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TUGAS OTK II
Problems 8.4-5
Determine the boiling temperature of the solution and the boiling-point rise
for the following cases :
a. A 30% NaOH solution boiling in an evaporator at a pressure of 172.4 kPa
b. A 60% NaOH solution in an evaporator at a pressure of 3.45 kPa (0.50 psia)
Answer : To determine the boiling temperature of the NaOH solution and boiling
point rise, we can use Duhring lines on Figure 8.4-2
a. A 30% NaOH solution boiling in an evaporator at a pressure of 172.4

kPa
First, determine the temperature when the pressure is 172.4 kPa
(Use Appendiks A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water)
Pressure 172.4 kPa exist between T1 = 1150C and T2 = 1200C
T1 = 1150C and T2 = 1200C; P1 = 169.06 kPa, P2 = 198.53 kPa

=
=
=
X 115 = 0.566
X
= 115.560C

So, the temperature at 172,4 kPa is 115.560C

Second, determine boiling point of solution and BPR by using
Duhring Lines,

30% NaOH at pressure 172.4 kPa and temperature is 115.56 0C :

- Boiling Point of 30% NaOH solutions = 130.60C
- Boiling Point Rise
= 130.60C 115.560C
= 15.040C

b. A 60% NaOH solution in an evaporator at a pressure of 3.45 kPa (0.50 psia)

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Answer : To determine the boiling temperature of the NaOH solution and boiling
point rise, we can use Duhring lines on Figure 8.4-2
c. A 60% NaOH solution boiling in an evaporator at a pressure of 3.45

kPa
First, determine the temperature when the pressure is 3.45 kPa
(Use Appendiks A.2-9 Properties of Saturated Steam and Water)
Pressure 3.45 kPa exist between T1 = 270C and T2 = 250C
T1 = 270C and T2 = 250C; P1 = 3.169 kPa, P2 = 3.567 kPa

=
=
=
X 25 = 0.706
X
= 26.14210C

So, the temperature at 3.45 kPa is 26.14210C

Second, determine boiling point of solution and BPR by using
Duhring Lines,

30% NaOH at pressure 3.45 kPa and temperature is 26.14210C:

- Boiling Point of 30% NaOH solutions = 26.14210C
- Boiling Point Rise
= 840C 26.41210C
= 57.589oC
Problems 8.4-7
Effect of Feed Temperature on Evaporating NaOH. A single effect evaporator
is concentrating a feed of 9072 kg/h of a 10% wt solution of NaOH in a water
to product of 50% solids. The pressure of the saturated steam used is 42 kPa
(gage) and the pressure in the vapor space of the evaporator is 20 kPa (abs).
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 1988 W/m2.K. Calculate the steam
used, steam economy in kg vaporized/kg steam, and the area for the
following feed conditions :

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o

a. Feed temperature of 288.8 K(15.6 C)

Neraca Massa Overall :
F=L+V
9072 = L + V.. (1)
Neraca Massa Komponen :
F. Xf = L. XL
9072 (0.1) = L (0.5)
L = 9072*0.1/0.5
L = 1814.4 kg/h
Substitusi persamaan (1) :
F=L+V
9072 = 1814.4 + V
V = 7257.6 kg/h
Mencari suhu produk, yakni saat 50% berat NaOH dan 20 kPa =
=

=
n

= 60.0890 C

Kemudian, mencari titik didih dan kenaikan titik didih NaOH berdasarkan
grafik Duhring Lines. Dari grafik tersebut, dapat diketahui :
Titik didih NaOH = 102.5oC
Kenaikan titik didih = 102.5oC - 60.0890 C
= 42.411oC
Setelah diketahui titik didih dan kenaikan titik didih, mencari entalphy dari
larutan NaOH 10% (ketika masuk di feed) dan ketika menjadi produk (50%
NaOH) dengan menggunakan Figure 8.4-3 (halaman 540)

Entalphy untuk Larutan NaOH 10% (Tf = 288 K)

hf = 60 kJ/kg

Entalphy untuk Larutan 50% NaOH (T = 102.5oC)

hL = 550 kJ/kg

Mencari Hv saat kondisi vapor space = 20 kPa dan T = 102.5 oC. Pada
kondisi tersebut, maka uap yang digunakan adalah superheated vapor.
Dengan Menggunakan Appendiks Table F-2, Smith Van Ness :
=

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=

=
Y

= 2691 kJ/kg

Saat Feed Steam, tekanan steam adalah 42 kPa (gage), sehingga :

P = 42 kPa + 101.3
P = 143.3 kPa
Pada kondisi tersebut, dicari harga , yakni :
= Hv - Hl
= 2229.68 kJ/kg
Substitusi ke persamaan :
F.hf + S. = L.hl + V.Hv
9072 (60) + S (2229.68) = 1814.4 (550) + 7257.6 (2691)
544320 + 2229.68 (S) = 997920 + 19530201.6
2229.68 (S) = 19983801.6
S = 8962.63 kg steam/h
Q=Sx
= 8962.63 (2229.68) (1/3600)
= 5551.056 kW
Mencari suhu saat steam masuk (arus S), yakni saat P = 143.3 kPa :

=
X

= 110.06oC

Mencari luasan untuk feed tersebut :

Q = U. A. T

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5551.056x1000 = 1988 (A) (110.006 102.5)
A

= 372.006 m2

Steam economy = kg vaporized /kg steam

= 7257.6/8962.3
= 0.8097

b. Feed temperature of 322.1 K

Neraca Massa Overall :
F=L+V
9072 = L + V.. (1)
Neraca Massa Komponen :
F. Xf = L. XL
9072 (0.1) = L (0.5)
L = 9072*0.1/0.5
L = 1814.4 kg/h
Substitusi persamaan (1) :
F=L+V
9072 = 1814.4 + V
V = 7257.6 kg/h
Mencari suhu produk, yakni saat 50% berat NaOH dan 20 kPa =
=

=
n

= 60.0890 C

Kemudian, mencari titik didih dan kenaikan titik didih NaOH berdasarkan
grafik Duhring Lines. Dari grafik tersebut, dapat diketahui :
Titik didih NaOH = 102.5oC
Kenaikan titik didih = 102.5oC - 60.0890 C
= 42.411oC
Setelah diketahui titik didih dan kenaikan titik didih, mencari entalphy dari
larutan NaOH 10% (ketika masuk di feed) dan ketika menjadi produk (50%
NaOH) dengan menggunakan Figure 8.4-3 (halaman 540)

Entalphy untuk Larutan NaOH 10% (Tf = 322.1 K)

hf = 180 kJ/kg

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Entalphy untuk Larutan 50% NaOH (T = 102.5 C)

hL = 550 kJ/kg

Mencari Hv saat kondisi vapor space = 20 kPa dan T = 102.5 oC. Pada
kondisi tersebut, maka uap yang digunakan adalah superheated vapor.
Dengan Menggunakan Appendiks Table F-2, Smith Van Ness :
=

=
Y

= 2691 kJ/kg

Saat Feed Steam, tekanan steam adalah 42 kPa (gage), sehingga :

P = 42 kPa + 101.3
P = 143.3 kPa
Pada kondisi tersebut, dicari harga , yakni :
= Hv - Hl
= 2229.68 kJ/kg
Substitusi ke persamaan :
F.hf + S. = L.hl + V.Hv
9072 (180) + S (2229.68) = 1814.4 (550) + 7257.6 (2691)
1632960 + 2229.68 (S) = 997920 + 19530201.6
2229.68 (S) = 188951616
S = 8474.38 kg steam/h
Q=Sx
= 8474.38 (2229.68) (1/3600)
= 5248.654 kW
Mencari suhu saat steam masuk (arus S), yakni saat P = 143.3 kPa
=

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=

=
X

= 110.06oC

Mencari luas untuk kondisi feed tersebut :

Q = U. A. T
5248.654 x1000 = 1988 (A) (110.006 102.5)
A = 349.229 m2
Steam economy = kg vaporized /kg steam
= 7257.6/8474.38
= 0.85642