Professional Documents
Culture Documents
diversitylevel
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Thispagecontainslistsofcountriesrankedbyethnicandculturaldiversitylevel.
Contents
1
2
3
4
Methodology
ListbasedonFearon'sanalysis
ListbasedonAlesinaetal'sanalysis
References
Methodology
ThelistsarecommonlyusedinEconomicsliteraturetocomparethelevelsofethnic,cultural,linguisticand
religiousfractionalizationindifferentcountries.[1][2]Fractionalizationmeasuresarecomputingtheprobability
thattworandomlydrawnindividuals(fromacountry)arenotfromthesamegroup(ethnic,religious,or
whateverthecriterionis).ThetwolistshavebeendescribedbyAlesinaandFerraraasfollows:[1]
"Fearon[3]andAlesinaetal.[4]havecompiledvariousmeasuresofethnicheterogeneitywhichtryto
tacklethefactthatthedifferenceamongstgroupsmanifestsitselfindifferentwaysindifferentplaces.
Thetwoclassificationsareconstructeddifferently.Alesinaetal.[4]donottakeastandonwhatethnicity
(orlanguageorreligion)aremoresalientthanothersandadoptthecountrybreakdownsuggestedby
originalsources,mainlytheEncyclopediaBritannica.Fearon[3]insteadistryingtoconstructtheright
listofethnicgroupswhichdependsonwhatpeopleinthecountryidentifyasthemostsociallyrelevant
ethnicgroupings.Thisapproachhastheadvantageofbeingclosertowhatthetheorywouldwantand
thedisadvantageofhavingtomakejudgementcalls(oradoptothersjudgementcalls)aboutwhatisthe
rightlist."
ListbasedonFearon'sanalysis
IntheFearonlist,culturalfractionalizationisapproximatedbyameasureofsimilaritybetweenlanguages,
varyingfrom1=thepopulationspeakstwoormoreunrelatedlanguagesto0=theentirepopulationspeaksthe
samelanguage.[3]Thisindexofculturaldiversityisbiasedtowardslinguisticvariationsasopposedtogenetic
diversityandothervariations.
EthnicandCulturaldiversity(2003)[3]
Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
Country
EthnicFractionalization
Index
CulturalDiversityIndex
PapuaNewGuinea
1.000000
Tanzania
0.953000
0.564000
0.933000
0.628000
DemocraticRepublicof
Congo
Uganda
0.930000
0.647000
Liberia
0.899000
0.644000
Cameroon
0.887000
0.733000
Togo
0.883000
0.602000
SouthAfrica
0.880000
0.530000
Congo
0.878000
0.562000
10
Madagascar
0.861000
0.192000
11
Gabon
0.857000
0.382000
12
Kenya
0.852000
0.601000
13
Ghana
0.846000
0.388000
14
Malawi
0.829000
0.294000
15
GuineaBissau
0.818000
0.568000
16
Somalia
0.812000
0.290000
17
India
0.811000
0.667000
18
Nigeria
0.805000
0.660000
19
Yugoslavia(19431992)
0.801000
0.385000
20
CentralAfrican
Republic
0.791000
0.511000
21
IvoryCoast
0.784000
0.557000
22
Lebanon
0.780000
0.195000
23
Chad
0.772000
0.727000
24
Indonesia
0.766000
0.522000
25
Mozambique
0.765000
0.285000
26
Gambia
0.764000
0.548000
27
SierraLeone
0.764000
0.534000
28
Ethiopia
0.760000
0.562000
29
Angola
0.756000
0.242000
30
Mali
0.754000
0.590000
31
Afghanistan
0.751000
0.679000
32
Bolivia
0.743000
0.662000
33
UnitedArabEmirates
0.737000
0.650000
34
Senegal
0.727000
0.402000
35
Zambia
0.726000
0.189000
Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
36
Country
Namibia
EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.724000
0.589000
37
USSR(19221991)
0.711000
0.596000
38
Sudan(19552011)
0.708000
0.698000
39
Kuwait
0.708000
0.540000
40
BurkinaFaso
0.704000
0.354000
41
BosniaandHerzegovina
0.681000
0.146000
42
Kyrgyzstan
0.679000
0.624000
43
Nepal
0.677000
0.542000
44
Iran
0.669000
0.542000
45
Guinea
0.669000
0.490000
46
Kazakhstan
0.664000
0.620000
47
Colombia
0.656000
0.020000
48
Ecuador
0.655000
0.480000
49
Eritrea
0.647000
0.398000
50
TrinidadandTobago
0.647000
0.380000
51
Peru
0.638000
0.506000
52
Niger
0.637000
0.600000
53
Mauritius
0.632000
0.448000
54
Mauritania
0.625000
0.272000
55
Benin
0.622000
0.400000
56
Guyana
0.620000
0.460000
57
Djibouti
0.606000
0.404000
58
Bhutan
0.605000
0.518000
59
Malaysia
0.596000
0.564000
60
Canada
0.596000
0.499000
61
Latvia
0.585000
0.441000
62
Syria
0.581000
0.235000
0.575000
0.418000
63
Switzerland
64
Yugoslavia(19181943)
0.575000
0.392000
65
Belgium
0.567000
0.462000
66
Fiji
0.566000
0.553000
67
SaudiArabia
0.553000
0.413000
68
Bahrain
0.551000
0.460000
69
Iraq
0.549000
0.355000
70
Brazil
0.549000
0.020000
71
Mexico
0.542000
0.434000
72
Macedonia
0.535000
0.432000
73
Pakistan
0.532000
0.289000
Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
74
Country
Israel
EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.526000
0.246000
75
Burma
0.522000
0.419000
76
Tajikistan
0.513000
0.492000
77
Estonia
0.511000
0.492000
78
Moldova
0.510000
0.401000
79
Jordan
0.509000
0.049000
80
Panama
0.507000
0.168000
0.505000
0.290000
81
Czechoslovakia(1918
1992)
82
Spain
0.502000
0.263000
83
Chile
0.497000
0.167000
84
Guatemala
0.493000
0.493000
85
UnitedStates
0.491000
0.271000
86
Georgia
0.490000
0.404000
87
Uzbekistan
0.485000
0.442000
88
Venezuela
0.483000
0.020000
89
Laos
0.481000
0.020000
90
Morocco
0.479000
0.360000
91
Oman
0.439000
0.404000
92
Thailand
0.431000
0.431000
93
SriLanka
0.428000
0.386000
94
Ukraine
0.419000
0.258000
95
Nicaragua
0.402000
0.095000
96
Turkmenistan
0.392000
0.328000
97
Singapore
0.388000
0.388000
98
DominicanRepublic
0.387000
0.000000
99
Croatia
0.375000
0.185000
100
Belarus
0.372000
0.228000
101
Zimbabwe
0.366000
0.141000
102
NewZealand
0.363000
0.363000
103
Cyprus
0.359000
0.359000
104
Botswana
0.351000
0.161000
105
Lithuania
0.338000
0.259000
106
Russia
0.333000
0.311000
107
Slovakia
0.332000
0.293000
108
Burundi
0.328000
0.040000
109
UnitedKingdom
0.324000
0.184000
110
CzechRepublic
0.322000
0.064000
Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
111
Country
Algeria
EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.320000
0.237000
112
Romania
0.300000
0.265000
113
Turkey
0.299000
0.299000
114
Bulgaria
0.299000
0.250000
115
Swaziland
0.280000
0.143000
116
Taiwan
0.274000
0.169000
117
France
0.272000
0.251000
118
Mongolia
0.272000
0.227000
119
Lesotho
0.255000
0.057000
120
Argentina
0.255000
0.000000
121
CostaRica
0.238000
0.078000
122
Vietnam
0.233000
0.210000
123
Slovenia
0.231000
0.170000
124
Bangladesh
0.223000
0.141000
125
Uruguay
0.218000
0.000000
126
Cuba
0.213000
0.020000
127
ElSalvador
0.198000
0.180000
128
Sweden
0.189000
0.189000
129
Azerbaijan
0.188000
0.187000
130
Hungary
0.186000
0.185000
131
Cambodia
0.186000
0.150000
132
Honduras
0.185000
0.167000
133
Rwanda
0.180000
0.000000
134
Ireland
0.171000
0.157000
135
Jamaica
0.166000
0.027000
136
Egypt
0.164000
0.000000
137
Philippines
0.161000
0.116000
138
China
0.154000
0.154000
139
Libya
0.151000
0.127000
140
Australia
0.149000
0.147000
141
Armenia
0.134000
0.124000
142
Finland
0.132000
0.132000
143
Paraguay
0.132000
0.039000
144
Denmark
0.128000
0.128000
145
Austria
0.126000
0.100000
146
Norway
0.098000
0.098000
147
Albania
0.097000
0.082000
148
Germany
0.095000
0.090000
Ethnic
Diversity
Rank
149
Country
Haiti
EthnicFractionalization
CulturalDiversityIndex
Index
0.095000
0.000000
150
Yemen
0.078000
0.078000
151
Netherlands
0.077000
0.077000
152
Greece
0.059000
0.050000
153
Poland
0.047000
0.041000
154
Portugal
0.040000
0.040000
155
Italy
0.040000
0.040000
156
Tunisia
0.039000
0.033000
157
Japan
0.012000
0.012000
158
SouthKorea
0.004000
0.004000
159
NorthKorea
0.002000
0.002000
ListbasedonAlesinaetal'sanalysis
ThislistisbasedontheanalysisofAlesinaandothers,[4]theydevelopfractionalizationscoresbasedon
ethnicity,religiousandlinguisticdatadirectlyfromtheEncyclopdiaBritannicalists.Thislistisbiasedbyhow
theBritannicachoosestolistethnicgroups,butitdoesnotmakeajudgementcallonwhichidentitiesaremore
salientthanothers.AccordingtoPatsiurkoetal.
"Oneofthemostambitiousandwidelyusedofthesenew[fractionalization]indiceswascreatedby
Alesinaetal.(2003)whodevelopedmeasuresofethnic,linguisticandreligiousfractionalizationin190
countriesusingmorecurrentdatafromtheEncyclopaediaBritannicaBookoftheYear(2001)...and
othersources.Butagainscholarsofferedcriticisms(e.g.Fearon2003Posner2004).First,thereis
inconsistencyintermsoftheyearscovered.Forinstance,theEncyclopaediaBritannicaprovides
ethnicitydataforonly124of190countries,soAlesinahadtoresorttoothersourcesfortherest.Hence,
hisethnicitydatacoveredyearsrangingfrom1979to2001,dependingonthecountry.Second,heoffered
onetimemeasuresoffractionalization,therebybeingunabletosayanythingaboutchangeovertime"[2]
Number
Ethnic,LinguisticandReligiousFractionalization[4]
Ethnic
Linguistic
Country
Fractionalization
Fractionalization
Religious
Fractionalization
Afghanistan
0.769300
0.614100
0.271700
Albania
0.220400
0.039900
0.471900
Algeria
0.339400
0.442700
0.009100
American
Samoa
0.000000
0.173300
0.639500
Andorra
0.713900
0.684800
0.232600
Angola
0.786700
0.787000
0.627600
Antiguaand
Barbuda
0.164300
0.106300
0.684000
Argentina
0.255000
0.061800
0.223600
Armenia
0.127200
0.129100
0.457600
10
Aruba
0.000000
0.388900
0.410700
11
Australia
0.092900
0.334900
0.821100
12
Austria
0.106800
0.152200
0.414600
13
Azerbaijan
0.204700
0.205400
0.489900
14
Bahamas
0.422800
0.185500
0.681500
15
Bahrain
0.502100
0.434400
0.552800
16
Bangladesh
0.045400
0.092500
0.209000
17
Barbados
0.142300
0.092600
0.693400
18
Belarus
0.322200
0.466600
0.611600
19
Belgium
0.555400
0.540900
0.212700
20
Belize
0.701500
0.630300
0.581300
21
Benin
0.787200
0.790500
0.554400
22
Bermuda
0.000000
0.000000
0.711200
23
Bhutan
0.605000
0.605600
0.378700
24
Bolivia
0.739600
0.224000
0.208500
25
Bosniaand
Herzegovina
0.630000
0.675100
0.685100
26
Botswana
0.410200
0.411000
0.598600
27
Brazil
0.540800
0.046800
0.605400
28
Brunei
0.541600
0.343800
0.440400
29
Bulgaria
0.402100
0.303100
0.596500
30
BurkinaFaso
0.737700
0.722800
0.579800
31
Burundi
0.295100
0.297700
0.515800
32
Cambodia
0.210500
0.210400
0.096500
33
Cameroon
0.863500
0.889800
0.733800
34
Canada
0.712400
0.577200
0.695800
35
CapeVerde
0.417400
0.000000
0.076600
Number
36
Country
CentralAfrican
Republic
Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.829500
Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.833400
Religious
Fractionalization
0.791600
37
Chad
0.862000
0.863500
0.641100
38
Chile
0.186100
0.187100
0.384100
39
China
0.153800
0.132700
0.664300
40
Colombia
0.601400
0.019300
0.147800
41
Comoros
0.000000
0.010300
0.013700
0.874700
0.870500
0.702100
42
Democratic
RepublicofCongo
43
Congo
0.874700
0.687100
0.664200
44
CostaRica
0.236800
0.048900
0.241000
45
IvoryCoast
0.820400
0.784200
0.755100
46
Croatia
0.369000
0.076300
0.444700
47
Cuba
0.590800
0.000000
0.505900
48
Cyprus
0.093900
0.396200
0.396200
49
CzechRepublic
0.322200
0.323300
0.659100
50
Denmark
0.081900
0.104900
0.233300
51
Djibouti
0.796200
0.655800
0.043500
52
Dominica
0.200300
0.000000
0.462800
53
Dominican
Republic
0.429400
0.039500
0.311800
54
EastTimor
0.000000
0.526100
0.425400
55
Ecuador
0.655000
0.130800
0.141700
56
Egypt
0.183600
0.023700
0.197900
57
ElSalvador
0.197800
0.000000
0.355900
58
Equatorial
Guinea
0.346700
0.322000
0.119500
59
Eritrea
0.652400
0.653000
0.425300
60
Estonia
0.506200
0.494400
0.498500
61
Ethiopia
0.723500
0.807300
0.624900
62
FaroeIslands
0.000000
0.000000
0.314700
63
Fiji
0.547900
0.547900
0.568200
64
Finland
0.131500
0.141200
0.253100
65
France
0.103200
0.122100
0.402900
66
FrenchGuiana
0.000000
0.115400
0.495900
0.000000
0.607800
0.581300
67
French
Polynesia
68
Gabon
0.769000
0.782100
0.667400
69
Gambia,The
0.786400
0.807600
0.097000
70
GazaStrip
0.000000
0.010400
0.034200
Country
Georgia
Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.492300
Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.474900
Religious
Fractionalization
0.654300
72
Germany
0.168200
0.164200
0.657100
73
Ghana
0.673300
0.673100
0.798700
74
Greece
0.157600
0.030000
0.153000
75
Greenland
0.000000
0.218800
0.459200
76
Grenada
0.266100
0.000000
0.589800
77
Guadeloupe
0.000000
0.093300
0.306900
78
Guam
0.000000
0.732000
0.408200
79
Guatemala
0.512200
0.458600
0.375300
80
Guinea
0.738900
0.772500
0.264900
81
GuineaBissau
0.808200
0.814100
0.612800
82
Guyana
0.619500
0.068800
0.787600
83
Haiti
0.095000
0.000000
0.470400
84
Honduras
0.186700
0.055300
0.235700
85
HongKong
0.062000
0.212800
0.419100
86
Hungary
0.152200
0.029700
0.524400
87
Iceland
0.079800
0.082000
0.191300
88
India
0.418200
0.806900
0.326000
89
Indonesia
0.735100
0.768000
0.234000
90
Iran
0.668400
0.746200
0.115200
91
Iraq
0.368900
0.369400
0.484400
92
Ireland
0.120600
0.031200
0.155000
93
IsleofMan
0.000000
0.000000
0.472900
94
Israel
0.343600
0.552500
0.346900
95
Italy
0.114500
0.114700
0.302700
96
Jamaica
0.412900
0.109800
0.616000
97
Japan
0.011900
0.017800
0.540600
98
Jersey
0.000000
0.000000
0.547900
99
Jordan
0.592600
0.039600
0.065900
100
Kazakhstan
0.617100
0.662100
0.589800
101
Kenya
0.858800
0.886000
0.776500
102
Kiribati
0.051100
0.023700
0.554100
103
Korea,South
0.039200
0.002800
0.489100
104
Korea,North
0.002000
0.002100
0.660400
105
Kyrgyzstan
0.675200
0.594900
0.447000
106
Kuwait
0.660400
0.344400
0.674500
107
Laos
0.513900
0.638200
0.545300
108
Latvia
0.586700
0.579500
0.555600
109
Lebanon
0.131400
0.131200
0.788600
Number
71
Number
110
Country
Lesotho
Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.255000
Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.254300
Religious
Fractionalization
0.721100
111
Liberia
0.908400
0.903800
0.488300
112
Libya
0.792000
0.075800
0.057000
113
Liechtenstein
0.572600
0.224600
0.334300
114
Lithuania
0.322300
0.321900
0.414100
115
Luxembourg
0.530200
0.644000
0.091100
116
Macau
0.000000
0.251900
0.551100
117
Macedonia
0.502300
0.502100
0.589900
118
Madagascar
0.879100
0.020400
0.519100
119
Malawi
0.674400
0.602300
0.819200
120
Malaysia
0.588000
0.597000
0.665700
121
Mali
0.690600
0.838800
0.182000
122
Malta
0.041400
0.090700
0.122300
123
MarshallIslands
0.060300
0.073400
0.520700
124
Martinique
0.000000
0.000000
0.233600
125
Mauritania
0.615000
0.326000
0.014900
126
Mauritius
0.463400
0.454700
0.638500
127
Mayotte
0.000000
0.721200
0.062000
128
Mexico
0.541800
0.151100
0.179600
129
Micronesia
0.700500
0.748300
0.646900
130
Moldova
0.553500
0.553300
0.560300
131
Monaco
0.683800
0.730500
0.304700
132
Mongolia
0.368200
0.373400
0.079900
133
Morocco
0.484100
0.468300
0.003500
134
Mozambique
0.693200
0.812500
0.675900
135
Burma
0.506200
0.507200
0.197400
136
Namibia
0.632900
0.700500
0.662600
137
Nauru
0.583200
0.616100
0.619400
0.663200
0.716700
0.141700
138
Nepal
139
Netherlands
Antilles
0.000000
0.250800
0.386600
140
Netherlands
0.105400
0.514300
0.722200
141
NewCaledonia
0.000000
0.663300
0.546200
142
NewZealand
0.396900
0.165700
0.811000
143
Nicaragua
0.484400
0.047300
0.429000
0.651800
0.651900
0.201300
144
Niger
145
Nigeria
0.850500
0.831600
0.742100
146
Northern
MarianaIslands
0.000000
0.775400
0.481100
Number
147
Country
Norway
Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.058600
Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.067300
Religious
Fractionalization
0.204800
148
Oman
0.437300
0.356700
0.432200
149
Pakistan
0.709800
0.719000
0.384800
150
Palau
0.431200
0.315700
0.714700
151
Panama
0.552800
0.387300
0.333800
152
PapuaNew
Guinea
0.271800
0.352600
0.552300
153
Paraguay
0.168900
0.597500
0.212300
154
Peru
0.656600
0.335800
0.198800
155
Philippines
0.238500
0.836000
0.305600
156
Poland
0.118300
0.046800
0.171200
157
Portugal
0.046800
0.019800
0.143800
158
PuertoRico
0.000000
0.035200
0.495200
159
Qatar
0.745600
0.480000
0.095000
160
Reunion
0.000000
0.157800
0.195200
161
Romania
0.306900
0.172300
0.237300
162
Russian
Federation
0.245200
0.248500
0.439800
163
Rwanda
0.323800
0.000000
0.506600
164
SaintLucia
0.176900
0.316900
0.332000
165
SaintVincent
andtheGrenadines
0.306600
0.017500
0.702800
166
WesternSamoa
0.137600
0.011100
0.787100
167
SanMarino
0.292700
0.000000
0.197500
168
SaoTomeand
Principe
0.000000
0.232200
0.186600
169
SaudiArabia
0.180000
0.094900
0.127000
170
Senegal
0.693900
0.708100
0.149700
171
Serbia
0.573600
0.000000
0.000000
172
Seychelles
0.202500
0.160600
0.232300
173
SierraLeone
0.819100
0.763400
0.539500
174
Singapore
0.385700
0.383500
0.656100
175
SlovakRepublic
0.253900
0.255100
0.565500
176
Slovenia
0.221600
0.220100
0.286800
177
SolomonIslands
0.111000
0.525400
0.670800
178
Somalia
0.811700
0.032600
0.002800
179
SouthAfrica
0.751700
0.865200
0.860300
180
Spain
0.416500
0.413200
0.451400
181
SriLanka
0.415000
0.464500
0.485300
Number
182
Country
SaintKittsand
Nevis
Ethnic
Fractionalization
0.184200
Linguistic
Fractionalization
0.000000
Religious
Fractionalization
0.661400
183
Sudan
0.714700
0.719000
0.430700
184
Suriname
0.733200
0.331000
0.791000
185
Swaziland
0.058200
0.172200
0.444400
186
Sweden
0.060000
0.196800
0.234200
0.531400
0.544100
0.608300
187
Switzerland
188
Syria
0.539900
0.181700
0.431000
189
Taiwan
0.274400
0.502800
0.684500
190
Tajikistan
0.510700
0.547300
0.338600
191
Tanzania
0.735300
0.898300
0.633400
192
Thailand
0.633800
0.634400
0.099400
193
Togo
0.709900
0.898000
0.659600
194
Tonga
0.086900
0.378200
0.621400
0.647500
0.125100
0.793600
195
Trinidadand
Tobago
196
Tunisia
0.039400
0.012400
0.010400
197
Turkey
0.320000
0.221600
0.004900
198
Turkmenistan
0.391800
0.398400
0.232700
199
Tuvalu
0.162900
0.137200
0.252400
200
Uganda
0.930200
0.922700
0.633200
201
Ukraine
0.473700
0.474100
0.615700
202
UnitedArab
Emirates
0.625200
0.487400
0.331000
203
UnitedKingdom
0.121100
0.053200
0.694400
204
UnitedStates
0.490100
0.564700
0.824100
205
Uruguay
0.250400
0.081700
0.354800
206
Uzbekistan
0.412500
0.412000
0.213300
207
Vanuatu
0.041300
0.579400
0.704400
208
Venezuela
0.496600
0.068600
0.135000
209
Vietnam
0.238300
0.237700
0.508000
210
UnitedStates
VirginIslands
0.000000
0.314000
0.635900
211
WestBank
0.000000
0.143800
0.309500
212
Yemen
0.000000
0.008000
0.002300
213
Yugoslavia
0.809200
0.606400
0.553000
214
Zambia
0.780800
0.873400
0.735900
215
Zimbabwe
0.387400
0.447200
0.736300
References
1.A.Alesina,E.LaFerrara(2005)."EthnicDiversityandEconomicPerformance"(PDF).JournalofEconomic
Literature:762800.RetrievedSeptember13,2012.
2.NatalkaPatsiurko,JohnL.CampbellandJohnA.Hall(2012)."Measuringculturaldiversity:ethnic,linguisticand
religiousfractionalizationintheOECD"(PDF).EthnicandRacialStudies.35(2):195217.
doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.579136.RetrievedSeptember13,2012.
3.JamesFearon(2003)."EthnicandCulturalDiversitybyCountry"(PDF).JournalofEconomicGrowth.8:195222.
doi:10.1023/A:1024419522867.
4.AlbertoAlesinaetal.(2003)."Fractionalization"(PDF).JournalofEconomicGrowth.8:155194.
doi:10.1023/a:1024471506938.RetrievedSeptember13,2012.
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title=List_of_countries_ranked_by_ethnic_and_cultural_diversity_level&oldid=725600777"
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