Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Abstract
Now a days, electricity billing system are inaccurate, costly and slow because it depends on human which prepare electricity bill.
To overcome this problem smart card based prepaid energy meter is designed. Using prepaid smart card energy meter, we can
reduce human error while taking meter reading because there is no need to take reading in it. Microcontroller is used in this Energy
meter .So, design cost is low. Energy meter is recharged using RFID smart card and energy unit is recharged in meter. According
to the power consumption, the energy unit will be reduced. Recharge units and consumed units are displayed on to LCD display.
When it reaches to zero, main supply is automatically off using relay.
Keywords: Micro-controller, LCD, relay, voltage and current controlling unit, smart card, RFID, ZCD
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
I.
INTRODUCTION
In todays world, utilization of energy is necessary. For proper utilization, we have to observe how much energy we consume
daily. It is possible to measure the consumed energy by simple energy meter. But there is some problem in the energy measuring
system. Prepaid energy meter is the alternative of this current system. By using prepaid energy meter, we can easily observe how
much energy we consume and utilize the energy consumption. Microcontroller ATMEGA32 and RFID reader are the main part of
this implementation.
Proposed Prepaid Energy Meter:
Block diagram of proposed low cost smart card prepaid energy meter is shown in Fig. 1
The above diagram shows the block diagram of the prepaid energy metering system. In this first the voltage and current
controlling unit senses the voltage and current from supply mains and also the power factor is calculated according to the voltage
and current phase angle. Then these values are given to the micro-controller. According to the load the energy is calculated which
is displayed on LCD. The RFID card is used as smart card in which number of units is recharged. According to the energy consumed
the charged unit is decreased and, when the recharged unit is zero, the relay trip and the power supply cut off.
Voltage and Current Sensing Unit:
Voltage Sensor Unit:
The voltage sensor steps down the supply voltage and add the DC offset to the waveform because microcontroller read the voltage
from 0 to 5v. The voltage sensor is a differential amplifier which consists of resistors, capacitors and op-amp. Resistors R1 to R8
698
and op-amp step down the supply voltage and add 5v offset value to shift waveform in positive side (see (1) and (2)). Then voltage
divider, divide the output of op-amp to limit it up to 5v.
Vout= gain * Vin
(1)
Gain=R8/(R4+R5+R6)
(2)
699
II. CALCULATION
Voltage Calculation:
As discussed earlier, we step down the voltage using resistors and add offset voltage using op-amp. Here we take peak value of
voltage supply. If supply voltage is 220(it is a RMS value), so peak value is 310 volt.
Here, Vin=310 volt
V = Vin * Gain
Gain= R8/(R4+R5+R6)
= 22K/ (1000K+1000K+2.2K)
= 0.011
So, V=310*0.011 =3.41
After that we add offset of +5V to make all value positive. So, after adding offset, V=3.41+5 =8.41V. But microcontroller read
value between 0 to 5 V. so, we used voltage divider. So, output of voltage sensor unit is V/2=8.41/2 =4.2V . This voltage is given
to the microcontroller pin 40(ADC0) and in programming follow the reverse process and we get 310 volt and then take RMS value.
Current Calculation:
As mentioned earlier, if 1A is flowing in module ACS712 will generate 2.5+0.066=2.566volt.
This voltage is given to the microcontroller pin 39(ADC1).
Power Factor Measurement:
Power angle (COS) = 360*f*T
Where; f=frequency, T=time difference
If delay between voltage and current is 0.53msec then, COS=360*50*0.53 =0.97
Energy Calculation:
Power= Voltage * current *COS
(5)
Here, we want to calculate the energy unit consumed by the load and 1unit=1KWH
ENERGY UNIT=P/1000*3600
(6)
Fig. 5: Hardware of low cost smart card based prepaid energy meter
UNIT
0.1
0.1
0.1
LOAD
watt)
300
600
800
Table 1
Comparison of unit consumption in conventional and prepaid energy meter
(in
TIME(in sec) (CONEVTIONAL
TIME(in sec) (PREPAID
ENERGY METER)
ENERGY METER)
1481
1486
688
697
65
66
PERCETAGE
ERROR
0.33
1.3
1.5
700
V. FEATURES
Feature from Supplier Point of View:
No bill production
No bill distribution
Keep customers on supply
No need to chase payments
No further actions such as disconnections
Customer responsible for disconnection
Load and demand side management
Proposed energy meter calculate the consumed energy and energy unit. We can recharge this meter through RFID card. If recharge
unit is zero then relay is off and main power supply is cut off. With low load this prepaid energy meter will work with low error.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
Sapna ganurkar, Pravesh gour, Prepaid Energy Meter for Billing System Using Microcontroller and Recharge Card, IJCEM, Vol.1, Issue.1, April 2014, pp
12-18.
Amit jain, Mohnish bagree, A prepaid meter using mobile communication, IJEST, Vol.3, No.3, 2011, pp 160-166.
Sudarshan k. valluru, Design and assemble of low cost prepaid smart card energy Meter, IJEEI, Vol.6, No.1, March 2014, pp 65-73.
S.Sukumar, P. Mukesh Arvind, L.Manivannan, P. Naveen Kumar, N.Suthanthira Vanitha, GSM based automatic trip system for energy management,
IJIRSET, Vol. 1, Issue 12, December 2013, pp 7690-7695.
Prof. Dr. K. P. Satheyamoorthy, Smart energy meter load control, IJAREEIE, Vol.2, Issue 8, August 2013, pp 3845-3851.
Md. Mejbaul Haque, Md. Kamal Hossain, Md. Mortuza Ali, Md. Rafiqul Islam Sheikh, Microcontroller based single phase digital prepaid energy
meter,IJPEDS, Vol.1, No.2, December 2011, pp. 139-147.
701