BULLETIN 2603-38 AN ANALYSIS AND REPORT ON ISOLATED PHASE BUS | BBC BBC Brown Boveri Canada Inc. | BROWN BovER! 2401 Dixie Road, Mississouge, Ont, LAY 2A3 |ABOUT THE AUTHOR Amado (“Pete”) Conangla is Electrical Engineer, Engineering Re- search, I-T-E Circuit Breaker Company. He has held this post since 1961 Conangla joined I-T-E in 1944 as a requisition engineer in the ‘Switchboard Engineering Department. He later moved to the Develop- ment Engineering Department; was subsequently named manager of ISKV Switchgear and Bus Engineering, Born in Spain, he received his E.B. degree in 1930 from the Uni- versity of Havana. He served as engineering trainee with Compania Cubana de Electricidad in 1930-31. In 1934, he returned to the Uni- versity of Havana as assistant professor of Electrical Engineering and held this post until Ieaving to join I-T-E. In 1950, he obtained his MS. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania. Conangla has been a member of AIEE for 23 years, was co-author of several recent papers on SKV Metal-Clad Switchgear and Isolated Phase Bus. Other published technical articles have been on such subjects as current-limiting reactor selection, automatic bus transfers, current transformer application and isolated phase bus housing current. CONTENTS Page Introduction 1 € 1, Voltage Induced in a Conductor by the Current in Another... 1 2. Voltages Induced in a Circular Housing 2 ‘a, Internal Conductor Arrangement b. External Conductor Arrangement 3. Housing Currents 3 a, Insulated Housing Arrangement b, Bonded Housing Arrangement 4. Housing Current Distribution 4 a Insulated Housing Arrangement b, Bonded Housing Arrangement Housing Heat Losses 5 a. Insulated Housing Arrangement b, Bonded Housing Arrangement 6. Magnetic Shielding Due to Housing Currents 6 a. Insulated Housing Arrangement b. Bonded Housing Arrangement to Ground on Housings 7 a, Insulated Housing Arrangement b. Bonded Housing Arrangement 8. Grounding Connections 8 a, Insulated Housing Arrangement b, Bonded Housing Arrangement 9. Conclusions References . Coorg 8617. Crea Bele Conny= INDUCED CURRENTS IN ISOLATED PHASE BUS HOUSINGS Introduction. ‘The use of isolated phase bus for generator leads has become standard practice in power station design. In this type of construction, the three main conductors are covered individually by round metallic housings. The arrangement is usually in a flat configuration as shown in Fig. 1. Ons PT PTSD s—+ 1 Housine Conoveror Ks Fo ‘The heavy alternating currents carried by the main conductors produce strong magnetic fields, The varia- tions of those fields induce voltages in the housings, causing current flow. The pattern of housing current distribution depends on the manner in which the hous 8 of the different phases are connected to each other. Housing currents produce heat losses, which must be evaluated for the purposes of rational thermal de- sign. They also produce magnetic fields, which modify the fields induced by the main conductor currents and reduce the forces acting on the conductors during faults. Housing heat losses and magnetic shielding can be cal- culated by integrating the thermal and magnetic effects ‘of the currents in the incremental filaments of each housing. To carry out such calculations we need to know how the currents are distributed in the housings. Analytical and experimental investigations of hous- ing currents and of their thermal and magnetic effects have been performed. The end results have been a better understanding of the phenomena and a collection of working formulas and charts constituting the basis for rational design of isolated phase bus installations. ‘The purpose of this report is to explain the mech- anism by which isolated phase bus housing currents are Produced, and the effects of those housing currents. 1. Voltage Induced in a Conductor by the Current in Another. Any current carrying conductor is surrounded by a ‘magnetic field. The situation at a particular instant is as in Fig. 2, below: ig. 2 The small circle C represents a conductor, in ccross section view. The cross represents an instantane- ‘ous direction of current flow into the conductor. The larger and concentric circies represent the lines of flux by means of which we picture the field surrounding the conductor. The arrowheads on the flux lines indicate the instantaneous direction of the field. If the current is reversed, the direction of the field is also reversed. Any conductor such as P, located so that its axis is parallel to the axis of the current carrying conductor, will be linked by some of the flux, the amount of linkage varying as an inverse function'of the distance between the conductors. If P is very close to C it will be linked by practically all the flux. If it is far away, it will be linked by a small fraction of the total flux. Now, as the current in C varies, the flux due to it will vary in proportion, if we assume no magnetic mate~ rial around C, At every instant, the second conductor, P, is linked by a fraction of the flux existing at that par- ticular instant. The fraction is constant and depends on the distance between P and C. A voltage is induced in the conductor P, proportional at every instant to the time rate of change of the flux it links, in accordance with the expression. = — $8 votts/unittength oy where ¢ = flux linked per unit length and time If the current in C varies sinusoidally with time, the flux around it varies in direct proportion, as shown in Fig. 3. The voltage induced in P will vary sinusoidally also, but it will lag by 90 degrees, since at each instant its direction is opposed to the change in the flux.correnr iw ¢ Fux cinkeo By ja iwouceo 1 P ons Tn the above graph, posi shown on Fig. 2, ic, into the conductors for current and voltage, and clockwise for the flux. At the instants when the flux is maximum, positive or negative, its time rate of change is zero, and the induced voltage is there- fore zero. At the instant when the flux is zero and re- versing from positive to negative it has its maximum rate of change in the negative direction, and the instan- taneous voltage is maximum positive, opposing the change. If the distance between conductors is increased, the values of ¢ (fux linked with P) and e (voltage in- duced per unit length in P) will be reduced, but the hase angles shown in Fig. 3 will not change. ‘Voltages Induced in a Circular Housing, The preceding basic principles permit establishing the relative magnitudes and directions of the voltages induced in the housings by the currents in the main conductors. There are two distinct situations to con- sider: (a) Voltages induced by the current in the en= closed and concentric main conductor, (b) Voltages induced by the current in an external conductor. (8) Voltages Induced by the Internal Conductor. R Housing If the conductor current i, is uniformly distributed, the magnetic field due to it at any external point is equivalent to that produced by the same total current flowing in an idealized thin conductor at the axis. Consider a longitudinal filament of the housing such as P,. The voltage induced in this filament will have some value ¢, determined by the magnitude of the conductor current and by the distance between P, and the conductor axis. The voltage e, will lag the current ig by 90°, as shown in Fig. 3. Neglecting the housing thickness, any other longi- tudinal filament on the housing, such as P, is located at the same distance from the conductor axis, since the ‘housing is circular and concentric. Therefore, any longitudinal housing filament is linked at every instant by the same fraction of the flux, and the voltage per unit length induced in all the housing filaments. at every instant has the same value. This is shown graph- ically below: The housing section shown in Fig. 5 is at every instant analogous to a parallel grouping of batteries having identical emfs, as shown in Fig. 6. yan Fi. CowoucTor Fig. 4 €(b) Voltages induced by an external conductor. / Conoueror Mouse 3.7 Consider a housing filament such as Py. The volt- age e, induced in it is determined by its distance from the external conductor axis. Now consider another housing filament such as P., It links less flux than P,. ‘Therefore the voltage e, induced in it will have a value smaller than ¢,. It is clear that the voltage induced per unit length varies with the position of the filament, ‘maximum voltage being induced at P, and minimum voltage at Ps, This is shown graphically on Fig. 8. Fig. 8 All the voltages lag the current ie by 90°. The peak values vary with angular position, with the maxi- mum occurring at the housing filament closest to the external conductor. ‘The housing section shown above is analogous to a parallel grouping of batteries having different emfs, as shown in Fig. 9. o> @, >€, >--- > ey 3, Housing Currents. The voltages described above cause currents to flow in the housings. The current flow paths depend on the availability of closed circuits where the voltages can act. The predominant circulating pattern is deter- mined by the housing interconnections. On one arrangement currently used, the housing sections are grounded at one end, and insulated at the ‘opposite end, as shown below. enn Fig. 10 This arrangement has the purpose of preventing the circulation of currents between housings. We will call this the “Insulated Housing Arrangement”. Another arrangement consists in electrically bond- ing the housings together, as shown in Fig. 11. Feecraseas Bones Fig This arrangement has the purpose of permitting the free circulation of currents between housings. We will call this the “Bonded Housing Arrangement”, We will now examine the nature of the current flow in a housing, under both arrangements. (a) Insulated Housing Arrangement. Since no extemal path is available, the voltage induced in the housing by the current in the conductor that it encloses cannot cause current flow. Referring to Figs. 5 and 6, we may see that there will be a potential difference between the ends A and B of the housing, but there is no path where this potential difference may cause current to flow. If we consider any ‘two longitu- dinal filaments of the housing described in Figs. 4 and 5 and trace a closed circuit in the housing made up by the two straight filaments connected by circular arefilaments at the housing edges, we find that the voltage induced in one side of the loop is balanced by the volt- age induced in the other side. Therefore, THE CUR- RENT IN A CONDUCTOR CANNOT CAUSE IN- DUCED CURRENTS IN ITS OWN HOUSING, IF THE HOUSING IS INSULATED. The non-uniform voltages induced in an insulated housing by the currents in the external conductor will cause current flow. Referring to Fig. 7 and considering a loop entirely contained in the insulated housing sec- tion, such as that constituted by the filaments at P, and P, with circular interconnections at the ends, we can seé that the voltage induced along P, is greater than that induced along P;. The voltage difference c, — cs will cause current flow in the loop made up by P, and P,, limited by the impedance of the path. ‘The pattern of current flow will be, in general, as shown in Fig. 12. Fig. 12 In conclusion, WHEN THE HOUSING IS IN- SULATED, INDUCED CURRENTS, TOTALLY CONTAINED IN THE INSULATED HOUSING SECTION, ARE CAUSED BY THE CURRENTS IN THE CONDUCTORS EXTERNAL TO THE HOUSING. (b) Bonded Housing Arrangement, When the housings are electrically bonded together at their ends, the situation is different from the one previously described. The housing of each phase is provided with an external path where current can flow, constituted by the housings of the other two phases, in parallel, Referring to Figs. 5 and 6, we may see that the potential difference between the ends A and B can cause current flow, the pattern of which will be, in general, as shown in Fig. 13. Fig 13 ‘As we will see later, the total current in the hous- ing is essentially opposed in direction to the current in its own enclosed conductor. Except for some proximity effect the housing current is almost uniformly dis- tributed, and the magnetic field caused by it opposes the field caused by the current in its own enclosed main conductor. The result is a considerable reduction in the flux, caused by the main conductor current, that can link the other housings to induce in them voltages as those described in Figs. 7, 8 and 9. In consequence, housing currents as those shown in Fig. 12 are con- siderably reduced and the housing current flow pattern will be predominantly as shown in Fig. 13. In conclusion, WHEN THE HOUSINGS ARE ELECTRICALLY BONDED TOGETHER AT THEIR ENDS, THE CURRENT IN EACH HOUS- ING IS PREDOMINANTLY INDUCED BY THE CURRENT IN THE RESPECTIVELY ENCLOSED CONDUCTOR, and THE CURRENT INDUCED IN EACH HOUSING BY THE CURRENTS IN THE OTHER CONDUCTORS IS CONSIDERABLY RE- DUCED. 4, Housing Current Distribution, The effects described in the preceding section con- stitute only a first approximation. Regardless of the arrangement adopted, the housing currents produce magnetic fields which modify the overall field pattern, Each housing filament is linked by the fields produced by the currents in all the other filaments. Voltages in- duced in the housing filaments by this secondary action change the magnitude and the phase angle of the fila- ment currents. These voltages are, in effect, inductive reactance voltage drops. A detailed analysis of this matter is out of the scope of this paper, and may be found in the reference given at the end. We will give here only a general picture of the housing current dis- tribution for the two arrangements under discussion.(@) Insulated Housing Scheme. Fig. 14 below shows the typical pattern of hous- ing current distribution, in polar coordinates, when the housings are insulated from each other except for a grounding connection at one end, The currents in A-phase housing are produced principally by the currents in main conductors B and C. The effect of B-phase current is predominant, since it is closer than C-phase. At angular position 0°, the current density is a maximum and its flow is essen- tially in phase with C-phase conductor current if phase sequence is A-B-C or in opposition if phase sequence is C-B-A. At angular position 180°, the current den- sity attains another maximum, smaller in magnitude than that at position 0°, and its direction of flow is the reverse of that at 0°. The currents in B-phase housing are produced principally by the currents in main conductors A and C. Since those two outside conductors are at the same distance, the effects of their currents have the same mag- nitude. At angular position 0° the current density is a maximum and its flow is essentially in opposition to B-phase conductor current if phase sequence is A-B-C, for in phase with it if phase sequence is C-B-A. At angular position 180° the current density attains an- other maximum, of the same magnitude as that at position 0°, and its direction of flow is the reverse of that at 0° The currents in C-phase housing are produced principally by the currents in main conductors A and B. The current distribution pattern is a mirror image of that in A-phase housing, ‘The housing currents described above flow in longi- tudinal paths (parallel to the axes of the main con- ductors) except at the ends of the insulated housing sections where they follow circular paths along the edge in order to return on the opposite side. This ing of currents at the edge of the insulated hous- ing section causes areas of higher temperature. () Bonded Housing Scheme, Fig. 15 below shows the typical pattern of hous- ing current distribution in polar coordinates, when the housings of all three phases are electrically connected to each other at their ends. Fo. 5 The currents in A-phase housing are produced principally by the currents in A-phase conductor. The distribution is nearly uniform except for the proximity effect of currents in the other housings and induction by the unshielded component of currents in B and C main conductors. The total housing current attains Values in the order of 75% to 90% of the main con- ductor current. The direction of flow is essentially opposite to that of the current in conductor A. The same observations apply to the currents in B- and C-phase housings: Both are essentially uni- formly distributed, opposed to the current in their re- spective conductors, and have total values in the range of 75% to 90% of the main conductor current. 5. Housing Heat Losses. Under both housing connection arrangement, the ‘housing currents produce heat losses. The loss per unit Jength of housing, in the region away from the section ends, can be calculated by integrating RIP for all the incremental filaments around the housing. The results of such analytical work, verified by numerous heat tests ‘on actual isolated phase bus installations, permit com- putation of the housing loss. Here again we will con- sider separately the two interconnection schemes, (a) Insulated Housing Arrangement. In the middle phase housing of a flat arrangement the loss in watts per foot has the order of magnitude of 0.64 IAR, where Ri, is the housing resistance in ohms per foot and I. is the main conductor current jin amperes rms. The integrated heating effect of the non-uniform currents flowing in the housing filaments can therefore be approximated by assuming a virtual uniformly distributed current in the housing equal to 08 times the main conductor current. The above approximation is valid for aluminum housings, when the ratio D/S (diameter/spacing) is 0.82. Increasing the phase spacing reduces the magnitude of the housing currents and of the losses produced by them, ForD/S = 06, the virtual uniformly distributed current is reduced to 0.57 times the conductor current. In each outside phase housing, the loss is approxi- mately equal to 0.3 times the loss in the middle phase housing. () Bonded Housing Arrangement. Since the housing currents are very nearly uni- formly distributed, the housing loss is simply (KI2)Ry Watts per foot, where Ry, is the housing resistance, in ‘ohms per foot, I. is the main conductor current and K is the ratio of housing current to conductor current, Uf the housing current is 0.8 times the conductor cut rent, the housing loss is very nearly equal to that in B-phase housing for D/S = 0.82. We can see that the heat loss in B-phase housing docs not change much by the housing interconnection. Under the bonded housing arrangement, the cur- rents in the three housings, and therefore the heat losses produced by them, are nearly equal. By bonding the housings together, the middle-phase housing loss may bbe reduced in some cases, but the total housing loss, increased, since the loss in each outside phase housing will be equal to the middle-phase housing loss instead Of 0.3 times this loss. 6. Magnetic Shielding Due to Housing Currents, The currents flowing in the housings produce mag- netic fields which modify the fields caused by the main conductor currents. The field acting on each main con- " ductor is considerably reduced from the field that would act in the absence of housings, but the shielding mech- anism is not the same under both arrangements, We will examine each separately. (9) Insulated Housing Arrangement, ig. 16 Assume two conductors A and B, in a loop cir- cuit, and a metallic round housing around conductor A. ‘The current in B produces a magnetic field as shown, ‘The variations of this field induce voltages in the hous ing around A, greater on the near side than on the far side, and lagging the current at B by 90°. These voltages cause current flow in the housing, which lags the voltages because the current paths contain appre~ ciable reactance. As a result, the current in the near side of the housing lags B-conductor current by almost 180°, and the current in the far side is almost in phase with B-conductor current. The housing currents produce a field generally as shown below: Fg. 17 i ‘As we can see by comparing Figs. 16 and 17, in the space enclosed by the housing the field due to the housing current is opposed in direction to the field due to the current in conductor B, and in the space exter. nal to the housing, the two fields tend to reinforce each other. The net result is that the field inside the housing becomes considerably reduced, while the field between housings is increased. Since the force on a conductor is proportional to the current in it times the flux densi of the field where it is immersed, it follows that the force per unit length of conductor will have a value ably smaller than that calculated for condue- tors at the same phase spacing with no housings. The reduetion factor for the field at the axis of the housing is F=l/V1F¥ @ where $= 2x, P housing mean radius housing wall thickness frequency _ p= housing material resistivity(Values of above expressed in any dimensionally consistent units.) The result expressed by (2) has been verified ex- perimentally on an arrangement similar to that shown on Fig. 16. Analysis shows that the factor is valid when the field is produced by any number of external cur rents of the same frequency and different phase angles, for steady state conditions. During transient conditions such as those prevail- ing at the inception of fault currents, the flux at the axis of the housing is reduced by factors greater than that given by formula (2). Transient currents in the housing delay the penetration of the flux due to the d-c com- ponent of the fault current, and by the time that this de flux attains an appreciable value in the region of the conductor, the first major loop of fault current is over. In consequence, the force on the conductors during short-circuits is considerably reduced by the shielding afforded by housing currents. However, while shielding their respective conduc~ tors against fields produced by external currents, the housings are themselves subjected to stronger forces, due to the fact that the magnetic fluxes between hous- ings are increased by the housing currents. (b) Bonded Housing Arrangement. Aggsueres fan, Fig. 18 The current in the housing is almost uniformly distributed and therefore it is equivalent to the same total current flowing at the axis. This principle also applies to the conductor currents. The magnetic lines of flux due to both are concentric circles. The housing current is nearly opposed in direction to the conduc tor current, and their orders of magnitude are very close. In the space external to the housings, the two fluxes tend to cancel out. Each housing, then, shields the external space against the field produced by its respectively enclosed conductor. ‘The shielding is not total because the housing current does not quite attain the same magnitude as the conductor current, and is not quite 180° out of phase with it. ‘There is, then, some external flux, due to the difference between the conductor and housing currents. This flux induces voltages in the other hous- ings which cause current flow in paths as described in Fig. 12, but having comparatively small magnitudes. Since the external flux due to the combined action of conductor and housing currents of any one phase is small, the force due to this flux acting on the conductor and housing currents of the other phases is also small. ‘Therefore, the mechanical stress during faults is re- duced not only on the conductors, but also on the housings. ‘The reduction in external flux also has the con- sequence of minimizing eddy current and hysteresis heating of adjacent structural members. 7. Potential to Ground on Housings. Every longitudinal housing filament is a source of electromotive force and also a circuit element contain- ing resistance and reactance. The potential difference appearing between the ends of a filament is the dif- ference between the induced e.m.f. and the impedance voltage drop caused by the current flow in the filament, If the circuit configuration prevents current flow then all of the induced em.f. is available as a potential difference between the ends of the housing, The housing interconnection scheme determines, therefore, the mag- nitude of the housing potential. We will examine the two schemes separately. (a) Insulated Housing Arrangement. The voltage induced in each housing filament by the current in the respectively enclosed conductor can= not cause current flow, since there is no external return path. Therefore, this voltage appears between the ends of the insulated housing section. The order of magni- tude of this voltage is 0.2 volt per foot, under normal operating conditions. Thus, on a 20-foot long housing section with one end grounded, a potential to ground of about 4 volts exists at the insulated end while the bus is carrying normal current. During faults, this volt- age will increase in proportion to the fault current. ‘The voltage induced in each housing by the cur rents in the conductors not enclosed by it cause current flow in paths contained entirely in the housing insulated section. Along each housing filament, most of the e.m.f induced per unit length is “used up” in overcoming the reactance drop caused by the current flow in the same unit length of filament. Some of the voltage, however, must be available at the end of the section, to force current flow circumferentially on the edge of the hous~ing section, since this circular portion of the current path contains no induced e.m:f. A negligible voltage, therefore, exists between diametrically opposite points of the housing, equal to the current drop along the edge, () Bonded Housing Arrangement, The voltage induced in the housing by the cur- ent ‘in the respectively enclosed conductor causes current flow. The return path for the longitudinal cur. rent in each phase housing is constituted by the other two phase housings, which contain induced electro. motive forces that help the flow. Every filament of every housing contains the necessary e.m.f. to “push” its own current. No voltage is “left over” anywhere, except that required to overcome the impedance drop at the cross connections between housing ends, since those cross connections contain no induced electro. ‘motive forces. Therefore, if one end of the housings is grounded, the voltage to ground at the other end will be insignificant and not greater than the impedance drop in the cross connection. The voltage induced in each housing by the cur- rents in the conductors not enclosed by it will be con. siderably reduced by the shielding effect previously described. A small fraction of this reduced voltage will appear between diametrically opposite points of the housing, as described for the insulated housing arrange ment. This is so small as to be negligible, 8. Grounding Connections. Housings must be maintained at ground potential, for safety reasons. The manner in which grounding can be effected depends on the housing interconnection. arrangement, (a) Insulated Housing Arrangement, A separate ground bus is provided; running paral- fel to the main conductors, as shown on Fig, 10. Trans verse ground buses are provided under the supporting feet at one end of the housing sections. This transverse bus is connected to the supporting feet and to the longi tudinal ground bus. The feet at the opposite end of the housing sections are insulated from the supporting structure, The access covers between housing sections must be electrically insulated from one of the two hous. ing sections that they span, so that housing currents do not flow from the housing to the access cover throtigh « high resistance indifferent contact. A connecting strap is provided at one end only, to ground the access cover, The ground bus is connected to the station ground grid at one point only, to avoid circulating currents in the ground bus, which would be produced by the e.m.f. induced in it by the main conductor currents, (b) Bonded Housing Arrangement, When the housings are connected together at the ends, the consecutive housing sections and the access covers must be electrically connected to each other around the circumference, so that the housing currents reserve their nearly uniform distribution throughout the length of the installation. A field weld of consecu. tive housing sections constitutes the best possible con. nection from the electrical standpoint, but it makes Subsequent access to the insulators a cumbersome oper. ation, and may be considered objectionable for that reason. The next best connection can be effected by a generous amount of bonding straps around the cirele. With this type of construction, cross connections between housings are provided at the generator and transformer ends of the bus run and at the ends of any taps, having adequate current carrying capacity. Itis not absolutely necessary to provide insulation undes the supporting feet along the bus run, because very Title current will flow across via the feet and sup. Porting cross beam. The reason is made clear by the following diagram, which is the equivalent of sev. eral housing sections in series, connected across at several points, [Oey 6 © t+@©-—m— © O—n—L@ Fi. 19 Each housing section contains an electromotive force © and some impedance z, the values per unit Jength being essentially identical in consecutive sec- tions. At the cross connection AB the current i, tends {0 cancel out the current js, and therefore any net current in AB must be very small. The same reasoning is applicable to i, and i, regarding the cross path CD. No separate ground bus is necessary. The installa- tion may be grounded at any convenient point. Multiple ‘ground connections at both ends are not likely to result in ground current flow, because the circuit through ground is equivalent to the neutral wire in three phase system carrying balanced loads.9. Conclusions, This report has presented the theory and construc- tion of the insulated and the bonded housing designs of isolated phase bus. The question now arises for the user, “Which design shall I select?” A sound decision should be based upon the following points: (@) Initial Cost. Total initial cost includes purchase price plus the cost of installation, Normally, the purchase price of the bonded design is slightly higher than for the in- «slated. Installation of the bonded requires field welding of the enclosure connections. The cost of field welding of enclosures may vary widely, depending upon the field welding provisions incorporated in the manufac- turer’s design and the accessibility to the bus to facilitate welding. ‘The installation of the insulated design usually involves the assembly of gaskets and bolted or clamped removable enclosure sections. It may also include the installation of shielding bands and grids and insulation to prevent hysteresis and circulating current losses in structural members In general, the installation cost of the bonded design is slightly higher than the insulated design. (b) Operating Cost. The major operating cost of a high current bus is the losses. Conductor losses are independent of the enclosure design, Enclosure losses for current ratings from 2000 amperes to 14,000 amperes with insulated enclosures vary between 44% and 64% of the enclosure losses of the bonded design. These percentages apply to standard I-T-E self-cooled isolated phase bus designs with standard published phase spacing. Total bus losses (Conductor and enclosure) over the same ratings for insulated design are between 86% and 91% of the bonded design. Phase spacing of an insulated enclosure bus has substantial effect on the enclosure losses. A 10% in« crease in phase spacing will reduce enclosure losses by approximately 22%; likewise, a 10% reduction in phase spacing will increase losses by about 22%. ‘The effect of phase spacing is negligible in the bonded de- sign. Where wide phase spacing can be accommodated, the insulated enclosure can offer reduced enclosure losses. In restricted areas where standard phase spacing will not fit, the bonded enclosure offers minimum spac ing without any appreciable increase in enclosure losses. (© Shielding. The bonded design limits stray residual magnetic fields to as little as 5% of the total field. Therefore, it is advantageous to use this design when a high current bus is routed in proximity to a large amount of steel such as the reinforcing rods in the turbine pedestal or if the bus is routed parallet to piping lines. If the bus must pass close to steel at a limited number of points, more economical to use the insulated construction with its lower enclosure losses. The bus manufacturer can then supply high conductivity shading bands for beams or pipes and amortisseur grids to shield rein- forcing rods in concrete, (@ Summary. In conclusion, the user should consider the advan- tages and limitations of each design in view of the par- ticular job requirements. Consideration of the use of sections of both designs in a given installation may prove to be the optimum solution. References. 1, “ELECTRICAL COILS AND CONDUCTORS” by H. B. Dwight. Book. McGraw-Hill Book Co. First Edition, 1945. 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