Solved Assignment July Dec 2016

MS-28 (Sample Copy)

Course Code
Course Title
Assignment Code
Assignment Coverage

MS - 28
Labour Laws
MS-28/TMA/SEM - II/2016
All Blocks

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1. Explain the concept of social justice in relation to industrial jurisprudence. Describe the influence of ILO
Conventions and Recommendations on Labour Legislation in India.
Concept of social justice in relation to industrial jurisprudenceThe term social justice was first used in 1840 by a Sicilian priest, Luigi Taparelli d'Azeglio, and given prominence by Antonio
Rosmini Serbati in La ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a significant
audience among theorists since John Rawls book. A Theory of Justice has used it as a pseudonym of distributive justice.
In the realm of labour laws there has been in reality continuous legislative activity by the Supreme Court ever since the
Constitution was promulgated. The Supreme ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of social Justice. In fact, other principles
of labour law only flow from this basic principle, and hence we may consider it at some length.
Social Justice connotes the balance of adjustments of the various interests concerned in the social and economic structure of
society. It aims at promoting harmony in Industrial relations upon an ethical and economic basis, and its ultimate objective of
peace in Industry. Thus, social justice is an objective of peace in industry. Thus, social justice is an application in the field of
labour laws of the basic principle of sociological jurisprudence of harmonising conflicting interests.
Social Justice recognised that workers are in a weak ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------doctrine of social, justice.
The concept of social justice is not narrow or one-sided or pedantic. Its sweep is comprehensive. It is founded on the basic ideal of
socio-economic equality and its ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------claims of employees by finding a solution which is just
and fair to both parties with the object of establishing harmony between labour and capital, and good relationship.
The ultimate object of industrial adjudication is to help the growth and progress of the national economy, and it is with that
ultimate object in view that industrial disputes are settled by industrial adjudication.
Social justice is not based on contract. .In fact it is an abridgement of the freedom of contract. The days of hire and fire are gone
and the Industrial Court have power to ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in the interests of social Justice. In fact the Industrial Courts enjoy immense wide powers which
no civil court possesses, namely, to create new contracts, modify existing contracts,-and confer new rights and privileges."
However the principle of social justice does not permit ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Union, AIR 1959 SC 1036 the
Supreme Court observed:
Social Security for the weaker sections is of utmost importance. But then we cannot forget the limitations under which we are
living . While we should not forget our social goals, our purpose may be defeated if we do not approach our problems in a
pragmatic way.
Thus, social justice requires the Industrial Courts to ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------production may increase and the
national economy may grow.

Principles of Social Justice, Social ------------------------------------------------ and Labour LegislationsLabour Legislations contain the principles of social justice, social equity, social security and national economy in their concept.
Social justice implies two things.
First, equitable distribution of profits and other ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the crux of the labour legislation.

National Economy provides the standards to be set for the labour legislations.
Human Rights principles and human dignity postulates provide the broader base for the concept of labour legislations. Thus, these
principles are the fundamentals for understanding the concept of Labour jurisprudence.

Influence of ILO ------------------------------------------------- Labour Legislation in IndiaThe International Labor Organization (ILO) was set up, with an aim to develop the conditions of labors not only in India but
around the world, in the year 1919. India was the instituting member of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and
Recommendations.
Resolutions are international treaties and instruments, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------benefits fixation of minimum
wages, and distribution of the companys profit of the organizations workers, etc. Most of these acts regulate rights and the
responsibilities of employee.
Further the attitude of India with respect to International ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and, consequently, India has
been very careful in ratifying Resolutions.
It has always been in the exercise in India that we ratify a ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ratify a Convention, India has
generally voted in favor of the Conventions reserving its position as far as its future ratification is concerned.

Major impact of --------------------------------- in India

ILO affects IR broadly in two ways, viz. through influencing labour policy and labour legislation, and trade union movement in
India. Like other progressive countries, in India also ---------------------------------------------- and recommendations of the ILO.
As a matter of fact, many of the labour laws passed in India since 1920 have derived their motive force from discussions at
Geneva -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- appear to have given their impetus to the development
of labour legislation in India especially after 1947 when the Indian National Government assumed office at the centre.
As mentioned earlier, India has been one of the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Legislations in India are discussed in
the subsequent section 24.12.
Modem Trade Union Movement in the country may be ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the establishment of the ILO.
The AITUC owes its immediate origin to ILO. ILO has influenced trade union or labour union in several ways.
It creates a sense of solidarity among the workers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the Indian (worker) delegates with
their counterparts from other countries at the annual international labour conferences strengthened international solidarity and
social justice among the workers across the countries.

Besides the Indian workers organisations were benefited from foreign ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Federation of Trade Union and the Third International at Moscow rendered
financial support for the relief of the Indian workers during the periods of strikes and other industrial disputes.
The Information dissemination by the ILO on various aspects of labour problems to the workers and their unions also helped
workers unite -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- union movement in India has been quite perceptible and significant.
With the evolution and expansion of small plants, factories and industries in the Indian subcontinent starting in the mid of the
nineteenth century, new possibilities for employment were ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, The Factories Act 1881,
Workmens Compensation Act -1923, Mines Act 1923, Trade Unions Act-1926, Trade Disputes Act -1929, Payment of Wages
Act -1936, Employment of children act- 1938 and Maternity Benefit Act in 1939.
The ------------------------------------ 1881
This act is the basis of all industrial and labor laws in India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------workers. It also forbids
child labor. It provides limits of work for a child in factories, including seasonal factories.
Mines ----------------------This Act make provisions for ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------days in a week. The Act does not make any provision for
wages during the day of rest.
Trade --------------------------- Payment of Wages Act
The Indian government under British set up an enquiry committee in 1926 to determine the shortcomings for anomaly of payment
of wages to industrial labors. As the result Trade ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------due to these employees. For this
purpose, a special tribunal was created, but due to some integral imperfections in the statute the repossession of judgmental wages
remained difficult.
The Weekly Holidays Act of 1942
This act recommends one paid holiday -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The government is authorized to award additional paid half-day holiday in a week.
The --------------------------------------------------- Act, 1947
This act came into being on the 1st day of April 1947. The Act provided for establishment of industrial tribunals by the
appropriate government in -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- disputes for the first time.
The Industrial ---------------------------------------------- Orders) Act, 1946
This act came into force for the first time to employers ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the master of the ship and
seaman concerning their terms of service.

Conclusion
Most of the labor legislations in India are before independence. The Fundamental Rights of the Constitution for providing
safeguards to labors. Although most of the pre ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. By observation on various
amendments and enactments in labor laws it can be easily seen that the ILO have a countless impact on the Indian Labor Laws. A
large number of laws were passed to incorporate the guidelines of the resolutions of the ILO. All these revised and ratified
legislations create provisions for the common welfare and protection of importance of the Indian labors. The constructive effect of
ILO is seen in form of appreciation of many new kinds of rights that were previously not available for the Indian labor class, but
were made available after creation of ILO.

2. Describe the scope and coverage of the Mines Act, 1952. Discuss the enforcement of the Act and the
provisions regarding working hours and limitation of employment under the Act.
Mines Act, 1952 provides for measures for the health, safety ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. The overall emphasis on the activities of DGMS is to
contain the number of accidents in mines.

Scope ---------------------------------------------, 1952The Mines act 1952, aims at providing for safe and proper working conditions in mines and certain amenities to the labour
employed therein.
The act applies to the all ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- in to force on 1st July 1952.
The Act covers all provisions who work as ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- or with the knowledge of the manager weather for wages or not, and are engaged in1.

In any mining operation or in --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- with the mining operations.

2.

In operations or services relating to the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- directly connected with any existing or future mining operations.

3.

In operating, servicing and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- used in or about the mine.

4.

In operations, ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of minerals.

5.

In ----------------------------------------------------------------- the mine.

6.

In any welfare, health, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and ward, within the premises of the mine excluding residential area.

The Act extends to whole of India. It applies to every "mine" which means:
Any excavation where any -------------------------------------------------------- minerals has been or is being carried on, and includesi) All borings, bore holes, oil wells ------------------------------------------------- the pipe conveying mineral oil within the oilfields;
ii) All shafts, in or ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- in the course of being sunk or not;
iii) All levels ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ of being driven;
iv) All ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ workings;
v) All conveyors or aerial ------------------------------------------------------------------- articles or for the removal of refuse there from;
vi) All adits, levels, planes, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to and belonging to a mine;
vii) All protective -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- to a mine;
viii) All workshops and stores ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- primarily for the purposes connected with that mine or a number of mines under the same management;
ix) All power stations, transformer substations, converter stations, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- a number of mines under the same management;
x) any premises for the time being used for depositing sand or -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- , refuse or other material is being carried on , being premises exclusively occupied by the owner of the mine:
xi) any premises in or adjacent to and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ for sale of minerals or of coke is being carried on

CoverageA person is said to be "employed" in a mine ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, agent or manager of the mine or with the knowledge of the manager, whether for wages or noti)

In any mining operation ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- up to the point of dispatch and of gathering sand and transport thereof to the mine);

ii) In operations or services relating to the ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and any building work not directly connected with any existing or future mining operations;
iii) In operating, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- used in or about the mine;
iv) In operating, --------------------------------------------------------------------- dispatch of minerals;
v) In ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- the rune;
vi) In any welfare, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Act, or watch and ward, within the premises of the mine excluding residential area, or
vii) In any kind of work, whatsoever ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- operations.

Enforcement of Mines Act 1952

laws made under section 32 of the Indian Mines ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------following staff was employed:

One ------------------------------------------ of Mines.

Three Inspectors ----------------------------------------.
Four -------------------------------------------------- of Mines.

One -------------------------------------------------- of Mines.

One Assistant -----------------------------------------------------------

1.

Inspectors

i) Appointment of Chief Inspector and Inspectors

The Central Government is --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is or becomes directly or indirectly interested in any mine or mining rights in India.
The district magistrate may also exercise the powers and perform the duties of an Inspector subject to the general or special orders
of the Central Government.
ii) Functions of Inspectors
1) The Chief Inspector is empowered -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the powers of the Chief Inspector under this Act (other than those relating to
appeals) as he may specify.
2) The Chief Inspector may, be ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------on Inspectors under this Act.

iii) Pourers of 'Inspectors of Mines

The Chief Inspector and any Inspector is empowered to;
a)

Make such examination and inquiry as -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- there under are observed in the case of any mine;

b) With such assistants, if any, as he thinks fit, enter, ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- shall not be
exercised in such a manner as unreasonably to impede or obstruct the working of the mine;
c)

Examine into, and make inquiry respecting, the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------which he may consider necessary
for carrying out purposes of this . Act;

d) Exercise such other -------------------------------------------------------------- Central Government in this behalf.

iv) Facilities to be provided for occupational health survey
1) The Chief Inspector or an Inspector or -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------data pertaining to the survey
and for the transport and examination of any person employed in the. mine chosen for the survey) to such Inspector
or officer.
2) Every person employed in a mine -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------with the said survey.
3) The time spent by any person employed in a mine who is chosen for examination in the safety and occupational
health survey, shall be counted towards his working time, so however that any overtime shall be paid at the ordinary
rate of wages.

4) Any person who, on examination under ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the period of such treatment.

5) If, after the medical treatment, the person ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------in the mine for which he is
medically fit:
6) The rates under the provisos to Sub-section (5) shall be determined having regard to the monthly wages of the
employees, the nature of disabilities and other related factors.
Secrecy of information obtained
All the copies of and extracts from, registers or other records, appertaining to any mine and all other information
acquired by the Chief. Inspector or an Inspector or ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, safety or welfare of any person
employed in the mine or in any other mine adjacent thereto.
2. Certifying Surgeons
1)

The Central Government may appoint qualified medical practitioners to be certifying surgeons for the purpose of this Act
within such local limits or for such mine or class or description of mines as it may assign to them respectively.'

2)

A certifying surgeon may, with the approval ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------qualified medical practitioner when so authorised.

3)

No. person shall be appointed to be, or ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the mine.

4)

The certifying surgeon is required to carry out such duties as may be prescribed in connection with-

a) The examination of persons ----------------------------------------------------------------------- as may be prescribed;

b) The exercise of such --------------------------------------------------------------------------- of mines whereCases of illness have occurred which it is reasonable to believe are due to the nature of any process carried on or other, conditions
of work prevailing in the mine.

Provisions regarding working hours and limitation of employment under the Acti) Hours of work above ground
1) No adult employed -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- forty-eight hours in any week or for more than nine hours in any day.
ii) Hours of work below ground
1) No adult employed. below ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- any week or for more than eight hours in any day,
iii) Extra wages for overtime
1) Where in a mine a person works -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, whichever is more favourable to him.
iv) Prohibition of employment of certain persons
No person shall be --------------------------------------------------------------------- other mine within the preceding twelve hours.
v) Limitation -------------------------------------- overtime work
Save in respect of cases falling ----------------------------------------- a mine-shall be required or allowed to work in the mine
for more than ten hours in any day inclusive of overtime.
vi) -------------------------------------------------------- eighteen years of age

No person below eighteen years of ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- allowed to work, under proper supervision, in amine or part thereof by the manager with
prior approval of the Chief Inspector or an Inspector shall be obtained before they are allowed to work.
vii) Prohibition of the presence of persons below eighteen years of age in a mine
No person below -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- where any operation connected with or incidental to any mining operation is being carried on.
viii) Employment of women
1) No woman shall, -------------------------------------------------------------------- other law, be employed;
(a) In any ---------------------------------------------------------------------- is below ground;
(b) In any mine ---------------------------------------------------------------------- of 6 a.m. and 7 p.m.
2) Every woman employed in a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- the termination of employment on, any one day and the commencement of the next period of employment.

3. Define object, scope and coverage of the Industrial Employment (standing orders) Act, 1946. What are the
Acts or Omissions on the part of a workman which amount to misconduct under the Act?
ObjectBefore the passing of the Industrial Employment -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, but were governed by, oral agreements. Inevitably in many cases conditions of services
were not well defined and thus articulate. There was thus complete ambiguity in regard to their nature and scope.
The Act is designed to avoid friction and tension among employer and workmen employed in an industry. The Tripartite Labour
Conference pleaded for defining the conditions of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------between employers and workers. Even in few cases where there were,
standing orders, they were one sided because neither workmen's organisation nor appropriate Government were consulted before
such rules were framed. [See I.L.I. Labour Law and Relations: (1968) Part 7.]

Scope and Coveragei) Establishments -----------------------------------The Act applies to every industrial ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- employed on
any day of preceding twelve months. (the appropriate govt can include other establishments also)
ii) Industrial Establishment
Section ----------------------------------------------------------" to mean
(a) an industrial establishment as defined in clause-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "industrial establishment" to mean any:
i) tramway service or motor ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- by road for hire or reward.
ii) air transport service ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- or Air Forces of the Union or Civil Aviation, umartment of the Government of Indiaiii) Dock -------------------------------------------------------- Jetty;
iv) inland -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- propelled

v) mine, ---------------------------------- oil field;

vi) --------------------------------------------------------------------;
vii) workshop or other establishment in which articles are produced adapted or manufactured with a view to their use, to transport
and sales;
viii) establishment in which any work relating to -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------carried on.
ix) Industrial and any --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Act. 136., as defined in Clause (ii) of
Section 2 of the Payment of Wages Act, 1963;
or
a factory ------------------------------------------- 2 of the Factories Act, 1948 or;
a railway as defined in ----------------------------------------------------------. Indian Railways Act 1890; or
the ---------------------------------------------------------------------- owner of any industrial establishment, employs workmen.
iii) Establishment Excluded
The Act is, not applicable to:
i) any industry to which the provisions of Chapter VII of the Bombay Industrial Relations Act, 1946 apply; or
ii) any industrial establishment to -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------under the control of the Central Government. (Section 1(4).)
Exempted Establishment
This Act shall not apply to an industrial establishment in so as far as the workmen employed therein are persons to whom:
the fundamental and --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- services (temporary service) rules, revised leave rules, civil service regulations,
civilians in ------------------------------------------------------------------------ and appeal) rules or the
Indian Railways Establishment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- by the appropriate Government in the Official Gazette, apply. (Section 13B).
------------------------------------------------------------vi) Appropriate Government
The definition of appropriate -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------for which the appropriate government under the ID Act is the State government concerned.
In ID Act, despite S.C. verdict under -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------appropriate Government is also empowered to exempt conditionally or unconditionally
(i) any industrial establishment, or -------------------------------------. This should be done by notification in the official Gazette.
vii) Workers Covered
Section 2(i) of the Industrial Employment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- that the
"workman" has the meaning assigned to in it in Clause(s) of Section 2 of the Industrial Disputes Act, 1974.
viii) Employer under the Act

Section 2(d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ "employer" to mean:

The owner of -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- being applies, and includes 38
i) in a factory, any person named under Clause (f) or sub-section --------------------------------------------- manager of the factory.
ii) in any industrial establishment ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------appointed by such Government in this behalf, or where no authority is so appointed, the head of the department;
iii) in any other industrial -------------------------------------------------------------------------- of the industrial establishment.

Acts or Omissions on the part of a workman which amount to misconduct under the Act1. Classification of ----------------------------------------------------------------------, probationers or ---------------------.
2. Manner of ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- days, and wage rates.
3. Shift ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Attendance -------------------------------------------------------------------- coming.
5. Conditions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- grant leave and holidays.
6. Requirements to ---------------------------------------------------------------------, and liability to search.
7. Closing and reopening of sections ------------------------------------------------------------------- work and the rights and liabilities to
the employer and workmen arising there from.
8. Termination of employment -------------------------------------------------------------------- employer and workmen.
9. Suspension or ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- constitute misconduct.
10. Means of redress for ----------------------------------------------------------- by the employer or his agents or servants.
10A. Additional --------------------------------------------------- Orders in coalmines.
1. Medical --------------------------------------------------------- accident.
2. Railway ------------------------------------------------------.
3. Method -------------------------------------------------------- Vacancies.
4. ----------------------------------------------------5. Liability of ------------------------------------------------- or mine.
6. Service c----------------------------------------.
7. Exhibition and supply of Standing Orders.
10B Additional ------------------------------------------------------. establishments.
1. Service record-matters -------------------------------- of services, change of residential address of workers and record of age.
2. Confirmation. ,
3. --------------------------of retirement.
4. --------------------------------------.
5. Medical -------------------------------------------------------- of accidents.
6. Medical -----------------------------------.
7. Secrecy.
8. Exclusive ----------------------------------.
11 Any other -------------------------------------------------- be prescribed.

4. Distinguish between Minimum, Fair and Living wages. Explain the powers which the government can
exercise under the minimum wages Act, 1948. Describe the objective of the minimum wages Act. To what
extent do you think this objective has been attained?
Distinguish between Minimum, Fair and Living wages"Living wage is a wage sufficient to ensure the workman --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------necessities plus certain amenities

considered necessary for the wellbeing of the workers in terms of his social status.
The minimum wage may be defined as the lowest wage necessary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------wage in a country is fixed
by the government in consultation with business organisations and trade unions.
The terms "minimum wage" and "living wage" are both used to ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------that an employee must earn in
order to enjoy an equitable standard of living within a specified area or region.
One of the chief differences between a minimum wage and living ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ different area like a rural
location.
Another difference between minimum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------cost of living in different areas to have some impact on
how a minimum wage for an entire country is determined.
A fair wage is something more than the minimum wages. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------as on its future prospects. Thus the
fair wages depends upon the following factors :
(1) Minimum ---------------------------(2) ----------------------------------------------------- to pay
(3) Prevailing rates of --------------------------------------------------- same or neighbouring localities
(4) Productivity -----------------------------------(5) Level of -------------------------------------------------- its distribution.
(6) The place of the industry in the economy of the country.
A "living wage" refers to a ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------definitions use a living wage concept as a foundation and
incorporate compensation dimensions, such as the proper payment of working time (including overtime) as well as the adjustment
of wages in response to factors such as inflation and enterprise profits.

Powers which the government can exercise under the minimum wages Act, 1948Power to grant exemptions and exceptions (Sec. 26): The appropriate Government may:
i)

Direct that the provisions of ------------------------------------------------------ payable to disabled employees;

ii) Exempt by notification in the --------------------------------------------------------------------------- from the application of

some of all or the provisions of the Act;
iii) Direct that the provisions of the Act shall -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of
his family who is living with him and is dependent on him.
The appropriate Government may direct by notification in the Official Gazette that the provisions of this Act or any of them shall
not apply in relation to the employees who are in receipt of wages exceeding the prescribed limit.

Power to add to schedule (Sec. 27): The appropriate -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------and thereupon the Schedule shall in its applications to the State be deemed
to be amended accordingly.
Power to given directions (Sec. 28): The Central Government may give directions to a State Government regarding execution of
this Act in the State.
Power to make rules. (Sec. 29): The Central -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------in membership and the quorum necessary for the transaction of business of the
Central Advisory Board.
Power to make rule (Sec. 30): The ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- publication, by
notification in the Official Gazette make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act.
Obligation of employers: Under the Act, it is the obligation of every employers to:

pay to every, --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- except as may be authorised under the Payment of Wages Act, 1936;

observe all ----------------------------------------------------------------, weekly day of rest with wages and overtime rates;

maintain registers and records as -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- by them, wages paid to then and receipt given by them;

Issue wage ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, and make authenticated entries in such wage books or wages slips.

Right of Workers: Every worker has a right to:

i) Receive minimum wages including overtime wages as fixed and notified by the Government, and
ii) File claim for short ------------------------------ payable. Delay in filing the claim may be condoned if there is sufficient cause.

Example-

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Objective of the minimum wages ActThe object of the Act is to promote the welfare of workers by fixing minimum rates of wages in certain industries where labour is
not organised and sweated labour is most prevalent. The Act seeks to prevent exploitation of workers by ensuring that they are
paid the minimum wages which would provide for their subsistence and preserve their efficiency.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------When the constitutionality of this Act was challenged in 1955 in the case of Bejoy Cotton Mills V. State of Ajmer before the
Supreme Court the Court rejected the contention and upheld the constitutionality of the Act observing that securing of living wage
to workers which ensures not only bare subsistence but also maintenance of health and decency, is conducive to general interest of
the public, and it is also in conformity with the Directive Principles of State Policy embodied in Article 43 of the Constitution.
As observed by the National Commission of Labour, Minimum ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------are reported to have been ensured minimum subsistance wage by
the implementation and enforcement of the provisions of this Act.
During the last fifty years of its operation the Act has been amended several times for widening its coverage by adding more
employments to the schedule and improvements ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ wages both in the organised and unorganised sectors of industries, and has thus reduced the number
of disputes on account-of wages. Inspite of amendments made in the Act, it still suffers from the following himitations.
i) The Act is applicable only to employments mentioned ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, of which larger number makes the enforcement of the act difficult and
expensive as this may require appointment of more inspectors.
ii) The act does not lay down principles and criteria for determining minimum wages. This omission may be due to the thinking
on the part of the framers of this legislation to allow the appropriate Government to adopt criteria and principles suiting its social
and economic condition.
iii) The Act does not define the term Minimum Wages mentioning its contents. It is, however, defined in the judgements of the
Supreme Court and some High Courts mentioning its content. According to most of the definitions minimum wage should include
what is required by the worker for the subsistence of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, clothing and rent, medical and education expenses should also be
considered. If any concern cannot pay such a "minimum it must be shutdown. Similar view was expressed by the Supreme Court
in- the case, of Crown Aluminum Works V. their workman in 1958 AIR 30.

Thirty-sixth Labour Conference held in May, 1987 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------also recommended that the minimum wages should not be less that Rs. 20 per
day, and this recommendation has also been brought to the notice of the State Governments.
Thus, finally we can say that statutory minimum wages as ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------is administered and implemented effectively.
The Central Government is considering seriously to amend this Act further to widen its scope and coverage, improve method and
procedure for fixing minimum wages, reduce the time limit for revision minimum wages and enhance penalties for making the
Act more effective. The above mentioned three limitations of the Act should be brought to the notice of the Government for
consideration while amending the Act, to see if they could be minimised, if not removed entirely.

5. What is the object of the Employee provident Funds and Miscellaneous provisions Act, 1952? Explain the
various modes in which the Central Provident Fund Commissioner can recover arrears of any amount due
from any employer under section 8 of the Act?
Object of the Employee provident Funds and Miscellaneous provisions Act, 1952The Act was passed with a view to making -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------them in old age, disablement, early death of the bread-winner and in some other contingencies.
The Act provides for a scheme for the institution ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of an employee, the accumulations in the fund were not adequate enough to
render long-term financial protection to his family.
This lacuna led to the introduction of the Employees' Family Pension Scheme with effect from 1st March 1971. The Act was
further amended in 1976 with a view to introducing Employees' Deposit Linked Insurance Scheme, a measure to provide an
insurance cover to the members of the provident fund in covered establishments without the payment of any premium by these
members. Thus; three schemes have been framed under the Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act.
The Employees' Provident Funds and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952 is applicable from the date of functioning or date of setup of establishments provided the factory------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------/factory, which is not otherwise coverable under the Act, can be covered voluntarily with
the mutual consent of the Act.

There are various mode of recovery of money due from the employer under the employee PF act The Central Provident Fund Commissioner is the chief executive officer of the organisation and secretary to the Central Board of
Trustees. He is assisted by the Regional Provident ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------establishment/factories are covered under the Act. They also recommend and
file prosecutions in the courts against defaulting employers and pursue these cases till their final disposal.

The Central recovery officer plays the role of recovering ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------the employer by one or more of the modes mentioned below:
(a) Attachment and sale of the movable or immovable property of the establishment or, as the case may be, the employer; (b)
Arrest of the employer and his detention in prison; (c) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of the arrears by any other mode have been taken.
There are various made of recovery of money due from the employer under the employee PF act (For details refer bare act). - See
more at
Section - 8, Mode of recovery of moneys due from employers
Any amount due
(a) from the employer in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------of this Act or of any provision of the Scheme or the Insurance Scheme; or
(b) from the employer in relation to an exempted ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------manner specified in sections 8B to 8G.
This provisions states that is if employer to any scheme and any charges for meeting the cost of administering the Fund paid or
payable by an employer in ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ contractor under any contract or as a debt payable by the contractor.( For details refer bare act).
Section - 8A, Recovery of monies by employers and contractors
(1) The amount of contribution (that is to say the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------deduction from any amount payable to the contractor under any contract or as a debt payable by the contractor.
(2) A contractor from whom the amounts mentioned in sub-section (1) may be recovered in respect of any employee employed by
or through him, may recover from such employee the employee's contribution [under any Scheme] by deduction from the basic
wages, dearness allowance and retaining allowance (if any) payable to such employee.
(3) Notwithstanding any contract to the ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------allowance" shall have the same meanings as in section 6.
Section - 8B, Issue of certificate to the Recovery Officer
Where any amount is in arrear under section 8, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------case may be, the employer by one or more of the modes mentioned below:
(a) Attachment and ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of the establishment or, as the case may be, the employer;
(b) Arrest ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- his detention in prison;

(c) Appointing a receiver ------------------------------------------------------------ establishment or, as the case may be, the employer.
Provided that the attachment and sale of any ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------under sub-section (1), notwithstanding that proceedings for recovery of the arrears by
any other mode have been taken.
The Central Regional Provident Fund Commissioner can recover such arrears using following modes1.

by issuing a certificate to the ------------------------------------- by one or more of the modes mentioned in section 8-B;

2.

by requiring any person from -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- of

arrears from such money and pay the same to him, i.e., the Central Regional Provident Fund Commissioner;

3.

by issuing a notice to any ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------amount of arrears to him, i.e., the Central Regional Provident Fund Commissioner;

4.

by applying to the Court, in -------------------------------------------------------------------------- payment of the amount of

arrears from such money to him, i.e., the Central Regional Provident Fund Commissioner;

5.

by distraint and sale of the moveable property of the employer in the manner laid down in the Third Schedule to the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Section - 8C, ------------------------------------------------------ is to be forwarded

The authorized officer may forward ------------------------------------------------------------------- whose jurisdiction the employer
(a) Carries on his business -------------------------------------------------------------- place of his establishment is situate; or
(b) Resides or any ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- or the employer is situate.
Where an establishment or the -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- and the Recovery Officer to whom a certificate is sent by the authorised officer
(a) is not able to recover --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------, within his jurisdiction; or
(b) is of the opinion that, for the --------------------------------------------------------------------- the amount, it is necessary so to do,
He may send the certificate or, where only a part of ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------had been the certificate sent to him by the authorized officer.
Section - ---------------------------- and amendment thereof
(1) When the authorized officer issues a --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- amount, and no objection to the certificate on any other ground shall also be entertained by the Recovery Officer.
(2) Notwithstanding the --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- shall have power to withdraw the
certificate or correct any clerical or arithmetical mistake in the certificate by sending intimation to the Recovery Officer.
(3) The authorized officer shall ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ a certificate or any correction
made by him under sub-section (2) or any amendment made under sub-section (4) of section 8E.
Section - 8E, Stay of proceedings ------------------------------------------------ or withdrawal thereof
(1) Not withstanding that a certificate has been issued to the Recovery Officer for the recovery of any amount, the authorized
officer may grant time for the payment ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- until the expiry of the time so granted.

(2) Where a certificate for the recovery of amount has been issued, the authorized officer shall keep the Recovery Officer
informed of any amount paid or time granted for payment, subsequent to the issue of such certificate.
(3) Where the order giving rise to a -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------or
other proceeding remains pending.
(4) Where a certificate for the recovery ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- under this Act, the authorised officer shall, when the order which was the subject-matter of such appeal or other
proceeding has become final and conclusive, amend the certificate or withdraw it, as the case may be.

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