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com

]l*]l]l#yl$ & l$$ & {MS]l$ & ${l


f]l$Z ]l MSVS l$$

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]l*]l]l#ylMS l i]lM>M> ]l {MS$^l l$$, s , {]l, _MS O lt MS{MS


H MZ {ylW B]l ^l^l$a. Z*tOl$]l f]l$]l#]l$ MSW Eylr ]l D l$$
MS$VS$. C A]l$]lMSV> {MS$. f]l$Z ]l MSVS l$ JMS ]l$_ ]l$ MSMS {MS]l$
^ll]l#. M>st D l$$ ]l*hMS ]l$]l$ Ha]l#. D l$]l$ ${^s lVSY l$l
]l$, l$]lMS ]l$ l Ol$]ll ]lMS$ lWY^. l$]lMS Z Z*t f]l$]l#
{]l GMS$P]l MS^l A]lM> E.
1. MS G$* & G{MSMS BM> ]l*$l$. { MSV^l$a.
2. l$* & f]l$Z ]l l*V El BWl$. { MSW$.
3. Af & ^l>MS VS$]l$ MSW^l l$ El BW]lyl ]l ^l NV> l$# VS$ZMS
]l*$l$. GMS$P]l E~ lr$tM$. GMS$P]l l$l$$]l* ^l*yl$.
4. * (]l~ $) & VS$ylZ yl$ MS~MS ]l$l VylZ {l Hyl$l$. l VS$ylZ
{l Hylr As$. ^l^l$a. ]l$$ VS M MlZ A ]llrl
]l$MS$l$.
5. l** & V>$ lW]l ^r MS VSylzMSrtl$. lV> {]l MS{]l fW {$
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6. ]l$$P ylt & ]l$$ VS M MSyl>$ {MS]l$V> S. MS]l$$Zl ]l$^^l$a.
H MS MS]l$ MS]l$V$? & M
l* MS H lMSl]l$ MSW$? & ]l$*_
yls MS]l$ H l$ lMSlMS$ C$? & yl*, *t, sr]l
*s {sZOl l (B)t Al H _MS ]l? & Gy
]l$ ls ]l$_ El ^l$?& *k$
_MS M lMSlMS$ E*W^l MS? &
^I (l* CN$g Os&) MS ]l$ H lMSlMS$ yl$?& { ]l
$]l# rtV>l C^la lls MS? & i
^ (*]l$ Z]l* MS) H lMSlMS$ C$? & OMS M>]l
]l$MS$ ]l*{ll$ C^la MS? & ^
_]l Z Ol ]l MSVS yl$* lMSlMS$ lyl MS? & s MS
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ylBG S]l$ H >MS$ E*W$? &


]l$* M>MS? & {sZgZ]l
Cs]l M>Z {lMSV> ]l*]l ]l$* H M>MS ^l]l? & { ]l$*
{]l*lMS { ]l$*]l$ MSVSg yl$ > Gl$P]lyMS Cs]l A]l
^l]l Ml ]l$l$? & Bt$
ylyls ^lyl? & OylM OylOl {Os M Dl
VS$MS$ H >MS$y EylsMS ss CfS C$? & l]l$>l
Zr$]l (B l$]l$]lyl) l ]l f$VS$l$? & MSt*
VShj/PMS$ M>? & MSrMS
]l*]l]l#ylZ M>gM HgsV> ^lll M> MS{l Cs]l _]l tOy
& Gy
]l$]l lZ NV> *Ol$]l l$$?& ]l$*_, #$VS$ (W)
Gyl$M As? & JMS {MS $l]l$$
JMS ]lMSZ lMS$P]l ]l$$Z {]l {]l ^l* ? & AMS*s
JMS ]lMS Z ^ M> Er* ]lV> {]l ^l* & {M>M
yl ]l]l]l$ {l ^l MS E? &
yl Dyl$ Z H r$ Z GMS$P]lV> MS$? & G
MSs {VSl$$ BVSV> EylsMS ylyl r$? & G
B{l{l *P {{V>]l$ {_]l ]ll? & 1983
g$ ]l*]lMS BVS M>{MS]l* (l]l {{V>) {_]l ]ll? & 1982
*P $Z l^l$V> MSsZ $ M>$l* Es H r$ Z M> M>^l$a? & 2
M> ]lMS]lyl s]l$ `$MS$]lyl H r$ Z l$g$? & OZ
&M>M ]l$tr$ ]l*{l$, sM $MS$]l#yl$ ]l{l $# VS$Z >]lyMS M>?
& OZ
M>$ ]l*{lZ Al]lV> gZyl^l r$? & M>>
*s M>]l Hgr$V> ^l r$]l$? & ,C,G
]l*]lMS MSlMS$ ylyl MS?& A*yl
f]l $S *f]l lMS G#yl$ {Ol$? & 2005
{V>]l$^$ BVS MS$s O^l G]l$?& {V>]l$ ^
V>*$ lV> ]l*]lyMS ylyl r$? &

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l l$$, > S$

yl*
Osy
S$, s
VS$
Ps f
ylX

MS

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S
M st
Oly st
]l*sM st
l t st
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sOMSs st

1.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

14.
15.

i
( M>sVS$)
M

l*
yls

^I (l*
CN$g Os&)
gD
]l*l*MMS MS
GGB
l$gMMS
>
s
G Ay MS)
^
s MS

lMSl MSW^l l$$


S$

* (CfS)
* (s ^l$MSP$)
_MS M
M (]l$*_)
yl* (Vl$#)
*t (MllVS$Y)
sr]l (l]l$>l)
l$Ogs/{ ]l

l$lyl$ #
]l$l**
$h, ]l$ (VS]ll$), * (f $h)
l$Ogs
> (O{y*)
Osy (Osy, >Osy
Z]l* OMS M>]l
_]lZ Ol ]l MSVS yl$*

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]l*]l]l#Z r$]l Z ]l MSVS l$$


M> Z

{l VS

G$* (MS]ll)
1. _]lZ

G{MS MS Q lWY]lyl
MSs, h* blt ylzM>$ / ]lstM>$, S
]ls b
Bt* G]lMSO ]ls {$, Bt*
]l** G]lMS$ $$V> ]l*yl
G) ]l$MS l$l$$Z lt MS]lyl

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1. I
2. M>$

MSVS

2. lZ

3. r$ A (s) G. `MSr$ (Olsyl)


N*
l MStZ* As$
sMSs
*s CMSt
) i>*
r$, *s
i>M r$ ) ss ^l$MSP$
_]lZ
4. r$ D
M>>
G) MSs
*s>MSsM r$
) h* ^lt
O r$ /
) >MSsM
* r$
lZ
G) Bt*
) Bt* ]l**
5. r$ E
(sZM> )
ts
*s ts r$
6. r$ K
(MS, Z MS)
*s ]l$hM
]l$g
r$, M*VS$
r$

7. r$ B1, l$$
*s r$
V>s
8. r$ B2
(OZ)
MSZ
{V>
9. r$ B3

) MS]l$VS$yl$ Gyl]lyl

) MS]l$VS$ylO lyl VS$ ]l$^la$


G]lMS$

${MSMS El yl]lyl

V>$ ]ll GMS$P]l MS{]l fVSyl

GMS$P]lZ ]l Sl MS$VS$l$
$MS VSyl
s ]l$ VSyl, MSZ $ M>yl
M>$, ^ll$$, l$ylO ^l $$$V> >]lyl

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10.

V s
G$*

AM>$, A^ll$$ ]l$ylr


MS]ll/ G{ MS MS Q lWY]lyl

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11.

* / MsM B]l$
r$ B5
(sZM B]l$)
r$ B9
(M B]l$)
r$ M
r$ B7
*s
r$ H
r$ B12
($M$)
Z Mt ]lMS
Er$.
r$ B6
(OyMS)
r$ C (BPM>]l$)
*s P r$

12.

13.

14.
15.

GVOls C
(l]lV>$)

Ar, MSyl> #$

$ G$* Ol${MOsM G$*, $ G$*,


(G{MSMS ]l* lVSYyl)

G$*

MS]ll (]l*{MOsM O{M$M G$*)

_VS$$ W MS M>yl ( ylg )

]l*]l-]l#Z Ol ]l MSVS l$$


$

Ol $

S$

VS]ll$

$MOl Osyl

f {VSl$ #
{lS MSyl, l$
(sy {VSl$$)
>
MS$, ]lMS$P, Vl$,
f l$ >.
Fl$O {]l,
f, ll$$,
f, l, s
l$$, $]l#$, M
(MS{l yl ]l]l {l > ]l*]l]l#MS
A]l#l$)
^MSyl$$ {l MS$l B,
A]l#.
MS$l $ >
M>$ {l
MS$l B, $,
A]l#l$, BMS Eyll$. MS >

lr$t/VS$/* >$M Ol
(f ]l$h) * Ol
l$lyl$#/
GOs

BOl

*/
* Ol
$ Sl
Oss/M>l$$ Oss G,,yl,C,
G,h Ol$

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{MS]l$

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OOl

/
O{y*
ylX/
{M Z ]l
Gy

Ol/
>Zz Ol
ylX O l /
Ol
^I Ol

Br]l$
(_MS M)
]l$*_
(M)

l Ol

]lMS$P, MSs ]l$_ $,


J$ #$, f, l
l$$, ]l$MS$, ]le.
f, MS #$, MSMSMS$
{l M>]lyl
VSlMS MS lVSYyl,
A l$MS$ VS$M>]lyl

l$ >
Ol {MS$l
MS$MSPM>r$ ]l
Gylg ]l$M>r$ ]l

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f$$

A$Sl OWMS
$, MS$l MS
]l*yl
O ll$$, MS$P$, f, MSyl]l
J$ #$
f, l, ^lO
V> >..
{l]l MS*yl]l MS$P$

l* l$f,
Ol$]l

Ol l$$ & {l]l$$ A]l$$

MSgMStOls
(MSylM S MS)
Ol$Ogs

Ol $
MSgMStOls Ol

{l A]l$]l
MSsO Eyl MSgMSt

Ol/MSt* ]l MSVS]l^l$a

l$lyl$ ^l$r*t Eyl l$g


{l]l$]l#l$
f, MS #$
M>$
M$, Cl A S$$

_MS VS$
_M Ol
Oss
Oss Ol
z N (G$ ^&5 G&1 Ol
CN$g)
CN$g
CN$g Ol
Nf (V> > ^ll$l$)
ON
^&1G&1 Ol
(V> > ^ll$l$)
$ M Ol
AMS*s r
{yl$

Fl$$
Fl$$
Fl$$

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& f$$
_]lZ ]l*{ll$ MSVS ?
MS]l*yl > {MS$^l A]lM> VS ?& Gy, Oss
GGB MS H l$MS$ lMSl MSW$? & VS]ll$, $h, f $h
JMS ]lMS Z H O l ^ M> r$ E AlMS >MS]l^l$a? & Oss
Ml$ ]l*]l]l#$ H OlMS$ M>$V> ]l*{ll$ ^l$? & Oss Ol
]l*]l]l#ylZ H Ol M>$ M>]lMS$ M> M>]l^l$a? & Oss Ol
{Z OMS M>]lMS$ M>]l$$ Ol? & *]l$ Z]l* Ol
ylX f H MSrMS > ^ll$l$?& Gyl Dht ]l$
]l {s{MStg Al GOgl$]l$ MSW]l#]l Ol? & ^I
Ml$$ MS]lyl > ^ll ?&
* M>MS Ol.. _]lZ GMSPyl Er$? & VS$Z

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]lMSVSl ]l$$VS$yyl]l$ ylr > s AMSrt]l^l$a.

1. A$* (yl{s)
2. MS>
3. yl$*
4. BP* (HMS]l$/]lrt$)
5. Gs * (]l$#$VS$$)
6. s*
7. Osy
8. *
MS$l s > ^ll ?& MS>, Oss, *
ZfMS ]ll$, ]l$ j]l l>l $ ^ll$$ MSylVS Ar$ > H l$
AMSrt]l^l$a? & yl$*, A$*, MS>
M>]l: ${lZ MS f]ll M>]l As$. MS f]l]l$ ${^l f]l$]l#Z
Abl$ ]l*$ >]lyl ]l MSf]l ${l MZ MS ]l/{]l/ r*]l$
Hyl$l$. l M>]l As$.
Ol M>]l: Z JMS V>MS ]l*{ll$ $lOl$ ]l$MS V>MS ^ll M>]l. {
MSVSg$l$. B ]l$ ^l^l$a.
]l*VSs M>]l: Z JMS VS ]l$_ ]l$MS V>MS $$]l#V> $. {
MSVSg$. $VS$ l$V> ]lMS]l$]l#l$. _]l lZ ]l$ ^l$.
M>gM Hgr$ (M>]l M>M>$):
1. oMS M>M>$: GM, yl* MS, M>M, AZl MS$, VS, ]l$ llO]l.
2. $]l M>M>$: BP, Ms, i M>jMOy (^), ylyls, BsMS llO]l.
3. i]lM>M>$: Ol

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Ar$ M> sMS yl$ E$? & ylX f, MS$$x


OssMS _]l g$? & D AlMS >l$. MS$l s > ^lll$. MS
]l$]llOl$]l MS E.
*MS _]l g$? & yl ]l]l]l$ l$. MS$l s > {MS$$. ]l$j]l
> * Ol ^ll$l$.
*MS MS]l$ MS]l$V]l ]lMS? & Gylz gl P
Gy]l$ VS$^lyMS ^l S$? & G, {Osys, lt s
S$ D A]l$ {l ^l$? & Fl$$, G]lMS$, _]l VS$
]l$]l lZ AMS ]l$MS$ M>]l$]l#l$]l ? & S$
ys Al _MS ]l H MS _? & S$
ys(DOTS)]l$ ^lyl? & Directly Observed Treatment Short course
MS$$x ({) _MS ]l? & Gyls
]l*sM S > VS$^l ? & S$
S$ {VS$$ GMS$P]l ]l$ ]l$^lyMS {]l M> $? & O A]lV> Z, AVS
Ar$
Osy ]lQV> H A]l$ {l ^l$? & _]l VS$
s Ml ^l$yl > MS*y H AMSrt ? & A$*
As? & MS$$x
]l*]l]l#ylZ M>]l]l$ MSVSg i]l M>MS? & Ol
MS MS JMS E? & ylVS*
yl$*, MS>, OsylZ *l? & D ]lyl$ l$* MS$l s > .
" C^' M>MS? & {$
l$Ogs H A]l$MS _]l ?& l$lyl$
{^lZ AlMS ]l$]l$ ]ll*l$ ^l]l MylMS$ M>Ol$]l ? & VS$
GZ ]l]l$ (lMS f>) MSVSg? & Ol
^IMS _]l g$? & MSrM> > ^ll$. VS$Z ^I #rtZ$ MS$
{MS$^lMS$y ^l*y^l$a. C l > MS$ {MS$^^l$a.
Als Ns, C^, V , l$Ogs l$ ]l$l ly? & lls ]lyl$ l$$ { ]l
MS$VS$. $V MSt* ]l ]l$.

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MSrM>$

^l^l l$$

1. DVS$

G) S$ ) * ) A$* (yl{s) yl) MS> C) yl$*


(A), G) Osy (GrM f) h)BP* (HMS]l$)
^) ]l$#$VS$$
A{ (V Ml) (]l$]l lZ C MS^ll$)
M> Ag/ l Z
]l$*
G) ZlM>$ (Gs*) ) l$lyl$ #
G) ylVS*f({MZ ]l) ) _MS VS$ ) GZ ]l
(C ]l$]l lZ MS^ll$)
Os f
VS$

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2. DVS$
3. >y
4. Byl A
5. MS*M
6. Gyl ]l$$
7. ]l$$
8. >s

{sZgZ]l l$$

]l$*
M>MS: yl$ OlM
1880Z ]l$* >]li (yl$)]l$ llrV> ^ l VS$^$.
A Al Byl ]l$ > ]l$* ]l$MS {MS$$l 1897Z z >
MS]l$Vyl$. (1902Z {Og ]l_a)
z > l]l {*V>]l$ MS{Z ^$.
S$
{]l ^lf, l, Eyl, MSMS$ _e]l]l$]lyl.
G ]l$ ]l$_ ]l$MS {MS$^l yl$ l & gs
G{ MSMSZ {l^l yl$ l & {sZgs
yl$ G{MS MSZ yl$l ^l & l*g
D MS {l]l$$ V>$
Fl$$, MSMS$,
D _MSlZ C^la ]l$l$$
MSOl, MMS, {O]l*MS
{$l {yl Al ]l$l$]l$ GMS$P]lV> yl$l$$.
MSOl ]l$l$]l$ M Al ^lr$t yl$ ]l$_ $.
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D AMSrtyMS lZ g$ ]l$* *]l lMS (GGD) A]l$$Z E.


BVS$t 20]l ]l$* l]l f$#MS$s$.
]l$VS$sZ ]l$ VS$yl$, >]l$ ^ll$MS$ ^l ^l $ V>**.
A$*
M>MS: Gr$ tOsM>
D ]l hVSr, MS ^l$ MS$VS$.
D >]l i ]l*]l]l# VS$Z ]l* AMSPyl MSg _e]l ^l$yl ]l MS MS*yl]l
^l$ MS$VS$.
D W ]l$]l{ > ]l$MSMS MS$l$.
A{
M>MS: {s]l* V>$
D GMS$P]lV> B{M>Z E.
D ]l yl ]l]l lr$. l$lyl$ f]l$]l#l$. AV> {l ]l$.
& DVS > D M>MS i fl$]l# ]l$_ fl$]l#MS$, ]l$MS {MS$$.
M> Ag (M ]l)
l ylyl f ]l$l$ f A As$.
M>MS: * y]l
B: ]l*]l]l# MS, ]l$P l$$ {l]l
S$: ^lO ]l$#VS$ ]l$^la$ Hyl. {]l f Er$. , M>$
S.
Lf MS$ lWY.
>y Al DVS > D >]l i $.
D GMS$P]lV> , A >{tZ E.
l K$r t
M>MS: $ {sZM>
B: Gy$ MS$
>y DVS > D JMS ]l$_ ]l$MSMS $.
S$: ]lQ, M>$, ^ll$ $l #yl$
h*z*
M>MS: h*z* Cst
B:Ol, B{l]l, lOg]ll$ OVS
{MS$^l ]l : MS$l B, $
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S$: hVSr ^l$, f, MS]ll, Aj

{MS]l$ l$$
]l$#$VS$ ({ly )

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]l$#$VS$ >{$ ]l$ Gs$ lMS$. MS {ly , A MS*y As$.


C VS$Z ]l^l l]l$sZy ]l>YMS ^l]l >]li. lV> # ]lMSP Eylr ]l {ly
As$.
]l$VS ]l$#$VS$ 2&4 $$r$, Byl ]l$#$VS$ 8&10 $ $r$ Es.
]l (Guinea Worm)
]l >{$ ]l$ {yMSMS$$ l$yll
C l]l$sZy ]l>YMS ^l]l >]li. {MS]l$ ]l ]l^la {yMSMS$Z ]l
As$. VS$yl$ ]l# $ yl {Z C GMS$P]lV> Er$.
Byl ]l yl]l# 60 $.$ ]l$_ $r ]lMS$ Er$. C ]lV> lV> r
Er$. ]l$VS ]l 12 ]l$_ 30 $.$ yl]l# Er$.
il ^l{MS: ]l il ^l{MS ]l$Z, s $ Al MSrMSZ M]lVS$l$.
]l MSW]l ]l*]l]l Z Byl ]l V> M>Z, JMP ^ll$Z, #
$l Er$. A E]l ^r ^lO Hyl$l$. MlM>MS _MS #yl$ Hyl$l$.
#yl$ E]l V> sZ ]l_]l#yl$ Byl ]l #yl$ > MV> $rMS$ ]l_a ls
{l sZMS j$. D {l]lZ Eyl ^l$r$tMS$]l y$ B sZ MS$. Al sZ
Eyl $]l$$ ]l y]l$ $VS$. $]l$Z D y$ yl$ >Z {MS]l$
MSW^l ylM>$V> $VS$. D s W]l MS ]l {MS$$.

MMS #$VS$ ($M )

MMS #$VS$ >{$ ]l$ *MSZ t]l*yl$yll


MMS#$VS$ *yll ]l~ MS*yl]l l$# VS$Z Er$. JMS _]l MMS ]l ]lW E]ll$]l
MS B $ ]l_a.
]l$VS #$VS$ 8 $.$., Byl #$VS$ 12.5 $$ yl]l# Es. D MS]l ]lMS VS$Z MMS
#$VS$ ]lyl$ ]l$_ $VS$ i]lV> Er$l A^l.

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MS$$#

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VS$yl$ ]l#Z, ^l$]l#Z OM A MSrM>$ s. C $]l$ $VS$. C E]l s


W]l MS MS$$# {MS$$.
S$
^l> `$aMS$ #$VS$ $rMS$ >]lsMS ]ll$ ]l$ ^lO l$l MS*yl]l
Hyl$l$. W #yl$ yl$l$. ]l$ sZMS W]l#yl$ VS]lO$]l #$VS$ D V>$
> ARMS $]l$ sZMS ]ll$$l$. D MS]lMS f, l$$, ^l$, l
VSyl, ]le ]ls S$ MS. D {, #$, ]l$$ $l MS$y G]lOMS
>^l$a.
_MSl
D MS]l$ O #yl$ Hyl]l lrl $Z BVS M>MS
BVS MS{lZ yMSt]l$ {^. D MS]l V> yl]l MSsZ 30 $
r$ E^. #$VS$ l]l $]l$ D sZMS ]ll$$l$. l>l B s HOl yl
{lZ Z*. C ]lyl$ ]l$_ $VS$ k$ ^l*. #$VS$]l$ VSyl ]ls
^l$MS*yll$. ]lyl$ $VS$ > l>l ]llr Al $rMS$ ]l$. V>*
${_ MSr$t ylg MSyl$l* Ey.
VS$yl$ ]l#Z s M>_ ^la V>.

O{y*

_aMS$MSP _ast]l fl$]l# MS]lyl ]l ]l$MS ]l^la f$]l$ O{y * ($


As $) As$. Ol Al *Si > D {MS$$. D {MS]l$]l
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]l$]l >[tZ _]l Z ]l^la Ar$l$ sZ # 60&70 >l MS]l Al$


(yl$*) Er$. 23 >l ]l$ _]l$ ]lV> ]l$$$.
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M>$
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s > Vst$ W ]lMS $ MS]lyl.
>, ]lMSVSl ${l Z
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MS$$t

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O ]l >WVS$ ]l$^la$. sO > gq]l MS]lyl.
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{ ]lyl$kM V> _V yl]l$ ]l#$, sMS$$, VS$s ]l]l$Z l*. 25
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]l$_s OO]lMS$ ]l$]l$l$$ A]lOl$l ^l$$ lrl Ats Ch Byl*GMS


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A CZ ]l$$VS$yl$ ^l {l^.

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Ml lVS$Y
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yl*rl$ MOsMS$ ^ll$.
Z {sZgZ i]l#$ MS*y Es.
fl$, ]lS yl$ S]l$ {l

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h





*k$ MS E
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$$ l lMS i]l#$
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M>$s

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2
3

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4. S$$
5. S$

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E~MS fl$]l#$: > E~{VSl l MS$y G#yl* V> l E~{VSl]l$ $#MS$l


i]l#$. E: ]l*]l]l#yl l E~{VSl G#yl* 37C/98.4F
l MS fl$]l#$: > E~{VSlr$ l E~{VSl]l$ ]l*$aMS$l i]l#$. E: ^l$, E$
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Diseases Affecting Displaced Populations in Disastery

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MS MS*yl]l MS MS$y kMS$


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AMS
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Ms f, Pale Coloured
M > disabling {]l
&A
Stools, dark coloured , MS$
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${l f, l,
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treatment
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]l$*V> {, yl$* S$,
O]l Oll ^lMS$s
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yl$*
MSy yl$*, l$$, $]l# lVSYyl,
yl O{yl
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AMS f, l, ]l>$, gs Dengue usually a mild
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#$, O G{]l$^la$
course DHF accompained
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by fever

heavy haemorrhages

9. yl*

Vl$, lVS$Y

ylhs

A]l#l$. D
AsphyxiationMS$ $

Secretion

gsZ Muscle Spasms


{Ol$ MkZ ll
MS$l$
l, > Hyperactivity

Fatal

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10. ss]l

Respiratory tractZ

11.

O]l Oll MS$s Fatal

Complications

12. Heat Stress

Elevated body temparatures

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g$ Oyl
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{]l 28
]l*a 8
]l*a 24
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M]l*ZMS l A]lM>

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H{ 17
l$ 1
l$ 1
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]l]l 14
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l** yl
]l$l yl
]l$l yl
Al>j$ ]l$ l]l
{^l Oll$ l]l
{^l f l]l
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17

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105

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35

1
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201

107
176

51
62

339
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1,633

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4, yl]l$

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2,694

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ll

>-l-l-$ & B-P---$

>-t M^: S$, MS> l$ MS M>]l$$ {MS]l-$, VS S---$, ---]l$ l--yl$.


B-{yl-$ l--$-: ]l*]l]l >- MS]l$-MS$Pyl$.
^- y-: i]l -]l$ l.
{VS-VS l$yl-: A]l$-]l-MS l.
A--V>j-yl $-V: - B-P.
G A$-V>-: Z-Os lMSPO -Z-l-]l, l B Cyl-$ OM>-i.
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G-{-VSyl $->-]l#-: -A-l$l Ll tMS. -M>-]l$, -s-{s-O-MS--/- B--*-Ol$--, Oyl COl M>fOl$ BP.
-z->--: -]l$--* ]l$ > f$-VS$-l$-l -MS-]l$-V--yl$.
$]l$ {VSl(1902). MS{Z l]l Zl]l$ ^l>yl$.
]l*Z ]l*-h-: -VS$-ylMS$ MS Al MS]l$Vyl$.
$ .. -VS$yl -^l-$-y-MS MS {- ]lQ-]l$ {*VS -N--MSV> ^l-yl$.
M> MS VS$ylMS$ G ^l-$-l$ ll$.
* -a-:

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-V>-, $, l-Z *S-i-]l# E-MS $k]l# ^l>-yl$.


-V-{-MS$ MS B{M MS sM> MS]l$Vyl$.
MS sM>]l$ 188-5Z MS]l$Vyl$.
{MS$ -l g--$- {---^-yl$.
-*-S-i-]l#$ {S-- #- ^l-$ --*--^-yl$.
-r$t-#-$VS$ VS$yl]l$ *S-i-]l#$ yl$ ^l-$ -MS-]l$-MS$P--yl$.
]l$ ^l l aOg]l$ MS]l$MS$Pyl$.
-a-O-g-: ]l$ 72-C ]lMS$ lyl ^l 15 MS]l$ E- _ lrl 10C ]lMS$ ^la $]l ^l-$.
l--$-M-: --MSt--*-]l$ ]l~-_]l >{-kq-Z {l-]l-yl$. -H-MS-MS-rMS *S-l-- MS]l$-MS$Pyl$.
A-t-s-:- l-l-s- >{-$V> i]l#-]l$ ]lY-MS--^l-y-MS -{-$l ^l>$. y-l >{-MS -M>$.
CP: Ol]l$ MS]l$V$.
Gylz g]l: MS l*$ ^l>$.
M>s, VS$: i (S$ lMS) MS]l$ MSst$.
GylzgZl M: M (* CfS) MS
Az : MS (* MS/* ^l$MSP$)
Gylz g]l (1798): l* MS, M MS
$ g.M>: MS{]l$ ]l{lyl (yl* ${l)

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]l* {$

$Zg JMS? &- M>O{yls


V>r lZ ]l MS$VS$l$? &- A*yl
Z AMSV> Eyl M]l# MS MSZ $]l Er$? &- Aylg MSg
Z $, {VSl$ # ]l ]l^la VS? & Zl
VS$ MSW^l MSt*MS$ MS? &- G$MS$
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{l]l$ _MSlMS$ Bl$yl$? &- C]l*P
* ]ls l$Z Ol^l ]l^l MS$? &- _MSyl MS$
HIV El ^l GOgl$? &- ]l {s{Ptg
HIV AMS V>llZ Eyl? &- MSZ
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HIV MS MS? &- ]l*]l]l MS


{V>]l M]l# yl$l ^l MS? &- 9.45 MSZ MS
r$ 3 Z ]l MSVS ? & {V>
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H r$ Z ]l MSs MS$VS$l$?&- M>>
sZM B]l$ Z ]l ]l$r$ ]l$yl VS? &- M>$
Oss MS MS$$? &- ]l*]l]l#$
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H ]l$ ElMS A*yl A]l? -&- Ol>MS
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^I El ^l GOgl$$?& ]l {s{Ptg, Cs{VSg, {s$g
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i]l>{$V> N~ {s]l$ VS >$? - & ]l*, $, VS$yl$
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*.. Z BZ E]l l r$ DV> ]l*$$? & - M {t


Z H r$ AMSV> Er$? -& A
Mf HylsMS A]l]l$$ r$? - & BPM B]l$
MS MS]ll H r$ Z ]l MS$VS$l$?& B12
Zl _MSlMS$ ]l$l$? & Oyl COl M>]l$Og
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