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Introduction
materials, such as NH
4 -N [3,4]. In many cases, O3-BAC
was regarded as the most important barrier for maintaining
chemical and biologic stability and for decreasing the
toxicity and epidemiological risk of drinking water,
especially when the water source was polluted [5]. In
fact, BAC was not only applied in drinking water treatment
but also in wastewater [6,7] and waste gas treatment [8]
because their activated carbon granules were suitable
microbial carriers and affordable.
For most resolvable bioavailable materials, biodegradation acts as the essential mechanism in the contaminant
removal by BAC lters, rather than physical ltration [9
11]. Biolm attached to activated carbon greatly contributes to the biodegradation process [12]. Therefore, it is
important to reveal the microbial community structure and
function of the attached biolm for the purpose in order to
optimize the reactor performance.
Molecular techniques that did not depend on culturing
were researched [13] because drinking water is typically
oligotrophic and most of the microorganisms in this
environment are nonculturable. In fact, polymerase chain
reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis(PCRDGGE), terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism(T-RFLP), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-sequencing
analysis, etc., have been used successfully in the drinking
water system [14] or similar systems, such as sand and
anthracite biolters [15,16].
However, the stated molecular approaches are confronted with great difculties in DNA extraction when
applied to BAC granules samples. For instance, Liu et al.
[17] attempted to compare the community structure of
bioceramics and BAC biolms using polymerase chain
reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCRSSCP). However, no DNA was obtained even when using
ultrasonic pretreatment. The complication could be due to
two properties of activated carbon granules: the porous
460
2.1
2.2
CODMn/(mg$L1)
pH
1
NH
4 -N=mg$L
NO2 -N=mg$L 1
NO3 -N=mg$L 1
inuent
6.813.2
3.987.58
6.87.1
1.234.61
0.010.53
0.936.86
efuent
0.88.7
3.026.92
6.97.2
0.083.37
0.000.35
1.888.29
parameters
Shuting ZHANG et al. Development of protocol for DNA extraction from biollm on BAC granules
461
3.1
462
Shuting ZHANG et al. Development of protocol for DNA extraction from biollm on BAC granules
463
Fig. 6 DNA yields (g$g1 [dry wt]) determined by spectrophotometer and biomass determined using lipid-P method of sixdepth samples. (a) DNA yields; (b) biomass
Conclusion
464
References
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