene balance, Fz
x x,bot
35
xA xB
dist
xA xB
bot
AB
xylene
cumene
K xy
K xy K tol
xy
0.330
K cum
K cum K tol
cum
0.210
57.00 0.57895
0.0465, x cum,bot
1 .0465
1.57143
42.999 x x,bot
0.9535
169
n
N min
0.57895 0.07018
0.04650 0.9534
11.35
n 1.57143
This is # equil contacts at total reflux.
Dx x ,dist
57.001 0.57895
c) Alternative: FR xy,dist
Fz x
35
1 FR C,bot
Dx C,dist
57.001 0.07018
Fz C
45
n
N min
0.088896 , FR cum,bot
0.91110
FR B,bot
1 FR A dist
n
n
N min
FR A dist
0.94288
1 FR B,bot
AB
xylene
cumene
0.94288 0.91110
0.057122 0.088896
n 1.57143
11.35
7.D21. New problem in 3rd edition. Assume all ethanol in distillate and all n-butanol in bottoms.
Dx E ,dist
Dx i
Fz E
100 .3
30
P,dist
Dx n
P,dist
Fz nP
Dx n
B,dist
24.65
0.28
0
Dx i,dist
54.93
Bx E ,bot
Bx i
P,bot
0
Fz iP 1-Frac Rec iP dist
0.35
34.72
Bx n
P,bot
Bx n
B,bot
Fz n
100 0.10
10.0
B = 45.07
x i,bot
Bx i,bot
170
FR ip,dist FR nP ,bot
n
b.
1 FR iP ,dist
N Min
n
N min
iP nP
.986 .992
.014 0.008
n 1.86
This includes PR
x iP
x nP
1 FR nP ,bot
n 8733
9.0748
0.62058
0.62058
z iP
z nP
dist
14.62
0.4488 0.25
0.0051 0.35
0.62058
iP-NP
7.76
Vfeed
F divide (7-33) by F. 1
i i
, which becomes
E nP
zE
iP nP
ENP
z iP
nP NP
iP NP
3.58 0.3
z NP
NB NP
NP NP
1.86 0.25
z NB
NB NP
1 0.35
0.412 0.10
3.58
1.86
1
0.412
Solve for between values of keys. LK = i-propanol, HK=n-propanol.
1.0
1.86 . From Goal Seek on spreadsheet
1.48648
i
Dx i,dist
where Dx i,dist
Thus, want
VMIN
L MIN
d.
L D 1.1
VMIN
3.58 30
1.86 24.65
1.0 0.28
0 173.47
3.58 1.48648 1.86 1.48648 1.0 1.48648
D 173.47 54.93 118.54 , L D MIN 118.54 54.93 2.16
L
D
Min
Gilliland abscissa, x
or
L D
L D
1
MIN
L D 1
L D
L D MIN
L D
L D MIN
L D MIN
L D
1
1
L D
1
L D MIN
1
1.1
1
1
1.1 L D MIN
1.1 1
1
1.1
2.16
0.0683
171
Assuming
7.F2
N MIN
0.5456
N 1
N 1 0.5456 0.5456 N MIN
NF
N F,MIN
N MIN
NF
7.76
33.4
33.4
N includes PR
14.62
Equilibrium data is available in a variety of sources such as Perrys Handbook. Data used
here is from Perrys (3rd ed.), p. 574.
a) Need to obtain avg. from equilibrium data.
yN2 1 x N2
0.1397 0.9615
x 0.0385, y 0.1397,
4.055
1 y N2 x N2
0.8603 0.0385
x N2
0.4783, y
x N2
.9190, y N2
n
Fenske N min
xD
.9770,
4.01 3.744
avg top&bot
b)
x 1 x
x 1 x
n
1/ 2
dist
.9770 .0810
.0230 .9191
3.744
3.875
bot
.998 .002
.001 .999
n 3.875
AB
9.685
L V
min
L / D 1.1
c)
L/D
0.7333
min
L D
L D
1 L D
min
0.06666
1.7333
0.0385
N min
b. L D
MIN
0.92
172
Chapter 8
New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems are: 8.A1, 8.A2, 8A7, 8A12, 8.D1, 8D6, 8D12, 8.D13, 8D15, 8D17, 8D20, 8.D22, 8D23 to
8.D25, 8.E1, 8G1-8G5, 8.H3.
8.A1. New Problem in 3rd edition. a. 2-pressure distillation
8.A2. New Problem in 3rd edition. b. extractive distillation
8.A7. New Problem in 3rd edition. If there are volatile and non-volatile organics, a single equilibrium
contact gives an organic layer that contains no non-volatiles. Extra stages do not increase the
separation. If there is entrainment, a second stage may be useful.
8A.12. New Problem in 3rd edition. Steam distillation is normally operated with 2 liquid phases in the
still pot and in the settler after the condenser. There is usually no reflux. Azeotropic
distillation is normally operated with one liquid phase in the column and in the reboiler, but
with 2 liquid phases in the condenser and settler. One of the liquid phases is refluxed to the
azeotropic column.
8.C2.
y org x org
org w in water
p org x org
in w
yw x w
At solubility pt. x w in w
pw x w
in w
H org
VP
VP
xw xw
VP
org
VP
x org
x org
in org
in w
.573
117.5C
760 mm Hg
org w
VPorg / VPw
0.501 ,
w org in w
From y w
w o
org w in w
xw
w o
org w in w
0.0871x w
1 xw
1 0.9129x w
xw
1.0
.995
yw
1.0
.9495 0.8961
.990
0.0871
.985
.980
0.8512 0.8102
.975
0.7726
0.975 is
2.74% .
These equations work better for mixtures which are more completely immiscible.
173
8.D1.
L V x
1 L V xD, xD
L D
1 L D
xB
.8 , y intercept x
L
V
xD
.975
.2 .975
.195
174
B1
b.
x B2
x B1
.28 .995
x B2
L
V
.3
0.995 .436
0.995 0
min
1256.55
1 x B1 , Intersects y
.7
q 1
F B1
x B1
0.04 .
. Intersects y = x = z = .28.
x B2
y intercept x
3743.45 , B2
.04 .995
x B2
0.562 ,
L
V
1.23 .562
0.69
0.307
L
V
V
2
B
V
x2
V B
V B
1 x B2
1.132
.132
8.57
Construction is shown in Figure 8-D2b. Need 1 2/3 eq. contacts or P.R. + 2/3 equil. stage.
175
8.D3.
a)
B) V/F = 0.3
20 = Fz = Vy + Lx
yw
xw
1 V/F
.7
V
V/F
.3 3
L
F
7
.99
y
x
z
x
V
V
3
0.3
See Enlarged figure [Be careful with scales]
y w 0.969, x w 0.999
100 = F = V + L
F V
0.969 0.999
= 30
V, Tdrum @ y w
kg moles/hr
hr
0.40, xw
176
8.D4.
Compositions x
100
L and 88 = Fz = L x
F z x
L x
= 76.37 kmoles/hr, L
23.63 kmoles/hr
x x
.975 0.573
a) Water conc. W is 0.975.
200 = F = W + B
W = 200 B
Water balance: (200) (.8) = Fz = W(0.975) + B (0.04)
Solve: B = 37.433 kmol/hr, W = 162.567 kmol/hr
V B V B 1 5
L
L
b) L V
, Bot. Op. Eq. y
x
1 xB .
V
V B
4
V
V
8.D5.
0.573 , x
Goes through y
xB
177
0.25 .04
1.25
PR + 2 stages mores than sufficient. (see graph)
0.75 0.04
c) L V
Slope
1.332
min
0.573 0.04
V
1
1
L V
3.012
min
L V L V 1 0.332
0.808
178
8.D6.
D, x dist
Reflux
B, x bot
8.D.6 Part a)
F D
F .65
b)
B
.975D .02B
xB
xD
xB
100
.65 .02
V B B 136.124, Reflux
L V V
170.155.
c)
y
Goes through
1 xB
xB
65.969
.975 .02
What is V B
MIN
V
B
.745
V
MIN
L V
1
L V
MAX
3.0894 On graph.
179
180
8.D7.
y W x W in organic
yA
y A x A in organic
x A in organic
W A
in organic
0.9636 0.372
W A
in organic
8.D8.
0.0364, y W
1 0.0364
44.69
0.0364 0.628
y = 0.959 ether:
41 kg W = 2.278 kg moles
959 kg E = 9.402 kg moles
y W 0.155
y W x W in org
W - E in org
.195
.033
yE x E
min
y equil w feed
xD
min
L V
7.026
7.026 0.022
1 x
L V
L
D
min
.805
.967
4 kg W = 0.222 kg moles
996 kg E = 9.765 kg moles
z W 0.022
xD
18
6 kg W = .333 kg moles
994 kg E = 9.745
Total = 10.078
x W in organic 0.033
y in equil w feed
0.9636
0.138
6.026 0.022
.998 .138
.998 .022
7.467;
min
L
D
0.882
11.20;
act
w E in org
L
V
0.918
act
7.026 :
xW
0.01
.022
.033
yW
0.066
0.137
0.195
181
V
Where L/V = 0.918, x D
Bottom: From y
xD
V
.998 , and y = intercept = (1 - .918) (.998) = 0.082
xB
Obtain x B
8.D9.
3
5
equil. Contacts.
18
182
xD
0.998
0.033
Bottom Layer separator is
12 kg E = 0.118 kmol
Mole frac. x W in org
z = 0.02
0.998
xD
41 kg W = 2.278 kmol
Vapor into Condenser is
y W x W in org
W E
in organ phase
Feed is y W
in org
L D
act
1 .195
7.026
1 0.033
xD
min
0.195 0.033
y E x E in org
x *f
L V
0.195
xD
0.02
1 y
z
x
0.998 0.02
*
f
0.988 0.002896
2 L D min
114.36 , L V
0
0
0.9913 .04
L V
0.9828 ,
min
L D
act
0.01
0.066
0.00868
x
L V
57.18 ,
0.9913
L D
Top Op. y
L V x 1 L / V x D,W through y
When x = 0, y = 0.00868
7.026x
Eq. Data. y
. Generate curve,
1 6.026x
x
y
0.002896
x D,W
0.022
0.137
0.998 .
0.033
0.195
0.04833
0.03, y .9913 0.03
0.00868
183
8.D10.
a.
VP
C10
x C10
VP
xW
760
Assume the water layer is pure, x W 1.0. Try 95.5C, VPC10 60, VPW 645.7.
(.99) (60) = 645.7 = 705.1. Too low. Try higher temperature. The attached plot of VP
vs. T allows estimation of vapor pressure. (Note: a plot of log (VP) vs 1/T will be easier
to interpolate and extrapolate.)
97.0C: VPC10 63, VPW 682.07 , (.99) (63) + 682.07 = 744.4
97.5C: VPC10
T = 97.6 gives VPW
65, VPW
184
b.
nw
n org
p tot
VPorg x org
VPorg x org
760
65 .99
10.81
65 .99
This is significantly less than in Example 8-2 where 296.8/4.12 = 72.04 mol decane are
used. Difference is due to higher n-decane concentration in liquid.
x F,org 0.9, 95% recovery 5% left. Octanol left = 0.05 (.9) (1.0) = 0.045 kmol/h
Nonvolatiles in bottoms = 0.10 kmol/h
8-D11.
octanol
water
x oc tan ol
in org
xF
0.045
1.10 0.045
0.3103
W
steam
185
log 0 645.67
273.16 T
B
273.16 95.5
B
2.8808
273.16 100
2.8100
A B 368.66
(1)
A B 373.16
(2)
nW
n org
yW
y org
0.855
19.075 0.3103
a)
D2
40
1.0 .65
.65 .55
D1
280
.35
.01
D1
B1
0.9922
0.007788
760
60, B2
108.93
19.075 0.3103
40 , D 2
B2
108.93
x P,B2
x P,dist1
x P,dist1
x P,dist 2
140
D1 140 40 180 .
b)
0.855
1400
1440.
186
F1
D, x dist
F2
B, x bot
Part a. F1
F2 D B
Water:
F1z1 F2 z 2
100 80
D B
Dx dist Bx bot
100 .84 80 .20
Solve simultaneously, D = 99.25 and B = 80.75
V
b)
V
B 121.125, L V B 201.875
B
V
c)
Lx
Dx dist
Dx dist
F1z1
D 0.975
B 0.04
V 121.125
L
V
Lx
F2 z 2
F2 z 2
Bx bot
Slope
L
V
V
B
V B
1 x B . Goes through y
1
V B
xB .
121.875
1.0062
V 121.125
At intersection F2 feed line and bot op. line (at x .2, y 0.306667 ) with
slope 1.0062
2 stages + PR is more than sufficient (See graph).
Op. line above feed 2:
Slope
187
Part b.
B1
B1
c)
D2
B2 ,
Fz
z x B2
x B1
z
x b2
x B2
x b1
x b1
D1
D2
B1x EB1
0.85 0.006
0.992 0.006
x b2
x d1
x d1
xd2
B2
100
B2 x E
100
B2
85.60 , B2
F B1
14.40 kmol/h
0.85 0.992
0.006 0.449
0.006 0.992
0.449 0.75
21.196
35.596 kmol/h
188
D2
D1
xE
101.3 kPa
1333
zE
0.75
0.449
0.85
kPa
ethanol
Water
Ethanol
99.2 mole %
B1
B2
log10 VP
oc tan ol
6.8379
1310.62
T 136.05
T 129.8C, VPoctanol 80.905 mmHg
At
Since p org
p org
38
0.470
VPbenzene 80.905
Average mole wt solids and non volatile organics can be calculated. Basis 100 kg
mol octanol
15 130.23
0.470
15
85
mol octanol
mol non-volatiles
130.23 MW
0.470
b)
38 mmHg, x octanol,mole
15
85
15
MW 654.04
130.23 MW
130.23
95% recovery is true on both mass and mole basis.
Distillate octanol flow rate 0.95 100 0.15 14.25 kg h.
Since MWoc tan ol
0.109 kmol h.
189
c)
oct
x oct in org
VPw 1.0
p tot
x oct in waste
760 mmHg .
n oct
VPoct x oct
nw
p tot
VPoct x oct
n oct
0.109 kmol h, n w
water
101.27
0.001076
n oct 0.001076 101.27 kmol h
kmol 18.016 kg
kmol
kmol
1 .9972
0.0028
1 0.99935
0.00065
Mx Esolv
1.0
Fz solv
D1x d1,solv
Dx d 2,solv
18.7913 and D1
81.2316 kmol/h.
Ethanol Product:
Water Product:
F 100, z E
0.20 z W
0.80
190
Water bal: x WM M
Fz W
PE x EP,W
E bal:
x EM M Fz E
EG
0
x M,solvent M Fz solv
PE x EP,E
M
8.D19.
(B)
PW x WP,E
PE x EP,solv
(A)
PW x WP,W
80.0240 kmol/h, PE
PW
80.0240 0.00035
F H
Ethanol:
Hexane:
Solving simultaneously, B1
8.D20. New Problem in 3rd edition. a.
1000 0.8094
0.03201 kmoles/h
do M.B. in wts.
B1
20.0074 kmol/h
20.0074 0.0002
Overall:
1.0
8000.04, B2
1000
Ex E,Ethanol prod
2000.04 and H
0.08 kg/h.
E W
Wx E,wprod
Fx WF
boilup ratio
L
L
Ex W ,Ethanol prod
1000 0.1906
y w ,1
V E Pr od
811.0 0.002
0.300
629.93
811.0
629.93
0.777
440.93
reflux
440.93
y P,1V1
629.93 0.6455
406.62
191
y E,1V1
629.93 0.0555
E in V1 E lost
x E,reflux
W prod x E in Wprod
189.0 .0001
0.0189
441.6
c.
34.96
440.93 441.6
2
34.19 kmol h.
441.3
441.3 x E in pentane
x E,pentane
0.0792
1, x E,Water layer
0.0792
192
d.
x E,water
0.0792
V1
1
V
W
0.5
L
L
283.5
94.5
y E1
y E1
W
0.5W
W V
283.5 kmol h.
L 0.0792
W .0001
V
283.5 .0792
189.0 .0001
94.5
189.0
x E,W Pr od
94.5 kmol h.
0.237
0.0001
8.D21.
193
Bottom:
V B 1
1.5
1 xB .Goes through y
V B
0.5
V
V
Feed line = Horizontal (q = 0). Through y = x = z = 0.4
Top. MB: yV Lx Dx D and V L D
y
3, y
x B with slope = 3
D, x dist
Reflux
F
Part a. F
D
Part b. yV
D B & Fz
z x bot
x dist
x bot
Dx dist
Bx bot
0.20 0.08
0.975 0.08
100
Lx Dx dist
L
V
D
V
x dist
Substitute in D
x dist
F, L
B, thus slope
L V
V L to obtain y
0.975 and x
86.59
x bot
0, y intercept
L
V
1
x dist
L
V
x dist
0.08
B F 86.59 100
0.8659
y intercept
0.02 .
194
195
Water phase
XNM = 0.086
N.M. Phase
NM
xw = 0.312
Water
Product
Nitro Methane
Product
Part a. External balances F
NM Pr od
WPr od
NM :
F .25
NM Pr od
.25
.01
.98 .01
NM Pr od .98
100
WPr od .01
24.74, WProd
75.26
a. W Column:
196
y NM x NM x NM,bot,col NM
But do not know L/V so cannot plot yet.
Bottom operating line looks familiar:
y NM
x NM
x NM,bot,col w
1 x NM ,bot col w
0.01
V B 1
54
V B
14
col w
y NM
L V
To plot,
V
1
B
V
B
col NM
yw
xw
xw
.3, y w
Need PR + ~ 1
c. W col. Want V. V
1
3
0.02
1
.3
.02
0.3933
xw
stages.
100 V, V=
V
1 x w ,bot ,col NM
B
V to cond. from Wcol
NM col want V. V=
L V
x w,bot,NM _ col
4
L V xw
3 NM Pr od
WProd
75.26 18.81
4
4
118.81 kmol hr
3 24.74
197
198
2.5
.092 V
0.092 at x bu tan ol
0.004
B .004
F V .004
porg
93 C, VPbenzene
p org
1.0 atm.
1211.033
6.90565
benzene
220.790
760, x ben,mole
p org
760
0.683
VPbenzene 1112.44
Average mole wt solids and non volatile organics can be calculated. Basis 100 kg
0.683
0.683
b)
Moles benzene
Moles benzene + Moles non-volatiles
20
80
20
80 .683
20
78.11
MW
78.11
MW
78.11
1 .683
20 78.11
20
80
78.11 MW
MW
673.2
c)
x b in org
VPw 1.0
p tot
x b in waste
760 mmHg
8.68105
2164.42
273.16 T
760
199
d)
n ben
VPben x ben
nw
p tot
VPben x ben
n ben
Since
0.337876
water
0.6807
n ben 0.337876
kmol 18.016 kg
kmol
kmol
n ben
ben
0.6807 kmol hr
hg
hf
h kJ kg
T = 360
886.7
498.7
388
T = 370
898.6
518.1
380.5
5.1911
0.0911
w
x 380.5 388
2265.67 2278.3
2278.3
388
384.1
kJ
2277.8 kJ kg
41,037 kJ kmol
kg h water in waste
200
Water phase
XNM = 0.086
N.M. Phase
F2
xw = 0.312
NM
Water
Product
Nitro Methane
Product
250
Part a.
F1
F2
NM balance
PNM
PW
F1z1NM
F2 z 2 NM
PMN x
NM Prod
Pw x
NM mol frac
135.5 8 127.5
135.5
PNM
Pw
b.
F1
PNM
PNM .98
250 PNM
w Pr od
NM mol frac
Pw 0.01
0.01
.97PNM
2.5
y NM
L V
L V
L V
V B
V B 1
43
V B
13
water
col
water
col
x NM
1 L V
x NM
L V
4.
L
wcol
water
col
F2 z NM 2
x NM
NM Pr od
Vwcol
1 x NM
Water Pr od
B col w 37.63 V
.
B
B col w 150.52 L F1
201
x NM
NM Pr od
Instead from intersection of feed and bottom operating line with slope
L V
L F1
yw
L V
L V
yw
xw
NM
col
xw
NMcol
F1z1,NM
1 L V NM x w
col
xw
L V
xw
1 xw
NMcol
in WM Prod.
0.02.
W,W Prod.
V B 1
2.00
V
V B
Draw bottom operating line. Top is through intersection bottom operating line and feed line F 2 .
Slope L V 0.906 (see item d). Need 2 stages + PR. Optimum feed is stage above PR.
d.
Column W: PW
Bcol w
NM Pr od
112.89
V B Bcol w
1 3 112.89
L
V Bcol w
37.63
37.63
V B
hr.
PNM
1
50.52.
Bcol NM
137.11
2.0
V B
L F
kmol
V B 1.0,
L V
150.52.
2.0 137.11
274.22
V 137.11,
L L 150 124.22 , L V 0.906.
Minimum boilup rate NM column gives combination bottom & top operating lines to go through
reflux point: y W
0.5, x w
0.312 .
y INTER
z2
0.15 is
1 x W ,NM Prod
V
V
Slope of top operating line to reflux point is
L F2
L 0.5 y INTER
V
V B
Guess V B
z2
0.312 0.15
L V
L V 1
V B B 137.11 V B .
Calc y int er
Calc L V
L F2
V
202
Spreadsheet.
V B
MIN
0.6105,
L V
0.846
203
8.E2.
FT z T,W
100 R
Fz W
Rx W,reflux
R .573
z T,W
FT z T,W
30 0.573R
30
100 R
External balances: 100 = W + B,
water: 30 = 0.995W + 0.02 B
Solve simultaneously: W = 28.72 & B = 71.28 kmol/h
Butanol Col:
FT
R
zT
V B
x
FT
206.712,
x W,butonal
L V 1.5263
0.02
106.712 0.573
30
0.4409
206.712
Vertical feed line at z T intersects bot. operating Line at y = 0.67 (see graph)
Water Col.
V B
0.1143,
y
L V
L V x
V B
V B 1
V B
9.748
L V 1 x B,water,watercol, y
B,W
watercol
0.995
204
205
8.E3.
0.98894
0.5988
0.9728 .
206
n C10
8.F1.
3.0819
kmol
h
C10 in distillate
VP = 20
T = 51.2
40
66
60
75.5
100
88.1
200
107.5
400
128.2
128.25 .
hliquid
671.3 KJ/kg
722.5
Hgas
998.2
1036.5
T
360 K
380 K
760 mm Hg
150.8C
Water VP is given in Problem 8-D10 and on p. 3-45 of Perry and Green (1984).
a. Try 95.0C. VPC9 127 mm Hg, VPW 633.9 . Assume water is pure.
Pressure: (.99) (127) + (1.0) 633.9 = 759.6. Close enough and lucky!
b.
p tot
nW
n org
VPorg x org
VPorg x org
c. Need to calculate the energy required to vaporize the nonane. T = 273 + 95 = 368 K.
By linear interpolation for pure nonane: h1 ~ 691.78, Hgas ~ 1013.52. nonane 321.74 KJ/kg
Table 3-302 of Perry and Green (1984): h liq,W
397.36, H vap W
2667.8,
2270.44 KJ/kg
C9
mol C9 vaporized
b. Now, VPC9
.020
VPW
1.009
207
8.F2.
n-nonane
water
F = 1000
95% n-nonane
organic
waste
steam
water
a)
Basis: 1 hour
All junk in feed (0.50 kmol) is in bottoms
porg
K C9 T x c9,org,bot
K C9 T
0.65517 770 mm Hg
VP
504.481K C9
770 mm Hg?
Try T = 96C
VPW
504.481 K C9 T
657.62, K C9
c) 9.50 kmol n-nonane .90 = 8.55 kmol n-nonane in distillate. 9.5 8.55 = 0.95 kmol n-C9 in
bottoms
n org p org 85.762
n org
8.55
d) Eq. (8-18)
0.12567, n W
68.031 kmol water
nW
p W 682.07
0.12567 0.12567
e) EB simplies to
n W,condensed
n W ,condensed
nonane
C9
W
n org,dist.
8.55 kmol
C9
W
208
From Perrys 6th ed. Table 3-268 or 7th ed. Table 2-292, nonane s are:
h g h f , @ 360 K,
998.2 671.3 326.9 kJ/kg
380 K,
1036.5 722.5
326.9 314
@ 370 K,
320.45 kJ/kg
2
MW C9 128.258 . Then at 370 K,
kJ 128.258 kg
41,100.3 kJ/kmol
kg
kmol
Water 370 K: (Perrys 6th Ed., Table 3-302).
kJ 18.016 kg
kJ
2671 405.8 2265.2
40,809.84
W
kg
kmol
kg
41,100.3
n W ,cond
8.55 8.611 kmol water
40,809.84
C9
320.45
314.0 kJ/kg
Pressure can have major effect on VLE for non-ideal systems. Compare T-xy diagrams for
acetone MEK at 1.0 and 4.0 atm.
Also compare residue curves for acetone-MEK-MIBK at 1.0 & 4.0 atm.
209
210
211
x C 0.990
0.95227
0.79255
0.39836
0.08923
0.01189
0.001265
0.000121
1.102 E-5
9.802 E-7
8.637 E-8
7.580 E-9
6.641 E-10
8.H2. Was 8.D13 in 2nd edition of SPE. Use a spreadsheet with Eq. (8-30) as recursion equation.
Result is shown in Figure. The VBA program was given in Example 8-3. The results obtained
for the starting conditions given are:
k
xA
xB
xC
1
0.990
0.001
0.009
100
0.9763
0.0017
0.0220
200
0.9431
0.0029
0.0534
300
0.8630
0.0049
0.1331
212
400
450
475
500
600
0.6740
0.5044
0.3946
0.2696
0.00042
0.0077
0.0089
0.0092
0.0089
0.00095
0.3183
0.4867
0.5962
0.7214
0.9986
213
8H.3. New Problem in 3rd edition. The spread sheet including the first 10 time steps and time steps 600
to 610, and the VBA program are listed.
Part a
214
iB
nB
iP
nP
nhex
Residue curve calc.
x1iB
sumx
time step
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0.98
1
xiB
0.98
0.979883
0.979764
0.979645
0.979525
0.979405
0.979283
0.979161
0.979037
0.978913
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
0.009754
0.009586
0.009418
0.009253
0.009089
0.008927
0.008766
0.008608
0.008451
0.008296
0.008142
0.071054
0.069204
0.067391
0.065615
0.063874
0.06217
0.060502
0.058869
0.057271
0.055708
0.054179
h
x1nB
T1guess,R
xnB
0.01
0.010032
0.010065
0.010097
0.01013
0.010162
0.010195
0.010228
0.010261
0.010294
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.01
0.01
500
xiP
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.919192
0.92121
0.923191
0.925133
0.927037
0.928903
0.930732
0.932524
0.934279
0.935997
0.937678
N
x1iP
p,psia
xnP
0.01
0.010085
0.010171
0.010258
0.010345
0.010433
0.010522
0.010612
0.010702
0.010793
1000
0
14.7
x nHex
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
542.3988
542.71
543.0165
543.3183
543.6155
543.9078
544.1955
544.4783
544.7563
545.0295
545.2978
epsilon
1E-09
x1nP
0.01
x1nHex 0
TR
472.0604
472.0642
472.068
472.0718
472.0757
472.0797
472.0836
472.0876
472.0916
472.0956
Option Explicit
Sub Residue_Curve_BPcalc()
' K value data for nbutane,ibutane, ipentane,npentane and nhexane included.
' Only want 3 for residue curve. Thus, set x values = 0 for 2 components.
' The reference component is nbutane.
Dim i, N, j As Integer
Dim h, epsilon, xiB, xnB, xiP, xnP, xnHex As Double
Dim T, p, aT1iB, aT6iB, ap1iB, aT1nB, aT6nB, Ap1nB As Double
Dim aT1iP, aT6iP, ap1iP, aT1nP, aT6nP, ap1nP, aT1nHex, aT6nHex, ap1nHex As Double
Dim KiB, KnB, KiP, KnP, KnHex, Ksum, chksum, inside As Double
Dim yiB, ynB, yiP, ynP, ynHex As Double
Sheets("Sheet1").Select
215
Range("A15", "G1045").Clear
aT1iB = Cells(5, 2).Value
aT6iB = Cells(5, 3).Value
ap1iB = Cells(5, 4).Value
aT1nB = Cells(6, 2).Value
aT6nB = Cells(6, 3).Value
Ap1nB = Cells(6, 4).Value
aT1iP = Cells(7, 2).Value
aT6iP = Cells(7, 3).Value
ap1iP = Cells(7, 4).Value
aT1nP = Cells(8, 2).Value
aT6nP = Cells(8, 3).Value
ap1nP = Cells(8, 4).Value
aT1nHex = Cells(9, 2).Value
aT6nHex = Cells(9, 3).Value
ap1nHex = Cells(9, 4).Value
h = Cells(11, 4).Value
N = Cells(11, 6).Value
epsilon = Cells(11, 8).Value
xiB = Cells(12, 2).Value
xnB = Cells(12, 4).Value
xiP = Cells(12, 6).Value
xnP = Cells(12, 8).Value
xnHex = Cells(13, 8).Value
T = Cells(13, 4).Value
p = Cells(13, 6).Value
For i = 1 To N
j=i+1
Do
KiB = Exp((aT1iB / (T * T)) + aT6iB + (ap1iB * Log(p)))
KnB = Exp((aT1nB / (T * T)) + aT6nB + (Ap1nB * Log(p)))
KiP = Exp((aT1iP / (T * T)) + aT6iP + (ap1iP * Log(p)))
KnP = Exp((aT1nP / (T * T)) + aT6nP + (ap1nP * Log(p)))
KnHex = Exp((aT1nHex / (T * T)) + aT6nHex + (ap1nHex * Log(p)))
Ksum = KiB * xiB + KnB * xnB + KiP * xiP + KnP * xnP + KnHex * xnHex
KnB = KnB / Ksum
inside = aT1nB / (Log(KnB) - aT6nB - (Ap1nB * Log(p)))
T = Sqr(inside)
chksum = Ksum - 1
Loop While Abs(chksum) > epsilon
Cells(13 + i + 1, 1).Value = i
Cells(13 + i + 1, 2).Value = xiB
Cells(13 + i + 1, 3).Value = xnB
Cells(13 + i + 1, 4).Value = xiP
Cells(13 + i + 1, 5).Value = xnP
Cells(13 + i + 1, 6).Value = xnHex
Cells(13 + i + 1, 7).Value = T
yiB = xiB * KiB
216
217
Chapter 9
New Problems and new solutions are listed as new immediately after the solution number. These new
problems are: 9.A4, 9.A5, 9C1, 9D1, 9.D5, 9.D8, 9D11, 9D13, 9D18, 9D19, 9D21, 9D22, 9D25, 9E2, 9.H1.
9.A4. New Problem in 3rd edition. Answer is g.
9.A5. New Problem in 3rd edition. Answer is c.
9.A6.
b. The same.
9.B1.
Multi Stage
F, x F , x Davg , N, L / D, Treflux , P
Single Stage
F, x F , x Davg , P
F, x F , x Wf , N, L / D, Tr , P
F, x F , x D tot , P
F, x F , Wfinal , N, L / D, Tr , P
F, x F , x wf , P
F, x F , D tot , N, L / D, Tr , P
F, x Wf , Wfinal , P
F, x F , x Davg , x Wf , N, Tr , P
x F , x Davg , D tot , P
F, x F , x Davg , x Wf , L / D, Tr , P
x F , x Wf , Wfinal , P
x F , x Davg , D tot , N, L / D, Tr , P
x F , x Wf , D tot , P
x F , x Davg , D tot , x Wf , N, Tr , P
F, x F , x Davg , x W
x F , x Davg , D tot , x Wf , L / D, Tr , P
etc.
x F , x Davg , Wfinal , N, L / D, Tr , P
x F , x Wfinal , Wfinal , N, L D, Tr , P
etc.
9.B2.
a. Replace the column with one containing more trays or more packing.
b. Retray or repack existing column.
c. Run a batch in several steps. For example, take the feed and operate so that the desired bottoms
concentration is met. Collect all the distillate and use this as the feed for a second batch. Operate
so that the distillate for this run meets specifications. The bottoms from this run can be used as
feed for a 3rd run, or it can be mixed with the next feed batch.
An alternate is to first collect distillate of desired purity. Then collect distillate which does not
meet purity requirements while bottoms is reduced to the desired purity. The material not
meeting requirements is then mixed with fresh feed for next batch.
Other operating variations are possible.
d. Hook up two batch stills in series Either to run 1 batch or to run separate batches (second still
takes distillate from first as the charge).
e. See if product specifications can be relaxed.
f. Reducing the pressure increases the relative volatility and may help. However, one must watch
for earlier flooding.
Wfinal
F exp x W,fin
d xW
xD
xW
218
Because x D
xF
d xW
xD
x w ,final
Wfinal
n xD
xW
F exp
Wfinal
xD
xF
xD
x W ,final
xD
xD
xD
xD
xF
x W ,final
xF
x W ,final
Wfinal x W,final
xD
xD
Wfinal
Fx F
Solve for
n
x w ,final
xW
D xD
xF
x W ,final
x w dD
which becomes,
dD
Rearrange,
Ddx D
dx D
D final
dD
x Dfinal
D F
xD xF
xW
dx D
xw
xD
xD
d Dx D
x D dD
and integrate,
which is,
D final
F
x D final
xF
dx D
xD
xw
b. Assume CMO and draw mass balance envelop around bottom of the column.
L
V
L
Lx
Vy Bx w
xw
V
L
1 xw
219
xF
rd
Wfinal
F exp x W,final
0.1 0.00346
Area
0.00346
0.05173
0.1
4
x
0.00346
y-x
0.03096
.34
0.4416
y-x
dx
1
x
x 0.005173
0.1
1
y-x
36.366
3.469
2.9273
0.027498
.28827
.3416
The y values are found by linear interpolation of data in Table 2-1. For example, at x = 0.00346,
linearly interpolated first 2 data pts Table 2-1.
0.170
y
x for x 0.19.
0.019
0.170
y
0.00346 0.03096
For x = 0.00346,
0.019
For y at x = 0.1,
y = 0.4375 +[ (.4704 - .4375)/(.1238 - .0966)](.10 - .0966) = 0.4416
[Alternatively, could fit equilibrium data to constant .]
0.1 0.00346
Area
36.366
6
Wfinal
0.5 exp
D total
0.5 .2125
F xF
x DAvg
9.D2.
0.8555
0.2125 kmol
.5 .1
D avg
.75
0.8555
0.2875 kmol
Wfinal x W ,final
F exp -
2.9273
.2125 .00346
0.2875
0.1714
dx
y-x
Most of values of 1/(y x) are listed in Example 9-1. From Table 2-7 can easily generate
values for x = .55: y = 0.805, y x = .255. (y x)-1 = 3.92. The mid-point for Simpsons
rule is at x = .65. Then from Eq. (9-12) and values in Example 9-1,
.75 dx
.2
3.92 4 5.13 6.89 1.044
x 6
.55 y
Wfinal
x Davg
100e
Fx F
.55
1.044
35.20, D total
75
Wfinal x final
D total
F Wfinal
Operating equation is y
64.8
35.2 0.55
64.8
4 3.469
L V x
220
L V
0.859
0.861.
x D where L V
L0 D
1 L0 D
0.65
xD
0.90
0.895
0.85
0.837
0.720
0.70
x w ,final
xW
Raleigh Equation:
D total
x Davg
3.205
3.077
2.193
2.096
1.754
1.748
Wfinal
xF
x wfinal
100 39.7
Wfinal x wf
0.36 ]
3.077 4 2.096
F Wfinal
Fx F
0.588
0.570
0.394
0.360
0.150
0.128
.57 .15
dx w
xD
1/(xD-xW)
[Midpoint x w
xW
dx
xD
xw
, Wfinal
1.754
Fe
0.925
0.925
39.7 kmol
60.3 kmol
100 0.57
D total
39.7 0.15
60.3
221
0.847
9.D4.
Wfinal
2.0 kg moles, x F
0.8, x wf
y(equil)
y
1
16.66
y x
4.76
7.143
.4
.6
.8
0.80
0.86
16.666
0.70
0.80
10
0.60
0.74
7.143
0.50
0.67
5.882
0.40
0.61
4.76
Wfinal
Rayleigh eqn
xF
exp
D total
x Wfin
2.0
F Wfin
Fx F
x D AVG
exp
dx
y x
3.3333
Wf x Wfin
56.063 kmol
56.068 0.8
2.0 .4
54.063
Wfinal
a)
3.3333
54.063 kmol
D total
F exp
xF
x w ,fin
dx
y
Can use Simpsons rule, eq. (9-12) with equilibrium values from plot.
1
1
f x w ,final
2.7397
y x 0.028 0.645 0.28
x w ,fin
f xF
xF
y x
1
0.705 0.52
0.40
y x
0.735 0.52
0.52
3.2787
4.65116
222
0.815
xF
xF
dx
x w ,fin
y x
0.52 0.28
3exp
y D,avg
b. Settler:
f x w ,fin
2.7397 4 3.2787
Wfin
x w fin
0.8202
D V,tot
D1
DV,tot y D,avt
WF
F
20.5056
1.321 , DV,tot
F Wfin
0.8202
1.6790
0.7088
D2
1.6790
D1x 2
D1
D2 x B
Solving simultaneously, D 2
9.D6.
f xF
0.24
4.65116
3 0.44033
Fz Wfin x w fin
D V,tot
4f x w avg
D2
1.6790 0.7088
0.567 and D1
1
1
1.112
x W ,F 1 x F
x F 1 x W ,f
223
0.573 D1 0.975 D 2
1 xf
1 x W ,f
a) F = 1.3, x F
n
.6, x Wf
WF
1 3
1.4
WF 1.3
Fx F
.3 4
WF
.4
.6 7
1.3 0.6
0.3036 0.3
0.6914
1.3 0.3036
0.2335
Wf
0.81725
0.81725 0.3
3.5 0.8125
0.6, x DAVG 0.75
2.0, x F
.7
0.3036 kmol
Wfin x Wf
3.5 0.6
x D AVG
Since
2.4
F Wfin
b) Now Wf 3.5
0.2335
x DAVG
c)
.3,
F Wfin x D AVG
Fx F
0.6914
x D AVG
Wfin
Wfin x Wf ,
x D AVG
xF
x W ,f
0.75 .6
0.75 x Wf
L D 1/ 2, L V
L D
1 L D
x D AVG
xf
x D AVG
x Wf
1.4
F x D AVG
0.5025 . Wfinal
Solution is x w fin
9.D7.
x D AVG
xf
xW
0.56
0.11
0.10
0.09
Simpsons Rule
dx
xF
x Wfin
xD
xW
.6 1 x Wf
1 x Wf
1.212 kmol.
.75 0.5025
x Wf
6
1
xD
xW
1
xD
xW
, determine
dx
xF
x Wf
xD
xW
1/.45 = 2.2222
Interpolate 2.361
1/.40 = 2.50
0.06
0.05
0.02
xF
xD
0.44
0.38
0.26
x Wf .4
x Wf
0.49
1 .38
2.6316
1 .33 3.0303
1/.24 = 4.1666
f x WF
0.10 0.02
6
224
0.02
4f x W
4.1666 4 2.6316
0.06
2.361
f xF
0.10
0.22739
WFinal
x DAvg
4.0 exp
Fx F
0.22739
Wf x Wf
4 0.7966
4 .1
F Wf
3.1864 0.02
4 3.1864
4
L
L
1
xd
,
x d .8@ y
D
D
5
From McCabe-Thiele plot x w final ~ 0.075
L V
10
b)
Wfinal
10 .4
Substitute in for
D tot
D tot
F xF
Wfinal , 4.0
3.1864
L
V
xd
x , y Intercept
Wfinal
D tot x D
0.075 10 D tot
.8 D tot
.8 .075
225
4.483
Wfinal
L
V
xD
.2 .8
10 D tot
Wfinal x w final
4.0 10 .075
0.4133
5.517
.16
9.D8. Figure
9.D8. Part C.
Trial & Error to 3 stages ending at x F
y INtercept
0.645
L
V
xD
.8
226
L
V
9.D9.
a.
.645
.8
.19375,
.80625
L V
.15375
V L
1 L V
1 .19375
Initial
Mass balances: F
F xF
D total x D
D total
W or 20
D total
W x Wf or 8 .975 D total
0.24
.28 W
x . This is x Wf ,min
227
9.D10.
x D , Slope, L V L D
V
V
Plot on McCabe-Thiele graph for series of x D values.
Op. Eq., y
Simpsons rule,
1
xD
xW
dx W
xF
x W ,fin
xd
at x W
or
Wfinal
10 e
xW
x D,avg
Wfinal
F
1.2491
.52, x W
0.52 0.20
6
0.32
Rayleigh eq.
xF
6
xF
x W ,fin
xd
xW
xW
xF
Wfinal
xD
2.67
10 0.52
D total
228
xW
x F x W ,fin
2
xD
1.2491
F Wfinal
2.8677 0.2
7.132
.36
Fe
Wfinal x Wfinal
xf ) / 2
5.95 4 3.70
dx W
15
1
xD
10 0.28677
Fx F
x Wfin
1 LD
7.132
0.648
xW
x W ,fin
xD
xW
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.55
0.405
0.25
0.094
0.055
0.035
x D-x W
0.15
0.245
0.35
0.406
0.345
0.265
229
1/(x D-x W)
6.666
4.082
2.857
2.463
2.899
3.774
xW
xD xW
5.95
x F = 0.52
xF
x Wfin
3.70
= 0.36
2
x W ,fin = 0.20
2.67
x butanol Inital
dx pot
y
x butanol final
Note W water
Equation is in terms of butanol.
1.0
dx but pot
S
Simpsons rule need y at x pot
W
y
but
.6
x but
x water
y water
y but
1.0
.8
0
.2
0
0.565
1.0
0.435
.6
.4
0.70
0.30
.4
1
y but
1.0
2.2999
3.333
0.90191
S
More accurate if done in 2 steps. Thus add points below:
x but
xw
yw
y but
.9
.7
.1
.3
.42
0.66
.58
.34
0.8
.8
.6
.2
6
.2
6
2.299 4 1.7241
3.3333 4 2.9412
2.299
230
0.33985
0.5799
1
y but
1.7241
2.9412
xF
9.D12.
Wfinal
dx
F exp -
y x
x Wfinal
xF
xF
dx
x Wfinal
y x
x Wfin
dx
y
D tot
0.32
x
y x
0.48, x Wfinal
x W final
y x
xF
0.16, x avg
x Wfinal
0.16
0.36
0.20
0.32
0.545
0.225
4.444
0.48
0.66
0.18
5.555
5.555
Fx F
1.51
(y-x)
y x
5.0
, Wfinal
Wfin x Wfin
3.0 exp
3.0 0.48
D tot
y
(from graph)
y-x
0.7
0.61
0.37
0.3
0.37
0.29
0.4
0.24
0.08
Simpsons Rule
xF
0.4 0.08
x w ,fin
F exp
Two Liquids.
0.93826
F xF
x D,AVG
b)
3.333 4 2.7027
D total
x
L
L x
0.573 and x
L
D total
L x
0.662 k/moles
0.662 0.16
0.571
Wfinal
xf
x w final
dx
y
1
y x
3.333
2.7027
3.448
3.448
0.93826
D total
F Wfinal
3.1305
Wfinal x w ,final
1.51
2.338
xF
0.32
2.338 x DAVG
,
Wfinal
y x
x Wfinal x F
5.0 4 4.444
F Wfinal
6
xF
xF
x Wfinal
4.8695
0.6057
0.975
D total
D total x DAVG
231
D total
L .573 L .975
D total .6057
L
9.D14. a.
p org
pw
0.3963
0.975 0.573
D total .3963
760 , p org
4.4732
VPW .
F Wfinal
xD
1: Wfinal
F exp x W,final
c.
nW
Wfinal
F exp
D total
F Wfinal
D org
p tot
n .1
dx
1 xW
n .9
F exp
n 1-x W
xF
x W ,final
.111 F 1.111
nW
p tot
dn org
nW
760
70.25 .1
n org
70.25 .1
This should be a good estimate.
9.D15.
107.185
D tot
Wfinal
232
Then,
Wfinal
Solution is Wfinal
F xD
xD
xF
x Wfin
F Wfinal
44.673
final
2 stages gives x W,final . Then L/V = slope.
Initial There will be a pinch at point reflux is returned.
y xd
y int ercept 0.975 0.41
L V Initial Slope
0.579
xD 0
0.975 0
Final: A few trials resulted in final result.
y xd
y int ercept 0.975 0.17
L V final Slope
0.826
xd 0
0.975 0
233
L
V
.84 .57
a
.84 0
.4 to x D
.3214 and
L
V
c.
D total
F x feed
.84 .13
b
Wfinal
D total x D
.84 0
10
D total
Wfinal x wfinal
.8452 and
L
D
0.08 to x D
L V
.4737
5.4615
L V
Wfinal
4 .84 D total
.08 Wfinal
x init
9.D17.
Eq. (9-17),
S
W
x W ,final
dx tan k
y
Use equilibrium data from Table 2-7. Generate table of methanol mole fractions:
1.0
0.611
0.222
0.11611
0.01
1.0
0.830
.588
.450
0.07
1/y
1.0
1.20489
1.6722
2.222
14.9254
234
0.778
y D ,final
F
D final
y D ,final
F
D final
yF
dy
y x
dy
exp
yF
D final
y D ,final
dy
y x
exp
yF
Area
Ethanol MB:
x C,avg
F yF
0.008
0.045
0.155
0.092
.255
.345
0.5 0.1
6
10.87 4 3.92
0.5
D final
exp
C total
F Dfinal
2.90
1.963
0.0702 kmol
1.963
0.4298 kmol
Dfinal y D,final
C total x C,avg
D final y D,final
0.5 0.1
C total
F yF
0.0702 0.5
0.4298
y x
10.87
3.92
2.90
0.05 : x C5,AVG
10.964 .6
0.20, x C8,AVG
235
532.7
yi
B.P.
Ki xi
Wf
11.33
0.35 0.95
0.5573, Wfin
Wfin F
D total
0.05 0.65
F Wfin
Fx F
x D,Avg
Wfin x W ,fin
V
x D & slope
0.98 which is
0.5847
0.95
0.5573 1.5
1.5 0.8359
0.8359 kmol
0.6641 kmol
1.5 .35
D total
0.65
yi
0.8359 0.05
0.7276
0.6641
L D 1.0
L D
L V
1 L D
12
x D , but x D varies.
Thus, plot series operating lines of arbitrary
V
1 2. With a total of 21 equilibrium contacts there will be a pinch where the operating line
xD
.7
.6
.5
.4
.3
.2
Want to integrate from x W,final
Plot
1
xD
xW
x W ,final
xF
Area
xW
xD
.067
.05
.038
.027
.018
.01
.633
.55
.462
.373
.282
.19
xW
0.02 to x F
1
xD
xw
1.5798
1.818
2.1645
2.6801
3.5461
5.26316
0.02,
0.06,
1
xD
xW
1
xD
xW
0.06 0.02
6
3.23; x W,Avg
0.04,
1
xD
1.65
3.23 4 2.1
1.65
236
0.08853
xW
2.1
0.04 .
Wfinal
F exp
Area
D total
2.5 exp
F
Wfinal
0.08853
0.2118
2.288
x D,Avg
237
F xF
Wfinal x W ,final
D total
0.492
MWavg
D tot
0.1 MW
0.1 46
1000 kg
20.8 kg mol
L
L D
QR
0.9 MW
0.9 18
water
20.80 kg/mol
48.0769 kmol
23
2 5 0.4
V 1 L D 53
All op. lines have slope 0.4.
Can draw op. line to x W . Ten stages will go from x D to x W because have large number
of stages. Thus, do not need to step off stages.
238
xD
xW
xd
xw
0.665
0.10
0.630
0.08
0.499 0.052 x Avg
0.565
0.550
0.447
xd xw
1.770
1.8182
2.237
0.440
0.278
0.140
0.057
0.400
0.258
0.130
0.053
2.500
3.876
7.692
18.868
0.040
0.020
0.010
0.004
239
Simpsons Rule: x F
0.1, x W,final
xF
dx W
x Wfin
xd
0.004, x W,Avg
xF
x Wfin
xW
xd
WFinal
F
D total
x DAVG
xF
exp
x Wfin
F WFinal
Fx F
6
0.096
0.104 2
xW
4
x Wfin
18.868 4 2.237
dx W
xd
xW
0.052
1
xd
1
xW
1.770
0.62289; Wfinal
x AVG
xd
xW
0.4734
48.0769 0.62289
WFinal x Wfin
4.80769
D total
29.9466 0.004
18.1303
240
xF
0.2586
29.9466
Fx F
D total
D total x D
0.62 0.45
0.85 0.45
3.0
Wx Wfin
D total
xF
x Wfin
xD
x Wfin
F Dtotal
1.725 kmol
xD .
V
V
Surprisingly, with 2 contacts T & E not needed. Start stepping off stages from top & from
bottom simultaneously. The intersection point must be on op. line as is y x x D .
L
V
Slope
0.85 0.44
0.85 0
0.482,
2.5
241
L V
V L
1 L V
0.932
xF
F1x F1
F2 x F2
xF
w FINAL
xF
xF
x FIN
6
0.8 2.5
dx
xw final
x w Final
2.5
y
1
y
xF
x AVG
0.32
x w ,FIN
1
x
x w ,AVG
Wfinal
3.333 4 2.666
area
Fe
F Wfinal
1.151,
WFIN1
Now F
x
WFIN1
y x
0.1 0.4
3.3333
0.15 0.51 2.7777
0.2 0.575 2.6666
F2
0.1
6
Wfinal2
0.6166
Fx F
x DAVG
WFIN x w FIN
.2
2.666 4 2.703
Ftot x tot
3.030
0.55026
F1
WFinal,1
0.635, x D,AVG ,1
xF
3.3333 4 2.7777
2.666
Fe
D2
area
1.865 0.7518
Wfinal2
Wfin 2 x Wfin
2.5 .32
242
.865 .2
0.635
0.285185
1.4022
1.865 1.4022
1.4022 .1
1.09775
D total
Higher distillate mole fraction.
1.5 .4
0.2
Total D total
Total x D,AVG
0.578
D1
F2
y x
0.2 0.575 2.666
0.3 0.67 2.703
0.4 0.73 3.03
x w ,F
1.349 kmol
2.817
2.5 0.5398
Part b)
y x
0.1 0.4 3.333
0.21 .585 2.666
0.32 .675 2.817
0.21
.22
x w FIN
0.46275
x
y
0.1 0.4
0.25 0.62
0.4 0.73
0.3
y x
3.3333
2.7027
3.030
Wfinal
3.3333 4 2.7027
1.5 exp
.8587
3.030
0.8587
0.6356
F1
Wfinal
area
F2 e
0.28518
1.0 .75187
0.75187
F2
Wfinal total
1.3874
Wfinal
Wfin ,
F1
D total
F1
F2
Wfinal tot
1.11255
F2
Ftot .32
x DAVG
1.3874 .1
0.59436
1.11255
Should be same as part b. There are numerical errors in use of Simpsons rule.
More accurate for .4 to .1 is .4 .2 (Area = .55026) + .2 .1 (Area = .285185)
Total Area = 0.835445, Wfinal1 F1 e area
1.5 .433681 0.65052
Then
1.40239 , D total
Wfin total
2.5 .32
x D AVG
1.09761
L D
4, L V
final
1.40239 .1
a&b)
final
L D
45
0.60109
2 3, L V
1 L D
53
0.4
x w final
23
0.8
For Part b, draw op. lines with slope 0.4 for arbitrary x D
For Part a, From x D
L D
1
xD
Find 2 areas
xw
xw
2. from x w
0.6 to x w
0.185
0.185to x w final
0.6 0.185
2
243
0.110
0.3925 .
0.7 x w
0.185 to 0.110
From graph
Area 1
Area 2.
0.6 0.185
1
xD
6
xw
xD
x w avg
3.56 4 2.37
1.942
1.0363
1.6949 1.942
0.185 0.110
Total area = 1.1726.
Rayleigh eqn.,
c)
2.37 .
xw
Wfinal
F
x w final
1.1726
Wfinal
100 e
D total
F Wfinal
x D,AVG
Fx F
dx w
xF
xD
xw
0.13638
1.1726
3.0955
6.9045
Wfinal x Wfinal
D total
6.0
3.0955 0.11
6.9045
244
0.8197
L/D
2/3
2/3
2/3
2/3
2/3
-4.0
xD
xw
0.9
.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.65
0.48
0.36
0.253
0.185
0.145
0.110
x w ,final
245
1
xD xw
4.0
2.703
2.273
2.012
1.942
1.8018
1.6949
9.D.25. New Problem for 3rd Edition. From the methanol-water equilibrium data, the following table can
be obtained.
246
xM
1.0
.8
.6
yM
1.0
.92
.825
1 yM
1.0
1.08696
1.21212
x pot ,Initial
S
W
x pot ,final
dx MeOH
y MeOH
.4
Simpsons rule:
0.4373
9.E1.
octanol
water
xF
pot
1 0.95 .9
Nonvolatiles in pot
x oct,W,final
steam
log10 VPW
0.045 kmol
0.045 0.145
0.3103
2164.42
8.68105
, T C, VPW mmHg
273.16 T
0.3103, x W, in W 1.0, T 99.782 C from
0.90, x W in W
solution
1.0
Wfinal,org
c)
Dorg
1 z
1 x Wfin
F Wfinal
0.8550
D org
nW
d) Eq. (9-24)
p tot
p tot
VPoct
VP
VP
nW
1.0
oct
1.0 0.9
1 0.3103
n org
oct
x oct
x oct
dn oct
(99.782 99.377) / 2
D org
dn oct
x oct
0.1450
D org
dn org
0
247
p tot
VPoct
dn oct
x oct
D org
18.87 mm Hg
to
F 1.0, n org
F W, x org
dn org
Step-by-Step integration,
n org
x org
x org
1 x feed
0.1 F W
dn org
dn org
x org
dn oct
Avg x org
x org,avg
0
1.0
.9
0.1
.1
.9
.8888
0.2
.1
.8
0.875
0.3
.1
.7
0.8571
0.4
.1
.6
0.8333
0.5
.1
.5
0.8000
0.6
.1
.4
0.750
0.7
.1
.3
0.6666
0.8
0.855
.1
0.055
.2
0.145
>
0.8944
>
0.8819
>
0.8661
>
0.8452
>
0.81666
>
0.775
>
0.7083
>
0.58333
0.50
0.3103 >
0.11181
0.11339
0.11546
0.1183
0.12245
0.12903
0.40517
0.14118
0.17143
0.1357
1.1588
nW
p tot
VPorg
Porg
dn org
x org
D org
760
18.8666
1.15882
0.8550
45.826 kmol
e. Continuous had 108.93 kmoles water/kmole organic fed. The continuous always operates at
lowest octanol mole fraction in liquid & thus y oct is always at lowest value. Thus, requires
more water to carry over octanol then the batch operation.
9.E2. New Problem in 3rd edition. Parts a & b. See solution to problem 8.D25.
mol B 78.11
x benz
mol B 78.11 80 673.2
c. Find T from Eq. 8-15
With Spread Sheet:
SPE, Problem 9E5. Solution for temperature
T deg C
92.04234 Do step by step
Antoine
VP values
VPW A,B,C
8.68105
2164.42
273.16 2.754418
568.0906
VPben A,B,C 6.90565
1211.033
220.79 3.034461
1082.583
X ben
0.17727 xw
1 ptot
760
Eq8
-5E-05 Goal seek B6 to zero changing B2
massbeninit
20 massbenfin
2
248
dmorg-sum
dnw/dnorg 9-23
d)
18 massben-still
2.960203 dnw
2 dmassorg
0.037898
still final
Set dm org
dm org kg
Initial T
01
12
23
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17 18
18
final T
d)
20 19
19 18
18 17
17
16
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
32
2
dn W divide all
values by 78.11
kmol
.664431
.677266
.691548
.707537
.725558
.746073
.769462
.79657
.828276
.865852
.91108
.966543
1.036129
1.12596
1.246275
1.415548
1.670846
2.098857
2.960203
TC
from spreadsheet
75.99
76.27
76.577
76.91
77.269
77.66
78.0996
78.58
79.12
79.715
80.39
81.156
82.03398
83.0487
84.2358
85.6435
87.339
89.422
92.04
For accuracy add time steps 1 to 17 + (time steps 0 & 18)/2. This is then identical to the use of
average values of dm for every step.
Steps_1 to 17
0.5 Steps _ 0
17.2794168
18
1.8122565
9.E3.
Simpsons Rule:
xF
dx d
xd
xB
0.13
6
1
xd
249
4
xB
x d .63
xd
1
xB
x d 0.565
xd
xB
x D 0.50
x init
9.E4.
Wfinal
F exp
x W ,fin
0.13
6
3.0303 4 2.15
D final
Fe
1 e
F Dfinal
x B,avg
0.2954
2.004
0.2954
7.442 gmole
2.558 mole.
F xF
Dx D,fin
5.0 4.6886
2.558
dx
y x
16
15
0.1667
0.2
1 4.5
0.2222
1 3.75
0.26667
1 2.75
0.364
250
0.1218
For each dilution want to integrate using Simpsons rule until find Wfinal
need values of 1 y x at x init , x avg , and x final
are determined in the following table.
1.0. Thus,
Wfinal
Dilute 4 kg:
Wfin
Dilute 3.5:
Wfin
Dilute 1.75:
Wfin
Dilute 2.75:
Wfin
x
0.16667
0.08833
0.01
0.200
0.105
0.01
0.2222
0.11611
0.01
0.364
0.1870
0.01
y
0.537671
0.38708
0.067
0.579
0.428
0.067
0.598
0.450
0.067
0.706
0.563
0.067
y-x
0.3710
0.29875
0.057
0.379
0.3230
0.057
0.376
0.334
0.057
0.342
0.376
0.057
1/(y x)
2.695412
3.34724
17.544
2.63
3.095975
17.544
2.6596
2.994
17.544
2.923977
2.6596
17.544
0.2666
0.138
0.01
0.636
0.493
0.067
0.369
0.355
0.057
2.7100
2.8169
17.544
0.19
32.5579 1.031
6
5 exp -1.031 1.783 too high
0.2122
32.1796 1.138
6
4.5 exp -1.138 1.442 too high
.354
31.106 1.833
6
2.75 exp -1.835 0.4389 too low
.2566
31.52 1.348
6
3.75 exp -1.348 0.9740
Close to desired 1.0 kg. Thus, 2.75 kg water. The final still pot is 99% water so have (.99)
(.974) = 0.964 moles water remaining. Moles of water distilled off is 2.75 0.964 = 1.786.
9.H.1. New Problem in 3rd edition. This problem is challenging for students because they must first
derive the forms of the equations they need to use.
251
A. Define. The system is the simple still pot shown in Figure 9-1. Find Wfinal, D, xA,Wfinal, and xA,dist,avg.
B. Explore. At first it may appear that the problem in Part a is under specified since there are now five
unknowns. However, in specifying the problem based on the fractional recovery of benzene in
the distillate we have added the equation for the definition of fractional recovery of A in the
distillate. This equation is most conveniently written as,
FzA (1 Frac. Rec. A in distillate) = Wfinal xA,Wfinal
(9-35a)
(9-35b)
C. Plan. If we write Eq. (9-13) for A and substitute in Eq. (9-35b) we obtain Eq. (9-36),
1
AB
x A ,W ,final 1 x A ,F
1 x A ,F
x A ,F 1 x A ,W ,final
1 x A ,W ,final
Part a. In a spreadsheet Eq. (9-36) is easily solved for xA,Wfinal using Goal Seek. Then W final can
be determined from Eq. (9-35b). Then DTotal is determined from Eq. (9-11) and xA,dist,avg is
determined from Eq. (9-10) written for component A or from the fractional recovery.
Part b. Now solve Eq. (9-36) for frac. rec. of A in distillate using Goal Seek. For both parts a and b can
use fractional recovery values and DTotal to find xA,dist,avg = FzA(Frac Rec. A in distillate)/ DTotal
D. Do It. Because Eq. (9-36) for xA,Wfinal is nonlinear, it is easiest to solve this problem with a spreadsheet
and use Goal Seek to solve Eq. (9-36). The spreadsheets are shown below.
Part a
F
5
zA
0.37
The 0.37 is in cell D2
alpha AC
10.71
frac rec A in distillate
0.75
xA,Wfin
0.143185
9-36 term 1 -1.25687 term 2
-0.3075
term 3
0.436926
Eq 9-36
-1.7E-05 Use Goal seek
Wfinal from 9-35b
3.230095 D total
1.769905 xAdist,avg 0.78394
Part a. Use Goal Seek for cell B8, setting it equal to zero by varying cell B5 (xA,Wfin).
Part b. Use Goal Seek for cell B8, setting it equal to zero by varying cell C4.
Part b
F
5
alpha AC
10.71
frac rec A in distillate
xA,Wfin
0.05
9-36 term 1
-2.41222
zA
0.37
-0.41074
term 3
0.930081
term 2
0.658942
Eq 9-36
-0.00023
Use Goal seek
Wfinal from 9-35b
2.586992
D total
2.413008
xAdist,avg 0.713073
Part a. Use Goal Seek for cell B8, setting it equal to zero by varying cell B5.
Part b. Use Goal Seek for cell B8, setting it equal to zero by varying cell C4 (frac rec A in distillate).
252
10.A13.
A good packing will have: good contact between liquid and vapor, high surface area, low
pressure drop, inert, inexpensive, and self-wetting.
Marbles have low surface area, poor contact and relatively high p.
Figure 10-25 shows that if viscosity increases the ordinate increases and p/foot increases.
10.B3.
The trick is to have maximum and minimum positions of the valve with a larger area for
vapor flow at the maximum position.
a. Use a cage to prevent excess movement.
b. Use feet.
c. Have a flap that moves up and down.
d. Use a spring to provide force and maximum position.
e. Sliding valve controlled by an external feedback mechanism.
f. Two flaps to make a roof.
Many other ideas can be generated.
Some possible candidates:
Bottle caps
Bent bottle caps
Natural sponge
Synthetic sponge
SOS pads
Scotch brite pads
Steel wool
Cooper cleaning pads
Miscellaneous junk
Broken crockery or glassware
String - balls
lines tied together
lines twisted
lines stretched taught
Coal
Rope
Egg shells
Styrofoam packing material
Old seat cushions
frayed rope
Rope tied into bow ties
Porous rock pieces
253
10.C1.
Nuts/bolts/screws/nails
Metal filings
Wood shavings
Kindling
Left-over redwood
Pumice
Ash from Mt. St. Helens
Ashes from coal stove
Pieces of cement block
Pieces of brick
Staples
Pop-tops
Cookie cutters
Combination of the above
Law
MWv
u flood
Then
V
Thus,
L
D
10.C2.
Dia
u flood
since
1 D and D
.5
G
G
L D
Then, F
0.2
20 /
Dia
2
.5
C sb flood
xD
xD
F
1
xB
so V
F
P
P , and exponent =
1 D
L
D
1 F
xD
xD
z
xB
L
4F
1
D
Dia
Since Dia
10.C3.
F1/ 2 , Dia
1/ 2
L D 1
xD z
xD xB
1/ 2
1/ 2
254
10.C4. New Problem in 3rd edition. Part of the operating lines become closer to the equilibrium curve.
Thus, for the same separation more stages are needed. Fortunately, this effect is often small.
10.C5. New Problem in 3rd edition. You can show this by proving that the minimum reflux ratio (Figure
10-18A) or the minimum boilup ratio (Figure 10-19A) must increase compared to the base
cases. These ratios increase because cooling the entire feed (Figure 10-18A) or heating the
entire feed (Figure 10-19A) automatically changes the feed line and moves the minimum
reflux (Figure 10-18A) or minimum boilup (Figure 10-19A) operating lines towards the y = x
line. This means larger minimum external reflux ratio or larger minimum boilup ratio.
10.D1.
K C6
y/x
and
K C7
1 y
Solve simultaneously. x
1 x
1 K C7
K C6
K C7
KC6
T
149 C
169
171
KC7
1.0
1.3
1.34
193
K C6 x
Bounds are K C6
, y
.72
.75
-
1.0
1.0
.483
.424
1.0
.63
0.568
log10
C7
MIX
436.73
232.53
.5 n .116
1.0 and K C7
.5 n .127
.895,
C6
0.16 .
C7
0.127 .
2.107,
MIX
1.0 .
0.122.
T
v
42.68 lb/ft 3 , 20
0.5998 0.001
0.5 0.001
1.20
255
L MWL
V MWv
Fv
0.5
0.5
.205
1.2
0.08317
42.68
0.2
u flood
0.32, C sb
42.68 0.205
0.29
0.32
20
0.205
Saturated liquid feed V V
0.2
12.5
0.29
20
0.5
4.19
2500. Use = .90
1/ 2
12.35 ft
Somewhat larger. Would design at bottom of column. Use a 12 ft. diameter column.
10.D3.
0.5
0.205
D
Use 12 feet:
1.2, F g
1/ 2
const
11.78 , const1/ 2
75% flood
% flood
1.2
1/ 2
0.022 3000
A total
12.0
0.9,
A active
v0
t tray
weir
Dia
0.726 ,
0.726 12 ft
weir
90.48 ft 2 , A hole
9.05
p ,d ry
Lg
3067.48
4 113.1 ft 2
113.1 1 .2
VMW v
3600
10.20
Ad
Table 10.2,
1/ 2
67.48 , L e
1
1 .022
This is reasonable amount.
14 gauge,
11.78 .75
37.51 ft s , C0
0.003 37.51
3067.48
2.4
0.205
100.2 7.48
42.68
8.71 ft
60
59.87
1 0.01
42.68
0.759
2.086 in
897.8 gpm
256
Abscissa
Lg
897.8
2.5
weir
8.71
Parameter
Dia
4.01
2.5
Eq. (10-26),
h crest
0.092 1.03
With 1 gap,
A du
8.71 12
h du
Eq. (12-27),
h dc
897.8
2.083 in
8.71
0.726 ft 2
2
897.8
0.56
1.03
2/3
4.248 in
449 0.726
h dc,aereated
10.417 0.5
t res
3067.48 100.2 12
0.040 12.5
2.086 0.0625
2 2.083 0
0.0625 in
42.68 3 16
p,dry
20.83
2.148
4.083
h dc
0.56
v o,bal
Given Wvalve
449 1.089
p,valve
C v Wvalve 2g
K vA v
0.08 lb,
Av
Cv
1
12
1.888 in
16.11 inch, OK
1/ 2
(10-36)
32.3 ft s 2 , K v,closed
0.7682, OK
h dc,areated
10.D4.
897.8
Wvalve
Kv
Av
2g
0.02182 ft 2 ,
33C v
L
1.25,
K v,open
5.5
v 02
v
0.1917 lb ft 3 ,
41.12 lb ft 3
257
1/ 2
v o,bal,closed
6.83 ft sec
33 0.2182 .1917
1/ 2
v o,bal,open
16.73 ft sec
At balance point, h
1.25 0.8 lb
C v Wvalve
p,valve
AL
0.2182 ft 3 41.14 lb ft
0.1115 ft
closed:
33 .1917
p,valve
2.39 10
open:
v 02 ft
5.5 .1917
p,valve
10.D6.
6.83
2.87 10
v 02 for v 0
2 32.2 41.12
3.98 10
10.D5.
1.338 in liquid
v 02 for v 0
2 32.2 41.12
v 02 ft
v 02 inches
16.73
4.78 10
v 02 inches
HETP
n
1 x
n
n
x
1 x
1 x
dist
AB
x
dist
1 x
bot
n
bot
.987
.013
.008
.992
9.150
AVG
2.315 2.61
1/ 2
0.344
Can also use McCabe-Thiele diagrams although the solution shown is easier.
10.D7. Current:
F v 0.090, 12 spacing, Ordinate 0.2 U nf const., const. 0.2 U nf 0.2 6.0
New:
L Vnew 1.11 L V old , then L G new 1.11 L G old , F v,new 1.11F v,old 0.0999
Trays Spacing 24, Ordinate ~ 0.32, Ordinate = U nf Const.
258
U Nf
10.D8.
At
Ordinate
0.32
Const
0.2 6
Fv
0.5, Csb,f 1
0.12
0.2
Uf1
C sb
Since
nRT,
20
0.5
10.D9.
0.12
0.5
20
RT
G ,new
0.5
0.5
0.25; C sb ~ 0.18
U f 1,new
C sb,new
G ,old
C sb,new
old
0.18
U f 1,old
C sb,old
G ,new
C sb,old
new
0.12
3
2
3 6 18 ft/s
Mass Balance:
D
F
D
z xB
0.6 0.01
0.59656
x D x B 0.999 0.01
596.56 kmol/h, B 403.44
L V
0.6, V L D V D 0.6V
D
596.56
V
1491.47 kmol h
0.4
0.4
L V D 491.41 kmol h
At top:
At top of col.
WL WV
1491.41
kmol
0.6
32.04 kg MeOH
lbm
2.046 lbm
h
kmol
kg
Assume ideal gas. Top of column is essentially pure MeOH.
lb
1 atm 32.04
n MWM
p
lbmol
MWM
v
3
V
RT
ft atm
0.7302
607.79 R
lbmol R
where pure MeOH boils at 64.5 C
L
At top
1
0.2
MWv p
G ,old
U fl,new
6.0
G
G
MWv
Fv
New Condition:
0.12
pV
0.2
6.0
20
9.6 ft s
MeOH
0.07219
lbm
ft 3
1.8 R
607.79 R
K
1 kg 2.2046 lbm 28317 cm 3
0.7914 g cm 3
1000g
kg
ft 3
24 0.0773 64.5
337.66K
105, 346
49.405
lbm
ft 3
19.0
259
1/ 2
WL
Fv
WG
0.07219
.6
G
L
0.28
0.2
U flood
C sb
20
0.2
19
ft
3600 s h
s
Use either 10 ft (slightly higher frac flood) or 11 ft (lower frac. flood).
0.90 0.07219 lbm ft 3
D = 10.27ft
3.0, y=
L Dact
.9 0.66667
.9 .4
2 L D min
x
1+
-1 x
1.75 ,
L V
0.875D , L avg
Generalize Llow
min
L D
7.25
0.4
x, y feed
L V
0.46667
V L
1.75
1 L V
1 .46667
1 L D
act
L V
min
1.75D , Llow
Lavg M where L D
n MWv V
0.875
0.636
2.75
actual
or Llow D
L D
min
0.875
0.5 Lavg
10.D11. a. Since Liquid & Vapor have the same mole fractions L G
G
23
0.3273
L low
0.75
, at z
0.46667 , L D
1 L V xD
pV = nRT,
7.25 ft s
min
0.07219
4V lbm h
V
L V
49.405 0.07219
0.28
20
10.D10.
0.02294
49.405
1/ 2
p MWv RT , R
L D
min
L V
45.6 cm3 atm gmoles-1
R1
260
MWv
.8 46
1 ATM
L D
L V
.2 18
40.4
3D
6750 lb day , L
L G
40.4 g mol
H2O
2
F
1
.82
97
1.393 10
.82
1/2
.001393 g cm3
4500 lb day
=0.0275
1 g cm3
(Table 10-3)
.2
G F2 F
2 2250
460 R
L G
.6667 1.393 10
F = 97
Ordinate
This is,
GF
2D
176
.82 g cm3
1 .82
gc
.52
0.2
1 g cm 3
62.4 lb ft 3
g cm 3 .82 g cm 3
.197
32.2
45067 lb (day ft 2 ) , G
.75 GF
AREA
.75 G
6750 lb Day
.19970 ft 2
97
0.2
1
.82
1.393 10
c.
.52
3
0.2
1 62.4
D 2 4 .3503,
67500
4 1.998
.6679 ft
0.3503 ft 2
8.01 inches
1/ 2
V .75 6 ,
.0275
1.927 10 4 lb (day ft )
19267 lb (day ft 2 )
AREA
0.036
area
.82 32.2
AREA
Area
1/2
g c ) .036 at L G
3D as before
67,500 lb day
1.998 ft 2 10
earlier value
1/ 2
1.59 ft
19.14 inches
261
10.D12. a.
b. M is at x in
y1
.43
L
L M
6.13
L M
1.58
3.88
V L
L
L L
If try a shorter column with same feed wont work.
L
L
.8 and must adjust column.
L
V
0.8
10.D.13. New Problem in 3rd edition. Saturated vapor feed in problem 10.D.9 has minimum L/V =
(0.999-0.6)/(0.999-0.22)=0.5122. This is (L/D)min = 1.05. The actual L/V = 0.6, which is an
L/D = 1.5. Thus, the multiplier M of the minimum was M = (L/D)/(L/D)min = 1.5/1.05 =
1.43.
For a saturated liquid feed (L/V)min = (0.999-0.825)/(0.999-0.6) = 0.4361, which corresponds to
(L/D)min = 0.7733. If we use the same multiplier, L/D =1.43(0.7733) =1.106 and L/V =
0.525.
z xB
D
0.6 0.01
Mass Balance:
0.59656
F x D x B 0.999 0.01
D 596.56 kmol/h, B 403.44 . These are same as in 10.D9.
At top:
L V
0.525, V
L D
V 0.525V
262
596.56
1255.9 kmol h
0.475
0.475
V D 659.4 kmol h
WL WV
At top of col.
1255.9
kmol
32.04 kg MeOH
2.046 lbm
h
kmol
kg
The density and surface tension calculations are the same as in 10.D9.
Assume ideal gas. Top of column is essentially pure MeOH.
lb
1 atm 32.04
n MWM
p
lbmol
MWM
v
3
V
RT
ft atm
0.7302
607.79 R
lbmol R
where pure MeOH boils at 64.5 C
L
MeOH
337.66K
Fv
WG
0.2
U flood
C sb
0.07219
.525
20
49.405
0.07219
lbm
ft 3
49.405
lbm
ft 3
1/ 2
0.02007
0.28
19
0.2
0.28
20
19.0
1/ 2
WL
lbm
1.8 R
607.79 R
K
1 kg 2.2046 lbm 28317 cm 3
0.7914 g cm 3
1000g
kg
ft 3
24 0.0773 64.5
At top
82, 330
0.525
49.405 0.07219
0.07219
7.25 ft s
4V lbm h
9.08ft
ft
0.90 0.07219 lbm ft 0.75 7.25
3600 s h
s
Probably use 9 ft, which is a slightly higher fraction of flooding. This compares with 10.27 ft for the
saturated vapor feed. The smaller diameter column will be less expensive.
With a saturated liquid feed and CMO, the vapor flow rate in the bottom of the column is the same as in
the top, V = 1255.9 kmol/hr. For problem 10.D9 with a saturated vapor feed,
V V F 1491.47 1000 491.47 . Since QR
V,
3
QR ,liquid _ feed
Thus, in this case there is a significant energy price for reducing the column diameter by this method.
10.D14. D
z xB
xD
xB
0.4 0.0001
0.998 0.0001
1000
400.7415 , B 1000 D
599.258 kmol/day
263
or
1202.225
At bottom, L
L D 1 D
3 400.7415
kmol 1 day
1h
day 24 h 3600 s
1801.483
1.49846
V 1202.225
Bottom of column is essentially pure water. Also y boilup
Thus
L G
V in
G is lb (s ft 2 )
L V 1.49846
lb
0.013915
kmol
m
nRT
where 100C
n
G
Fv
59.83
lbm
ft 3
1.0
MWw
RT
1.8 R
373.16K
35.31454 ft
1 atm
MWw
m3
kg
W
0.55268 lb s
1 kg
kg 2.20462 lb
958.365
pV
xB
18.016
3
ft atm
lbmol R
0.7302
lbm
ft 3
0.0367
671.688 R
671.688 R
1/ 2
1/ 2
0.0367
1.49846
0.03713
59.83
G flood
Area
F = 33,
32.2, F
110 Table 10 3
1/ 2
0.15147
0.2
1/ 2
0.3892
lbm
s ft 2
0.80 G flood
0.80 0.3892
V in lb s
G actual lb s ft
Diameter
b.
, gc
100
G actual
1/ 2
gc
G flood
Where
G L
0.2
0.55268
2
4 area
0.8 0.3892
1/ 2
Diameter Intalox
plastic
Dia
0.31136
1.77505 ft 2
1.77505
Fint
Berl
FBerl
1/ 2
1.503 ft
1/ 4
1.503
33
110
1/ 4
1.112 ft
264
lbm
ft 3
Fv
10.D15.
WL
Wv
0.21
0.2
Csb
20
K
u flood
4V
0.0367
Dia
lb
s
10 5 dynes
1m
1N
100 cm
0.21 1.2411
59.83 0.0367
0.206
0.2
0.21 58.9 20
v
Dia
0.0589 N m
58.9
dynes
cm
0.2606
10.52 ft s , u act
.8 10.52
8.416 ft s
lb
ft
u act
3
ft
s
4 0.55268
0.85 0.0367 8.416
Tray columns with this small a diameter are seldom used in industry.
10.D16.
F1/4 . F1
98 and F3
Diameter (1 )
22 Table 10-3
1/ 4
F3
14.54
F1
22
1/ 4
10.0 ft
98
At the bottom of the column have essentially pure n-heptane. Then, following Example 10-4,
we have.
p MW
1 100.2
0.205 lb ft 3
v
RT
1.314 371.4
Need L V . Since L V
operating lines. Then L V
.8
1 y
where z
1 z
0.6 0
1.2 .
.5 0
L MWL
V MWv
1/ 2
1.2
.5, we have y
1.2 1.0
0.6 at intersection of
1.2
0.205
1.684 62.4
1/ 2
0.084
265
G
The value 0.9595 is
.2
Water
Water
0.375
0.6944 lbmol/s.
0.6944 100.2
VMWv
Area
0.375
185.5 ft 2
1/ 2
D 4 Area
15.37 ft
This is somewhat larger than in Example 10-4. Therefore design at bottom.
G
G flood
10.D18.
gc
ordinate
0.2
G flood ,new
G ,new
G flood ,old
G ,old
ordinate, new
ordinate, old
G ,new
p MW
RT
G ,old
p MW
RT
new
p new
old
p old
T (in Kelvin). T set by boiling conditions (Vapor Press) not by ideal gas law.
Fv
0.5
0.5
F v ,new
G ,new
p new
F v ,old
L ,old
p old
0.5
2.0 , F v,new
2F v,old
0.4 .
G flood ,new
p new
ordinate, new
p old
ordinate, old
G flood ,old
0.05
0.09
0.5
0.75
10.D.19. New Problem in 3rd edition. Saturated vapor feed in problem 10.D.9 has minimum L/V =
(0.999-0.6)/(0.999-0.22)=0.5122.
This is (L/D)min = 1.05. The actual L/V = 0.6, which is an L/D = 1.5. Thus, the multiplier M of the
minimum was M = (L/D)/(L/D)min = 1.5/1.05 = 1.43. For a saturated liquid feed (L/V) min = (0.9990.825)/(0.999-0.6) = 0.4361, which corresponds to (L/D)min = 0.7733. If we use the same multiplier as in
10.D9, L/D =1.43(0.7733) =1.106 and L/V = 0.525. This is the slope we use in the top section for the 2enthalpy feed. In the middle section of the column at minimum reflux conditions the slope of the middle
operating line is L / V (0.825 0.6) / (0.6 0.22) 0.592 .
The external mass balances still gives D
Lmin
( L / D) min D
0.7733(596.56)
V and L
596.56 kgmoles/hr, B
Lmin
Fliquid . Thus,
266
0.525, V L D V 0.525V D
D
596.56
V
1255.9 kmol h
0.475
0.475
This is the same as for problem 10.D13 and the remainder of the calculation of the diameter is identical to
that calculation. The result of the calculation at the top of the column is
4 82, 330 lbm h
9.08ft
ft
0.90 0.07219 lbm ft 0.75 7.25
3600 s h
s
We now need to calculate the vapor flow rate in the bottom. Assuming CMO, in the middle section
V V 1255.9 . In the bottom section,
3
Fvap
1255.9 834.94
420.96 .
Since QR
V , QR ,2 enthalpy _ feed (420.96 / 491.7)QR , vapor _ feed 0.86QR , vapor _ feed .
Thus, in this case the two-enthalpy feed design results in the same reduction in diameter as liquefying the
entire feed, and it has energy savings compared to the vapor feed. However, the two enthalpy feed
system will require more stages than the other systems. A complete economic analysis is required to
determine the most economical system.
10.D20.
WL kg h
L kmol h
WG kg h
V kmol h MWV
0.61
100 cm
1 kg
3
cm 1000 g
27.36
RT
L atm
mol K
16.642
236
28.08
16.642
610 kg m 3
17.03
pMW v
G
Fv
MWL
1000L
m
253.2 K
kg
1000 g
236.0
kg
m3
1/ 2
10.35
610
Off chart. Extrapolate using Eq. (10-10e).
log10 Csb
log10 Csb
1.891
20
Assume
u flood
D
0.2
0.01286
1.0. Then
0.01286
610 236
236
4 V MW V
v
0.85,
Csb
u op 3600
236.0 kg m3 , u op
0.0162 ft s , u op
,V
0.75 uflood
0.01215
28.02 kg kmol
267
4 100 28.02
=1.155 m
3.79 ft
z xB
xD
xB
0.4 0.0001
V
or
400.7415 , B 1000 D
1000
0.998 0.0001
L D 1 D
1202.225
3 400.7415
kmol 1 day
599.258 kmol/day
1h
0.013915 kmol s
day 24 h 3600 s
L/V = 2/3. Top of column is close to pure methanol
Thus L G L V 0.66667
G is lb (s ft 2 )
V in
Pure MeOH boils at 64.5 C
L
MeOH
lb
0.013915
1.8 R
337.66K
0.7914 g cm 3
kmol
1 kg
0.98290 lb s
607.79 R
1 kg 2.2046 lbm 28317 cm 3
1000g
kg
ft
49.405
lbm
ft 3
1 atm
n MWM
RT
Fv
MWM
WG
lb
lbmol
ft atm
0.7302
lbmol R
1/ 2
WL
32.04
.66667
0.07219
0.07219
607.79 R
lbm
ft 3
1/ 2
0.02548
49.405
G flood
Where
methanol
G actual
0.20
G L
0.2
gc
1/ 2
, gc
32.2, F
64.5 C
110 Table 10 3
1/ 2
0.2146
0.2
1/ 2
0.4633
lbm
s ft 2
0.80 G flood
0.80 0.4633
0.3706
268
V in lb s
Area
0.98290
G actual lb s ft
Diameter
0.3706
1/ 2
4 area
2.6521 ft 2
2.6521
1/ 2
1.838 ft
Note that this is larger than the calculation of 10.D14 at the bottom of the column. Thus, do calculations
at top of column.
b.
Diameter Intalox
F = 33,
Dia
plastic
10.E1.
D kmol
op time
Then
1.838
FBerl
Berl
D kmol hr
D
1/ 4
Fint
V 0.4V
1/ 4
33
1.360 ft
110
, L V
0.4
0.6V and t op
0.6V
Use Fig. 10-25 or Eq. (10-39a) to find flooding at the end of the operation at bottom of column.
kg
MWliq
2
L lbm s ft
L kmol h
kmol
2
kg
G lbm s ft
V kmol h
MWvapor
kmol
At end of operation at bottom of column x 0.004, y 0.036 (pinch)
L
G
MWavg,liq
L
0.004 46
18.128
0.4
0.381
19.023
0.996 18.016
0.036 46
0.964 18.016
19.023
Then
1.0 atm
v
RT
FV
19.023
3
atm ft
1.314
K lbmol
1/ 2
0.381
0.038806
373 K
0.038806
62.4
lbm
lbmol
lbm
ft 3
1/ 2
0.009501
log10 ordinate
log10 ordinate
G
0.2059
F
70,
G L
0.2
0.29655 log10 F v
gc
1.0, g c
32.2,
water
269
G flood
From Eq. (10-41), V
70 1.0 0.26
12
Then
10.F1.
lb
l bmol
s ft 2
0.7 G flood
0.0038646
19.023
lbmol 3600s 0.453593 kmol
V
0.0038646
6.310665 kmol h
hr
s
h
1.0 lbmol
D
18.1303 kmol
t op
4.7883 h 287.3 min.
0.6V 0.6 6.310665
yM 1 x M
x M 1 yM
0.134 0.98
0.02 0.866
0.979 0.05
7.582 , Top
7.582 2.454
0.95 0.021
4.31 0.306
2.454
4.31
n 0.35
0.28 cp,
1.1837 ,
mix
0.35 cp
0.306
1.3195
s ft 2
s
kmol
Geometric avg
Then
lbm
lbm
4
0.19635 0.53488 0.7
lbmol
Need average
Bot :
MWvapor
0.53488
0.2
Area ft 2
lbmol
Area
V
0.5
Eo
45%
0.044923 log 10
1.3195
49.5%
270
0.979 0.05
1/ 3
2.454 ,
4.2184
0.75 0.021
Averages can be calculated many other ways.
The feed is saturated liquid. From Table 2-7, T = 75.3C
Viscosities from Perrys, p. 2-323, W 0.39cp & MeOH 0.30
Note: (MeOH, 40% probably refers to wt % - p. 2-322 Perrys)
Estimate n mix x1 n 1 x 2 n 2
MW ,top
mix
.4
avg
n 0.30
10.F3.
z xB F
.6 n 0.39
4.2184 0.351
Overall Plate effic. = 43.7%
Then
bot
Feed
1.0465 ,
mix
0.351
1.481
xD
y x x b 0.01 and the intersection of top operating line and feed line. McCabe-Thiele
solution is shown in Figure. Optimum feed is 8th from top. Need 8 7/8 equilibrium stages
plus partial reboiler.
271
yE 1 x E
1 yE x E
x
0.019, y
0.3273, y
.7472, y
AVG
and
Feed
Tcol
0.170 .981
0.170 :
.830 .019
.5826 .6727
.5826 :
.4174 .3273
.7815 .2528
.7815 :
.2185 .7472
1/ 3
AVG
10.575
2.87
1.210
3.324
8.875 .42
Height 22 18
18
disengagement
48 (bottom sump)
38.5 ft
4V MW V
MW v
MW
eth
yeth
MW
MW
21.5
WL
L MW L
206.75 20
4135 lb h
WV
V MW V
143.46
2869.2 lb h
20
P MW V
Fv
WL WV
Enriching section:
RT
1.0
4135 2869.2
26.4
MW
20
0.7302 672 R
0.04076 60.07
0.04076 lb ft 3
0.0375, Csb
0.28 .
40.4
WL
L MW L
73.42 35
WV
V MW V
110.13 35
2569.7
3854.55 lb h
P MW V
RT
1 35
0.7302 639.6 R
0.05472 lb ft 3
272
Fv
K
Csb
WL WV
20
0.2
2569.7 3854.55
0.05472 47.92
0.0225, Csb
0.28
, ft/sec. , surface tension in dyne/cm. 57th ed. Hdbk of Physics + Chemistry, F-45.
Bottoms, ~ 46 dyn/cm, Middle, ~ 25 dyn/cm, Top ~ 18.6 dyn/cm
u flood
0.20
stripping:
0.28 46 20
enriching:
0.285 18.6 20
0.33075
enriching: u flood
0.2809
Dia.
0.2809 ft s
60.07 0.04076
12.693 ft s
0.04076
47.90 0.05472
8.31 ft s
0.05472
4V MW
enriching: V MW V
0.20
, ft s
stripping: u flood
stripping: V MW V
0.33075 ft s
0.90
0.75 u flood
3600
1/ 2
143.46 lbmol h
20
0.04076
lb ft 3
70392.5
110.13 lbmol h
35
0.05472
lb ft 3
70441.37
Diameters: stripping section: Dia = 1.7 ft and enriching section: Dia = 2.1 ft
Probably use 2.5 ft diameter since there is little if any cost penalty.
10.F4.
L G
L V
Top:
L G
L V MWL MWV
48,
MWL MWV
0.15,
1.44 ~ 1
1.44
0.667 ~ 1
0.667
0.15
0.35 cp,
y= x d
At top
0.8, n
MWv
y MWE
1/ 2
G
L
2
G F
G
0.078
F
L
0.2
gc
x1 n
MIX
.8 n .45
MIX
1 y MWw
0.05472 lb ft 3 ,
L G
0.45 cp , n
gc
V 110.13 mol h
.2 n .35 , and
0.8 46
MIX
.2 18
0.43
40.4
1/ 2
0.02254
x2 n
47.92
0.2
1/ 2
0.358 lbm (s ft 2 )
0.0306 lbmol s
273
D2 4
Area
4V MW v
1/ 2
V MW v
, or
G
4 0.0306 40.4
1/ 2
0.358
2.096
12.0 ft
10.G.1. New Problem in 3rd edition. The result from Wankat (2007a) is listed in the following Table:
Results for distillation of vapor feed 5 mole % methanol, 95 mole % water. Distillate is 0.9543 mole
fraction methanol and bottoms is 0.9976 mole fraction water. Tray spacing = 0.4572 m. Base case
conditions are listed in Tables 1 and 2 in Wankat (2007a). When two trays are listed, they have the same
diameters. The decrease in volume and increase in QR are compared to the base case.
FL
NF,V
0(base) 10
NF,L
--
Two-enthalpy feed:
500
11
6
500
12
6
600
12
6
750
13
6
750
16
7
1000 (all liquid) 9
N
20
dia
A Vol tray QR
2.84 6.33 55.0 2 1065
Qc, total
-12,330
decr Vol
--
20
22
20
20
26
20
2.08
2.07
1.89
1.56
1.56
1.20
-12,340
-12,330
-12340
-12,360
-12,330
-13,680
46.5 % 0.5 %
40.9 %
0
55.8 % 0.5 %
69.6 % 2.3 %
60.3 %
0
82.1% 127 %
3.38
3.38
2.80
1.92
1.91
1.13
29.4
32.5
24.3
16.7
21.8
9.8
2
2
2
2
2
2
1070
1065
1070
1090
1065
2415
Intermediate condenser:
FWithdr NF,V NV,with NL,ret N dia
A Vol tray
300
11 10
6
20 2.41 4.56 39.6 2
450
11 10
6
20 2.22 3.88 33.7 10/11
QR
1067
1067
Qc, total
-12,340
-12,340
incr QR
--
Two-enthalpy feed (FL=600 kmol/hr, NF,V =12, NF,L=6, N=20) plus two intermediate condensers:
Fwthd1 NVwth1 NLret1 Fwthd2 NVwth2 NLret2 dia A Vol tray QR,total
Qc
decr Vol incr QR
100 5
4
80 13 8 1.50 1.77 15.4 2/6 1081
-12,350
72.1 % 1.6 %
Two-enthalpy feed (FL = 680 kmol/hr) plus one intermediate condenser:
Fwithdr NF,V NF,L NV,with NL,ret N dia A Vol tray QR,total
Qc
100
12 6
5
5 20 1.51 1.79 15.5 6 1081
-12,350
With constant Qc and QR, the two-enthalpy feed with FV = 750 and N = 26 appears to be best.
10.G.2. New Problem in 3rd edition.
Results are from Wankat, P. C., "Balancing Diameters of
Distillation Column with Vapor Feeds," Ind. Engr Chem. Research, 46, 8813-8826 (2007).
274
p pressure drop in psi/tray, N feed = optimum feed stage, and condenser is stage 1.
Note this solution has a p, each stage. Thus, solution slightly different than students solutions.
in atm,
p
0.1
Table 2. Diameters calculated for standard distillation base cases listed in Table 1. Vapor flow
rate Vj and liquid flow rate L j are in kmol/hr, diameter is in m, area is m 2 .
Tray
2
23
24
35
Ethanol-water, vapor
Vj
Lj
Dia
1125
997 2.61
1082
949 1.99
74.3
950 0.71
79.4
956 0.71
Area
5.35
3.11
0.396
0.396
Table 3. Simulation conditions and results for a distillation column separating a vapor 10 mole %
ethanol, 90 % water feed (see Table 1 for base conditions). Partial condenser is stage 1. N F,V and N F,L
are optimum feed locations for vapor and liquid portions of the feed, respectively. Decrease in column
volume Vol (equal to change in area when the number of stages is unchanged) and increases in Q R are
compared to the ethanol-water base case (Table 1). For both runs y D,E
N
Dia
A
Vol Tray Q R
N F,V N F,L
FL
0(base)
FL
600
Qc,total
23
--
36
2.61
2.24
35.8
902
N
N F,V N F,L
23
17
36
Qc,col Qc,feed condenser
Dia
Vol
Tray
1.69
2.24
35.8
QR
902
0.9986.
Q C,col
-10,700
Q C,tot
-10,700
Decr Vol
58.2%
Incr Q R
0
10.G3. New Problem in 3rd edition. Part a. S Dia = 2.032 m. Distillate mole fractions (vapor) = 0.22222
Eth, 0.77765 Propane, 0.12383 E-03 B, and 0.28503 E-9 pentane. Bottoms mole fractions = 0.14843 E10 Eth, 0.10132 E-03 Propane, 0.81808 Butane and 0.18182 pentane. Other values are in Table for 10.G4.
Part b. Worst backup is 0.232 m on stages 30 and 31. Maximum weir loading is 0.0204 m2/s on plate 31.
Part c. Same mole fractions, same Qc and QR. Max backup 0.1614 m in panel A on stages 29 to 32.
Maximum weir loading is 0.01183 m2/s on plate 31 of panel A which is acceptable.
10.G4. New Problem in 3rd edition.
275
V feed
L feed
Qc kW
QR kW
Max Dia Stage
yD,C4
xB,C3
Kmol/s
Kmol/s
m
max dia
0* 1 pass
.1(NF=16)
-1463
2827
2.032
31
.000124
.000101
0 part d
.1(NF=15)
-1463
2827
2.032
30
.000115
.0000942
0* 2 pass
.1(NF = 16) -1463
2827
2.032
31
.000124
.000101
.01
.09
-1463
2600
1.956
31
.000145
.000119
.02
.08
-1463
2373
1.876
31
.000199
.000163
.03
.07
-1463
2147
1.792
31
.000300
.000246
.04
.06
-1464
1921
1.905
32
.000525
.000429
.05
.05
-1466
1696
1.650
18
.00112
.000915
.06
.04
-1472
1474
1.600
18
.003188
.002609
b. Change
N=41
NF,liq=18
NFvap=21
N
.03
.07
-1463
2146
1.793
34
.0000817 .0000668
* Values from problem 10.G3.
Part c. Tray rating program with Dia = 1.793 m and defaults for tray spacing (0.6096m) & for DC
clearance (0.0373m) obtain 0.2207 m backup on tray 34, which is acceptable. Maximum weir loading is
0.01887 m2/s on tray 34 which is acceptable.
Part d. Shown above, plus maximum backup is 0.2320 on plate 31 (acceptable) and maximum
weir loading is 0.0204 m2/s on plate 31, which is marginal.
276
L D
MIN
min
1 point for b.
2 points for c.
If the feed rate is consistently one half the design capacity, the entire economy of scale will be
lost. In addition, distillation columns probably operate at lower than design efficiencies.
F
C
Can also derive coupled systems.
277
F
T
C
11.B5.
B
X
OR
X
C
11.C.1. New Problem for 3rd edition. Take the log of both sides of Eq. (11-2).
log (cost A/cost B) = (exponent) log (size A/size B)
log (cost A) log (cost B) = (exponent) [log (size A) log (size B)]
exponent = [log (cost A) log (cost B)]/ [log (size A) log (size B)]
11.D1.
NOTE: This solution requires the solution to Problem 10-D1. Estimate at feed composition
x = z = 0.5
1 K c7
a&b.
For binary, x c6
, y c6 K c6 x c6 . Use Fig. 2-11.
K c6 K c7
T = 168C: K c6 1.29, K c7 0.71, x c6 0.50, y c6
(Guess was aided by solution to Problem 10-D1)
.645 .5
1.817
.355 .5
n
N MIN
L
V
min
0.645
.999 .001
.001 .999
23.13 stages
n 1.817
x D y 99 .645
0.7094
x D z .999 .5
278
L V
D
c.
L D
Gilliland: x
d.
L D
2.441
min
4 2.441
MIN
L D 1
0.3703 23.13
N 1
0.37027
1 0.3703
Fig. 11-1.
D2
cos t
$700 m 3 ,
7 bar, Eq (11-5), Fp
Qc
$844, 000
.5
10.71 0.00756 7
2.30
$ 209,800
4196 50 1 1
total
$1,054,000
500, B 500, L V
Vh D gives, Q c
$4196 tray
7 2.743
.5
L
VH v
$131,110
710 5.91 m 2
C P, tray
10.71 0.00756p
187.3 m 3
pD
C BM.tray
Fig.11-9.
187.3 m 3
area H
$700
C P,tower
vol
Tray cos t
Fig. 11-2.
$710 m 2 ,
area
Eq. 11-8.
CBM,tower 131,110
11.D2.
700 kPa
0.3117
N N MIN
Eq. (7-42b):
1 L V
min
0.8, L D
2000 lbmol h, V
V ho
4
2500
Hv
Hv
Qc
2500
hD
13,572
QR
C PL ,c 6 69 25
hB
13,572 Btu/lbmol
c6
Dh D
Bh B
1.8 F
C
Fh F
51.7
QC
44 1.8
4094.6
6711.69
Btu
lbmol
279
hF
CPL,c6 z c6
CPL,c7 z c7
80 25 1.8
hF
51.7 .5
50.8 .5
55 1.8
QR
500 4094.64
500 6711.69
3.423 10 7 Btu h
Q
U
1000 5073.75
Btu
110 98.4 C
h ft 2 F
where U is average from Table 11-2.
Condenser:
50
TAvg
32, 800 ft 2
1.8 F
C
3.39 10 7
Qc
3.39 10 7
QR
Reboiler:
2850 ft 2
110 70
2
Note these areas are very approximate. For detailed design need a much better estimate of U.
Costs: Condenser
180 156.2
2850 ft
1m
3.2808 ft
264.8 m 2
32,800 ft
1m
3.2808 ft
3047 m 2
Extrapolate $70/m2
1 atm, Fp
Condenser
Reboiler
11.D3.
1.0, Fm
C BM
3.29
$125
264.8 m 2
m2
3.29 $70 m 2
C BM
Cp 1.63 1.66 Fm FQ
3.29 C p
$109, 000
$702, 000
304 m 2
$811, 000
Very sensitive to U.
35, 704.6
Cooling water,
lb
$20.00
1000 lb
lb
Qc
C p w Tw
3.39 10 7
1.0
40
$714 h.
847, 500
lb
h
$
h
847, 500
lb
$3.00
1000 gal
8.3 lb gal
$306 h
280
11.D4.
D2
Vol
h pack
15 23.2
4099.6 ft
4099.6 ft
1m
3.2808 ft
116.1 m 3
Cp ~ $250 m3 packing
Tower 23.2 ft + 2 ft between sections + 2 ft top + 2 ft top = 29.2 ft
1m
h = 29.2 ft
8.9 m , Vessel Vol. 146.1 m 3
3.2808 ft
Fig. 11.1 Cp $700 m3 for tower
From Fig. 11-2
Fp
1 carbon steel , C BM
C p 2.25 1.82
Packing, Fm
4.1.
C BM
244, 855
Total
$661,000
Does not include cost distributors, supports, hold down plates, etc.
11.D.5. New Problem for 3rd edition. n = [log (cost A) log (cost B)]/[ log (size A) log (size B)]
Let size A = 10 m2 and size B = 1.0 m2. The cost A = $400/m2 = ($400/m2)(10 m2) = 4000, and
cost B = $2100.
n = [log (4000) log (2100)]/[log (10) log (1)] = [3.602 3.322]/[1 - 0] = 0.28
11.D6. See residue curves in Figure. The recycle is pure MB. Mixing point is determined in same way
as in Fig. 11-11. Now mixing point splits into light (L) component methanol on B1 . Thus line
LM is extended to 0.0 mole fraction methanol to find location of B1 (0.73333 MB and 0.26667
toluene). We can use mass balance to find point B1 accurately. If D1 is pure methanol, D1 = 50
(all methanol in feed) and B1 = 150. Then from toluene balance 0.2 200 = 150 x tol,B1 , which
gives x tol,B1 0.266667 . B1
which is toluene product.
F Re cycle
B1
F .4
D1
Re cycle 0
.4
D2
B2
50.0 kmol h
0.26667 150
40
150 40 110
281
11-D7. a.)
60 x M,dist
b.)
50 , x M,dist
0.166667
282
Part b.
$1,326, 000
2 x F of Example 11-2.
Since Dia
Tower
F , Dia 2F11
12 ft
1m
Diameter
17
Volume
488.2m3
CP,tower
$550 m3
3.2808 ft
16.97 or 17 feet.
21.08m 2 .
$268,500
Fig. 11-2.
Tray cos t area ~ $750 m3 extrapolate , Cp,tray
CBM,tower
$750 m 2
21.08m2
$15,800 tray
CBM,trays
$569, 000
11.G1.
$1164 lbmol
a)
Col 1. N
90, N f
41 ,
L
D
8 D
60
20, N f
10 , L D
2, B
Col 2. L D
2, N
24, N f
9, N
90, N f
Which now meets specifications. Thus Figure 11-10a without recycle is feasible.
b.)
11.G.3. New Problem for 3rd edition. F 100, 10% Ethanol, 5.0 atm, Satd liquid feed
N = 10 includes partial reboiler, total condenser, D = 10, L D
284
P=1
NF = 5
NF = 6
NF = 7
NF = 8
NF = 9
NF = 10
Pcol = 3 atm
Pcol = 5 atm
L D 2
NF = 8
NF = 9
NF = 10
L D 2
NF = 8
NF = 9
NF = 10
QR = 52,948
QR = 53,029
53,148
53,175
52896.9 cal/s
QR = 67995.5
QR = 68022.1
67794
QC = -78614.5
Qc = - 74274
QR = 76435.3
7646 Qc
76264
71692.8
xD,E = .72033
.74564
.76332
.77539
.78037
.69964
.75453
0.76027
.69695
.74276
.74840
.69411
xB,E = .031085
.028263
.026298
.024957
.024363
.033373
0.027275
0.026637
.033672
.028582
.027955
0.033988
Size optimal feed columns. Sieve tray 1 uses 18 inch tray spacing at 85% approach flooding, Fair
calculation method for flooding.
Pcol 5 Max diameter tray 2 0.34867m
Pcol
Pcol
Part d. D1. 1.0 atm gives the best separation because the relative volatility is highest.
D2. The lowest Qreboiler is 1.0 atm. The effect of pressure on Qreboiler in this problem occurs
because the feed is always a saturated liquid at 5.0 atm. For the 5 atm column this feed remains a
saturated liquid and the feed line is vertical. At lower column pressures the feed flashes and is a twophase feed in the column. These feed lines have a negative slope. For the feed lines at lower pressures
the slopes of the bottom operating lines are steeper, which means lower boilup ratios, Vreboiler/B. This
means lower Qreboiler at the lower pressures. Another way to think about this is the flashing feed produces
vapor and thus less vapor is required from the reboiler.
D3. The lowest absolute value of Qcondenser is 5 atm. All columns have the same D and L/D.
Thus, V entering the condenser is the same. At higher pressures the latent heat of vaporization is lower.
Since Qcondenser = V, the result is a lower absolute value of Qcondenser at the higher pressures.
D4. The smallest diameter column is at 5 atm. Vapor density is highest.
Part e. Increasing pressure above 1 atm for the same purity requires more stages, but smaller column
diameter. Thus capital cost initially goes down. Above 8 atm the column must be designed for high
pressure operation, which makes it more expensive. Operating cost may go up if a higher L/D is required
to achieve the desired purity.
11.G.4. New Problem for 3rd edition.
a. (L/D)min = 1.3962 L/D = 1.5358. Obtain N (Aspen Notation) = 19 with Nfeed = 9 (on stage).
Distillate is 0.75056 ethanol and bottoms is 0.00005987 mole fraction ethanol. Q R = 569,172 cal/s,
285
286
By raising T or dropping p can make gas desorb. The direction of transfer of solute
controls whether a column is a stripper or absorber. If operating line (on Y vs X) is
below equilibrium have a stripper.
12.A5.
12.A6.
12.B1.
Calculate: N or y out , or N for A and y out for B, or m, or N for A and m for B, or L/V,
or feed composition, or b, or m and b from 2 experiments, or Overall Efficiency.
12.B2.
Two feeds, Sidestream, Reboiled absorber, Coupled absorber and stripper (see Figure
12-2), Interstage coolers (absorption) or heaters (strippers), Packed columns, Two
different solvents, Two different stripping gases, Add solid adsorbed to solvent (see
Chapt. 14). Cross-flow, Co-current flow, Combinations of flow patterns, etc.
12.B3.
12.C4.
Eo
Eq 12 22
N equil N actual
n 1 E mV
Eo
(10-1)
Eq 12 34
mV
L
n ( L mV)
n L mV
n 1 E mV
Eo
mV
1
L
n 1 E mV
mV
1
L
(10-4)
n mV L
QED
12.C5.
12.C6.
x
1
1 x
When
0,
When
1,
Apply Kremser as
Graphically,
L V
dx
dy
, b
dx
dy
dx
0 or x
yN
MIN
dy
, m
xN
, b
1 x
1.0
y1
x0
where y N
287
yN
L
For absorbers
mV
min
Thus as
Eq. (12-23) becomes
yN
yN
or
mV
1
y1
*
1
p tot
0.395
y1
x 0 .0001
0
min
3
b 0
yN
xN
min
y1
x0
min
0.395 x
0.0002
unknown
unknown
L x0
y1*
mx 0
min
L
x0
1.186
where y1*
mV
y1
yN 1 b
m
m
which agrees with graphical analysis.
min
yN
b for linear.
&1
mx N
Gy N
m x0
Gy1
L xN
xN
yN
unknown
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mV
L
n
n
5
39.5
L
unknown.
n
Eq. 12-30
y*N
0.004 0.0000395
0.0002 0.0000395
L
n
39.5
mV
L
mV
L
39.5
L
39.5
L
n
24.67
39.5
L
L
39.5
288
T & E be sure L mV
L
50
75
65
63
62
xN
yN
mV/L
0.79
0.52668
0.60769
0.62698
0.637097
y1
L/mV
RHS
1.2658 7.58
1.8987 3.90
1.64557 4.67
1.59494 4.895
1.56962 5.015
100
0.004 0.0002
62
x0
OK
0.0001 0.006229
There are alternative solution paths, but L = 39.5 is not valid, it becomes
Alternative: Trial-and-error McCabe-Thiele solution.
12.D2.
a)
n1
n1
p H 2S
423x
p tot
2.5
169.2x
x out
b) See Figure. y
c)
L
V
0.000036 V
0.0012 0.000036
x
L
V
y in
x out L
0.001164
10
5.82E 6
2000
Eq
yin
169.2
0.000012
LG
x*
7.09E 6
min
L
G
y out
0.0000036
0
200
G act
0
0.0012 0.000036
7.09 E 6
min
164.124
L
G
min
M = 1.2186
289
Vy IN
Lx IN
y out V Lx , Equil., y
y out
H
p tot
x out
x
10.96
0.274
100 2 10
0.4 10
p tot
x
6
10.96 10 0.4 10
HVx
L x IN
L x IN
0.4 10
16.0 10
0.274 atm
Can also do graphically, with Kremser equation (trial and error) or by solving mass balance first,
L
y out
x in x out
16 10 6 Then p tot H x out yout 0.274 atm.
V
12.D4.
Mass bal.
yin Vin
Lin x in
y out V Lx out
290
y out
y in
L
V
x in
Op. Eq.,
L
V
x out
L
V
x in
x out
12 0.0002 0.00001
y in
0.00228
x out
V
V
0.0, 0.00001 and point y out , x in
291
12.D5.
Kremser: Several different forms can be used. We will illustrate with Eq. (12-26)
written in ratio units.
*
YN 1 Yin 0.02, YN+1
mX out 1.5 0.06 0.09
Y1
N
Yout
0.50, Y1*
mX in
.02 .09
.5 .6
.02 .5
.09 .6
HETP
1.5 .40
0.60
5.88
12.D6. First, assume Nitrogen is an ideal gas: 1 lbmol = 359 cu ft at 0C and 1 atm
333.16
359
437 cu ft/lbmol at 60C
273.16
N 2 flow rate
2500 437 5.72 lbmol/h
Water flow rate: Ignore CO 2 in water. MWw
100, 000
18
18
5560 lbmol/h
292
H
PTOT
3410x
5560
Kremser: y N
0, y1
0.00875, y1*
n
mx 0
3410 9.2 10
0.03137 , m V L =3.508
0 0.03137
0.00875 0.03137
1 3.508
n 1
3.508
5.07
.4 3.508 1
G Wt
12.D7.
G mole
Yin
Inlet
869.4
29
y in
kg gas
h
0.172
0.172
1 y in
1 0.172 .828
29
Yin ,molar 0.2077
0.3543
17
NH3
0.172 1050 180.6 kg NH 3
2% remains in gas
869.4 kg air/h
0.2077
kg NH 3
kg air
3.612 kg NH 3
293
3.612 17
Yout mole
X wt
kgNH 3
kgW
0.05
0.075
0.100
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
M.B.
Ymole
0.007087
869.4 29
p NH 3
p, mmHg
p, mmHg
PTOT
1.30 760
988
y mole frac
11.2
17.7
25.1
42.7
64
89.5
119
190
275
380
0.01134
0.017915
0.0254
0.04322
0.06478
0.090587
0.12044
0.19231
0.27834
0.3846
X in L
G mol Ymol
17
L wt
17 G mole
X wt
Ymole
1 y
0.011466
0.01824
0.02607
0.04517
0.06926
0.09961
0.13694
0.2381
0.3857
0.6250
LX
wt
GYout ,
kg NH 3
17
kmol NH 3
Yout
Note: Units, although mixed, work in Mass Balance & in Operating equation. See graph.
Minimum Solvent
Slope
L wt,min
0.3543 0.007087
0.477 0
= 0.7279=
.7279 17 29.98
Actual Solvent, L wt
Op Line Slope
1.5 L min
L wt ,min
17 G mole
370.99 kg W h
556.48
L wt
556.48
17 G mole
17 29.98
kg W
h
1.092
294
295
y out
0.002
Yout
p tot
0.002004
2 atm
760. 2 mmHg
1520 mmHg
L
G
F2
.05
0.05263
.95
mol HCl
mol air
X out
F1 1.0, G=.8
y1IN
YIN
.2
.8
mol HCl
=0.25
mol air
Assume Water (not total liquid) flow rate is constant in both sections. Assume air flow rate (not total gas)
constant is each section. In bottom section G 0.8 mol air h . In top section
p
p tot
kg HCl
kmol air
1 y
0.0870
0.000583
3.8355 E-7
3.8355E-7
0.1905
0.016
0.00001053
0.00001053
0.316
0.43
0.0002829
0.0002830
0.47
11.8
0.007763
0.0078240.
0.563
56.4
0.037105
0.038535
0.667
233
.15329
.18104
0.786
840
.55263
1.2353
296
L
G(MWHCl )
(L / MWHCl )X GYout , X IN
GY (L / MWHCl )X IN
X Yout
1.275(MWHCl )
GYin
(L / MWHCl )X
X YIN
Y1,IN
0.25
X *out
0.002
*
L
(G(MW))
L MIN
(G(MWHCl ))
X *OUT
YFIN
0.8(MW)
0.69
Yout
(G(MWHCl ))
G(MWHCl ) YF2
YF2
YF2
G
G
YF2
.25 0.05263
X *OUT
YOUT
G(MWHCl )
X *OUT
X int er sec t
(G(MWHCl ))
L
0.05263
YF2
YF2
X int er sec t
L /(G(MWHCl ))
Yout
L (G (MWHCl ))
YOUT
X int er sec t
L.
YF2
YFIN
Then
YOUT
L MIN
YFIN
G(MW)
X
*
OUT
YFIN
YF2
G(MW)
X *OUT
YF2
YOUT
1.275(MW)
L MIN / MWHCl
0.05263 0.00200
0.69
0.22883 0.09355 .3224 kg water h
Since MWmin = 36.461, Lmin = 11.755 kg/h, L = 1.2407 Lmin = 14.584 kg/h. L/(MW)HCl = 0.40
297
298
b. M.B.
F2 YF2
X out
X out
Top
Bottom
GYIN
(L / MWHCl )X IN
F2 YF2
GYIN
GYout
(L(MWHCl ))
0.475 0.05263
GYout
(L / MWHCl )X out
X IN
0.8 0.25
1.275 0.002
14.584 / 36.461
(L / MW)
0.4
G
(L / MW)
1.275
0.4
0.8
0.3137
0.5
X IN
0, Yout
0.002, Slope
(L/MWHCl )
G
Arbitrary point for plotting:
X .4, Y .3137 .4 0.1255
Y .1255 .002 0.1275
Bottom from
X out 0.5561, YIN 0.25
To intersection Top Operating and Feed Line.
Need ~ 1.6 stages. Opt. Feed for F2 is Stage 1 (Feed 1 is at bottom.)
Check Slope bottom
.25 0
.5561 .06
0.3137
0.504 0K.
299
300
12.D9.
y1*
mx
m x0
n
Eq. (12-22)
169.2, b
0, x 0
mV
0,
169.2
L
0 , y1
x in
0.0012 0
0.000036 0
1 0.846
2000
0.846 , L V
200
y out 0.000036, y N
200
10
0.0012
0.846
10.69
n 1 0.846
y A in
y A*
out
4, m 1.414, L V
L mV
.65, y Ain
L mV
Equation becomes:
y Aout
0, y A*
12.D11.
V
L
y out
V
L
m x Ain
out
1.414 .02
.02828
x out
N 1
y in
x in
.02828 .552
.01267
y out V L x out
1
.65
.01267
0 .02
4.93 10
Any of the vapor forms of Kremser equation can be used but problem is trial and error.
For example, use Eq. (12-21) inverted for L m V 1
L
mV
becomes, .27
N 1
y N 1 y1*
L
1
mV
Set up table and try values of m.
y1
y1*
1
1
1.2
m
1.2
m
m
1.0
1.2 1.3
1.4
1.41
1.415
RHS .1344 0/0 .233 .2658 .2691 .2706
By linear interpolation m = 1.414. Note that m = 1.2 is a trap for the unsuspecting
student since L/(mV) = 1.0 and special form of Kremser is required.
12.D12.
301
X in
.796 1000
.204
796 kg solvent/h ,
.256, X out
.796
x
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
0.025
L
G
796
All stages
25,190
0.02564, Y1,in
0.975
0.0316
.0012
1 .0012
.001201
Equilibrium, y = 0.04 x
X
0.0526
.11111
.1765
.25
.3333
y
.002
.004
.006
.008
.01
Y
.002004
.00402
0.00604
.00806
.0101
Yj
Xj
Y0
Xj 1
G
G
Slope = - L/G = - 0.0316. Step off stages backwards (start w. stage N) since it is
different than other stages and we wouldnt be sure when to switch if stepping off
forwards. Need 4 equilibrium stages.
Note: Can also plot y vs X, since y ~ Y and G ~ V
Op. Line:
302
12.D13. New Problem 3rd Edition. Strip Vinyl chloride from water at 25C and 850 mmHg.
H
1243.84x
y
x
1147.904x
p tot
850 760
Want 0.1 ppm water leaving. Entering air is pure, L 1 kmole hr.
x0
*
out
x IN
y out
y1
y IN
1
y
N
1147.904
x out
yN
5.0
xN
x out
y1*
G
b and c. Want
y*out
1147.904 x IN
5739.52 0
x0
1171.33
5.0 0.1
G 2 G MIN
mix
L G
G MIN
0.00085373
L
F
x *N
n
585.665
1147.904
y out
Lx IN
For
L 1 kmol h , G
x IN
5.0 0
0.1 0
585.665
1147.904
n 1147.904 585.665
d.
kmol
585.665 (See figure for part b labeled HW5 Prob 1b). m = 1147.904.
c. Eq. 12-28
x IN
1 ppm
y out
yN
x out
Gy IN
y IN
Lx out
n 25.0
0.672944
4.78327
G
0.00170746 kmol h
303
304
12.D14. a)
yin
CH 4 Eq.
0.00129
L V
y CH 4
min
x*
y CH 4
y out
0.05 0.00129
0.0000645
CH 4
p CH 4
3600 x CH 4
p TOT
175
y CH 4 in
0.00129
20.5714
20.5714
20.5714 x CH 4
0.00006271
0.000645
CH 4
x CH 4
x in
Slope
0.00129 0.0000645
L V
min
L V actual
c) Ext. bal.
x out
CH 4
x CH 4 ,out
V
L
0.00006271 0
1.4 L V min 27.360; L
y in
x CH 4 ,in
L
100
CH 4
19.5429
27.360 V
y CH 4 ,out
y CH 4 ,in y CH 4 ,out
0.00129 0.0000645
L
2736
d) Use methane values in Kremser eqn. (12-22) to find N
20.57 100
mV
m 3600 / 175 20.57,
0.75183; y1*
L
2736
0.00129 0
0.0000645 0
n 1 0.75183
N
2736.0
0.00004479
mx 0
0.75183
6.11 stages
n 1 0.75183
e) Now use Argon values with N = 6.11 to find y Ar,out & x Ar,out .
m Ar
7700
175
Eq. (12-23)
x Ar ,out
44.00,
y Ar ,in
mV
44 100
2736
0.00024
y Ar ,1
0.00024 0
V
L
yN
y Ar,out
y Ar,1
y Ar ,in
y Ar ,out
1,Ar
0.00024, x Ar ,in
1.6082,
1 1.6082
1
y1*
mx 0
1 1.6082
1
1.6082
7.11
x Ar ,0
Ar
2736
7.11
0.60846
0.0
0.00024 0.00009397
0.00009397
0.00000534
305
0.00000534 2736
100 0.00024
100
y C4 x C4
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mV
L
mV
L
Propane is simulation: y N
m C4
0.17
C4
m C4 x 0,C4
.0006 0
.0000072 0
.83
L
n
mV
0.34
mV
5.882,
mV C 4
L
1.2% of the butane leaves as a gas. Thus,
*
y1,C4 0.006 0.012 0.0000072, y1,C4
1
60.85%
.17
2.39
n 5.882
*
0.0017, y1,C3
1,C3
0,
1.626,
mV
C3
mV
L
0.615
C3
N 1
yN
y1
y1*
y
yN
*
1
y1
L
1
mV
, y1
1 L mV
a.)
Equil.
y CO 2
H CO2
PTOT
yN
0.000298
5.7034
x CO 2 , H CO 2 25 C
1640
H CO 2
PTOT
x CO 2
1640
0.06579
x CO 2
atm
mol frac
2.134 10
24982 x CO 2
Basis: L = 1 kmol total/h. Assume L & G constant. Input = 2.1341 10-7 kmol CO2/h. 95%
removal = (.95) (2.1341 10-7) = 2.027395 10-7 kmol CO 2 h in outlet gas.
5% CO2 remains in liquid
x in
x out
.05 2.1341 10
0.106705 10 7 kmol CO 2 h
0.106705 10
1 kmol h
0.106705 10
b.)
306
Slope
y max out
24982
L
V
Slope
yin
24982 2.1341 10
5.3314 10
y max
y in
5.3314 10
x in
x out
2.1341 0.10605
max
0
10
L Vmax
x out
x in
2.62968 10
2.62968 10
max
Vmin
Since L = 1,
2.1341 10
3.803 10 5 kmol h
c.)
V 1.5 Vmin 1.5 3.803 105 5.704 10 5 kmol h
Conditions for Kremser eq. are satisfied.
CO2 Mass Bal: 2.1341 10 7 in
0.106705 10 5 out w. water 5.704 105 yCO2,out
y1
y CO 2 ,out
Eq. 12-29
2.027395 10
5.704 10
N
3.5543 10
x *N
xN
yN
x *N
x0
0,
y1*
y1
x *0
3.5543 10
24982
0.106705 10
2.1341 10
1.4227 10
24982 5.704 10
.0002 1.414
1.4227 10
1.0
n
12D.17.
x *0
L
mV
m
n
.0002828,
5.3569
mV 14.14
Can use variety of forms of Kremser equation, but cannot easily use forms with y*N 1 since
y*N
yN
y1
Do by trial-and-error
L/mV
RHS
y1*
.0083 .0002828
*
1
.0005 .0002828
2
15
3
40
2.9
36.699
L
1
mV
36.91
L
1
mV
N 1
2.91
37.02
307
L, x 0
11.5
p total
1520
0.00757 , x
y1
0
1
x1
0.0004,
y1
VT
yi
xN
Bot. of Column:
yN
y x
0.00757
0.0127
0.596
.00596
L
slope
VN
100
VT 150
100 , VF
Ext. MB: Lx 0
150 0.0004
xN
VN
.01, y
x0
VF
y F 0.003
0.0127,
23
50, L 100
VF y F
50 .003
VN 1 y N
Lx N
100 .0058
100
VT y1
0.0067
0.0058
L
V
yN
L
1
xN,
Slope
L
VN
100
1
100
1.0
308
c. Minimum L.
xN
yN
Eq.
L min
yF
VN
y1
L min
L min
VT
150
x0
slope
x
Pinch is at y F . x F
y F 0.596
L min VT
L min
0.003 0.596
Slope min
0.51653 VT
0.00503
0.003 0.0004
0.51653 150
0.00503 0
0.51653
77.48 kmol h .
309
.000024
1000 .01
0.00024
x H 2Sout
0.00000024
1000
Moles H 2S out in gas = (.000024) (1000) (.99) = 0.02376
0.02376
y H 2Sout
b)
H H 2S
Equil. H 2S. y H 2S
p tot
V
26800
x H 2S
15.5
H CO2
y CO2
p tot
0.02376
x H 2S
1729.03 x H 2S , m H 2S
728
x CO 2
0.00691
3.44
15.5
x CO 2
1729.03
46.9677 x CO 2 , m CO 2
46.9677
Can use Kremser eq. for H 2S design [dilute linear system]. For example, Eq. (12-28)
n
N
1000
mV
x*N
1729.03 3.44
H 2S
yN
0, x 0
*
N
*
N CO
2
xN
x0
x N ,CO 2
mV
L
mV
L
x0
1
0.000024, x N
H 2S
CO 2
N 1
yN
1,CO2
, with N
mCO2
H 2S
0.00000024
H 2S
0.16813
2.4807
0, x 0
2.4807 and
5.9479
n 5.9479
unknown, x*N
For CO 2 . x N
mV
0.16813,
.000024
.00000024
1 0.16813
N
c)
H 2S
L
mV
mV
L
x *N
x *N
x0
xN
L
mV
mV
L
CO 2
1000
0.16157
CO 2
mV
L
N
mV
L
0.000038
1 0.16157
1
.16157
3.4807
0.000031916 CO 2
Little amount of CO 2
310
23.78
Abs
y out
23.78
y IN
y
Slope
0.2
5
x
4.756x
118.90x
0.00098
4.756
x EQ
L MIN G
L MIN
x IN
735.302
Abs
100
0.00001
L act
y IN
y1* mx IN
Eq. (12-22).
0.00098, y1
4.756 .00001
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mV
L
n
N abs
459.56 kmol h
735.302 kmol h
V y abs,IN
y abs,out
Kremser Eq.
100 4.5956
4.5956
0.00001
L abs
x abs,out
0.000079
0.00020605
1.6 L abs,MIN
L abs x abs,IN
735.302 0.00001
x abs,out
0.00098
0.00020605
7.353
x abs,out
External M.B.
yN
0.00098 4.756
0.000079
L V
slope equilibrium
x strip,IN
4.756, b
y out
0.00013253
0,
L mV
0.000079
7.353
4.756
1.5460,
mV
L
0.64681
0.00004756
mV
L
L
mV
.35319
0.00098 0.00004766
0.000079 .00004756
0.64681
n 1.5460
n 11.1216
2.40889
n 1.5460
0.4357
5.53
311
Stripper
118.90 = Slope Equilibrium
y EQ
x out
0.015758
VMIN
y IN 0
118.90x N
118.90 0.00013253
0.00001
x IN
x out,abs
0.00013253
x0
118.90
0.015758 0
VMIN ,Strip
VStrip
y Strip out
128.6037
0.00013253 0.00001
MIN
Strip
735.302
L Strip 128.6037
1.5 5.718
VStrip y Strip IN
5.718 kmol h.
128.6037
8.576 kmol h.
L Strip x Strip IN
x Strip out
VStrip
yStrip,IN
yStrip,out
8.576
x *N
0.010506,
yN
118.9
Kremser (12-28)
x *N
x *N
x0
xN
L
mV
L
mV
n mV L
n
0.00013253 0
0.00001 0
0.27889
735.302
mV
118.90 8.576
0.721106
4.54
n 1.38676
0.22. y
L 75, V 150, L V
External M.B.:
Lx N
xN
Vy1
V
L
Lx 0
yN
Vy N
y1
0.721106
Kx
0.006, y
0.00132
0.5
2 0.003 0.0004
0.0052
Points x 0 , y1
0, 0.0004 , and x N , y N 1
0.0052, 0.003 are on op. line.
Plot Op. Line. See graph (labeled 12.D.b). 2 stages more than sufficient.
312
313
12D23.
Apparatus similar to Figure 12-2, except part of treated gas is heated and used as stripping gas.
Absorber: Work in terms of mole ratios.
Yi n .15 .85 0.1765, Yout 0.005 .995
1400 .85
Equilibrium: y
0.00502, X in
800 .995
0.005 .995
0.00502
.05
.1
.15
.2
x
0
X
0
.0526
.1111
.1765
.25
y
0
.025
.05
.075
.1
L
X in ,
Y
0
.0256
.0526
.0811
.1111
L
0.669
G
G
1190 .1765
1190 00502
796 X out
Yin
X out 0.00502 same as X in abs , L 796 mol solvent day, have 4 stages
Stripper equilibrium: y = 3 x. Convert to mole ratios.
x
0
.025
.05
.075
.1
.15
X
0
.0256
.0526
.0811
.111
.1765
y
0
.075
.15
.225
.3
.45
Y
0
.0811
.1765
.290
.4286
.818
Yin , X out .
L slope
796 1.0998
314
315
12.E1.
Liquid Water
lg Nitrobenzene
0.00812 gmole
999 g water =
55.4507
F
L F C where C
28.1 10
L
mV
S Vout
99 61.8
18.0314
37.2g water , C
2.0648 mol
0.9998535
0.0001465
wt. frac.
moles
Mol frac.
4
g nitrobenzene 2.2825 10
999.9997 18.016 55.5062
1000 28.1 10 3 g water
55.5064 mol
99 18.016 5.495 mol h .
4.11 10
~ 1.0
Effic
x0
xN
L
mV
x *N
x *N
L
mV
mV
n
L
N Eq
5.763
5.763
0.524
N act
11
Ref. Hwang et al, IEC Research, 31 (7) 1992, 1753 & 1759.
12-F1.
59.3
x 11.86x
PTOT
5
To be absolutely correct should convert this to mole ratios, although at these low
concentrations could use mole fractions with small error.
y
x
Y
, X
1 y
1 x
316
x in
x
y
X
Y
0
0
0
0
.001 .01186 .001001 .012
.0015 .01779 .001501 .01810
.002 .02372 .002003 .0243
Change specified conditions to mole ratios.
0, X in 0; yin .02, Yin .02041; y out .002; Yout .002003; x out .001, X out
See Figure for plot of operating line, equilibrium and stages. N = 3.3
Height
5
ft
HETP
1.515
N
3.3
equil stage
Yin Yout
L
.02041 .002003
18.4
G
X out X in
.001001 0
If use mole fractions find L/V = 18.0
12.F2.
K E 26.0, K p 0.6, K
After one pass of mass balance obtain:
.001001
0.019
317
xi,1
ethane
0.032
pentane
0.005
octane
0.963
xi,2
xi,3
0.035
0.033
0.031
0.162
0.934
0.805
yi,1
0.975
0.003
0.021
yi,2
yi,3
0.962
0.885
0.019
0.099
0.019
0.016
a) N
4, L
570, y A,out
0.00317
b) N
8, L
500, y A,out
490, y A
480, y A
99.15 F.
0.00358
0.00337
0.9991009, 0.00024691,
0.00019067, 0.0004617
f. Outlet mole fractions of liquid leaving absorber 0.012878, 0.0310992, 0.0198928,
0.93612992
g. Outlet gas flow rate
161.6478 kmol/h
h. Outlet liquid flow rate
213.352
kmol/h
i. Highest temperature in column
19.1287
C and stage it occurs on 8
318
The amount of solvent should be increased. This will decrease F/S and move the mixing
point M towards S. As a result the saturated extract product E N will be moved down
(less solute). The difference point will be moved towards the triangular diagram. The
combined effect will be that fewer stages are required. By adjusting F/S a condition
requiring exactly two stages can be found.
13.A5.
The vertical axis will be the extract phase and the hypotenuse will be the raffinate phase.
These will be connected by tie lines. Usual procedure can be used.
13.A7.
Situation where E = R and point is at infinity. All operating lines are parallel.
However, this does not correspond to minimum number of stages in extraction.
13.A.11 c.
13.A12. a. C will be spread out and go into both raffinate and extract streams.
b. C will concentrate around the feed edge. If C is very dilute in the feed, can concentrate C.
Then by stopping the feed but continuing to flow solvents, solutes A and B can be
removed. Solute C can now be collected by withdrawing a stream near the feed stage.
13.B1.
Specify:
T, p, z A , z B , F, x Ao , x B , y A N , y BN plus:
y B1 , R, E, N F
x B N , R, E, N F
x A N , R, E, N F
R, E, y B1 , x A N
N, N F , y A1 , E
N, N F , x B N , R
N, N F , x A N , R, etc.
Could also not be given one of standard variables (such as solvent concentration).
13.B2.
a).
One can build stages which are cross-flow (e.g. see Figure 12-12) within a countercurrent cascade. This effectively increases stage efficiency. Not that upward flowing less dense
liquid will be mixed.
b.)
Build chambered stages within a counter-current cascade to prevent mixing of the
dense liquid and give better cross flow on each stage.
c.)
Put in baffles to prevent MIXING of both less and more dense liquids. This will be
more effective if counter-current is arranged so that flow across stages is always in same
direction (see sketch)
319
Assume that E o
Rj
xA
E o y Ao
R 1 x A1
Eo
R1
(13-43a)
xD
E o y Do
R 1 x D1
Eo
R1
(13-43b)
Ej ,
R1x D1
xA
R j 1x A j 1
E j y Aj ,
xD
R j 1x D j 1
E j y Dj
These equations are now in a form similar to the form of the mixing equations developed
previously. To develop the three point form of a straight line use the first equation to remove
from the other two equations, solve for R j 1 E j in each of these equations, and finally set the
results equal to each other. The development proceeds as follows:
Use
Ej
Ej
Rj
xA
Solve for R j
R j 1x A j 1
Ej ,
Rj
Ej
E j yA j , E j
yAj
xA
xAj 1
xA
Rj
Rj
Ej
xD
R j 1x Dj 1
yDj
xD
xDj 1
xD
yAj 1
xA
x Dj 1
xD
E j y Dj
This last equation says that the slope of the line between the points
xD , xA
y D j , y A j and
and
thus the lines are colinear. Furthermore, the lever-arm rule is valid for this system.
13.D1.
320
E
44, R
is on op. line. E
2.273
0.0037 . Thus, cannot get to x o
and point x N , y N
x N yN 1
E
100 , Slope R E
0.001, 0.0
0.012 .
74 and R E 1.35 .
44 30
44 0
0.001, but y N
30 0.004
0.00162
74
At x 0.001, equilibrium value of y 1.613 x 0.001613 . Alternative works, but
have pinch point and need very large number of stages.
Still want x N
0.00145 69
0.012 100
0.001 100
0.0174
69
Op line closer to equilibrium require lot more stages.
20 0.004
If use 20 kg/min of 0.004 butanol: y N 1
0.00125
64
0.00125 64 0.011 100
R E 100 64 1.5625 , y1
0.01844
64
Will also work. Becoming close to pinch at top equil y1* 0.019356
y1
If 15 kg/min, y N
15 .004
1
0.0010, R E
59
1.0010 59
y1
0.011 100
100 59 1.6949
0.1964
59
y1*
m eq
0.19356
Wont work.
Thus, there is a small range where option c will work, but with many stages.
13.D2.
20, E
20, x IN
Kremser equation
Eq (13-11)
x F , y IN
0, m
20
mE
8.333 20
y1
yN
y1 8.3333 x F
y
1
*
1
y1*
8.3333 x F
8.3333, b
0.12 , y1*
R
mE
N 1
R
mE
1-0.12
1- 0.12
0, N
mx 0
2
8.3333 x F , y N+1
7.3460 x F , y1
0.9873 x F
321
Rx F
Mass balance,
Recovery = 1 x N x F
Rx N
Ey1 , x N
0.01269 x F
20
0.9873 , which is higher than 0.963 obtained in cross-flow.
R .013
Where R = 100 and the unknowns are E and yout.
y out
and Equilibrium:
1.613 x out
E
E .001
1.613 .007
R .013 .007
y out
20 x F 19.746 x F
R .007
0.01129
100 0.006
0.001
E y out
0.01129 0.001
58.309 kg h
y 1.613x
1.613
y
y out
0.01129
R
from graph
.001
x out
.007
0.001 0.01129
0.013 0.007
R
1.715
1.715
58.309
.013
322
E, y1
x0
y2
y1
Or
Op. Line:
Eq.
R, x 0
R E
Slope
y1
Points x1 , y 2 ,
R
E
x0
x 0 , y1
x
where y 2
x1
On Op. Line
R, x1
E, y 2
y2
y1,in
y1,IN
x1
R
Slope
known, N = 1
If Eq. line is straight, can Use Kremser with N=1.
E
Both representations are correct. Treating similar to a flash is easier.
13.D4.
Since concentrations are low, use wt. fractions and total flow rates.
Equilibrium: y 0.828 x or m 0.828
550 lb h, E
mE R
700 lb h, x 0
1.0538 and R mE
*
1
b
n
0.828 .0097
mE
1
R
yN
R
1
x0
xN
n
.0003
550
0.0003,
.00046
0.0075
0.00803
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
n
y1
0.00046, y N
.94893
mx IN
0.0097, x N
R
mE
0.0097
700
.0077316
.0538
.0004716
mE
R
550
700
1.5038
33.6
n .94893
x0
0.005, x N
0.0003, y N+1
0.0001,
0.862664
mE
.862664
1.159
323
Since
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mE
R
n 1 1.1592
N
where
y1
yN
x0
E
1.52637
mE
R
R
mE
0.0001 0.00414
0.0034571 0.00414
xN
1.1592
n0.862664
400
0.0001
0.005 0.0003
560
0.003457
10.332
0.14773
Alternate solution: Eq. (12-28) becomes
L
R, V
yN
x *N
E , N
0.0001
b)
x *N
x *N
x0
xN
R
mE
0.000120773 , N
0.828
yN
R E
0.0001
xN
y1
Part b.
x0
E
100
yN
R
1
0.005
140
Kremser Eq.
slope
x0
0.0003
y1
min
0.005
10.332
.14773
0.828 x 0
y1*
Slope = 0.828
n mE R
1.52637
y1*
Equil.
y
R
mE
min
yN
x0
E MIN
xN
0.828 0.005
0.00414
0.00414 0.0001
0.005 0.0003
R 0.85957
400
0.85957
0.85957
465.3 kg h
Ext. M.B.
xN
0.0002
100
140
0.0005
0.003414
324
Convert
yN
E, x *N
100
0.0002
1.208
0.00016556
0.5913
mV
mE
1.208 140
Lots of different forms can be used.
n
N
For example
0.4087
N
Part c.
x *N
x *N
L
mV
n mV L
n
Becomes
x0
x0
L
1
mV
x0
xN
R
mE
x *N
x *N
R
mE
n mE R
0.005 0.00016556
0.0005 0.00016556
1
n
0.5913
0.5913
1.8717
0.5254
Eq.
y EQ
3.6
y 1.208x
1.208x
0.00604
R
E MIN
y N 1 0.0002
y 1.208x
xN
R
0.0005
slope
x0
0.005
0.00604 0.0002
1.29777
0.005 0.0005
R
100
E MIN
77.05
1.29777 1.29777
Maximum extract out y EQ x 0
0.00604.
Part d. The roles of extract and diluents are switched in the two problems, which changes the definitions
of y and x.
E MIN
13.D7.
Equilibrium:
30, R
500, y N
0.828x, m
0.0002, x 0
0.828, x *N
yN
0.0111, x N
.828
0.00037
0.00024155
325
Since rather dilute and linear equilibrium use one of the Kremser equations.
n
N
Where
E
500
x *N
x *N
R
ME
(12-28 (modified))
mE
n
R
x0
x *N
xN
x *N
R/mE
1.21
Calculated N
Negative-Not possible Need
0.8626
.929
.9435
.945015
700
650
640
639
xo
xN
R
mE
R
mE
By linear interpolation need E ~ 639.6 kg/h. Can use other forms of the Kremser equation.
Was 13.D10 in 2nd edition.
x is raffinate R L
Convert Kremser
y
y extract, V E
13.D8.
a)
Use 12-31
xN
x *N
Other forms OK x 0
*
N
x *N
xN
x0
1
b)
yn
KE
R
KE
R
1 mV L
mV
L
K, b
1 KE R
N 1
R
E
x0
30.488 25
100
30.488 25
R x0
xN
0.00001376
100
y1
KE
R
Ey N
0.00092
Ey1
13.D9.
mx
100
25
y1
xN
0.00092 0.00001379
0.003625
m oleic
4.14, K d,linoleic
md,linoleic
2.17
.00495
326
y1*
m oleic E
4.14 750
1500
4.14 .0025
m oleic x 0,oleic
n
yN
0, N
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mE
R
1500
m lin E
750 2.17
y1 .00651
Recovery of linoleic:
m L x 0,L
yN
y1*
mE
R
5.44
.9216 ,
2.17 003
R
mE
N
R
1
mE
.07834
.00651
y1*
y1
0.01035
R
n
mE
5.44, y1*
2.07
.00651
.40866
Re c .003 1500
.00124796 y1linoleic
0.00526
th
x 2,out
1.02 x1
Fx F1
1.02 E R1 x1
1.02 E
R1
1.02 50
R 1 x1
E2
y 2,in
E 2 y 2,out
y 2,out
1.02 x 2,out
0.0099338 100
R2
R 3,in
R 1 x1
100 0.015
F xF
R 1 x1
1.02 E 2
Ey1,out
y1,out
x1
Stage 2
y1,in
151
100
0.0099338
R 2 x 2,out , R1
0.006579, R 2
R2
R1
F1
F1
100
100
100 70 170
327
x 3,in
x 3,in
Stage 3
x 3,out
x 4,out
y 4,out
0.006579 100
0.005 70
170
0.0059286
E3
y3,in
E 3 y3,out
R 3 x 3,out
1.02 x 3,out
R 3 x 3,in
1.02 E 3
R 4 x 4,out
y 4,out
x F2 F2
R 3,in
R 3 x 3,in
y3,out
Stage 4
x 2,out R 2
E4
170 0.0059286
R3
y 4,in
1.02 50
E 4 y 4,out
170
0.00456
R 4 x 4,out , R 4
R3
170
1.02 x 4,out
R 4 x 4,out
1.02 E 4
1.02 x 4out
170 0.00456
R4
51 170
0.003508
0.003578
328
329
13.D11.
2501, E
Equilibrium: K D
E 1000
xN R
xN
.0475
.0475
2501
Goes through pt x 0
Bottom Op. Eq.: y
0.0000190 , y1
R
E
yN
R
1
y1
x3
0.17594
Rx in
.0475
.05 F x F
1000
2500
1000
0.0000025
y 4 0, y*1
1.2399
0.00742
Ey in
2.5
x N through point x N , y N
1 1.2399
0 0.00742
y1
Overall bal.
0.00742
x0
m 1.613, R mE 1.2399 , y N
Eq. (13-11a)
13.D13. a.
y1
0, y1 . Slope
E
Need 8 stages (see Figure).
13.D12.
.95 F x F
Ey out
mxin
0 , R E
0.00742
0.17594
0.00742
10 0.0046
0.006114
5 0.006114
10
,out
2.501
0.00154
0.3 kg out
0.0003
330
O xy
0.15 0.005
0.25 , x O,out
0.00025
0.00075
R
E
For para
0.00075 0
max,ortho
y max
0.08 0.003
0.00024
0.00024 0
0.003 0.0003
max,para
0.1579
0.005 0.00025
1000
E min
0.08888
0.08888
11, 250
0.0592592
E
Can use Kremser eq. (13-11b) for -xy to find N
n
N
mE
1
R
y N 1 y1*
y1 y1*
mE
R
R
mE
m 0.080, R E 0.0592592, y N 1 0 , y1* mx o,p
0.080 0.003 0.00024
Mass balance: 90% entering -xy leaves w. solvent.
0.9 1000 0.003
y1
0.00016
wt frac
16,875
R
0.0592592
R
mE
.080
1.35
0.74074, n
0.300106 ,
R
0.0592592
mE
0.080
mE
n
331
0 0.00024
0.00016 0.00024
.35
1.35
n 0.30
4.012
0.300106
0.30016
Note: Can use other forms of Kremser eq if desired.
c. For o-xy check if recovery > 95%
R
1
*
y1 unknown, y N 1 0
y1 y1
mE
Eq. (13-11a)
N 1
y1* mx 0
0.15 0.005 0.00075
y N 1 y1*
R
1
mE
R
0.0592592
0.39506, N 4.012
mE
0.15
y1
yN
y1*
1
R
mE
N
R
mE
External M.B.
y1*
Ey1
R xN
Rx 0
xN
0.39506
5.012
0.00075
0.0029194
R x0
Ey1
R
a)
Ey N 1
% Recovery
13.D14. (was 14.D4. in 2nd ed.)
1 0.39506
0.00075
Ey1
Rx 0
16875 .00029194
1000
100
10.0
MF
15.0
SM
7.3584 E 5
98.53%
Once have M, use trial-and-error to find tie through M. (final result is shown). This
gives E and R. y A .115, yw 0.04, xA .23, xw .73.
b) Plot raffinate, R x A
.1 . Find tie line through this point (not trial-and-error). This gives
E. Draw Line ER. Intersection with line SF gives M.
S
S
MF
. Find S 85.7 kg/h.
F 15.0 SM
332
13.D15.
Since dilute, use Kremser equations. Assume units are weight fractions.
a) Column 1 at 40C. x N 0.0008, N 11,, x 0 0.01, E 1000,, R 100
Equilibrium: m
mx 0
1
1.022
0.93664
12
y N 1 0.001022
1
1
1.022
This simplifies to: y1 .093664y N 1 .00092628
y1
0.001022
External MB: y N 1E Rx o
which simplifies to:
yN
y1E Rx N , y N
1
1000
Solve 2 eqs and 2 unknowns: y1,coll
b) Column 2 at 25C: y N
y1,col2
yN
1,col1
1,col2
y1,col1
.6929 10 5 , x 0
1000
1 1000 y1
.08
1000 y1 .92
0.00092693, y N+1,coll
0.6929 10
0.00092693 ,
0, N
9, m
mx 0
Use Kremser to solve for R. This is trial and error. For example, Using Eq. (13-11a),
R
R
1
1
*
0.0328 1000
y1 y1
mE
0.007475
N 1
10
y N 1 y1*
R
R
1
1
mE
32.8
50
60
50.5
50.35
0.0183
333
c) Could be practical if ms were larger, and have bigger shift in m. A similar scheme is used
commercially for citric acid. Not practical here since have to pump around too much
solvent. In addition, benzene is carcinogenic and would probably not be used as solvent.
R E 10 8 1.25, R mE
13.D16. a.)
*
1
y
y1
m x A0
1.613 0.01
0.01613
0.0002 0.01613
xA
1 0.77495
1
x A0
0.77495
E
yN
E
1
R
R
b.) Graphical check works fine (not shown)
yj
13.D17.
x6
Note:
x6
R
Ej
xj
y IN
0.27044 y1
R
E0
y1
x j 1,
7.02498 E
10
Ej
0.01182
4
x N,countercurrent
334
MF
20.3
SM
4.5
4.511 S
F xA
100 4.511
M x A ( S .15
451.1 kg/h
.5 F .21 M )
S = 483.3
335
13.D19.
Equil.
Kd
Acetone
y0
xN
FD
1000 .9
yA x A
0
1
0, x 1
0.10 wt frac
Equil.
Y0
900
1364.1
0.005
X N+1
X1
0.10
.9
1371 .995
0.005
0.995
0.00503
0.1111
0.6598
336
XA
xA
0
yA = 1.86 xA
YA
0
0.01
0.03
0.0101
0.0309
0.01816
0.05448
0.01850
0.0576
0.05
0.0526
0.0908
0.09987
0.07
0.0753
0.1271
0.1456
0.09
0.9890
0.1634
0.1954
0.1
0.1111
0.1816
0.2219
External M.B.
FD
FS
XN
Y6
FD
FS
X1
YN or YN
0.6598 0.1111
0.06999, y N
Results pretty close to 13.D43. 2
1
2
vs 2
2
3
0.6598 .00503
YN
1 YN
0.0655
w i accuracy of graphs.
Note: The graph below should read acetone, not acetic acid as the solute.
337
13.D20. a) Batch Operation Mix together & settle. Find fraction recovered:
R
R
Operating Eq.:
y
x
x 0 , R 5, S
4, x 0 x F
S
S
Which is,
y
1.25 x
1.25 x F
Equilibrium
8.333 x, m
8.333
R S x 0
m
x t,final x F
Recovery = 99.87%.
exp
0.8 8.33
y iN
1.25 x F
R S
0.8
9.583
1
8.333
0.1304 x F
x t ,final
xF
0.00127
338
F1 x AF
Then
F2 x AF
S y AS
x AM
F1 x A F
F2 x A F
F1 x D F
M
F2 x D F
x DM
M x AM , F1 x DF
F2 x DF
S y DS
M x DM
S y AS
100 .6
50 .2
S y DS
350
100 4 50 .8
350
0.2
0.229
Plot M. Find tie line through M. (See figure.) This gives location of points E and R.
Find x DR 0.48, x AR 0.42, y AE 0.06, y DE 0.05 .
b.
Mass balances: M
E R and Mx AM
Ey AE
Rx AR
Chord
.1
.4115
Ds 2
0.5115
Center
Interface
(length = C)
arc
.1
C/2
.1
C
2
1.00326 m
339
Draw right triangle for interface below center to calculate new perimeter.
0.1
.1
sin
.1955
11.274
r
.5115
Then angle of arc,
180 2
157.452
3.14159 0.5115 157.452
r
Length of
arc
1.4056
180
180
Perf C arc length 2.4089m
Mensuration formulas are from CRC Standard Mathematical Table.
Re settler
4Q
Perf
4 0.006 998
2.4089 0.95 10
10, 466
a) F S 500 300 M
S y AO 500 .3 0 M x AM x AM
150 800
0.1875
Mass balances: R1
E1
800 , 0.84R
0.02E
0.43M
Solve simultaneously, E1 ~ 400, R1 ~ 400 (Note: More accurate than pyrdine values.)
R 1 S2
b)
R1x A1
S2 y A0
60
x pyr M 2
700
R 2xw2
E2 yw 2
R2
Solve simultaneously: E 2
400 300
700
400 0.15
0.053 ; y w 2
M x m2w 0.945 R 2
M
60
M 2 x AM 2
0.086
0.120; x pyr2
E2
M2
0.005, x w 2
0.005 E 2
0.945
700 0.48
700
346 and R 2
354
340
341
FM
MS
Find:
F S
R1
MR
ME
R1
FM
MS
207.04 kg h , E1
R1
E 1M 1
E1
M 1R 1
292.95
Note: Isotherms are very sensitive. Thus, calculation is not extremely accurate.
Stage 2: Mass balance R 1 S2
M2
507.04
R2
S2
M 2R1
E1
M 2S 2
Find M 2 and from tie line through M 2 find R 2 . Then can find R2 and E2 from mass balance
(given above) and new application of lever arm rule,
Solving simultaneously, R 2
R2
E 2M
E2
R 2M
196.16 kg h. E 2
310.88
342
13.D25 (was 14.D9. in 2nd ed.) a. Draw lines from S to F and from R 1 to E N . Intersection gives point
M (see Figure). Then from lever-arm,
b.
FM
SM
1.25 S
is at intersection of lines E N R N
1.25 2000
2500
343
R1 E 0
EN
SM SF 15 57
F S R1
y AE
E0
MF
E0M
1.112
y wE0
R1
R1
R 1 5600, R 1
6830
0 (Pure solvent)
Solve simultaneously, R1
770 kg/h.
E0
64.25, E N
0.18
EN
MR 1
R1
ENM
146.95 kg/h
344
345
2)
Ej
Rj
EN
E N x AN
xA
RN
1500
R N 1x A N 1
0.06666
RN
R N 1E N
EN
1.5
Mass Balance: E 0
0.275, x D1
RN
E 0 0.13
and
R1
E N E0
1000 0.4
Solving simultaneously, R 1
13.D29 (was 14.D16. in 2nd ed.)
0.675 and E 0 y A1
R1
EN
R 1 0.275
655 kg/h, E 0
.13, and y D 0
RN
0.0 .
R 1 1500
2500 0.2
2155 kg/h
dist. S to M
S
F 0.786 1000 0.786 1272 kg/h.
dist F to M
Mass balance
Give S
0.786
346
Solve simultaneously:
2321 and S
yN
y1
x1
Soln. b.)
y1*
y1
*
1
R
mE
N
R
mE
y1*
mx 0
becomes
y1 m
0.01613
y1 0.01613
0 0.01613
1 0.30998
1
0.30998
0.7633696
0.00381684
0.00381684
0.0023663
1.613
Do mass balances and equilibrium for single stage.
347
Sy IN Fx F Sy Fx
0 0.5 100y
50x
also y x 1.613 . Solve simultaneously and obtain identical result.
Soln. c.
Do graphically as single stage system.
Soln. d.
Do graphically as counter-current system, N=1. Solution is valid, but awkward.
13.D.32. New problem in 3rd edition. Fixed Dispersed Phase.
Q sol Q feed Q feed
Q tol
At feed conditions
tol
Q sol
Q tol Q feed
Q feed
Q feed
Q feed
0.6 .006
Q sol Q feed
Q sol
.006 .6 .006
1
Q feed
Equation 13-48 operation in ambivalent range.
a)
.6
tol
.3
L
1
0.3
0.375
0.625
1.6
Q sol Q feed
1 Q sol Q feed
.375
865 0.95 10
998. 0.59 10
0.3
1.10235
0.375
The
1.10235 0.6614
0.625
Either phase can be dispersed.
1.0
b)
0.5 , also ambivalent range
d
2.0
.5
Either phase dispersed
1.10235 1.10235
.5
2.0
c)
.6667. According to 13-48 at border.
d
3.0
.6667
water probably dispersed
1.10235 2.2
.3333
5.0
d)
.8333 Equation (13-48), water (heavy) dispersed.
d
6.0
0.8333
1.10235 5.5 water dispersed.
0.16667
13.D.33. New problem in 3rd edition. t re s Vliq Qd Qc
1.5 min 90s
Qd
Qc
0.0072 m3 s , Vliq
90 s 0.0072 m3 s
Vliq
2d tan k
0.0254
d 2tan k 4
0.648m3
2d tan k
0.648
1.4978
348
d i2 N
998 kg m3 and
0.16558
8.335 998
4.0
8.335
N P0
.16558
40
d 5i g c where g c
1.0
0.95 10 3 kg m s
240, 064
0.95 10
0.034587
1.0 and
8.335.
(A)
0.146 and
0.146 865
d,feed
0.874.
1, B j
1000, x A0
1, B N
0.35, x D,0
E jK j
Rj
ENKN
E j 1K j
, Cj
RN
Rj
, DN
6 , EN
0.65, N
FN z N
1
, Dj
Fjz j
E N 1y N
1475, yA,N
0, yD,N+1
K A1
K A4
0.03
0.1
0.12
0.5
0.3, K A 2
0.15
0.14
0.33, K A 3
0.09
0.21
0.16
0.43
0.5, K A 5
0.5, K A 6
0.5,
0.24
0.28
0.32
For first guess assume constant E 1475 and R 1000.
Then
C1
D1
B1
E 1K A1
R1
E 2K 2
1475
R2
1000
R D x A ,0
0.33
1000 0.35
1475 0.3
1000
1.4425
0.48675
350
349
DN
475 0
-0.48675
1475
1475
1.4425
-1
-1
-1
1000
.33
.43
1000
1
-1
1475
1000
1475
.43
0.5
1000
1475
1000
1475
0.5
1000
1475
1000
0.5
1475
0.5
1000
-1
1475
1000
0.5
0.5
Forg
C Aq ,0
FAq
*
org ,1
Min
Forg,Min
Forg
b.
0.736 FAq
1.4 147.2
Corg,1
See Figure.
C Aq ,N
C
*
org ,N 1
0.10 0.008
0.133 0.008
0.736 200 L h
206.08 ,
147.2
Forg
206.08
FAq
200
0.736
L
h
1.0304
0.097
~2
3
4
stages needed.
350
Part c.
MW Zr NO3
MW water
2 1.00797
15.994
18.00994
351
Have
33.917g Zr NO3
and
1000 g
33.917
966.083 g water
13.D.38.
MWwater
18.02,
F 1.0 kmol hr ,
MWtoluene
92.14 , m
C toluene
C raffinate
C water
0.00023 ,
x IN
20.8
y IN
x out Fx in / F Sm
Note m m. m is equilibrium in mole fraction units. Assume extract has properties
toluene and raffinate properties of water.
F x IN
Fx out
Sy out and
C extract
kmole benzoic
m 3 extract
20.8
kmole benzoic
m 3 raffinate
Units on m are
y out
m x out
1
865 kg tol m 3
92.14 kg toluene
kmol toluene
1
998 kgW m 3
18.02 kgW
kmol W
122.71
352
1.0 0.00023
x out
1.0
0.0000275 , y out
0.06 122.71
If use m
13.D.39.
Feed is 0.1
1 equil. stage
1 .00023
122.71 0.0000275
1 .06 20.8
0.00337
0.000102, WRONG!
Lever arm:
10
10
FM
SM
x F,CC
, Alternatively
x M ,CC
x M ,CC
x S,CC
S
F
13.D.40.
S1
S
2
CC4
1
E1
E2
x M 2 ,acetic
16.6667
R1
SM 2
10
R 1M 2
x M2,AA
R2
x R 1 ,acetic
x M 2 ,AA
x Sacetic
x M 2 acetic
0.54
x M 2 ,AA
Find M2 and by trial and error find a tie line though M2. See figure on next page.
Extract 2,
yCC 4 0.046
y AA 0.065
Raffinate 2,
R2
CC
E2
x CC
x AA
R 1 S 16.6667 10
balance
Substitution
R2
0.018
19.40 and E 2
0.018R 2
0.018 R 2
0.57
26.6667
0.0046E 2
0.041 16.6667
0.046 26.6667 R 2
0.0 10
0.68333
7.16 kmol h .
353
354
E0
S 14.5,
1.0 , y CC
y TEA,0
1.45
x M ,CC
14.5
FM
10
SM
xN
1,CC
0.9
0.091
4,N
xN
1,CC
x M ,CC
S
y S,CC
F
SF 1
x M ,CC
y S,CC
.1
1.45 0
0.041
2.45
x1,CC
0.008
x1,AA
.58
Passing Streams
E N R N 1 & E O R 1 intersect at .
Very close to parallel. Use parallel lines to step off stages.
Estimate # Stages = 3.
Flow rates
24.5 F S E 3 R 1
CC
balance. F .1
E3
S 0
1.0
E 3 .091
R1 0.008
x TEA
Two results are reasonably close.
.418
x CC
0.0056
x AA
.577
355
356
13.D42. a. First, plot points EN and R1 on the saturated extract and saturated raffinate curves,
respectively.
Second, Find point at the intersection of lines FEN and R1S.
Third, step off equilibrium stages. Need about 3. See graph.
Part b. Easiest: use the lever-arm rule. Find mixing point M at the intersection of lines FS and ENR1.Then
S FM
0.81 F
1235kg / h
F SM
Can also write 3 mass balances (overall, pyridine, and water) and solve for the unknown flow
rates F, EN and R1. Unfortunately, this will not be very accurate because it is difficult to read the water
values accurately.
13D.43 (was 14.D5. in 2nd ed.)
E0M
1000
S 1371
FM
Line R 1M intersects the saturated extract curve at E N . x acetone
0.067 .
357
358
K Dm
13.E1.
Since
K Do
y m,N
Estimate: E
0.05, K Do
R
1
20, E
200, F 1
yo,N
0, x m,0
E .52F and R
200.52 and R
Recoveries:
0.15, R
20.48,
.92 .52 1
x ortho,N
x o,0
R .48F
R
20
E 200.52
E y ortho,1 or y ortho,1
0.09974 and
E
R
20.48
200
0.1024
0.002386
0.00203
359
x N,p
Part b.
xy
0.04 .004
Paraxylene:
Ka
0.080
m, E
20, 000, R
x
Eq. (12-28) converted to extraction notation is convenient. L
x0
xN
R
mE
x0
n
N
Part c.
x *N
x *N
mE
R
0.00016,
0.004
0.00016
ortho-xy m
.625
xN
xN
x *N
x0
*
N
yN
x *N
1000
mE
2.3025
0.
Thus
0.006, x *N
0,
0.625
4.899
0.470
0.150, x 0
1000
R
mE
n 1 .625
Part d.
m-xy
0.004, x N
.375
mE
0.150 20000
1000
1 mE R
1
mE
R
N 1
1 3
0.006
1.842 E - 5
1 35.899
Alternative Solutions are presented below for meta-xylene.
m 0.050, x 0 0.005, x*N 0, N 4.899 E 20,000,
mE R
1000, b
1
1000
Must use special form. But the L mV 1 form in terms of x is not available. Thus, need to
derive, or translate or find in another source. Looking at development of Eq. (12-12).
N x x0 x N
Solving for N,
x0
xN
x
yN
L
xN
V
L V
yN
L V
xN
360
x0
N
And solving for xN, x N
xN
L V
x0
x
x0
0.005
N 1 5.899
R E , yN
0,
xN
xN
xN
0.0008476
Alternative Solution: Redefine terms to match Eq. 12-12 [Relating y to solvent and x to raffinate is
arbitrary. Switch these definitions.]
y N 1 meta xylene in hexane 0.005
y1
m
Kd
0.05
20, b
yN
y1
0, L
N y1
20, 000;
L
V
x0
20, 000
mV
20 1000
4.899 y1
20 0
1 , V 1000
0
361
yN
y1
0.005
5.899
5.899
0.0008476
y EQ
0.080 .004
0.00032
yN
0
x 0,pxy
x N ,pxy
0.004
0.00016
0.00032 0
Slope
E MIN
0.004 0.00016
R
0.08333 , E MIN
0.08333
0.08333
1000
0.08333
12, 000 kg h
13.E.3. New problem in 3rd edition. Part a. Plot the equilibrium data and points F and S. Straight line
from power F to point S passes through mixing point M. Since amounts of F and S are equal,
M is at the half-way point of the line. Find tie line through M by trial-and-error. This is
difficult since tie line is very sensitive.
Approximately, raffinate x AR
and extract y AE
Mass Balances:
0.326
x DR
0.575
0.046
y DE
0.058
E R S E 40
R 40 E
Ey AE Rx A,S Sy A,s Fx AF 20 0
Solve simultaneously, E
18.0 kg , R
20 .4
22.0 kg.
Part b. First add solvent until reach saturated raffinate curve at intersection with FS line.
Initial Raffinate x AR 0.36,
x D 0.54
R INIT x AR
R init
Fx AF SINIT x AS
8 x AR
8 0.36
20 .4
SINIT 0
22.22 kg
362
x t ,final ,A
S
R
x t ,feed ,A
dx t ,A
yA
0.36 , x t ,final,A
x A,initial raffinate
0.292
x A,t
yA
0.048
0.046
0.045
0.36
0.326
0.292
0.292
1y
20.8
21.7
22.22
dx A
0.36 0.292
yA
0.36
Sadded
1.47R t
20.8 4 21.7
1.47
Eq. A
Sadded
22.22
R t,INIT
22.22 kg
32.66 kg
y A,added
y A ,Avg
0, x A,INIT
Ey A,Avg
0.36, x A,final
0.292
0.046
Sadded
d R x t ,A
dS added
0
yA
x t ,INITIAL ,raf
0.84986, xcarbontet
16.03923, x TEA
flow
flow
0.41361, x carbontet
11.63396, x TEA
0.91426, x carbontet
14.40527, x TEA
0.065042
0.54506
0.049149
0.016472 14.40527
In Out in Raffinate
Extracted
% extracted = 76.27%
0.23728
0.7627
363
.4672
8.533
Carbon tet remaining in raffinate 3 is 0.2758 kmol/h. Since carbon tet feed was 1.0 kmol/h, 0.7242
kmol/h was extracted. Fraction extracted = 0.7242/1.0 = 0.7242.
Part c. 3 stage counter-current with S set to give same fraction extracted as in part a (0.9181) and outlet
raffinate carbon tet flow rate of 0.0819 kmol/h. This is trial-and-error.
First trial: S = 20 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.0289
Second trial: S = 18 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.04045
Third trial: S = 16 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.0590
Fourth trial: S = 14 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.0908
Fifth trial: S = 14.5 and CCl4 raf 3 flow rate = 0.08104
This is close enough.
Final Results:
Extract 1
10.066
8.469
0.9189
.6786
Raffinate 3
14.433
6.031
0.0810
8.321
364
n
14.D1. (was 13D29 in 2nd ed.)
U
mO
O, R
U, E
x *N
x *N
x0
xN
U
mO
n mO U
1.0 0
0.09 0
1 0.8
0.8
4.96
n 1 0.8
xN
x0
N
1
1
xN
x *N
x0
*
N
mO U
mO U
4.96,
N 1
1
1
0.75
mO
1.0 50
40
mO U
mO U
N 1
1 1.25
1 1.255.96
1.25, x *N HC
0.0674 kg m 3
yN
1HC
Alternative:
363
xN
Note:
x0
xN
x0
HC
=0.09
H 2 SO 4
Thus, if one is clever and realizes change will be same for HC & H 2SO 4
since
mO
U
& N are identical , dont need to use Kremser eqn for part b.
.4 0.035
.4 .002
.5 yout y out
.0140 .0008
Need 6 2/3 Stages See Graph (Can also use Kremser eq.)
b. Mass Balance:
Op. Eq.:
U xj
yj
O j y jin
U
Oj
xj
U xj
y jin
0.0264
O jy j
U
Oj
xj
14.D3.
.5
0.4, O
0.2,
364
y
1
U=3
U=3
O
y
Basis:
O
2
3
y
0
in 3
in 4
O
y
in 2
2
0
O
2
1
y
0
in 1
1 kg CaCO 3 solids
U x iN
M.B.
O yiN
U
y out
O y out
x iN y iN
O
O
y out , x out at Equil (y = x) line
x in , yin
Point
Slope Op line
See graph.
Find
Recovery
x out
U x out
0.01 as basis
x in , 0 is on op line
x4
0.00127
x0
0.01
0.127
x4
1 0.127 0.873
x0
Recovery is significantly better with counter-current process.
365
14.D4.
0.8,
4, O
4000 kg/h
366
U F1
1000
kg
h
dry solids
U F2
UT
In section 2:
Slope
U F1
UT
yj
Intermediate feed at x
Slope
xj
L liquid
L solid
kg
.8
.2
U F2
1
1.0
3200
1600
U F1
O
xF
xj
kg liquid
h
kg liquid
2.5
kg liquid
4800
h
UT
y0
x1
O
UT O
In Section 1: y j
2000
kg liquid
L liquid
kg solid
2.5
L solid
1.0
0, 0.006
0.02
U F1
yN
U F1 O 1600 4000
xN
y N , x N+1
Also intersects Section 2 op. line at feed line. (Or calculate y N from mass balance). Equilibrium
is y = x. Step off stages (see Figure). Need 5.4 equilibrium stages. Opt. Feed is 4 th.
14.D5.
F1: 1000
kg dry
0.8, 1
0.2
1
1
kg dry
L solid
h
2.25
0.2
L
L under flow
kg dry 1
1
F2 : 2000
4000
h
2.5 0.2
2000 L
h
L
h
F1 5 wt %
F2 2 wt %
367
2000L
Liquid Volumes:
3200 L liq
U0
ON
4000 kg h , y N
x0
144 4800
Ext. MB,
0,
4000
1.2,
4800
ON 1 y N
y1
U0 x 0
1600
U0x0
xN
mx 0
n 1 0.8333
N
5 wt %
where
kg liq
h
1.0 kg L
0.05
kg N a 0H
kg liq
3200 0.02
0.006
UNx N
Convert to Kremser
O
V, U
L, m 1, y1*
Eq. (12-30)
kg liquid
U 0x 0
0.030 , x N specified
2 wt %
h
4800
FT : Total liqd h
L liq
1600
O1 y1
x0
x0
xN
4800
4000
0.030 0.006
0.030, mV L
0 0.030
0.0288 0.030
n 1.2
4000 4800
0.0288
0.8333
0.83333
8.83 or 9 stages
Use 2 feeds!
14.D.6. New problem in 3rd Edition. 2.5 kg wet is 1 kg dry solids-insoluble, and 1.5 kg underflow liquid.
1 kg dry solids
Part a.
10 kg total
4 kg dry insoluble solids
2.5 kg total
1.5 kg liquid
6 kg liquid. , Ov 10 kg liquid.
kg dry solids
Before 1st mixing: 0.05 frac BaS
6 kg liquid 0.3 kg BaS
0.3 kg BaS
0.01875 mass frac in U & Ov.
1st Mix:
16 kg liquid total
U
4 kg dry solids
Settle (6 kg liquid in U)
2nd Mix Pure Water
0.01875
0.1125 kg BaS
0.1125 kg BaS
368
External M.B.
3, x 0
xN
x0
x0U
y N 1Ov
y1
14.D7.
0.05, m 1, Ov
30 6
30 6
U x0
xNU
xN
Ov
xj
0.0003205
6 0.05 0.0003205 30
xj
y j,in
U
O
vol water
xj
y j wt. fractions
1
.4
y j,in , x j
x0
0.035, y N,in
yN
xN
0.002, yS,in
y N , y 2,in
1,in
0.009936
yN
y1Ov
Equilibrium:
yj
0.05 0.00641
6, x *N
30, U
.2
1.0 g
kg
cc
1000 g
0.4 kg
2.
yN
2,in
y N 1 , y1,in
yN
Start at stage N where x N = 0.002. Find y N then work backwards to stage N-2. This
gives inlets for first 3 stages so can then work forward (see Figure). Note: that stages 5 and
N-2 are not connected. 8 stages gives more than enough separation, but 7 is not enough.
369
14.D8.
x0 .
m Fsolv
yN
*
N
*
N
xN
xN
x0
x0
0 .
m Fsolv
Fsolid
1
1
xN
Fsolid
N 1
m Fsolv
Fsolid
1 1.121
x0
12
1.121
0.041
FSolid
FSolid
xF
Fsolv
Fsolv
1.0, x F
3.0,
0.055, y solv,IN
y solv ,IN
mE
FSolid Fsolv
13
0.055
1
1.18
0.01211 , y
3
3
b. x = 0.004. Solve for Fsolv .
xm E
Fsolv
Fsolv
FSolid
mE x
L Slurry stream
0.055 0.004
1.0
ySolv,IN
1.18 .004
G H 2 stream
120 lb h
x
1 x
Yin
G Yin
X out
lb CH 4
lb H 2
Yout
120
10.805 kg
CONSTANT
CONSTANT
100
100 lb h of H 2
0.0143 wt frac.
mE x
1.18 0.01211
y solv,IN
xF
xF
1.18,
FSolid Fsolv
FSolid
0, m E
1 y
in
in
30
100
X in
L
G
X
x in
1 x in
0.30, Yout
L
G
X in
Yout
0
lb CH 4
lb H 2
out
out
.05
.95
.0527
L X out
0.30 0.0527
0.206 , x out
.206
1 X
1.206
0.171
370
120
100
y = 1.2 x becomes
x
0
.05
.10
.15
.20
.25
Y
Y 1
1.2
X
X 1
1.2 X
1 .2 X
Plot Y vs X
X
Y
0
0
.0526 .0038
.1111 .1364
.1765 .2195
.2500 .3158
.3333 .4286
1.0
1000 kg m3 1.0 1
1500 kg m 3
0.4
400 kg
Thus
400
1300
Fsolv Fsolid
400
1300
10, 000
kg
h
3076.9 .
1.36
371
Op. Eq.:
Fsolid
Fsolv
Fsolid
y1
Fsolv
xF
x0
m E x is equilibrium.
1.36
R S 10 12.5
R S x 0
0.8, m E
1.18
y in
R S
g L in liqd
, x
g L in solid
Frac. Rec. 1 0.404040 0.5959596
x t ,final
S
1
n
b) Eq. (13-29b)
mE
x t ,feed
R
x t,final
x F exp
1.25 1.18
, equil. y
m E x, y in
0.8 x F
1.18 0.8
0.8
1.98
xF
0.4040 x F
350
2075
kg
h
in sol.
kg
h
, y in
Eq. (12-29)
14.D.15.
1.5
kg solution
kg insoluble solid
0.0, x *N
N
0, y1
n
xN
U0 x0
525 kg soln., x in
xN
O
x *N
x0
n L mV
525
2075
x *0
0.20, x out
0.2 0.00001
0.00001
0.0506, x *0
n 0.00001 .2 .0506
n 525 1.0 2075
New problem in 3rd Edition. With 1000 kg/h dry solids U 1.5 1000
0.0506
6.99 or 7.0
1500 kg h
372
y1*
Equilibrium is y
y1*
y
yN
U
0
Ov
b. Ov 1.2 Ov Min
1500
Ov
1782
Kremser:
Eq. (12-28)
x0
Min
x0
xN
Min
1 .99 .15
0.15
xN
0.15 0.0015
1500
Ov Min
.15
10101
1.0101
1485
0.0015
1782
0.84175
Ov
xN
0.0015, x *N
n
0, x 0
.15, m 1, U Ov
x0
xN
U
m Ov
x *N
x *N
0.84175
U
m Ov
m
U Ov
0.15 0
.84175
.0015 0
2.81
N
16.33
1
.17227
n
.84175
In theory, can use McCabe-Thiele, but it is difficult to accurately step off this large number of
stages.
U
1500
c.
Ov 2000,
.75
m 1
Ov 2000
n 1 .75 100 .75
N
11.29
1
n
.75
n 1 .84175
N act
15
E overall
N eq
11.29
N sub actual
15
0.753
n
N
.75
mE
n
100
.75
mE
mE
.75
373
x IN
y IN ,
0.06 0.005
y IN
x IN
x t ,final
x t ,feed exp
Part b.
2, U
x t,final
O
14.D18.
O
U
2, x t,feed
O
Part c.
2, x t,feed
0.06 e
x IN
x
x
y IN
22 kg water
0.005 0
Part a.
0.06
1
n x t ,final x t ,feed
0.02207
0.06, x t,final
0.005
U n x t ,final x t ,feed
2 n
0.005
0.06
4.97 kg
x in Part a.
E 0 y A,0
.2, S
662, y AS
y DS
F x A,N+1
R1x D1
R1
F x D,N+1 x D1
E1
M R1
F x D,N+1
1219.5
1662 1219.5
442.5
374
14.D19.
This problem is essentially a repeat of Example 14-2, except using exactly 3 stages.
Clearly, x A1 0.04 since now have more stages. F, E 0 and M are unchanged. Problem
is trial-and-error. Guess location of R 1 . Find E N and . Step off 3 stages and see if
have correct location of E N .
x A1
14.D20.
0.026 and y A3
0.38.
Although this is leaching, this cross-flow problem is very similar to cross-flow extraction.
We can derive
R j 1 x A j 1 E j,in y A j,in
x A Mj
R j 1 E j,in
M
Stage 1:
Rj
R0
E j,in where R j
1000, E1,in
M j x A Mj
421, x A0
xAj
yA j
yA j
.2 y a1,in
0 , x AM1
Find M on line SR 0 at x AM1 (see Figure). By trial-and-error find tie line through M.
375
R1
Stage 2: x A M 2
y A2
.18, x A2
R2
Stage 3: x A M 3
R3
.35, x A1
0.085
1254.9 421
.058, from tie line , M 2
1421
1254.9
.113 .35
1254.9 .113
.113, M1
1726
1675.9
1305.0
0.044 , y A,3
.09, xA3
.03, M3
1726
1323.3 kg/h
0.8 1.0
crystals
0.2 yNaC
Since crystals are pure NaC, NaOH is in liquid only. Since 20% of the underflow is liquid,
x NaOH 0.2 y NaOH . Generate equilibrium table.
376
x NaOH
Soln (y)
Mass frac NaOH
0
0.004
0.008
0.012
0.016
0.020
0.024
0.028
0.032
0.036
0
.02
.04
.06
.08
.10
.12
.14
.16
.18
y NaC
x NaC
.270
.253
.236
.219
.203
.187
.171
.156
.141
.126
.854
.8506
.8472
.8438
.8406
.8374
.8342
.8312
.8282
.8252
Feed is 45 wt% NaC crystals. x values: NaC (soln) = 0.5193, NaOH (soln) = 0.099, water 1-0.51930.099 = 0.3817. Since feed is 55% liquid,
x F,NaOH 0.55 y NaOH 0.099 y NaOH 0.099 0.55 0.18
,
y NaC 0.126
From the equilibrium data
F = 100, S = 20, Plot F & S and find M.
FM
20
,
SM 100 Tie line through M gives E & R.
E RM
1.119
R EM
(measured on figure)
E R 120 1.119 R R 120
R 56.63 kg/min, E 63.37 kg/min
R : Raffinate
0.833
E : Extract y NaC
x NaC , 0.026
0.16, y NaOH
x NaOH
0.135
z 1.0
Thus,
1 z 0.16
z
0.333 0.16
0.84
was 80% solids in problem statement.
c.
Same M. Plot
R1
draw line
R1
0.833
M to
EN
EN
R1
80.1% OK
120
1.137 R 1
EN
R 1M
103.5
R1
ENM
91.0
R1
120
1.137
377
R1
56.14
R1 : x1,NaC
E N : y NaC
E
63.86
kg/min, N
kg/min
0.845, x1,NaOH 0.01
0.152 y NaOH
0.147
378
379
14.E1a.
y oil
ysolvent
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.28
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.65
0.70
0.72
Note:
ysolids
1.0
x solids
z
0.20
.242
.283
.339
0.405
0.489
0.600
0.672
0.765
0.810
1 z
0.830
0.80515
0.7794
0.74683
0.71174
0.67159
0.625
0.598086
0.56657
0.552486
y oil z
x oil
1 z
0
0.01948
0.044115
0.07595
0.1153
0.16420
0.2250
0.26124
0.303399
0.3222
F x oil,F
S yoil,S
1000
0.252
1500
0.168
y oil,1
Mass Balances:
M 1S
M 1F
1500
0.34 E1 +0.922 R 1
R1
E1
Extract:
MB:
R 1 , 252
1040.3,
x oil,M 2
M2
E1
459.7 lb
1540.3
, R1 0.092
M2 xoil,M
yoil
1540.3
R 2 , 95.7
0.115 E 2
0.80 .
0.025 R 2
0.730
1
3
equil stages.
380
Lines E N R N
and E 0 R 1 intersect at .
381
382
14.E.2. New problem in 3rd Edition. Converting data is the difficult part, but is obviously identical to
Problem 14.E.1.
Basis 1 kg oil-free solids
x solids
y oil
ysolvent
z
0.20
1.0
x oil
1 z
0.830
y oil z
1 z
1.0
0.1
0.9
.242
0.80515
0.01948
0.2
0.8
.283
0.7794
0.044115
0.3
0.7
.339
0.74683
0.07595
0.4
0.6
0.405
0.71174
0.1153
0.5
0.5
0.489
0.67159
0.16420
0.6
0.4
0.600
0.625
0.2250
0.65
0.35
0.672
0.598086
0.26124
0.70
0.3
0.765
0.56657
0.303399
0.72
0.28
0.810
0.552486
0.3222
S
Rt
x t ,final
x c ,feed
dx t
y
S = Mass Solvent,
R t Mass raffinate (solids + solute)
x = Mass frac. solute (oil) in raffinate
y = Mass frac. solute (oil) in raffinate in extract (solvent)
a) M is now at saturated raffinate curve. x oil,M
0.21, x solids,M
0.63
Mass balance F + S = M
Solids .748F + (0) (S) = 0.63M
0.748
F 1187.3 kg R initial
0.63
S 187.3 kg
b) Now mixing is from S to a point on raffinate curve.
From equilibrium curve in solution to 14.E.1.
383
x oil
y oil
0.21
0.1625
0.115
0.0675
0.02
1 y oil
.54
.498
.40
.28
0.1
1.852
2.0080
2.50
3.57
10.0
R t final
0.115 0.02
6
Sadded
2.50 4 3.57
.1961
0.4241
10
0.6202
Const.
R t ,avg
or
Sadded
Stotal
R t init R t ,final
1187.3 923.5 1055.4
2
0.6202 R t,avg
0.6202 1055.4 654.6
Extract amt S
Stotal
Sremain in raffinate
Oil in extract
187.3 654.6
841.9 157.0
841.9
684.9 by solvent
0.252 1000
0.02 923.5
233.5
ysolvent
0.746
14.E.3. New problem in 3rd Edition. Solid Matrix is insoluble. Solids = (.748) 1000 = 748 kg. R t not
Constant, but Solid is.
Solids
Rt
x Solids
ydS
d R xA
Solids d
xA
x Solids
384
x final ,A x Solids
S
Solids
d x A x Solids
y
x A ,raf ,init
x Solids ,raf ,init
x oil
0.115, x Solids
0.115 .705
0.163
.3333 0.163
6
0.163 0.0247
6
Sadded
Stotal
1.852 4 2.008
2.50
2.50 4 3.57
10
0.3515
0.6173
Total 0.9688
748 0.9688 724.6 kg
911.9 kg
754.9 kg
385
x1 x [ B ( A B ) x1 ]2
Then take the derivative and expand all terms. The denominator becomes
[ A ( A B) x1 ]3 [ Bx2 Ax1 ]3 and the numerator simplifies to 2 A2 B 2 x2 . Multiply by x1. Q.E.D.
*
15.C7. With CMO and y as mole fraction, vmol
y Av A yB vB y Av A (1 y A )vB 0 . Since NA = -NB,
CAvA = -CBvB and for an ideal gas Ci = yi Cm. The total molar concentration Cm is constant.
Then, vA = -(1-yA)vB/yA (Eq. A)
In terms of mass fractions yA =(yA,mass/MWA)/[yA,mass/MWA + (1 yA,mass)/MWB]. (Eq. B)
Substitute Eq. B into Eq. A and simplify.
(1 y A, mass ) / MWB
vA
vB (Eq. C)
y A, mass / MWA
*
Then in mass terms vmass
y A,mass vA yB ,mass vB which after substituting in Eq. C and simplifying
*
vmass
(1 y A,mass ) ( MWA / MWB )(1 y A,mass ) vB . (Eq. D)
*
If MWA = MWB, vmass
= 0. We can write
vB = NBCB = NByBCm = NBCm(1 yA) (Eq. E)
where the y are mole fractions. Substituting Eq. B into Eq. E and then substituting this into Eq. D,
we obtain
1 y A , mass MW A
Cm N B
(1 y A , mass ) (1 y A , mass )
MW B MW B
vmass
(Eq. F)
y A , mass / MW A (1 y A , mass ) / MW B
*
Since yA,mass varies throughout the distillation, vmass
is different for each stage.
386
D. Problems.
15.D1. Dprop,water = 0.87E-9 m2/s. Eq. (15-9), J A , z D AB
dC A
J A , z D AB
dC A
dz
The temperature can be found with Goal Seek from a spread sheet, but one has to trick Goal Seek
into working. Multiply the desired and the calculated fluxes by 1,000,000 and have Goal Seek
match these two values.
15.D3.a. 0.181cm2/s, b. 0.198 cm2/s, c. 0.0725 cm2/s, d. 0.198 cm2/s
15.D4. a. 0.0875 cm2/s, b. 0.096 cm2/s, c. 0.175 cm2/s, d. 0.096 cm2/s.
15.D5. Use Arrhenius form in Eq. (15-23c) but for mole fraction 0.0332 instead of infinite dilution. Write
the equation for both known temperatures and divide one of these equations by the other. The
constant Do divides out. Take the natural log of both sides and solve for E/R. The result is
D (T ) 1 1
E / R ln AB 1 /
D AB (T2 ) T2 T1
The constant Do can be found from the known conditions at T 1
Do DAB (T1 ) / exp[ E / ( RT1 )]
Or from the known conditions at T 2. The results are: E/R = 1348.3, E = 2677.6 cal/mol, DAB
(x=0.0332, T=300) = 1.31310-9m2/s.
15.D6. Same equations as in 15.D5. At 298.16 K for the infinite dilution value set C sucrose = 0. Final
results are Eo = 4953.8 cal/mol, DAB(infinite dilution, T = 320K) = 0.92510-9m2/s.
15.D7. For an ideal solution the term in brackets in Eq. (15-22) is equal to 1.0. Write this equation for
two of the xA values with the corresponding diffusivities (e.g., x = 0.0332 with D = 1.00710-9
m2/s and x = 0.7617 with D = 1.22610-9m2/s). Then have two equations with the two unknowns:
o
o
o
o
and DBA
. Solve for the two unknowns. Results are DAB
= 0.99810-9 m2/s and DBA
=
DAB
-9 2
1.30810 m /s. Check results with the other two mole fractions and find that the fit is good.
15.D8. From http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/ the density of methanol at bp is 750.5 kg/m3 (used a
linear interpolation), which means partial molar volume = 1/(density/MW)= 0.0426 kg/m3.
Viscosity of water is 1.0 cp = 0.001 Pa s = 0.001 kg/(ms).
a. With B = 2.26, DAB = 1.4310-9 m2/s.
b. With B = 2.26, DAB = 1.5610-9 m2/s.
387
2
15.D9. Combining Eqs. (15-35b) (15-35d), vvertical ,max,liq 0.5 9 gq / Assume that the bulk is pure
1/3
water with infinite dilution of ethanol. From Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 8th edition,
(p. 2-305) at 1.0 bar (0.1 MPa) water has W,m,liq = 55.212 kmol/m3 W,liq=994.64 kg/m3 and
W,m,vapor = 0.032769kmol/m3 W,vapor = 0.5903 kg/m3. The water boils at 372.76K. At this
temperature, from p. 2-432, the viscosity of liquid water in Pas is,
W ,liq exp[52,843 3703.6 / T 5.866 ln T (5.879 1029 )T 10 ] 2.807 104 Pa s
The viscosity of the vapor at 372.76K is (p. 2-426)
W ,vapor (1.7096 108 )T 1.1146 1.2561105 Pa s or kg/(ms).
Now we can calculate the vertical velocity of the liquid water for q = 7.510-6m2/s (remember to use
liquid properties).
1/3
9(994.64)(9.81)(7.5 E 6) 2
vvertical ,max,liq 0.5 9 gq / 0.5
0.130 m / s
0.0002807
A check of the units show they work. The modified Reynolds number (using gas properties) is,
2
Re
1/3
(0.10)(0.5903)(0.81 0.130)
1.256 10 5
3195.6
/
The gas phase Schmidt number is Sc gas
The viscosity and density were found earlier.
D EW gas
The diffusivity of ethanol and water in the vapor phase at 372.76K and 1.0 bar = 0.98717 atm can be
estimated from the Chapman-Enskog theory with the parameters in Table 15-2. This value of DEW =
1.65810-5 m2/s. Then Scgas = 1.283. Since both Re and Scgas are in the range for Eq. (15-47a), the
388
17 const
1.86E-07
0.9 T^3/2
7885.202
2.9 sigma AB
3.3055
558.3 eps AB/kB 209.4812
1.1069 Linear interpolation table 15-2
1.90E-10
1.90E-05 Goal seek to zero changing B3
MW B
p
sigma B
eps B/kB
Col integ
17
0.9
2.9
558.3
1.1069
const
T^3/2
sigma AB
eps AB/kB
Linear interpolation
in Table 15-2
0.0000001858
=B3*SQRT(B3)
=0.5*(B4+D4)
=SQRT(B5*D5)
chkB7-B8 =B7-B8
chk x E5 =100000*D8 Goal seek to zero
changing B3
389
Calculate = 0.0001663 m, vy,avg = 0.090241 m/s, Re = 59.898. This is a long residence time,
laminar flow, with surfactant so there are no ripples. Sh avg = 3.41 and kavg = 2.28E-05 m/s, and
0.0001165 kg/s carbon dioxide are absorbed.
15.D17. Used a spreadsheet set up to solve Example 15-6. For = 0.001 meter one obtains xNH3 =
0.04988, yNH3,surface = .21593, Nwater = 0.5393, NNH3 = 0.0228307. The concentrations are the same
as in Example 15-6, but the fluxes are 10 larger.
15.D18. Part a. For two part solution need values at xE = 0.25 and 0.35. The average molecular weights
are calculated as in Example 15-5, and are used to determine the average molar densities. The
Fickian diffusivities are estimated by interpolating between values given in the Table in Example
15-5. The activity coefficients are determined in the same way as in Example 15-5. Then the
Maxwell-Stefan diffusivities are found by the same method. The values are listed below
MWavg
DEW, m2/s
m ,kmol/m3
DEW , m2/s
XE = 0.25
25.0
36.28
0.63310-9
1.9028
1.49510-9
-9
XE = 0.35
27.8
31.62
0.62510
1.5553
1.60910-9
Write Eq. (15-61c) for both intervals. For z from xE = 0.2 to 0.3 we obtain (values at xE = 0.2 and 0.3
are in Example 15-5),
36.28(1.495 10 9 )[1.7083(0.3) 2.1582(0.2)]
zN E
9.3445 10 9
1.9028(0.25)
From xE = 0.3 to 0.4 (interval is over length - z) we obtain,
31.62(1.609 10 9 )[1.4338(0.4) 1.7083(0.3)]
(0.00068 z ) N E
5.7027 10 9
1.5553(0.35)
Adding the two equations to remove the unknown z and then solving for NE and z,, we obtain
NE = -2.12810-5kmol/s and z = 0.0004223m
Part b. Since the interval z is greater than the interval z = 0.0002577m, we subdivide the interval
from xE = 0.2 to 0.3 into 2 parts. The values needed are given below.
MWavg
XE = 0.225
XE = 0.275
DEW, m2/s
m ,kmol/m3
24.3
25.7
37.625
34.99
0.65910-9
0.62410-9
z1 N E 5.5371 10 9
E
2.01976
1.79959
DEW , m2/s
1.48210-9
1.53210-9
( z1 z 2 ) N E 5.7027 10 9
and solved for the 3 unknowns z1, z2, and NE. Obtain NE = -2.238910-5kmol/s, z1 = , 0.0002473, and
z2 = 0.0001780m.
15.D19 (Optional, Unsteady diffusion) At the average C = 0.001 mol/L Dsucrose 0.5228 105 cm 2 / s .
Equation becomes
CA
C A,0
1 erf
z
4(0.5228 10 5 )t
Numerical values of C A / C A,0 are easily obtained with a spreadsheet or with the use of Table 17-7.
390
z, cm
0
0.01
0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
3.0
3.5
3.56
4.00
5.0
t = 1000 s
1
0.9221
0.6249
0.3281
0.0505
0.00335
9.16E-05
1.009E-06
7.61E-12
t = 10000 s
1
0.9753
0.8771
0.7571
0.5362
0.3535
0.2161
0.1220
0.6352
0.0304
0.0134
0.00538
0.00198
0.000206
1.49E-05
7.49E-07
6.2E-10
t = 100000 s
1
0.9922
0.9610
0.9221
0.8449
0.7692
0.6957
0.6249
0.5574
0.4936
0.4346
0.3788
0.3281
0.2406
0.1710
0.1177
0.0784
0.0505
0.00335
6.20E-04
4.99E-04
9.16E-05
1.01E-06
Part b. C 1.0 10 6 when C / C0 5.0 104 , which for t = 100000 s occurs for a thickness of <3.56
cm (Goal Seek gives 3.559 cm). Thus, at this time a layer 3.56 cm or thicker appears to be
infinitely thick.
Part c. C 1.0 10 6 when C / C0 5.0 104 , which for =0.10 cm occurs at t = 78.938 s (done with
Goal Seek on spreadsheet).
H. Spreadsheet Problems
15H1. Let A = air, B = hydrogen, and C = ammonia. Then NC = -NA NB. Substitute this expression
into Eqs. (15-65a, b)
m y A
z
m y B
z
y
y
y
B C A
D AB D AC D AC
yA
y
A
NA
D AB D AC
NB
y
y
y
y
y
B B NA A C B NB
DBA DBC
DBA DBC DBC
391
m y A
NB
m y B
NA
y
y
y
B C A
D AB D AC D AC
yA
y
A
D AB D AC
NA
y
y
y
A C B
D BA D BC D BC
yB
y
B
D BA D BC
NB
Put these equations and the values for mole fractions at the boundaries, diffusivities, m, and z = into a
spread sheet. Guess a value for NA,guess, calculate NB and NA,calc, and use Goal Seek to make
NA,guess - NA,calc = 0 by changing the value of N A,guess.
Results Nair = -6.209E-5, NH2 = 14.026E-5, and NNH3 = -7.817E-5 kmol/s. As expected hydrogen
diffuses in the positive direction and ammonia in the negative direction. The surprise is the
substantial negative diffusion rate of air. (Spreadsheet shown in 15.H4, but with different
numbers.)
15.H2. Used a spreadsheet set up to solve Example 15-6. For a bulk gas that is 40% air, 15 % NH3 and
45% water obtain xNH3 = 0.05596, yNH3,surface = .24225, Nwater = 0.032964, NNH3 = 0.001955 kmol/s
15.H3a. See solution to 15.H1 for procedure and 15.H4 for example spreadsheet.
Results: Nair = -1.87E-8, NH2 = 2.98E-7, NNH3 = -2.80E-7 kmol/s.
b. For ammonia Deff = 1.5656E-5 m2/s. Estimating dC/dz with the difference approximation for a very
dilute solution, N = J = -Deff m y/(z)= -(1.5656E-5)(0.08928 kmol/m3)(.002)/(.01m) = -2.80E7 kmol/s. Thus, this is accurate. For hydrogen and air Dair-H2 = 3.0550E-5 m2/s. Then
Nair = Jair = (3.0550E-5)(0.08928 kmol/m3)(-0.001)/(.01m) = 2.73E-7 kmol/s. The same value is
obtained for hydrogen. The hydrogen value is close, but the air value is not close. Conclusion:
Use the Maxwell-Stefan approach.
15.H4. See solution to 15.H1 for procedure. Results: Nair = -5.903E-5, NH2 = 14.069E-5, NNH3 = 8.166E-5 kmol/s. Note the substantial negative diffusion of air despite the zero driving force.
The air is dragged along with the ammonia. The spreadsheet is given below (labeled as 15.D22),
first with the numbers, and then with the formulas.
392
HW 15-D22,
A=air, B=H2,
T
D AB 1 atm
D AB
0.000061100 D AC 1 atm
0.000030550 D AC
NA guess
2.000000000
0.000074800
0.000037400
-0.000059028
del z
0.010000000
yA z=0
yA z=
yA avg
yA/z
0.520000000
0.520000000
0.520000000
0.000000000
NB
NA calc
chk NA-Nacalc
100000 chk
NC
0.000140693
-0.000059028
0.000000000
0.000000000
-0.000081665
y B z=0
yB z=
yB avg
yB/z
0.089278949
0.480000000 y C z=0
0.000000000 yC z=
0.240000000 yC avg
-4.285389534
0.000000000
0.480000000
0.240000000
kmol/s
kmol/s
Goal seek to zero
change B10
HW 15-D22,
A=air, B=H2,
T
D AB 1 atm
D AB
0.0000611
=B7/D3
D AC 1 atm
D AC
0.0000198
=D7/D3
NA guess
-0.0000590279043468439
del z
0.01
=D3/(0.0820575*B3)
yA z=0
yA z=
yA avg
yA/z
0.52
0.52
=(B14+B15)/2
=-D12*(B14-B15)/B12
y B z=0
yB z=
yB avg
yB/z
0.48
y C z=0
=B9*B11/D3
yC z=
=(D14+D15)/2
yC avg
=-D12*(D14-D15)/B12
NB
=(B17+(D16/B8+F16/D8+B16/D8)*B10)/(B16/B8-B16/D8)
NA calc
=(D17+(B16/B8+F16/F8+D16/F8)*B19)/(D16/B8-D16/F8)
chk NA-Nacalc =B20-B10
100000 chk
=100000*B21
NC
=-B19-B20
=1-B14-D14
=1-B15-D15
=(F14+F15)/2
kmol/s
kmol/s
Goal seek to zero
change B10
393
n OG
y in
dy
y
dy
y
1 y
n OG
1
y out
n OG
y y 1
y in
y out 1
y2 y2
1 y
y y
1
dy
n OG
dy
y out
y out
1 dy
y 1
y in
y in
y in
1 n
y out
y in
16.C4.
Since
y IN
y IN
y M,OUT
y IN
y*M,OUT
y M,OUT
0, E MD
*
M,OUT
y*M ,OUT
E M ,D
0, Fx IN
F x IN
x M ,OUT
m
F x IN
m x M,OUT
S yM,OUT
F x M,OUT
S y M ,OUT
F
S y M ,OUT
F
y M ,OUT
y
where y*M,OUT
*
M ,OUT
y M ,OUT
m F x IN
S y M ,OUT
F
y M ,OUT
E M ,D m x IN
1
mS
E MD
F
395
External MB y IN
E S,D
0 F x IN
yS,IN
yS,OUT
yS,IN
*
S,OUT
S yS,OUT
Equil : y*S,OUT
Substituting: y*S,OUT
y S,IN
E S,D
Substitute in
y S,IN
y S,IN
y S,OUT
E MD m x IN
mS
1
E MD
F
E MD
y S,OUT
m x IN
m x S,OUT
S
m x IN
y S,OUT
S
y S,OUT
F
x IN
y M ,OUT
F x S,OUT
yS,OUT
y S,IN 1 E SD
1
m E SD x IN
mS
E SD
F
E SD 1 E MD
mS
E MD
F
Equilibrium:
x D IN
x D ,S,OUT
x D IN
*
D ,S,OUT
y*S,OUT
E total,D
x IN
y IN
y S,OUT
y S,OUT
y IN
*
S,OUT
y *S,OUT
S
F
y S,OUT
m x IN
with y IN
S
y S,OUT
F
m 1
S y S,OUT
F x IN
m SE MD
F
E SD 1 E MD
m S E MD
F
mS
F
mS
1
F
E MD
E SD 1 E MD
mS
1
F
16.D1. (was problem 15.D1 in the 2nd edition) The corrected value of H G,E
1.41 ft is given in
Example 16-2. From the results of Examples 16-1 and 16-2 and from Eq. (16-38),
396
2.61
0.15
0.15
2.61
0.83 0.85 ft
2.2
2.2
mV
Eq. (16-27a)
H OG
H L H G where V L 8 5
L
The value of m (the slope of the equilibrium curve) varies throughout the enriching section.
From the McCabe-Thiele diagram used to prepare Figure 16-4A values of m were found from
y 0.442 y* .63 to y x D 0.8 y* 0.82 .
H L,E,cor
y
y*
m
H OG
y* - y
1
y* y
Arithmetic Average:
H L,E,Initial
0.442
0.63
0.441
2.01
0.5315
0.598
0.406
1.96
0.621
0.66
0.449
2.02
0.7105
.727
.5144
2.11
0.8
.822
.745
2.42
0.188
5.32
0.0665
15.04
0.039
25.641
0.0165
60.606
0.022
45.45
H OG
Geometric Average: H OG
2.01 1.96
2.02
15
2.11 2.42
2.10
2.10
No difference!
To find n OG do Simpsons rule in 2 parts because of the unusual shape of 1 y*
n OG ,1
0.179
6
0.179
n OG ,2
5.32 4 15.04
25.641
25.641 4 60.606
y vs. y.
2.718
45.45
9.353
G flood
141,
F 1
55, Dcol
12
48
14
F 2
20
G flood 2
F 1
Dia 1
b. In Eq. (16-37)
12
F 2
48
Dia 2
20
1.16
0.749 lb ft 2
4.68
5.83 ft
14
2 same .
Estimate
hp 1
10
hp 2
10
13
13
H G ,E 2
55
10
141
22
13
1.33
0.40 ft
397
In Eq. (16-38),
0.045 ,
0.07 , h p 1
10 , h p 2
22 .
hp 1
hp 2
0.15
H L,E 2
0.045
10
0.07
22
0.15
0.83
0.47 ft
H L mV / L H G
With H L 0.827, H G 1.33, m / ( L / V ) 0.63 / (5 / 8), H OG 2.16, and HETP = 2.15 (from
Example 16-2). With the same mass transfer coefficients, but m = 0.577,
H OG [0.577 / (5 / 8)]0.83 1.33 2.10 and HETP 2.10 ln(0.9232) / (.9232 1) 2.19 ft
A 24.4% increase in both mass transfer coefficients gives H L
HG
1.244(1.33) 1.65 .
For m = 0.63, H OG
0.63, H G
1.01, H OG
Clearly, the variation in mass transfer coefficients results in a large range for HETP (from 1.64 to
2.69 feet for m = 0.63) while the small change in m had little effect. To be safe the larger value
of HETP = 2.69 would be used. This is a safety factor of 1.20. Note that Bolles and Fair (1982)
recommend a safety factor of up to 1.70.
Feed line:
Top: y
L
V
.6,
.6
q-1
.4
L
V
x D where
y intercept
0.04
xB
L D
0.9
1 L D
1.9
L
D
xD
0.474
0.484
0.04 .
398
dy
nG
For
L HG
V HL
enriching
0.474
y AI y A
from
2.568
V HL
From figure generate following table.
yA
Stripping: .04
.3225
.605
Enriching: .605
.7625
.92
Simpsons rule, n G ,S
.315
6
.565
6
.605, y E,out
.92
33.33
1 2.26
slope
4.17
.8
yAI
yAI-yA 1/(yAi-yA)
.13 0.09
11.111
.46 .1375
7.2727
.63 .025
40.00
.62 .015
66.66
.80 .0375
26.66
.95 .03
33.333
1.3
11.11 4 7.2727
66.66 4 26.66
Eq. (16-81), n OG
y E,in
section,
Eq.
(16-16)
draw
line
of
1.3
.770 to get y I and x I . For stripping section slope is
0.8
L HG
n G ,E
, where y S,out
7.55 , h strip
40
10.8 , h E
HG n G
.956 1 .65
.65 1 .956
H G n G,S
1.3 10.8
0.956, yin
9.8 ft.
14.1 ft
0.65
.65 1
.956 1
399
n OG
1.4904
4.0257
b) Finite reflux. Plot op. line. Find y & y* (see graph). Use Simpsons rule in 2 parts.
y
y*
0.783
0.82225
0.8615
.90075
0.94
0.842
0.8795
.9125
.943
.973
y* y
0.059
0.05725
0.051
0.04225
0.033
4.0257, H OG
1
y* y
16.949
17.467
19.608
23.6686
30.303
n OG1
n OG 2
0.8615 0.783
6
0.94 0.8615
6
16.949 4 17.467
19.608 4 23.6686
19.608
30.303
1.3924
1.89166
n OG
3.2841
400
401
n OG
0.016
.0267
0.017
93.46
0.066
0.1067
0.0407
24.57
0.116
0.1815
0.0655
15.27
.494
.623
.129
7.752
.872
.9201
0.0481
20.79
.922
.9523
.0303
33.00
.972
.9832
.0112
89.29
xA
0.1 Distillate
.9
0.1 , equil. y
y out
partial reboiler
xD
0.262
0.9
yA x A
Find average
Bottom
1 yA
0.262 0.1
3.195 ,
0.738 0.9
Geometric Avg.,
Eq. (16-81),
1 xA
.929 0.9
dist
3.195 1.454
avg
n OG
1
1 2.155
H OG
h n OG
.071 0.1
12
0.9.
1.454
2.155
0.9 1 0.262
0.929 when x
0.262 1 0.9
0.262 1
0.9 1
4.80
0.42 m
m
H Ptot
22500 855
26.3
402
26.3 .0011
max
.0011 .0001
L
y out
x in
V
x *A ,out
0,
28.93 ,
x out
act
26.04 .001
26.04
mV
26.316
0.9895
0.84 9.51
0.02604
.9895
9.51
7.99 m
nO
EMD
ED
1/ 2
1 nO ED
For the plug flow model,
EMD 1 exp( nO ED ) 1 exp( 1)
ED
0.632
n OG
y out
dy
y
dy
n OG
y out
0, and y y*
y in
y out
0.01
0.0001
y , then
4.6
(was problem 15.D11 in the 2nd edition) From Eq. (16-72) with irreversible reaction,
n OG
y A in
y A out
50.0 ppm
0.01 ppm
.013 .00004
G min
L
.0053
G
Use Eq. (16-57),
15 L G
yin
min
0.013, y*in
H p tot
mx
36.679, x out
m x out
y in
y out
L G
0.0003533
0.0008672, yout
0.00004, y*out
0
403
y*
.01296
n OG
b.
0.0121328,
in
y*
out
.0121328
0.0120928
.00004
6.1246 , h
.00004
4.59 ft
Cocurrent. Operating and equilibrium lines shown in figure. Lowest y out is at intersection point
= 0.00081. For y out
x out
y in
y out
L V
2.4545
L V
36.679
n OG
0.00085 ,
.013 .00085
36.679
0.00033125, y*Aout
mx out
0.000813
0.013 0.000813
1.0669184
1.0669184
h 1.98 ft
0.0669184
0.00085 0.000813
5.496
16.D13. (was problem 15.D13 in 2nd edition) a. Same conditions as Example 16-3. Assume same H OL .
If operation is possible, find n OG & y out .
Dilute Use Eq. 16-70. m = 30.36 (Example 16-3)
y*out m x out b 30.36 0.001 0.03036
mV
L
30.36
15
1
mV
1
L
2.024 , n OG
Lx in
Mass bal.
y out
n OG
L
V
Vyin
x in
y in
Lx out
L
V
mV
L
y in
y *out
y out
*
out
mV
L
Vy out
x out
n 3.024
15 0 0.03082 15 0.001
0.03082 0.03036
0.01582
mV
3.024
0.01582 0.03036
L
Not possible, term inside brackets is negative.
b) Same conditions as Example 16-3 except x out 0.002 . Assume same H OL . If operation is
possible, then
404
y*out
m x out
30.36 .002
y out
15 0
0.03082
n OG
15 0
n 1.759
1.759
1 exp
Then:
0.8,
0.03082 0.0091
0.01882 0.0091
0.656
0.759
n 1 E MV
h A active
30
0.8, K y a
1 2
n 1 .77
2 12
30
0.16, K y a
n 1 .69
.8 2 12
K ya
k xa
k ya
0.415
330.62
k xa
k ya
0.01, m
0.01882
30 and b
2 12 .
K ya
Solving simultaneously, k x a
b. x
0.759
Eq. (16-6a),
30.36 40
40 0.0003
2.024
0.0003
0.0091 , mV L
0.03082
n OG
0.00082
0.00082 0.06072
40 and x out
30.36 0.0003
y out
15 0.002
0.03082 0.06072
n 3.024
3.024
0.06072
, x
0.16,
330.62 where 1 2
263.5
1.5
263.5
k xa
k ya
1408.19 and k y a
0.8
366.317
142.18 & E MV
16-D15. (was problem 15.D1 in the 2 nd edition) Assume feed to Example 16-4 is satd liquid, z = 0.5, &
2.5 .5
separation complete x D ~ 1, x B ~ 0 . x F z 0.5, y f
0.7143
1 1.5 .5
xD
1,
1 0.7143
Vmin
1 0.5
At x
0.5714 , x B
L
V
L
V
Calculate at x
0.6 0
actual
0.5 0
0,
L
V
V
xD
0.7143 0
max
.8 .5
0.5 0
.2 1.0
1.4286
0.6
1.2
405
x
0.1
Sect
L/V
Strip
1 x
1.2
2.5
1 .15
0.3
Strip
1.2
1.8904
1.1891
2.5
.8
2.5
1 1.05
0.9 Enrich
.8
const.
V
A active h
x
0.1
0.3
0.7
0.9
1.3447
1.767
.6348
0.971
1.0092
1.3447
1.767
0.971
1.0092
0.971
1.3447
0.971
1.767
L
mV
E MV
L mV
n 1 E pt
E pt
0.6348
mV
1.0092
0.453
L
0.6348
0.5949
2.5
1 1.35
E mV
Eq. 15 80
1 .45
0.7 Enrich
0.5891
0.6802
0.731
0.7733
K ya
133.42
171.02
196.9
222.65
16.D16. New problem in 3rd edition. Using Simpsons rule the new value for A1= 7.18, the new value
for A2 = 10.85 and the new total area = 18.03. Then the calculated height of the enriching section
(0.4054 m)(18.03) = 7.31 m compared to the previous result of 7.95 m. This is an error of 8.1 %.
Thus, a rather small error in mole fractions becomes a larger error.
16.D17. New problem in 3rd edition. Relative errors in k G a
24.4% .
L HG
0.4054 24.4%
V HL
0.253 24.4%
406
HG
1.242 to
0.761.
If equilibrium line straight from azeotrope to point x = 0.7472, y = 0.7815, then can fit
this portion of equilibrium as,
y
MT line
If
s 1.242,
If
s 1.0015,
If
0.761,
0.7668x 0.2085
sx
b. Since y
0.8, b
0.8 1 s
b 1.7936
b 1.6012
b 1.4088
All calculations at y A
0.8.
sx
y I at intersection equilibrium, y
b
407
Substitute in for x,
yI
yI
0.7668
0.2085
Solve for y I
yI
0.7668b
s
.7668
1
s
0.2085
yI
s 1.242, b 1.7936 :
yI
0.81356
yI
0.013565
73.72
80.48*
118.78
*83.3 in Example 16.1 since numbers rounded first. Amount of error depends on
distance between equilibrium and operating lines. Less error if closer, but more impact
on 1 y AI y I .
Assume same relative errors:
H L no error, H G higher,
H L no error,
1
y AI
yA
80.48 73.72
error
H G lower,
80.48
1
y AI
yA
8.4%
118.78 80.48
error
80.48
47.6%
Assume error in H is same every point. Thus enriching area can be a lot different than
calculated. But if H G is down by 24.4%, area is up by 47.6% so there is some
cancellation of error.
b. If H L & H G both vary could have s 1.634 and b
yI
Area
H GE
0.493,
1
yI
2.1072 . Thus, y I
0.81493,
= 66.97
66.97
19.6 16.31.
80.48
1.24(0.4054) 0.503 m, z H G,E n G,E
Since
8.20 m which is a 3.2 % increase.
mconc _ units
20.8
. We need m in
408
mconc _ units (
MWextract
)(
extract
raffinate
MWraffinate
Since the system is dilute, extract properties are essentially the same as pure solvent and
raffinate properties are essentially the same as diluent.
m = (20.8)(92.14/865)(1000/18) = 123.1
Note that y = xD and EMy = EMD.
EMy = (yin-yout)/(yin-yout*) where yout* = m xout = (123.1)(1.99E-06) = .000245
EMy = (0-.000230)/(0-.000245) = 0.939
b. From Eq. (16-76b), nO-ED = EMy/(1-EMy) = 0.939/(1 0.939) = 15.393
nO
KO
KO
ED
QD
ED
nO
ED
a Vmixer
MWD
ED
QD
, Vmixer
h D2 / 4
(0.75)
0.75 2 / 4
0.331m3
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(15.393)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.524 kmol / s m 2 mol frac disp
Note that K O
ED
Vmixer
37.45s is shorter than the 361 s in Example 16-5. Thus, this problem
(Q D Q C ) d
requires much more vigorous mixing.
t res
c. Differential Model
exp
E MD
n OED
n OED
KO
ED
nO
ED
QD
1 exp
1 E MD
n 0.061
D
n OED
0.061
2.797
n OED
2.797
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(2.7969)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.0952 kmol / s m 2 mol frac disp
ED
KO
QD
ED
a Vmixer
MWD
ED
E MD 1 exp
wrong results.
16.D19.
n OED
CD,in
0.000 , CD,out
C*D,out
mCD CC,out
nO
.00023
KO
ED
nO
ED
QD
.0002578
nO
ED
1 nO
0.00023 , CC,out
0.0481 CC,out
E MD
b. E MD,Conc
ED
ED
mCD CC,out
0.00536
0.0002578
.892
E MD,Conc
0.892
1 E MD,Conc
0.108
8.26
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(8.26)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.2811 kmol / s m 2 kmol/m 3
c. Differential Model:
E MD,Conc 1 exp n OED exp
n OED
KO
ED
nO
ED
n .108
QD
n OED
2.2256
1 E MD,Conc
n OED
0.108
2.2256
/ (Vmixer MWD )
(2.2256)(.0012)(865) / [(0.331)(92.14)]
0.0757 kmol / s m 2 kmol/m 3
16.D.20.
1 exp
8.26
0.167,
Dbenzoic-water
0.2070 16.6667
Note
9.807
0.99974
2.2 10-9
4 3 2 . 6 8
C
CD
5.8632
N in rps
410
di
0.2070
dp
0.0002524
820.13
dp
0.0002524
d tank
0.8279
d pg
0.00030487
96.447
0.0222
kC
0.00001237
2.2 10
0.0002524
x 0.00030487
12
0.001905.
96.447
820.13
5 4
0.167
12
0.014801
K LD
kD
m CD k C
K LD
0.001905
1
0.014801
20.8
K LD
0.0005181 & K LD a
E MD
5 12
432.68
K OED a
b.
1930.2
2.0586 s
0.951,
Resistance (dispersed) =
Resistance (continuous)
Sum of resistances
1
0.001905
1
524.9
1404.5
0.000712
1929.4 Gives K LD 1 1929.4
0.0005181
k C d Dbenzoic-water
0.0002524
411
kC
Using
2.0 2.2 10
K LD ~ k C mCD
0.0002524
5
1.7433 10
1.7433 10
1 20.8
8.381 10
ms
If the interface in the settler is at the centerline, then the volume of aqueous phase is
1.023m and LS
1.682 m3 0.006 m3 s
d
0.167 leaving mixer. A drop that starts at the bottom of the water phase travels a
103.2s.
Assume equal distribution of drops. Everything (half the drops) above interface are
collected very quickly. All drops collected in 103.2 280.3 0.368 fraction of settler.
If average over this fraction is 0.5 d,IN , then D,avg 0.5 0.167 0.368 0.031.
6
6 0.031
dp
K OED a
737 and K LD a
0.0002524
D
settler
n OED,settler
K LD a
Vsettler Q D
settler
MWD
0.0058
settler
~ 0.000618
865 92.14
16.D.22.
1.734
a)
E SD
y M,OUT
yS,OUT
y M,OUT
*
S,OUT
1.7314.
865 92.14
y*M,OUT
0.82,
E MD
0.0058
0.823
y IN
y M ,OUT
y M ,OUT
y IN
*
M ,OUT
y*M ,OUT
0.794
mx raf ,OUT .
Sy M,OUT
Fx C,OUT
0.0012 m3 s 865 kg m3
F
92.14 kg kmol
0.006 m3 s 998 kg m3
x M ,OUT
x feed
S F y OUT
0.01127 kmol s
18.02 kg kmol
0.00026
0.01127
0.3323
0.3323kmol s
y OUT
0.794
412
Solving, we obtain
x M,OUT
y M,OUT
m E MD
For settler,
Settler M.B. is,
y M,OUT
0.00589
y*S,OUT
Sy M,OUT
x S,OUT
0.00589.
123.1 0.794
m x S,OUT
Fx M,OUT
SyS,OUT
x M ,OUT
x S,OUT
6.027E 5.
y S,OUT
6.027E 5
Fx S,OUT
y M ,OUT
0.03390 yS,OUT
0.00589
0.00589 yS,OUT
0.00589
123.1
6.027E 5
6.027E 5
*
S,OUT
m x S,OUT
E Total,D
From 16.C4
E Total,D
0.006174.
b)
123.1 5.0653E 5
yS,OUT
0.006174
*
S,OUT
0.006235
mS
F
123.1
5.0653E 5
0.01127
0.3323
0.006235
0.99015
4.17495
4.1794 0.794
4.17495 0.82
.99003
16.G1 and 16.G2. New problems in Chapter 16. Aspen Plus runs showed that N =13 (Aspen Plus
notation) with feed on Nfeed = 11 (optimum location) gave ethanol mole fractions of xD = 0.7990
and xB = 0.020298. These values are within the specified tolerances. The stripping section starts
with the vapor leaving the reboiler (yin,strip = yreb = 0.18709) and ends at the intersection of the two
operating lines. This last value can be determined by calculating the points on the operating lines
(xn, yn+1). For example n = 1, x1 and y2 are on the enriching section operating line. When the
slope changes from 0.61 in the top to 2.07 in the bottom, the intersection point has been passed.
This occurs for yout,strip = y11 = 0.44631.
The mole fractions of ethanol in the liquid and vapor leaving each stage (Aspen stage notation is
used) are:
413
Stage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
x
0.79904
0.77157
0.74561
0.71971
0.69245
0.66203
0.62575
0.57882
0.51135
0.40050
0.22553
0.10033
0.020289
y
0.81824
0.79904
0.78189
0.76569
0.74957
0.73263
0.71375
0.69129
0.66233
0.62090
0.55339
0.44631
0.18709
Equilibrium: Calculation m
The equilibrium parameter m is the average slope of the
equilibrium curve from x (calculated at y) to xI.
At the reboiler y = 0.18709 for x = 0.020289, and y* =
0.44631 for xoper =0.10033. Then yavg = 0.3167.
The slope can be determined by taking the chord from
x = 0.04 (y*= 0.29209) to x = .05 (y*= 0.33018).
m = (0.33018 0.29209)/0.01 = 3.809.
The equilibrium values are from Analysis in Aspen Plus.
At yout,strip = 0.44631, xoper = 0.22553, y*= 0.55339, and
yavg = 0.49985. m = (0.50405 0.49482)/(0.15 0.14)
or m = 0.923.
To use Simpsons rule for the first integral in Eq. (16-22a) we also need an average m for the y
and y* values calculated at the average between yin,strip and yout,stip, which is y = 0.3167. At this y,
xop = 0.1659 (determined from the stripping section operating line) and y*=0.5174. The average
between y and y* = 0.41705. m = (0.42921 0.41012)/(0.09 0.08) = 1.909. The second integral
in Eq. (16-22a) is the usual estimation from Simpsons rule of the nOG integral,
y A ,out
HG
( H L / ( L / V ))
The average y from yin,enrich = 0.44631 to y = 0.71375 is 0.58003, xoper = 0.44423, y* = 0.63659,
and to find m, yavg = 0.60831. m = (0.61020 0.6067)/(0.01) = 0.350.
For the 2nd integral in Eq. (16-22a) integrated from yin,enrich = 0.44631 to y = 0.71375 we obtain,
y A ,out
HG
1/(.73263-.71375)] = 2.404 m
Same integral integrated from y = 0.71375 to yout,enrich = 0.79904. The average y from y = 0.71375
to yout,enrich = 0.79904 is 0.75640, xoper = 0.73068, y* = 0.77246, and to find m, yavg = 0.76443. m
= (0.76587 0.75985)/(0.01) = 0.602.
=(0.4054/6)[.79904 - .71375][ 1/(.73263-.71375) + 4/(.77246 -.75640) + 1/(.81824 - .79904)] = 2.041
Total for integral 2 = 4.445 m
For first integral from yin,enrich = 0.44631 to y = 0.71375 we obtain,
y A ,out
( H L / ( L / V ))
( H L / ( L / V ))
416
417
17.D1.
PCO 2
15 10
cc STP cm
10
pr
PCH4
0.48 10
10
1 10 6 m
tm
cm 2 s cm Hg
pH
12 atm
pP
CO
AB
pL
2
CH
12 76.0
0.2 atm
4
912.0 cm Hg
15.2 cm Hg
1.0, p p p r
0.016666
y P 1.5042 0.5042 y P
31.25-30.25 y P
418
RT
Curve
yP
yr
0.1
0.20
0.00515
0.01114
0.30
0.01830
0.40
0.5
0.02721
0.03882
0.6
0.7
0.05504
0.08000
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.12492
0.2349
1.0
y out
y out
PCO2
t ms
cc STP cm
FP
FP
b.
1000
FIN
gmole
1 hr
3600 s
0.0002859
cc STP
J CO 2
Fin
Fin,1
FP1
2.125
0.32
Fin
0, y P
.15 .32
yP
pr yr
0.402, y out
0.46875
0.25625
0.0276 CO 2 conc.
(17-2b)
pP yP
0.088888
0.46875
2.125 .10
15.2 cm Hg 0.402
0.0002859
cc STP
cm 2 s
gmol
s
1.0 gmole
FP y P,CO 2
FP
1 0.32
912 cm Hg 0.0276
1 10 cm cm s cm Hg
Area
0.10, y P
J CO 2
FP FIN
FP
y IN
Slope
10
15 10
y out
y IN
y out
FP FIN
yP
J CO2
J CO2
1 FP FIN
yP
0.32
1.2764 E 8 gmole s cm 2
2.80 10 6 cm 2
Fin
FP
1 0.32
0.68 kgmole/hr.
1 kgmole/hr
1
2
FP,part a
1
2
0.32
0.16
0.16 1.00
FP 2 , Fout1
0.16 , yin ,1
Fin2
FP1
1 0.16
0.84
Fin ,2
0.15
RT curve is unchanged!
1 .16
0.84
Op. Line: Slope
5.25
0.16
0.16
Find arbitrary points to plot line:
0.15
If
y out ,1 0, y p
0.9375 (off graph).
0.16
419
If
y out,1
0.04, y p
y out,1
If
5.25 0.04
0.08, y p
5.25 0.08
FP 2
0.16
Fin 2
0.84
0.7275
0.9375
y P,1
0.5175
0.625, y out,1
0.1905,
0.0595
y in2
0.0595
FP2 Fin2
0.1905
yin,2
0.3123
1 0.1905
J CO 2
0.9375
Stage 2: J CO 2 ,2
15 1010
1 10
JCO 2 ,2
912 0.015
13.2 0.250
1L
J CO 2
0.0001482
6.6161 E 8
1000 cm 22.4
lh
FP 2
0.1905 840 mol h
3600 s
FP 2 y P 2
Area 2
1, 680, 000 cm 2
JCO 2 ,2
1:
cm 3 STP
cm 2s
mol
cm 2s
0.04445 mol s
168 m 2
Part a:
1 stage
Area
280m 2
y out,CO 2
0.0276 or 97.24% CH 4
y P,CO 2
Part b:
2 stage
0.402
Total Area
260.67m 2
y out
0.015 or 98.5% CH 4
y P1
0.625
y P2
0.250
420
17.D2. a.
yP
Slope
1 FP Fin
y in
, yP
FP Fin
FP Fin
.7
2.333 , When y out
.3
y out
y out
0, y P
y in
0.2
0.3
.3
0.6667
421
When
yP
y in
0.2
0.286
1 FP Fin
.7
RT curve is same as in Problem 17.D1.
Draw op line. From graph: y P,CO2 0.53, y r y out,CO2
b.
0, y out
J CO2
J CO 2
15 10
10
pP yP
t ms
cm 3 STP cm 76 cm Hg
1 10 4 cm cm 2s cm Hg
J CO 2
PA p r y r
0.06
0.002148
atm
cm 3 STP
2
cm s
60 atm 0.06
FP
, FP
Fin
Fin
0.6
1000 cm 3 STP
3
1 mol
cm STP
0.002148
22.4 L STP
cm 2s
L STP
3.3 0.53
mol
s
atm
3, 254, 000 cm 2
Fin
Fin x in
FP
Fout , 2
FP y P
J CO 2
0.6 Fout
Fout y out , 0 .4
FP
J
J CH 4 . A
Fout
1.4
2 0.2
0.6 0.53
1.4 0.016
.402 , OK
422
17.D3.
New problem in 3rd edition Since no concentration polarization x w
J solv
K solv
t ms
pr
pp
a xr
R
and M.B.
xp
xp
xp
x out
1
xF
xF
x out
Then,
pp
K solv t ms
1
1 R
xp
Then
pr
x out ,
xp
J solv
pr
Solve for
xr
1 R x out
415.4
a xr
xp ,
1 R x out , R
,
0.22, x F
K solv
t ms
33.29, J solv
415.4
0.9804
0.0077
0.0077 0.22
0.78
1 0.9804
0.22
0.0098175
0.0001924
13.72 atm.
423
a.
xw
exp ( J solv /
xr
1 xP
Mxr
xP
pr
3.6 E
3.6 E
K solv
solv ) k
pP
exp
6.94 10
Mxr
xP a
pr
pp
3.6 E
1.069 0.054
75 2
3.6 E
1.069 0.054
J solv
t ms
1.069
xP
4
4
59.895
4.625
a Mxr
Since
73
xP
1.0689 .054
K solv K A , K A
K solv
and
3.6 E
KA
t ms
59.895
2.29
1
atm
0.0665
g
2
m s atm
K solv
t ms
g
KA
m s atm 0.029 g
t ms
2.29 atm 1
m 2s
c. Write Eq. (17-37a) for old and new situations Divide new by old. Obtain
0.0665
0.75
k new
k old
new
rpm ,
old
k new
17.D5. a.
K solv
t ms
J solv
pr
RT eq., R
k old
.75
2000
0.000117m / s
1000
1.5 10
cm s
pP
1
102 atm
1.47 10 5 g
1 FP Fin
1 x P x out , Op eq., x P
cm 2 s atm
x out
x in
FP Fin
FP Fin
Solve simultaneously & obtain Eq. (17-26), which with M = 1 is
1 R x in
0.003 0.05
xP
xP
0.000272 , x out
0.091
1 R
1 0.997 0.45
1 R
1 xP
x P pr
xr
pP
xP
xr
xP a
J solv
K solv
t ms
pr
pP
, xP
0.0585, x P
a M xr
3.44 atm
xr
x in
0.000752
xP
424
425
J solv
1.47 10
2
78 atm
cm s atm
FP 1 x P
, FP
A
J solv
2
3
Fin
1000 g kg
g
cm 2 s
3.36 10 6 cm 2
9.91 10 g cm s
solv
n xg
336 m 2
n xr
J solv /
solv
0.052
0.037
0.026
0.0134
See Figure. Plot J solv /
solv
Intercept
cP
J solv /
J solv
g L,
solv
wt frac
xr
min
n xg
Slope
J solv
0.000991
3.33 kg s
Plot J solvent vs
17.D7.
5 kg s
3.33 kg s 1 7.52 10
A
17.D6.
dextran
0.012
0.03
0.06
0.135
versus ln xr
0.0185
0.01596
K solv
t ms
J solv
p
23.1 / (997 g / L )
n xr
4.423
3.507
2.813
2.00
1.159, which is x g
69.25
3.0
23.1
0.314 .
g
2
m s bar
L
0.0232 2
m s bar
426
J A ~ J solv c P
Mc
With
0.00696 g (m 2 s) . Also, J A
0.0232 0.30
1, 1 R c
Spiral Wound:
JA
Solving for M c
JA
0.00696
c out J solv
10 (0.0232)
J so l v c P
0.03 R c
0.97
M c cout 1 R c J solv
cP
1.0
c out 1 R c
8 0.030
K solv
J solv
M c cout 1 R c J solv
t ms
4.1660
80.8g / (m 2s)
23.1 3.5
Since osmotic pressure is ignored, M c does not effect solvent flux in UF.
yp
He H 2
rd
He H 2
Check y rH
H 2 He
b.
Pr
1 y PH
1 y PH
H 2 He
y rHe
Then
Pp
H 2 He
pp
pr
1 y rH
0.975
y PHe
y r ,He
0.025 0.07656
y F,He (1
yP
2.8314 .975
.9234
0.07656 OK.
0.05 0.07656
.07656
3.8314 1 .2 .025
3.8314
y rout He
10
y FHe
y F,He
1
1 yp
1 y P He
0.5152
Pr
0.2610 , p p p r 0.2
90.8 10 10
.739 0.2 .975 1
0.021397
0.025
.261
.739 0.25
.279475
y rHe
y PH
23.7 10
PHe PH 2
Pp
.739 .2 3
.261 .05
b2
4ac
2a
.25
2.3648
.05
.25
.25
1.4874
0.0522
1.4874
2.212359 .49377
2
.15763
4.7296
2.3648
1.4874 1.645
4.7296
0.00333
427
y r,He
y F,He
y PHe
yr
pp
1 yp
y 2p
pr
pp
yr
yr
pr
y rH2
.9234,
1 yr
pr
y rHe
y PHe
y rHe
FP y PH
FP
0.025,
2
.06
.739
.80786
.65264
y p,H 2
0.004842
0.1813
0.05,
y H2 IN
.95
.5152
0.975
FIN
pr yr pp yp
tm s
51.52 m3 STP h
1h
m3
3600 s
90.8 10
10
cm 3
cm 3 STP
14311.11
14311.11
a.
yp yr
PH 2 A
cm 3 STP
s
STP cm
cm 2s cm Hg
A
17.D9.
1 yp
pr
y He,IN
1000000 cm 3
Pp y P,H 2
.2956
0.05 0.06
0.004842 0.06
51.52m 3 STP
PH 2 Pr y r,H 2
.739 .2 1
.80786
y rHe
0.07656 y p,H 2
FP y PH tm s
pp
0.01566
4ac
2a
y FHe
FP
100m3 STP / h.
FIN
For Part A
pp
b2
y p2
0.1478
.06 .261
b
yp
.739 .2
pr
pr
0.10001
pp
.25
pp
.05
3 .00333
555,186 cm 2
.975 1.0 10 4 cm
380 .9234
76 .975
cm Hg
55.52 m 2
solv
J solv L / (m 2 h)
428
J solv
xr
k n
xg
k n xr.
Intercept
18.3 and k
18.3
k n xg
0, J solv /
n xg
k
solv
=J solv
82.9 L m h
23.0 g m 2s
4.53
5.08 m / s
xg
k n xg
L
5.08
m h
23.0g / (m s)
k n xg
92.8%
There is only one point further out on the n axis. Any error in point is greatly amplified in the
least squares regression. Hence, another point in this region would be most useful. The higher
the concentration, the better.
2700
800
3.375 , a
yin 1
yp
3.8884
pp
pr
yN
1
3.375 .25
3.8884
.7
2.375
.3
.25
.7
.7
.7
3.8884
1.20536
4 1.6116 1.20536
2 1.6116
.5
0 and 1..
429
yp
3.8884
2 1.6116
Since Fp y p,A
yp
1
PA A A
t ms
PA A p r y r
pp yp
.365295
.7
pr yr
F p y p,A t ms
.3
0.365295
.25
0.2006
.7
pp yp
. Since F
IN
1 mol s, Fp
FIN
0.3 mol s
mol
0.365295 1.2 10 4 cm
s
3
cm STP cm
1.0 L STP
1
2
L STP 10 3 cm 3 STP
cm s cm Hg
22.4
mol
0.3
A
2700 10
10
76 cm Hg
atm
A
c)
F p y p,A t ms
PA A p r y r
pp y2
, F p
F IN
mol
s
0.325 1.2 10 4 cm
9.0823 104 cm 2
xp
J solv
Then x gel
solv
atm
0.4 mol s
1
3
cm
STP
cm
22.4L STP 1.0 L STP 76 cm Hg
2700 1010
2
cm s cm Hg
mol
10 3 cm 3STP
atm
J solv
.5 .365295
6.569 104 cm 2
0.4
A
2.0 .2006
5200
L
2
m day
997
0 since R 0
x IN
1
0.001
.6
0.5 0.325
atm
0.0016667
day
L 86400 s
solv ) k
1.0, x out
2.0 0.175
60.0
g
m2s
0.0016667 exp
1.0 4.5 .
60.00g / (m 2 s) 997000g / m 3
2.89 10 5 m / s
He H 2
PHe
PH 2
0.01334
430
y p ,He
He H 2
1 yp
pr
y r ,He
1 yp
Eq. (17-7c)
.261
y FHe
y rHE
.2 .254
y p He
y rHe
.1 .254
a)
If x p
x in , cut
(17-27)
1 R
0.55, what value R required. Find R (including concentration
0.00050 &
xp
0.25446
1 R xn
xp
R x IN
0.353
1
1 .1
4.5
.261 1 .1
0.1 .261 1
x IN
xp R
x IN
xp
x IN
x IN
x IN
0.035 0.0005
xp
xp
Rx IN which gives
0.035
.55 .0005
0.035 0.001
0.9935
b)
If
c)
xp
0.0016,
M CaseB
17.D14.
wB
0.55 , R
xpR
RT curve: y w
Feed
xp
0.035
M CaseA 1 R CaseB
1.0 1 0.9869
1 R CaseA
1 0.992
wB
xw
wB
x IN
141.6
cal
0.9869
1.6375
43 x w
1 xw
1 42 x w
0.10, only need RT curve below 0.10. Create table and plot
xw
yw
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.01
0.0025
0.001
0.8269
0.78299
0.6935
0.571
0.3028
0.0973
0.0413
kcal
g 1000 cal
0.9 10.5
.55 .001
74.12 g
mol
0.1 9.72
431
C PB
0.625
1
1000
0.046 , C PW
74.12
CP,in
MW feed
xW , F MWW
a) Assume y P
and
C PL,in
0.9 0.046
xB , F MWB
1
1000
0.1 0.018
0.5 10.5
Tout
30
then,
x in
0.018
0.5 9.72
18.016
0.1(18.016) 0.9(74.12)
0.5 to calculate p
Tin
1.0
68.51
10.11
0.0435
10.11
30
0.129. This is a
0.10
0, y P
Fp / FF
( Fp MW p ) / ( FF MWF )
0.031
( MW p / MWF )
432
MWp
y p ,W MWW
.129(42.13 / 68.51)
Area
b)
Cut
Permeate Rate
0.08
x in,w
Then
Tin
c)
Tout
Flux
( 0.0791 100 lb h)
0.2 lb h ft 2
39.53 ft 2
0.10
1 cut
Slope
0.0791 in (lb/h)/(lb/h).
0.92
C PL,in
x out
0.05, x P
FP Fin
30
0.08
0.0435kcal / (mol o C)
48.3 C
x in
x out
0.10 0.05
yP
x out
0.6935 0.05
0.3065 10.5
0.6935 9.72
0.0777
9.959
433
Tin
Tout
C PL,in
xP
0, x r,out
Fout
Fin
Fin
FP
Fin
Fout
1
0.0777
0.0435
RT curve:
xP
Fin x r ,in
FP x P
30 C
47.8 C
1 R M xr
0.
Fout x r ,out
x r,in
FP
0.8 . Then
Fin
Fin
Fin
Fout
1
x r ,out
0.10 0.125 , Fout 0.8Fin
0.8
Alternate graphical solution gives same result.
6.5
xP
9.959
1
0.8
80 kg h
Op. line
xP
-4
xr
x r,in 0.10
0.125
xr
x r,out
xP
RT curve
FP Fin
FP Fin
x r ,out
Slope
x r ,in
FP Fin
0.8
4
0.2
When x r,out 0, x P
x r,in
0.10
FP Fin
0.2
b. Area = Fp / Jsolv = (20kg/h)(1 L)/0.997 kg)(24h/day)/ (2500 L/m2 day) = 0.193 m2.
c. Gel formation occurs when x w = 0.5 and xw = M xout = 0.125 M. M = 0.5/0.125 = 4.0
d. Gel formation occurs when xw = 0.5 and xw = M xout = M xF / (1 ) = 1.2 (0.1)/(1 )
Then 1 = 0.12/0.5 = 0.24 and = 0.76.
e. Gel formation occurs when x w = 0.5 and xw = M xout = 1.2 xF / (1 ) = 1.2 xF / (1 0.2).
Obtain xF = 0.333.
xr,out = xF / (1 ) = 0.3333/0.8 = 0.416
f. We have xr,out = xF /(1 ) = 0.20/0.75 = 0.26667. M = xgel / xr,out = 0.5/0.26667 = 1.875.
First occurs when Jsolv = 2500 = k ln (M). Obtain k = 3977 L/(m2 day) = 4.60310-5 m/s.
g. M = 1.875 and k = 3977. Since we change the pressures, J changes which will change M. However
with constant stirring k is constant. First, assume no gel and calculate J and M.
pr pp
K
Jsolv
2500 L (m 2 kg)
L
J solv K solv
, solv
2083.33 2
t ms
t ms
p r pp
2.2 1.0 bar
m day bar
Then, without gel,
J solv
5000 L m 2 d ay
434
0.5
0.2. Then, x w
3.516 0.2
Mx F
1
.8
0.2
xF
0.25,
1
.8
And from Eq. (17-45), Jsolv = k ln (xgel/xr) = 3977 ln (0.5/0.25) = 2756.6 L/(m2 day)
Note: The same answer is obtained in parts g and h if convert to Jsolv and use k in m/s.
h.
J solv
k n
x gel
.5
k n
xr
Case C, R C
xp
J solv
MB
x IN
1 R C x out
K solv
pr
tms
m d ay
pr
pp
1 RB
pr
pp
a M C xout
Equation:
log P
log P
0.27027
2446.6 L (m 2 d ay)
0.27027
1.0, p p,B
0.0007505]
1.1, p r,B
12.06
3.27
18.71 g m 2s
42 , P 10000,
1.6232
0.27875
1.9
4a b
4a b
1.9020 2b
b 0.95100 , a
0.16805 logP 0.951
log
.74
xp
8, log
0.0001,
a log 0.0001
log 1.9
0.5
0.2
0.01230
log 42
0.2, x r
15.2
1 RC
pp
0.26, x F
0.976, M B
1.1, p r,C
b) If
L
2
0.0093 0.26
.74
1 .939
.26
0.0007505
1 RC
3977,
Case B, R 0B
.939, p p,C
For Experiment C. M C
x out
3977
xr
b)
.16805
0.90309
log
0.16805
0.28509
.951
0.16805
PO2
1.93 Barrers
435
PN2
250, PCO2
FP
2700,
PHe
300, PHe
3
0.4 m3 s. FIN
FIN
550
1.0 m s
10 2 cm
10
3
10 6 cm 3 s , FP
m
76 cm Hg
Part A
pr
2.5 atm
Part B
pr
76 cm Hg
t ms
0.8 mil
Eq. (17-11d)
10
190 cm Hg
atm
pp
0.4 76
.00254 cm
FP A
30.4 cm Hg
Pi t ms p p
y r ,CO 2
Then
y p,CO 2 ,guess
FP A guess
Then,
PCO 2
y IN ,CO 2
1
t ms y p,CO 2
76 cm Hg
0.002032 cm
mil
Pi t ms p r
K m,i
pp
.4 106 cm3 s
yCO2,IN
where
p r y r.CO 2
0.40
0.4.
p p y p,CO 2
y IN,i
y r,i
K mi 1
1.0 ?
y r,N2
b.
.15037, y P,CO2
.3164, y r,CO2
.54446, yP,He
.3037, y r,He
y r,i
.3351, yP,H 2
.06099, y r,H2
.3189
.27154,
.999885
1.0000766
yF N2
F,cm3/s
pr, cm Hg
P N2
P He
Fp
yp CO2
Fp/A
K N2
K CO2
306 2008
HW 8
Problem 2
0.25
1000000
190
0.000000025
0.00000003
400000
change yp to
0.544455884
0.003983763
yF CO2
tm, cm
pp, cm Hg
P CO2
P H2
yF
0.4 He
0.002032 theta
76
0.00000027
0.000000055
get sum=1
yr CO2
A, cm 2
A, m 2
0.475237299 y r N2
1.792765611 yr CO2
0.05 yF H2
0.4
0.3
0.303696077
100407575.7
10040.75757
0.316417678
0.303696077
436
K He
K H2
0.549397235 yr He
0.851323363 yr H2
Goal seek
Sum
0.150373483
0.544455884
0.033509684
0.271546029
0.99988508
yp N2
yp CO2
yp He
yp H2
sum
0.060993544
0.318969314
1.000076613
xp
x out
Fp
xF
x out
0.022 0.056
FIN
xp
x out
0.00032 0.056
0.00032
0.9943 , J s u c rose
0.056
J solventx p
Fp
1.0
0.6106
J solvent
solution
Permeate
(3.923g / m 2 s)(0.00032)
J sucrose
b)
Eq. (17-27)
0.00126g / (m 2s)
1 xp
K water
water solute
K sucrose
x p pr
Mxr
pp
xp
Mxr
xp a
K water
pr
Eq. (17-18)
c.
pp
a Mxr
K sucrose
M xr
1 M 1 R
Then RT equation is
xp
1 R x out
xp
0.0706 g
0.00126
0.056 0.00032
xp
Solution 1.
xp
0.00032
J sucrose
tms
g sucrose
xp
3.923
60 1.1
g water
J solv
tms
K water
t ms
3.131
0.6393 x out
2.1 1 0.9943
m 2 s atm
0.0226
g sucrose
m 2s wt frac
0.98803
0.01197 x out
x out
xF
.39
0.036066
.61
x out
0.05537 , x p
0.022
0.61
0.000663
437
Check
pr
t ms
60 1.1
pp
a M xr
K sucrose
Mx r
t ms
3.67g/(m 2s)
0.000663]
J water x p / (1 x p )
0.00243 g (m2 s)
Alternatively, J sucrose
xp
J sucrose
J sucrose
0K
0.98803
x out
K water
J water
= 0.0706
xp
xp
0.00261
g
m 2s
6.9% different
xp xp
2.1 1
xr
Simplifies to,
Linearize x r @ x p
Slope =
0.0003
xr
0.02509
1 xp
0.01196
0.01196 x r or x p
Solve simultaneouly with Operating Equation
xF
1
xp
x out
0.6393 x out 0.036066
0.05538 , x p
2.1 391.66 x p
x out
x p 186.5 x p 185.391
0.0003
xp
0.01196 x out
C PL,in
FP
Fin
Tin
Tout , Tin
Tout
85 25
60
0.95
0.05
0.1 CPL,w 55 C
0.1 4.1915
0.9 CPL,E
0.9 2.7595
kJ
kg K
2.903
kJ
kg K
Where average temperature from 25 to 85 is 55C and C P values are from Perrys 7th, pp. 2306 and pp. 2-237.
FP1
2.903
Fin
2290.3
60
0.0760 100
7.60 kg hr .
438
x out
x IN
1
Slope
Op. Eq. is, y P
0.1
12.16 x out
12.16
0.0760
Fout1
Fin 2
100 7.60
92.40 kg h
yP
2.903 60
F1in
1892
FP1
0.0921 100
0.34
9.21 kg h , Fout1
9.86 , y P
0.0921
0.086
If y P
0.66
0.66 2359
0.34 985
1892 kJ kg
0.0921
1 0.0921
Slope
9.86 x out
0.0921
9.86 x out
1.086
1, x out
0.00872
9.86
Plot operating line and determine (from graph)
y P1 0.64, x out1
x in 2
value of yp is close to the assumed value of 0.66. Can proceed to stage 2.
Stage 2: Estimate y P
For x in 2
2
0.50 (water),
0.050, CPL,in
FP2
2.967
Fin 2
1672
Fout 2
60
0.05 4.1915
0.50
.1065 90.66
0.050
1 0.1065
0.1065
1672
2.967
9.64 kg h
8.40
8.40 x out
0.95 2.903
8.10 kg hr , Slope
90.66 9.64
0, y P
0.50
0.1065, Fin 2
yP
If x out
Fin 2 x in 2
Fout 2
FP2 y P2
90.66 0.050
9.64 0.34
81.00
439
Area
FP
kg 1000 g
h
kg
J g h m2
Stage 1
0.8333 g h m 2 , A1
Stage 2
0.208 g h m 2 , A 2
9.34 1000 g h
0.8333
9.64 1000
11, 208 m2
46, 346 m2
0.208
Other flow patterns will reduce area. Area is large because of low flux caused by low ethanol
permeation rate.
17.F1.
RT eqn., y
x x
1
1 x
x Benz
0.2,
18.3, y
x Benz
0.1,
6.66, y
, x Benz
0.3,
18.3 .2
1 17.3 .2
6.66 .1
1 5.66 .1
.9
.1
16.6, y
16.6 .3
1 15.6 .3
0.87676
0.8266
440
CPL,in
y Pbenz
benz
1 y Pbenz
x Pbenxw CPLbenz
iP
0.844 94.27
1 0.844 164
0.3 0.423
.7 0.73
105.15 cal g
0.6379 cal g C
441
Tin
Tout
C PL,in
50 C
0.1 105.15
66.48 C
0.6379
y p,avg
0.6193, y r,out
3, 200,152 cm 2
0.0203, A
2, 636,196 cm 2
100
28600
0.173174301
0.144051968
9710.750234
714
0.024356963
0.235015561
824015.8215
0.208999973
100000
9.09495E-13
0.144051968
99
98
29314
30028
0.1738615 0.174547
0.1447613 0.14547
9664.4075 9618.879
1428
2142
0.0475556 0.069677
97
30742
0.1752323
0.1461768
9574.1438
2856
0.0907935
0.714 PB/tms
76
0.2 erroracc
0.00175
0.0000001
96
95
94
31456
32170
32884
0.175916 0.1765981 0.17727918
0.146883 0.147588 0.14829195
9530.183 9486.978 9444.50995
3570
4284
4998
0.110973 0.1302761 0.14875885
442
17.H4. New problem in 3rd edition The spread sheet equations are shown below for part b. Part a agreed
with problem 17.D14. Part b answers: yp,W = 0.412, = 0.2122, xout,W = 0.0160, = 0.158,
Area = 79.0 ft2. Note that if the starting guess for yp,W is too high, Goal Seek will converge
on an answer with yp,W > 1, which is obviously not physically possible.
17.H5.
This problem is very similar to Example 17.7. It is easiest to solve on a spreadsheet, which is
443
444
17.H6. New problem in 3rd edition The spreadsheet is similar to that for problem 17.H5 and is shown
below,
17.H.7. The same spread sheet that was used in problems 17.H5 is used.
445
446
d
e
18.B.4. New problem in 3rd edition. There are obviously many possibilities. One is to develop sorption
processes that use an energy separation processes (e.g., pressure or temperature) to produce purge or
desorbent from the feed so that a separate purge or desorbent does not have to be added.
18.C1.
Vavailable
P
18.C4.
rd
1 f cry
P1
clay
P4
P1
f cry
P2
1 f cry
f cry
1
cry
e
P2
f cry
P2
P1
K di Vcol.
1 f cry
f cry
P2
(same as 18-3b)
z a c x cT
e z A c x c T v int er
e z A c c T x
z A c c RT y K DE
v int er
Simplify to, u ion
(18-44)
c RT y
1
K DE
x
ecT
445
18.C7.
CA
C AF
z uAt
1 erf
4E eff t u A
v inter
12
erf (a)
.9 a
1.164
95%
t final
5%
tw
t st
t1
erf (a)
At 5% point,
0.90 a 1.164
1.164
L
4E
t st u A
v
12
Or
let
u A t st
2.328 E t st
x1
12
st
t , uAx
2
1
uA
12
x2
By definition,
Use
u A t final
uA
v
12
12
L u A t st
v
2.328 E
12
u 1A2
v1 2
x1
2.328
L
2
0.
E u At
v
4Lu A
2u A
2.328
Let
4E t final
E 1 2 u 1A2
2.328
v1 2
x1
1.164
and at 95%,
12
fin
t , then x 2
t MTZ
t final
t st
x 22
E 1 2 u 1A2
v1 2
2.328 2 E u A
v
2u A
4L u A
x12
446
4u
2
A
4u
2
A
2
2
2
1
2.328 E 1 2 u 1A2
v
2.328E 1 2 u 1A2
v
12
t MTZ
2
2
2
1
E uA
4L u A
2.328
12
4L u A
v
2
E uA
E uA
E uA
2.328
2.328
2.328E 1 2 u 1A2
v1 2
12
2.328E 1 2 u 1A2
12
2.328
2.328 E 1 2 u 1A2
2.328
E uA
4L u A
4L u A
4L u A
4u 2A
2
If
4L
2.328 E
v
t MTZ
2 2.328 E
12
v1 2 u A
In Out = Accumulation
t vinter A c CT,after x i,after
Out
Accumulation
LA c yi,after
yi,before CRT
C RT y i ,after
y i ,before
x i,before CT,before
t A c , mass balance is
T ,before
447
1
A
v1
v2
v2
v3
u A ,i
C A ,i L i
u A1
M 1A u port
vF
u BL
C B,i Vi
u B2
M 2 B u port
v B,prod
u A3
M 3A u port
vD
u B4
M 4 B u port
v3
v4
v4
B
4
v A ,prod
v1
CB v2
M 2B u port
CA v2
C A v3
M 3A u port
CA v 2
vF
M 3A u port
CA M 2B
If all
18.D1.
Rearrange:
vD
(2)
M 3A u port
CB
M 2B
CB
v4
M 3A
CA
v1 where v 4
u B4 CB
v1
Thus
(1)
M 2B u port
vF
u port
vD
CB
CA vF
Then
CA
u A1 CA
M 4B u port CB
M1A u port CA
M 4B u port
M 1A u port
M 4B
M 1A
CB
CA
CB
CA
M 1A
CA
M 4B
CB
M 3A
CA
vD
vF
Mi
1.0,
M 4B
CB
D
F
pA
qA
q MAX
1
CB
pA
1
CA
1
q MAX K A
1
CB
1
CA
M 2B
CB
vf
M 3A
CA
1.0
. Plot p A q A vs. p A
448
296 K
p/q
135.863
278.679
478.666
696.073
939.619
1116.143
1189.735
p
275.788
1137.645
2413.145
3757.6116
5239.9722
6274.1772
6687.8589
At 296 K
Intercept
Slope
KA
0.163636
1
q max
, q max
1 q max
0.163636
1 q max K A
80
80
480 K
p/q
1786.943
1709.129
1974.657
2309.538
2778.150
3011.134
3122.979
At 480 K
Intercept
q max K A
6.1125
0.00204545
p
637.7598
1296.2036
2378.6716
3709.3486
5329.6030
6246.5981
6687.8589
Slope
KA
1380
0.260606
q max K A
1
, q max
q max
1 q max
0.260606
1 q max K A
1380
3.8372
0.00018884
449
18.D2.
L soln
1 kg
kg ads 1000 g
q max K A,c C A
uj
Part a
0.022
K A,C
2.104
Kd
uj
2.104
c.
u AN
u DN
HETP
L
g anth
v super
40
5.671 cm min
L u S,DN
4.576
5.567
u S,AN
L N
g ads
K ij
1782 0.00301
4Ru
N1 2
From (18-83)
g ads.
40
1 0.69
2.104
g anth
b.
104.33
u S,AN
N 10885
0.002297 cm
2
From (18-81),
d.
time
18.D4.
1 0.69 1782K j
1 mol
0.10456
, u AN
g ads
, vinter
mol 178.22 g
v inter
40
, thus, K A,C
1 K Ac C A
q max
0.022
v sup er
10.0
v int er
0.43
23.26
0.042271 min
cm
min
v int er
a) u s
p
e
us 0
1
Kd
e
e
(18-15c)
p
Kx T
23.26
0.6027 cm min
0.57 .48 1.0
0.57 0.52 2100
17.46
0.43
0.43
684
t br 200 cm 0.6027 cm min 331.8 min
450
u th
1.636
t th,br
c) K x
t br
M.B.in
10.0
23.26
.57 .52 2100 2000
C ps
C pf
5.911
cm
min
23.26
1.23 g g @80 C , u s 80
200 cm 5.4868
cm
min
A c cm 2
10.0 A c 0.684
C 80
C 0
0.0011 g tol
g fluid
33.84 0.0011
0.0011 113.92
5.4868 cm min
1.636 2.603
36.45 min , see figure.
C 80
.43
684 1841
200 cm 5.911 cm min 33.84 min
out
Simplifying:
1
u th
1
u th
297.96 .0011
1
0.6027
1
5.4868
2.611
1
5.911
1
5.911
0.1255 wt frac.
113.92
451
80, C = 0
z
usol (80C)
uth
0.0011
C=0
0.0011
331.8
min
0.0011
t
Cconc
33.84
36.45 min
0.1255
Cout
0.0011
0
33.84
18.D5.
36.45
vsuper 20 cm min
vint er vsuper e 20 0.4 50 cm min
For step input w. unfavorable isotherm, get a diffuse wave.
v int er
Langmuir formula: u s
1 e 1 p
1 e
a
1
Kd p
s
1 bc
e
e
But now
us
1
b
.6
1.01 .54
.4
0.46
0
50
.6 .46 1.124 kg
1.2
.4
liter 1 0.46 c
1.81
time, min
50
0.93067
1 0.46 c
452
18.D6. a)
u th
1
u th
.57
1
.5
.43
C ps
.684 2240
.57
.5 920 1.80
.43
50 cm 12.61 cm min
v int er
c)
C pf
b) t thermal,br
u s 300K
C p f v int er
Kd
e
e
K xy
W
C pw
eAc
12.61 cm min
3.965 min
30
.57
.57
1
.5 1.0
.5 12.109
.43
.43
u s 350K
6.5298 K xy
t br 300K
3.0964 cm min
0.010 .
453
50 12.61 20
1
u s 300
1
u th
C 350
0.010 3.2989
1
u s 350
20 L u s 350 K
1
u th
23.965 min
1
3.0964
1
12.61
1
6.5298
1
12.61
3.2989
20 50 6.5298
27.6572 minutes
0.032989
18.D6.
g/L
0.010
0
t
18.D7.
vint er
vsuper
16.1478
15 0.434
Kd
tr
L us
(A)
p
s
K 4
34.56
0.566 0.43
0.434
60 cm 0.3715 cm min
27.6572
34.56 cm min
v int er
a) At 4C: u s
us 4 C
23.965
0.3715 cm min
1820 0.08943
0.434
161.49 min . Concentration out is zero from t = 0 to t =
0.01 .
454
v int er
b) u th
1.
C ps
C pf
WC pw
e
A c C pf
34.56
17.293 cm min ,
0.566 0.43 0.25 1820
0.434
1.00 1000
60.0 17.293 3.4696 min +1200
u th
1.743
t br,th
L u th
u s 60 C
34.56
0.720258 cm min
0.566 0.43
1.743
1820 0.045305
0.434
t br,conc 60 L u s 60
60.0 0.720258 83.3035 min +1200
C=0
60
60
60
0 60
C=0
uth
Elution time: 0
c high 60
chigh
cF
CF
1
us 4
3.4696
1
u th
83.3
C high
1
u s 60
1
u th
1.38839 0.05783
u th vinter,purge,
If t purge
t purge
0.019796 kmol m3
u s vinter,F, 0 C
u s v inter,F, 80 C
C=0
25.58
18.60
25.58 cm min .
0.3799
0.5225 cm min
4.343 cm min
18.60
vinter,purge
thermal,breakthro
ugh
120 cm
455
120
tF
0.5225 18.56
290.35 min
0.3799
The next feed input at 290.35 + 18.56 = 308.91 min. This starts a cold thermal wave at
v Inter,F , u th v Inter,F
4.701 cm min which breaks through in another 25.53 min for total time
to cold breakthrough of 308.91 + 25.53 = 334.44 min.
The solute is hot, first at v Inter,purge u s 80 , v Inter,purge
18.60
u s 80 ,v inter,F
4.343
25.58
u s vinter,purge, 80
t
Exit Time Solute
18.56
u s,F 80 , vinter,F
t purge
3.158
120
12.47 min
334.44
321.38 min.
Solute exits from 290.35+18.56=308.91 min to 321.38 minutes = 12.47 minutes & it exits at
superficial velocity of 8.0 cm min .
Mass Balance
All solute in = Solute out
t F vsuper A c c IN t out vsuper A c c out,AVG
tF
c out ,AVG
t out
290.35
c IN
0.0009 wt frac
12.47
0.02096 wt frac.
This is same as peak concentration in Example 18-3, but greater than x out,avg 0.00748. To
have same concentrations need to recycle the material exiting at feed concentration in counterflow system. NOTE: Counter flow system has advantages of not contaminating the product end
of the column and typically has less spreading of the zone.
18.D.9. New problem in 3rd edition. a.
u s,feed,M
vinter
vSuper
e
Kd
0.05 m s. vinter
v inter
RTK A,p
0.5 0.43
0.1163 m s
0.01712 m s
z after
which is 0.75 0.5584
y M after
0.003
Feed Step
u sfeed
0.01712 m s
0.75 m
4.0 atm
0.2128
1.0 atm
0.1916 m from feed and
4.0
0.5584 m
0.2128 1
1.0
7 sec
0.001007
0.11984 m
456
Blowdown.
Measuring from closed top, z before
z after
0.4386 m
0.2128
1.0
0.5890 m
4.0
The far end of the feed wave does not get removed from the bed.
0.11984 or 0.75 0.11984 0.6302 m from closed end has
z after
1.0
0.6302
0.4386
0.75 0.3114
0.2128
4.0
y after
y feed
1.0
0.2128 1.0
0.2128
1.3431 z before
z before 0.5584 m from closed
4.0
(product) end. This is 0.75 0.5584 0.196 m from feed end. This gas entered at an unknown
pressure between p L 1.0 and p H 4.0. Can calculate this pressure from Eq. (18-28c)
This z after
0.75
p before
z before
p after
z after
z before
y after,press
0.003
y after,BD
0.001007
0.5584
4.0
4.0
1 0.2128
1.00003 atm
0.75
0.2128 1
0.001007
1.00003
This gas is depressurized to 1.0 & exits column
0.2128 1
0.008933
0
.0030
time
z after
p after
p before
0.2128
1.0
z before 0.75
0.5584
4.0
from closed end, which is 0.75 0.5584 0.1916 m from feed end. Want the feed to end at this
point. During constant pressure feed step, feed travels u s,feed t F 0.01712 t F . Then for
pressurization step z after (from feed end)
457
0.5584 0.1712 t F
0.5584 0.1712 t F
z after
z before
p before
0.2128
0.5584 or t F 0.
1
Thus, need a purge step if have feed step at constant pressure for complete cleanout.
18.D10. a)
pt.10 : z after
y after
0.4,
0.002
Travels,
0.75
p after
0.2128, p before
3.0
0.4
0.5
0.000876
1.015128
0.4 m
0.01592 m s
3.0
.48
1
.2128
1.05128 atm
0.2128 1
3.0
p before
1
0.2128
0.002
26.126s
0.2128 1
0.00172
.5
2.4763
Dist. Traveled @ t = 30s: 0.02 + 0.01592 29s = 0.48168 m
For blow-down: distance from closed end = 0.01832 cm
z after
0.01832
Purge: u M,purge
0.5
0.5
.2128 1.0
(distance traveled)/upurge
18.D11.
.2128
31 s +
0.5-0.026824
0.01751
58.023s
458
BD
3
y=0
y=0
y = 0.0082
8
18.D12. a) The clean bed receiving feed has a shockwave for Langmuir isotherm.
320 cm 3 min
v sup er
vsup er
r2
A c , where A c
vsup er
4 cm
50.2654 cm 2
v int er
u sh
1
Kd
p
s
q after
q before
c after
c before
c after
where c before
50 mol m 3 , q after
q
c
0, q before
0.190 50
1 0.146 50
1.1446 mol kg
14.669
u sh
1
0.566 0.43
0.434
0.434
t br
L u sh
1.1446
1820
50 cm 0.5843 cm min
0.5843 cm min
50
85.579 min
us
1
14.669
0.566 0.43 1820
0.19
0.434
0.434
1 0.146 c
1.74336
14.669
193.92
1 0.146c
Create Table.
459
18.D13.
50, u s
3.218, t
L us
0, u s
0.07497 cm min , t
40, u s
2.491, t
20.071 min
30, u s
1.737, t
28.779 min
c 15, u s
0.7052, t
70.898
0.2205, t
226.80
5, u s
de xtran, B
L us
666.93 min
fructose
(1)
CA v1
u A1
M1u port
CB v 2
u B2
M 2 u port (2)
C A v3
u A3
M 3u port
CB v 4
u B4
M 4 u port (4)
(3)
v F,sup er
1000 cm 3 min
, vF
2
40
e
4
CB vF
Solve eqs. (2) and (3) simultaneously, u port
CB
M2
M3
CA
v2
CA
v3
1
1
e
e
v2
v3
v4
KA
1
.6
1
0.23
.4
0.7435 , C B
M1
CA
M2
CB
u port
u port
0.97
0.7435
0.99
0.4914
3.03175 cm min
60
3.03175
M 4 u port
1.03 3.03175
CB
0.4914
KB
0.4914
19.791 min
0.7435
1
.6
1
.69
.4
L t sw
3.03175
CA
V1,sup er
1.01 3.03175
Recycle flow
1
1
3.03175
M 3 u port
1.9894 cm 3 min
u port
v1
Vol Feed
D2
4
v F , v F,super
v1
D2
e
1988.176 cm 3 min
3070.15 cm 3 min
4.1184; V3,sup er
2070.14 cm 3 min
6.3547; V4,sup er
3194.19 cm 3 min
460
V4,sup er
Check:
V1,sup er
VD
VF
V4
V1
VF
F
V2
Extract Product
V4
M 1 u port
CB
CA
vF
M2
V3
M1
CB
CA
CB
M3
CA
.97
.4914
.7435
1.2060 , OK
.4914
.99
1.01
.7435
V1 3070.15 1988.18 1081.97 cm 3 min
3194.19 2070.14 1124.05 cm3 min
KK
Andersons data:
1.2060
1.03
.4914
Raffinate Product
M4
M4
CB
2.9 1.3
KK
Li
KH
Li
2.2308
DeChows data:
K K H 2.63 1.26 2.0873
For the shockwave Eq. (18-46) holds for K+
Since resin is initially in H+ form, x K,before CK,before CT 0 and y K,before
a)
x K,after
CK,after CT
y K,after
CR ,K,after CRT
CR ,K CRT
0.
1.0
1.0
v inter
u sh ,K
y K ,after
1 C RT
K DE ,K
x K ,after
e CT
25 0.42
u sh ,K
y K ,before
x K ,before
44.84 min
1
2.2
1 0
u sh
1
1.0
0.42 0.1
1 0
Same for both sets of data since K K H does not enter into equation when initial and feed
contain only one ion.
b) C t 1.0, u Sh,K 9.542 cm min , t sh 5.24 min
c)
Ct
1.0, x K,before
yK
Andersons Data: y K ,before
y K ,after
0.2, x K,after
K KH x K
1
K KH 1 x K
2.2308 0.2
2.2308 1 0.2
2.2308 0.85
1
1.115 cm min, t sh
2.2308 1 0.85
0.3580
0.9267
461
u sh
25 0.42
1
2.2
1
0.42 1.0
1.0
0.9267 0.3580
0.85 0.2
10.662 , t K
L u sh
4.69 min
DeChows data:
y K ,before
y K ,after
2.0873 0.2
1
0.3148
2.0873 1 0.2
2.0873 0.85
0.9220
2.0873 1 0.85
25 0.42
L u sh 4.95 min
10.100 , t K
1
2.2
0.9220 0.3148
1
1.0
0.42 1.0
0.85 0.2
4.69 4.95
% difference
100 5.55%
4.69
d) There is a difference if either initial or feed contains both ions. System with higher
K K H had higher shock velocity.
u sh
y i,after
1 c RT
K DE
x i,after
e cT
1
For both
Na & K ,
x i,after
y i,before
y i,after
t center
0
1.0
u i,sh
1
y i,after
1 c RT
K DE
x i,after
e cT
y i,before
x i,before
For both Na+ and K+: xbefore = 0.4 and xafter = 0.9. For Na+
K Na H xNa
(2.0 / 1.3)(0.4)
y Na ,before
1 ( K Na H 1) xNa 1 [(2.0 / 1.3) 1](0.4)
y Na , after
x i,before
25 0.42
5.186 cm min
1
2.2
1
0.42 0.5
L u sh 50 5.186 9.64 min
Thus same u sh , u sh
Part b.
x i,before
y i,before
K Na
1 ( K Na
xNa
1) xNa
(2.0 / 1.3)(0.9)
1 [(2.0 / 1.3) 1](0.9)
0.506
0.933
462
u sh ,Na
y Na ,after
1 c RT
K DE
x Na ,after
e cT
1
t Na
L / ush , Na
50 / 5.98
(25 / 0.42)
1(2.2)(1.0) 0.933 0.506
1
(0.42)(0.5)
0.9 0.4
y Na ,before
x Na ,before
5.98
8.36 min .
For K+ we obtain,
y K ,before
y K , after
KK
1 (KK
KK
1 (KK
u sh ,K
Part c.
(2.9 / 1.3)(0.4)
1) xK
L / ush , K
xK
(2.9 / 1.3)(0.9)
1) xK
v
50 / 7.054
(25 / 0.42)
1(2.2)(1.0) 0.953 0.598
1
(0.42)(0.5)
0.9 0.4
y K ,before
x K ,before
7.054
7.09 min .
1 c RT
dy
K DE
dx
e cT
dy Na
K Na
dx Na
dx Na
t Na
K Na
L u shNA
KK
1
xK
KK
K Na
x Na
dy K
.9
Li
KH
Li
KH
Li
Li
1 x Na
25 0.42
1 2.2
1
0.955
.42 0.5
u Na
5.409
1 xK
xK
KK
0.855, u K
Li
Li
KH
KH
Li
Li
2
1 xK
25 0.42
1 2.2
1
0.855
.42 0.5
5.979
u Na
3.477,
t Na
14.38 min
KK
xK
dy Na
dx K
K Na
KK
2.9 1.3 1 .5
dx Na
0.955,
2.9 1.3
dy
dx
9.244 min
dx K
x Na
1 x Na
2.0 1.3 1 .5
dy K
x Na
K Na
2.0 1.3
dy Na
Part e.
0.953
u
1
Part d.
0.598
y K ,after
1 c RT
K DE
x K ,after
e cT
1
tK
xK
2.9 1.3
2.231,
uK
2.442,
tK
20.47 min
.9
463
dy Na
1.538
dx Na
dy K
0.538 .9
2.231
dx K
0.502,
1.231 .9
0.698, u
7.159, t Na
Na
uK
6.984 min
tK
9.5075,
5.259 min
Part f. The velocities and hence the derivatives are equal. Thus,
K Na
dy Na
dx Na
K Na
KH
Li
KH
Li
Li
1 x Na
KK
dy K
Li
dx K
KK
Li
Li
KH
KH
Li
Li
1 xK
vint er
vsup er
15 0.40
MW p
f
37.5 cm s
1.0 kg
0.5832 kg m 3
m kPa
1000 g
298 K
mol K
q
kg toluene kg carbon
. Then, shockwave velocity is
is in
c
kg toluene kg air
v int er
RT
u sh
0.008314
Kd
q
y
s
f
37.5 cm s
u sh
1
0.6 0.35
0.4
0.4
1500 kg m 3 q 2
0.5832 kg m 3 y 2
q1
y1
37.5 cm s
u sh
For
1.975 1350.308
q2
y2
u sh ,1 : y1
0, y 2
0, q1
u sh 2 : y1
y2
u sh 2
q1
y1
0.0005, q 2
37.5
u sh ,1
At
2000 0.0015
1 2200 0.0015
L min
0.47619
0.104976 cm h
0.69767
37.5
0.69767 0.47619
1.975 1350.308
0.0015 0.0005
L min : u sh1t
1 2200 0.0005
0.00002916 cm s
0.47619
1.975 1350.308
0.0005
0.0005, q1 0.47619
0.0015, q 2
2000 .0005
0.00012539 cm s
0.451393 cm h
u sh 2 t 10 h where t is in hours.
464
Solve for
u sh 2 10
0.451393 10
13.03 h
0.451393 0.104976
cm
L min u sh1 t 0.104976
13.03 h 1.368 cm
h
Thus, for any column of partial length we will see a single shockwave exit the column.
v sup er 21.0
18.D17. v int er
52.5 cm s
0.4
e
pV n RT
u sh 2
Cinit
Since
u sh1
MW n
MW p
28.9 50
RT
us
1
Kd
1
y
0.0010
0.00075
0.00050
2nd wave (0.00050)
0.00025
0.00
us
52.5
0.6 0.35
.6
0.65 1.0
0.4
0.4
q
u s cm s
y
195.31
0.0001991
284.799 0.0001365
453.515 0.00008573
- add
20 hours
832.466 0.00004671
2000
0.00001914
us y
0.5383 kg m 3
0.001
q
y
where
2000
1 2200y
52.5 cm s
q 1.975+1350.23 q
y
y
t L u s 25 u s
1500
0.583
125,581s = 34.8835 h
183,117.6s = 50.866 h
291,596.6s = 80.999 h
100.999 h
535,250.5 = 148.681 + 20 = 168.681 h
1285937.96 = 357.205 + 20 = 377.205 h
0.00075
0.00025
us y
us y
0
0.005
t
us y
0.0005
465
80.999
34.88
0.001
50.866
0
0.00075
0.0005
100.99
168.88
0.00025
t
18.D.18.
Part a.
20
0.61 1.0 0.88
u S,F
1 0
8.416 , u
4Ru u S,G
Part b.
u S,F
L v E eff
u S,F
9.771
229.465
2N E eff
v
114.73 cm
20 cm min
tG
L u S,G
tF
L u S,F
K Ag
Li
uS
13.63 min
t ,F
K AgK
uS,G
0.39
18.D19.
377.2
KK
Li
vint er
8.5 2.9
vsuper
1/ 2
10.20 min
t ,G
229.465
1/ 2
0.673 min
1/ 2
1
229.465
2.93 , y Ag
e
3.0 0.4
0.900 min
2.93 x Ag
1 1.93 x Ag
7.5 cm min
6.667 min
466
b) Shock wave,
v int er
u sh
y Ag after
1 C RT
KE
x Ag after
e CT
before: x Ag
7.5 cm min
1 2.0 1.0 1.0
u sh
1
0.4
1.2
u s,Ag
x Ag
x Ag
0.5, u s
x Ag
0, u s
From spreadsheet:
1.0 .
y Ag
1.4516 cm min , t sh
v int er
1 C RT
dy
KE
dx
e CT
7.5 cm min
1 2.0
2.93
1
1.0
0.4 1.2
1 1.93 x
1.0, u s
7.5
12.208
2.93
50 cm
u sh
1.4516 cm min
1 C RT
KE
e CT
1
34.44 min
2
Ag
3.0965
cm
min
u_dif,Ag
3.097163211
2.852615804
2.598940969
2.337763116
2.071284133
1.802351071
1.53450084
1.27196632
1.019637556
0.782936124
0.567638906
2.0 eq L , c T
0.02 eq L , x Ca
K CaK C RT
0.6183 2.0
CT
0.02
75 cm, vsuper
61.83
K Ag -K
K Ag
1 x Ag
7.5
12.208
1 1.93 x Ag
, t out
us
7.5
50
1.8021 , t out
12.208
1.8021
1
3.86
7.5
L
0.5678 cm min , t out
13.208
us
xAg
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
Column: L
v int er
16.147 min
27.745 min
50
0.5678
88.0555 min
t_dif,Ag
16.14380534
17.5277722
19.23860549
21.38796684
24.13961427
27.74154314
32.58388572
39.3091764
49.0370324
63.86217015
88.08416667
x Ag before
1.0
c) Diffuse wave: u s
18.D20.
0 . after: x Ag
y Ag
y Ag before
K Ca
Li
K K Li
0.8 at t
5.2
2
2.9
0.6183
0.
shockwave .
20 cm min ,
vinter
20 .4
50 cm min
467
Feed:
u sh
0,
0.4, K E
v int er
, before: x Ca
C RT K E y
1
x
e CT
u sh
1.0
50
1
2.0 0.971965
1
1.0
0.4
.02
0.8
x Ca
K Ca C RT
CT
0.8
0.971965
75
0.16407 cm min , t br
0 , after: x Ca
0, y Ca
u sh
50 cm min takes
75
50
457.1 min
1.5 min.
v imter
dy Ca 1.2336 1 y Ca 1 x Ca
u diffuse
where
3
C RT K E dy Ca
dx Ca
1 x Ca 1 y Ca
1
C T e dx Ca
(Wankat, 1990, Eq. (9-25b)).
dy Ca
50
At x Ca 0,
1.2366, u Ca
6.96088 cm min
1.0
2.0
dx Ca
1
1.2366
0.4 1.0
75 cm
t out
10.7745 min (slow wave)
6.96088
At x Ca 0.96897, and y Ca 0.971965
dy Ca
1.2336 0.028035
dx Ca
0.03103
1.96897
0.908386
1.971965
50
9.022 cm min , t out
2.0 1.0
1
0.908386
1.0 0.4
At x Ca 0.5, y Ca 0.534927
75
u Ca
dy Ca
1.2336 0.465073
dx Ca
u Ca
.5
C Tol
1.5
0.97013
1.534927
50
2.0 1.0
1
0.97013
1.0 0.4
Cy
9.022
75
8.546
1
1
e
e
Kd
0.132234
p
K Tol 300
468
K Tol 300 K
C xy
.95
.10007
vF
v2
M 2 u port
v1
M1 u port
v4
M 4 u port C xy
1.05 0.6479
v Tol prod
v2
v1
6.7914
0.10017
6.1447 4.6547 1.4900
v xy,prod
v4
v3
vD
Check: vOut
18.D22.
0.10017
u port
E eff
v sup er
us
v4
v1
6.7914 4.6547
v tol prod
ED
v xy,prod
u s2
dp
6 k M,c
20 cm 3 min
1 0
v
1
8.5972 , K xy 300 K
cm
3.1366 , v total in
2.035
D F
2.1367
vD
3.1367
vF
, where
6.366 cm min ,
15.915
2.1367,
dp
6 k m,c
k m,c a p
v sup er
OK.
15.915 cm min
7.821 cm min
E eff
0.15
Eq. (17-69) X
cm
7.821
min
0.6 0.69
5.52 min
CF
Argument of erf, a
0.4
8.063 cm 2 min
z ust
1 erf
4 E eff u s t
v int er
12
for step up
200 7.821 t
15.849 t
12
469
Step down:
X L, t 8
L u s t 8u s
1 erf
12
4 E eff u s t 8
v int er
323.04 7.821 t
Argument of erf , a
15.849 t
Total Solution X X
L
If t
25.573 min
us
X
If t
and X
2
L 8u s
1.998
4
X
31.2835
341.89
12
1
2
0.979235 0.0084
cF
See also Problem 18.G1.
cF
1
2
0.499 c
1.44473, erf a
12
1
2
50 0.970835
Cinitial
1 .983186
.998
24.975 .
0.95847
Kd
CF1 X z, t 17.5
CF1X z, t 28
0.132234
p
K Tol 300
8.5972 , K xy 300 K
1
0.0084
48.54
C xy (300K)
0.999
0.983186 , X
Cinitial
Tol
K Tol 300 K
2.773, erf
0.979236
0.970835 , c
12
532.13
468.663
1.95847
63.96
31.2765
29.575, a
1.69189, erf a
0.50 or c
1 2, a
0, X
xy
0 , c cF
7.358
12
279.6
0.999
Peak at 25.575
12
123.03
0, a
1 1.000
33.575, a
us
1
126.792
0.10017
470
u port
.90
.10007
vF
1.4812 v F
1.10
.132234
M 2 u port C xy (300K)
v1
v4
v2
v1
vD
v4
Check: vOut
v4
v1
13.3084 cm min , v3
0.10017
1.4812
.90
10.0812
0.132234
13.3084 10.0812
v3
v tol prod
v xy,prod
v2
vF
12.3084
16.2655
0.10017
16.2655 12.3084
16.2655 10.0812
148.12 cm
3.2272
1.10 1.4812
M 4 u port C xy (300)
v xy,prod
u port t SW
0.90 1.4812
v2
vTol prod
1.4812 cm min , L
3.9571
6.1843,
7.1843 , v total in
vF
D F
vD
6.1843
7.1843
OK.
v2
6.1447 , v3
v1
M1
5.14476
0.5 and M 4
and v 4
M 4 u port C xy 350 K
K Tol 273K
17.612
K xy 350K
4.423
C Tol 273K
C xy 350K
v1
0.2135
vTol prod
0.07259
v2
4.4627 , v 4
1.6820 , v xy prod
v1
v4
v3
v4
v1
6.0707
1.608
D / F 1.608
18.D26. a)
u sD
4Ru s
u sA
1.0
1 5.8
u s,B
, R
0.147059 , u
1.5 , u s A
1
1.0
s
KA
6.5
0.15385
0.15045
471
4 1.5 0.15045
Need N
b) t R ,A
t ,A
CA
C A ,max
17689 , L
0.0067873
884.45
uA
0.15385
uA
5748.88
95.813 min
tR
2
t
exp
0.05 N
884.45 cm.
95.813 min
12
exp
t,min
CA CA,max
12
0.7204 min
17689
t 95.813
2 0.7204
90
92
94
95
95.813
96
97
7.27E-15 8.3E-7 0.0421 0.52898 1.00 0.9669 0.2573
CA
0.33 X A L, t
CF
18.D27.
18.D28. a) u p
25.0 cm
L t center
35.4 min
b) Large-Scale system
1.0 0.33 X A L, t
1 .55 X A L, t .8t F
0.55 0 X A L, t
u pt MTZ
t MTZ, LS
d 2p ,LS D eff
1.0
t MTZ,lab
d 2p ,lab D eff
0.12
t MTZ,LS
Independent of velocity
0.4t F
69.44 2.8
tF
0.706 2.8
1.9774 cm
69.44
194.44 min
v super
u p ,LS
u p ,lab
LS
v super
e
lab
12
u p,Ls
0.706
4
3
0.941 cm min
lab
457.6
L up
486.27 min , t br
486.27
194.44
0.941
2
This is length of feed time if column is completely regenerated.
18D.29. K CaK
a.) c RT
K Ca
Li
K K Li
5.2
2
2.9
2.5 eq L , cT
t MTZ
2
389.05 min .
0.6183
0.03 eq L , x Ca
0.7 at t
0.
472
K CaK C RT
0.6183 2.5
CT
0.03
Column: L
p
Feed:
u sh
90 cm, vsuper
0,
shockwave .
51.525
25 cm min ,
0.39, K E
y Ca
(1 y Ca )
25 / .39
64.10 cm min
1.0
v int er
, before: x Ca
C RT K E y
1
x
e CT
from Equilibrium,
vinter
0, y Ca
0 , after: x Ca
K Ca K C RT
x Ca
CT
(1 x Ca ) 2
0.7
400.75
u sh
64.1
1
2.5 0.95128
1
1.0
0.39
.03
0.7
K CaK C RT
(0.6183)(2.5)
CT
1.1
0.22000 cm min , t br
35.0 / 0.39
1.4057 y Ca
90
409.10 min
u sh
90
1.003 min.
89.74
K Ca K C RT
x Ca
CT
(1 x Ca ) 2
to
v imter
dy Ca 1.4057 1 y Ca 1 x Ca
u diffuse
where
3
C RT K E dy Ca
dx Ca
1 x Ca 1 y Ca
1
C T e dx Ca
(Wankat, 1990, Eq. (9-25b)).
dy Ca
89.74
At x Ca 0,
1.4057, u Ca
9.7631 cm min
1.0
2.5
dx Ca
1
1.4057
0.39 1.1
As an alternative can do numerical calculation of derivative. At x = 0, y = 0. x = 0.001, y = 0.001404 and
y / x (0.001404 0) / (0.001 0) 1.404 , which is reasonably close.
90 cm
dy Ca
1.4057 0.04872
dx Ca
0.05749
1.94251
1.95128
0.85169
473
89.74
15.049 cm min , t out
2.5 1.0
1
0.85169
1.1 0.39
From equilibrium, at the arbitrary value x Ca 0.5, y Ca
u Ca
dy Ca
1.4057 1 0.55544
dx Ca
.5
1.5
15.049
0.55544
0.95282
1.55544
89.74
2.5 1.0
1
0.95282
1.1 0.39
u Ca
90
90
13.695
6.572 min .
K CaK C RT
(0.6183)(2.5)
CT
CT
1.0
KK
Li
KH
Li
DeChows data:
K K H 2.63 1.26 2.0873
a.) This will be a shock wave since K+ is more concentrated in the feed to the column than it
is initially and KK-H > 1.
v inter
u sh ,K
y K ,after
1 C RT
K E ,K
x K ,after
e CT
Ct
1.0, x K,before
yK
y K ,before
y K ,after
u sh
tK
0.2, x K,after
K KH 1 x K
2.0873 1 0.2
2.0873 0.85
x K ,before
K KH x K
2.0873 0.2
1
y K ,before
2.0873 1 0.85
0.3148
0.9220
25 0.42
0.9220 0.3148
1.0
0.85 0.2
1
2.2
1
0.42 1.0
L u sh 49.5 min
All three times are the same for the shock wave.
10.100 cm/min,
474
b.)
This will be a diffuse wave since K+ is less concentrated in the feed to the column than it
is initially and KK-H > 1.
v inter
u diffuse,K
dy K
1 C RT
K E,K
dx K
e CT
dy K
K KH
At xK = 0.15, dxK
u diffuse,K
25 / 0.42
2.2(1) dy K
1
(0.42)(1.0) dx K
(1 ( K KH
2.0873
1) xK )
25 / 0.42
2.2(1) dy K
1
(0.42)(1.0) dx K
1.543
[1 (1.0873)(0.15)]2
59.524
dy
1 5.238 K
dx K
59.524
1 5.238(1.543)
6.554cm / min
dy K
K KH
2.0873
dxK
(1 ( K KH 1) xK )
59.524
u diffuse,K
dy
1 5.238 K
dx K
0.876
[1 (1.0873)(0.5)]2
59.524
10.65cm / min
1 5.238(0.876)
dy K
dxK
u diffuse,K
K KH
(1 ( K KH
59.524
dy
1 5.238 K
dx K
1) xK ) 2
0.5970
59.524
1 5.238(0.597)
14.42cm / min
vSuper
10
vint er
10 .4
25,
0.4,
30.0
475
c RT
2.4,
1.10,
KK
2.9
Na
y K ,after
1 c RT
K DE
x K ,after
e cT
b.
u sh,exp t
c.
L MTZ
L t center
u sh t MTZ
1 2.4
1.0
.4 1.1
x K ,before
1 0
1 0
7.31 min
7.31 7.75
100
6.00%
7.31
30 7.31 4.10 cm min .
25
y K ,before
1.45
2.0
v int er
u sh ,K
u sh,K
cT
L MTZLab
2.093 cm
1 0.5 L MTZ L
d 2p v Super D eff
16 d 2p
l arg e scale
d 2p v Super D eff
0.965
d 2p
Lab
Lab
Lab
200 D eff
L MTZ,Lab
100 D eff
L MTZ,larg e scale
16 2 2.093 cm
v inter,large scale
u sh
u sh ,lab ,exp tl
v inter,lab scale
0.5 t MTZ
L u sh
2580 ft 3 , h=2580/860=3ft.,
End
View
0.833
0.5 L MTZ u sh
8.2
wLh
66.98 cm
860 ft 2
p0
20.31min
T max
6 atm
500 C
932 F
88.14 psia
73.14 psig
Weight vessel
Di
ts
0.8 D i t s
Seider etal,
s
Eq.16 59
w
Seider etal. (2004), Eq. (16.61)
476
Pd
exp
0.60608 0.91615
Wall thickness
tp
(Eq. 16.60)
Relate w to h.:
n p0
96.66 D i
2SE 1.2 Pd
2 13,100 1
96.66 psig
3.7057E 3 D i
1.2 96.66
cos
cos
90
D
Pd D i
0.0015655
where
Weight
n p0
3.7057E 3 D
0.5h
1.5
r
0.5w
r
w
D
w
cos 90
860
D cos 90
cos
cos
cos
3 D
cos
0.8D
3D
3.7057 E 3 D 490
Cv
CpL
From p. 531, Fm
Fm C v
CBm
0.20294
118,323 Cp
1.0 in 2000
Cp
Cp Fm
Absorbent: p. 553 Cp
0.04333 n w
2724
0.054266 ft
1580 D
ts
1.0, 2000
$60 ft 3 , Cp
3.05
60 2580
$393, 400
$154,800
477
478
479
480
18.G2.
t MTZ
18.G3.
6.0 3.13
4.52 min
2.87 min
Find
D F 1.0. D 141.55 E R
CA 0.343 and CB 0.219
Eq. (17.31a)
u port
a)
M 2B
CB
M 3A
CA
141.55 cm 3 min
vF
e
u port
t sw
v1,int er
v1,sup er
Dc
0.4
10
4.5057 cm min
4.5057
1
0.219
L u port
CA vint er
Recycle Rate
vF
F.
u A1
2.7295 cm min
1
0.343
50 2.7295 18.32 min
M1u port
2.7295 cm min
2.7295
7.9577 cm min
0.343
0.4 v1,int er 3.18308 cm min
3.18308
10
250 cm 3 min
18G5.
481
482
483
18.G6.
k m,a p
1.5 min1 , L
25.0 cm
484
v sup er
20.2 ml min
Eq. (18-66)
2.0 m 2 4
6.366 cm min
6.366 cm min
19.1
1.5 min -1
Satisfied, but close. Thus some bypasses but most undergoes equilibration.
18.G7.
485
18H1. New problem in 3rd edition. Spreadsheets with numbers and formulas shown.
486
487
18.H.2. New problem in 3rd edition. The spreadsheets are shown on the next pages. They are based on
the previous, but includes both a step up and a step down. Because of the quirk in Excel not
allowing negative arguments, it was set up with multiple solution paths. The correct solution
occurs when there are numbers.
Time, min
15
20
22.5
25
.0134
1.798
24.96
25.5726 27.5
25.0
30
33.575
35
37.5
11.13 1.114
40
.040
488
489
490