Group 1

Group
Mr. Kuehl
Pre Calc
13 December 2004
What is magnetism? People use magnets almost every day, and most dont even
know it. We use magnets on our refrigerators to hold things up, but do you even know
how they do it? The following is an in depth analysis of what magnetism and quantum
mechanics are and how they works.
Developments in a new quantum mechanics were proceeding at an explosive rate,
and it is impossible to give any detailed accounting of them. In 1923 De Brolie made the
first suggestion of wave mechanics, and by 1926 this was translated into the wave
equation through his own work and particularly that of E. Schrodinger. Meantime, W.
Heisenbergs work with H.A. Kramers on the quantum theory of dispersion, in which the
radiation field formed the virtual orchestra of harmonic oscillators, suggested he power
of noncommutative matrix mechanics.
Now about Magnetism. The magnetization vector M of an ideal magnet has, so
far, been introduced in an arbitrary manner as that basic characteristic or property of the
magnet required to obtain correlation between the fields calculated for magnets and for
corresponding circuits or current distributions. No physical picture has been suggested.
The association of M with surface poles, giving the appropriate fields, and the
observation that these are not free poles akin to electric charges but must always exist in
such a way that the total pole density is zero, immediately suggests that the magnet may
be envisaged as an assembly of elementary or atomic magnetic dipoles aligned along the

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magnet axis. If, in turn, it was necessary to envisage these dipoles as pairs of elementary
poles, +-m with spacing l and (mu) = ml, then an impasse would clearly be reached.
However, this is not, in fact, necessary because the fields generated by a current
loop are identical to those of the magnetostatic dipole consisting of two formal poles in
the limit l 0, as m increases correspondingly for (mew)= ml to remain finite and A
and i increases similarly so long as ml=(mu)=iA

(Am^2).

The energy of a dipole is an applied field which is very simply described, but it is
not possible to devise a solenoidal field having a variation one direction only, since it is
apparent that this would give a net flux over any closed surface and a corollary of div
B=0 is that this flux is zero. The simplest model non-uniform field is one that varies with
respect to a single radial coordinate r and has only the one component, E (sub)rB. The
origin of such a field could be a plate-shaped magnet which has an indefinitely great
length normal to M and to the plane of the figure and is also long parallel to M so as to
produce a single effective line of pole density, or an equivalent coil.
Two vector fields are required for a macroscopic description of magnetic
phenomena, the magnetic field H and the magnetic induction B. The only sources
determining the magnetic field H are macroscopic current sources, like electromagnets.
The field H can then be determined from Amperes theorem and the boundary conditions
that H must satisfy at the interface between two different magnetic materials. There are
also microscopic sources. These are orbital atomic currents and magnetic moments due
to spin. So we define the magnetization M as the density of microscopic moments per
unit volume. The magnetic induction B is then the macroscopic mean of the microscopic
magnetic field whose sources are macroscopic currents produced by electromagnets and

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the microscopic density of magnetic moments. Once the mean has been taken, magnetic
induction can be expressed as a function of magnetization and magnetic field.
We can measure magnetic field and induction if we cut a long, cylindrical cavity
with axis along the local magnetic field, the boundary conditions imply that the magnetic
field inside and outside the cavity are the same. The field measured inside is H=B/(mu)
(sub0). Suppose now that the cavity is in the form of a thin disk normal to the magnetic
field. Boundary conditions now give the magnetic induction B=(mu)(sub0)H inside the
cavity equal to that outside. There are other simple cases for which magnetic field and
induction inside a material can be determined, without explicitly solving Maxwells
equations.
Consider a solenoid filled with some magnetic material. If I is the current in the
solenoid and n the number of turns per unit length, Amperes theorem gives the magnetic
field at the center of the solenoid approximately as H=nI. All of these things show the
magnetism of our world interacting with each other on atomic levels, creating forces that
are amazing feats in humankind. Gods world truly is a wonderful, but very complex
place to live, and we can find more and more out about it that we never knew before.
So now you know how magnetism works. The two projects shown below are
examples of these amazing forces at work. Having this information, you can now go out
into the world and use magnets productively and efficiently.

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Bibliography
Levy, L.P. Magnetism and Superconductivity. InterEditions, Paris, 1997
Matis, Daniel C. The Theory of Magnetism. Harper and Row Publishers Inc. 1965
Craik, Derek. Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 1995