Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter13 GoodnessofFitTestsandContingencyAnalysis
1) A goodnessoffit test can be used to determine whether a set of sample data comes from a specific hypothesized
populationdistribution. Answer: TRUE
2)Iftheteststatisticforachisquaregoodnessoffittestislargerthanthecriticalvalue,thenullhypothesisshouldberejected.
Answer: TRUE
3)Thelogicbehindthechisquaregoodnessoffittestisbasedondetermininghowfartheactualobservedfrequenciesare
fromtheexpectedfrequencies. Answer: TRUE
5) When the expected cell frequencies are smaller than 5, the cells should be combined in a meaningful way such that the
expectedcellfrequenciesdoexceed5. Answer: TRUE
6) The reason that a decision maker might want to combine groups before performing a goodnessoffit test is to avoid
acceptingthenullhypothesisduetoaninflatedvalueoftheteststatistic. Answer: FALSE
7)Inagoodnessoffittest,whenthenullhypothesisistrue,theexpectedvalueforthechisquareteststatisticiszero.
Answer: TRUE
8) The Conrad Real Estate Company recently conducted a statistical test to determine whether the number of days that
homesareonthemarketpriortosellingisnormallydistributedwithameanequalto50daysandastandarddeviationequal
to10days.Thesampleof200homeswasdividedinto8groupstoformagroupeddatafrequencydistribution.Thedegrees
offreedomforthetestwillbe7. Answer: TRUE
9) The Conrad Real Estate Company recently conducted a statistical test to determine whether the number of days that
homesareonthemarketpriortosellingisnormallydistributedwithameanequalto50daysandastandarddeviationequal
to10days.Thesampleof200homeswasdividedinto8groupstoformagroupeddatafrequencydistribution.Ifachisquare
goodnessoffittestistobeconductedusinganalpha=.05,thecriticalvalueis14.0671. Answer: TRUE
10)Abusinesswith5copymachineskeepstrackofhowmanycopymachinesneedserviceonagivenday.Itbelievesthisis
binomially distributedwith a probability ofp = 0.2of eachmachineneedingservice on any given day.It hascollected the
followingbasedonarandomsampleof100days.
X
0
1
2
3
4or5
Frequency
28
38
22
7
5
Giventhisinformation,assumingthatallexpectedvaluesaresufficientlylargetousetheclassesasshownabove,thecritical
valuefortestingthehypothesiswillbebasedon5degreesoffreedom. Answer: FALSE
11)Giventhisinformationtheexpectednumberofdaysonwhichexactly1machinebreaksdownis40.96. Answer: TRUE
12) Given this information, assuming that all expected values are sufficiently large to use the classes as shown above, the
criticalvaluebasedona0.05levelofsignificanceis9.4877. Answer: TRUE
13) It is believed that the number of drivers who are ticketed for speeding on a particular stretch of highway is a Poisson
distributionwithameanof3.5perhour.Arandomsampleof100hoursisselectedwiththefollowingresults:
6
7
8
9
X
0
1
2
3
4
5
Frequency
5
10
20
18
20
15
4
6
1
2
Giventhisinformation,andwithoutregardtowhetherthereisaneedtocombinecellsduetoexpectedcellfrequencies,the
criticalvaluefortestingwhetherthedistributionisPoissonwithameanof3.5perhouratanalphalevelof.05isx2=15.5073.
Answer: FALSE
131
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
14)Giventhisinformation,itcanbeseenthatthecellswillneedtobecombinedsincetheactualnumberofoccurrencesat
somelevelsofxislessthan5. Answer: FALSE
15)Ifthesamplesizeislarge,thestandardnormaldistributioncanbeusedinplaceofthechisquareinagoodnessoffittest
fortestingwhetherthepopulationisnormallydistributed. Answer: FALSE
16)Bycombiningcellsweguardagainsthavinganinflatedteststatisticthatcouldhaveledustoincorrectlyacceptthenull
hypothesis. Answer: FALSE
17)Ifanyoftheobservedfrequenciesaresmallerthan5,thencategoriesshouldbecombineduntilallobservedfrequencies
areatleast5. Answer: FALSE
18)Alubeandoilchangebusinessbelievesthatthenumberofcarsthatarriveforserviceisthesameeachdayoftheweek.If
thebusinessisopensixdaysaweek(MondaySaturday)andarandomsampleofn=200customersisselected,theexpected
numberthatwillarriveonMondayisabout33.33. Answer: TRUE
19)Thesumoftheexpectedfrequenciesoverthesixdayscannotbedeterminedwithoutseeingtheactualsampledata.
Answer: FALSE
20)Thecriticalvaluefortestingthehypothesisusingagoodnessoffittestisx2=9.2363ifthealphalevelforthetestisset
at.10. Answer: TRUE
21)Agoodnessoffittestcandecidewhetherasetofdatacomesfromaspecifichypothesizeddistribution.
Answer: TRUE
22) If the calculated chisquare statistic is large, this is evidence to suggest the fit of the actual data to the hypothesized
distributionisnotgood,andH0shouldberejected. Answer: TRUE
23)Thegoodnessoffittestisessentiallydeterminingiftheteststatisticissignificantlylargerthanzero.Answer: FALSE
24)BycombiningcellsweguardagainsthavinganinflatedteststatisticthatcouldhaveledustoincorrectlyrejecttheH0.
Answer: TRUE
25)Ifoneormoreparametersareleftunspecifiedinagoodnessoffittest,theymustbeestimatedfromthesampledataand
onedegreeoffreedomislostforeachparameterthatmustbeestimated. Answer: TRUE
29)Managersusecontingencyanalysistodeterminewhethertwocategoricalvariablesareindependentofeachother.
Answer: TRUE
30) A survey was recently conducted in which males and females were asked whether they owned a laptop personal
computer.Thefollowingdatawereobserved:
Males
Females
HaveLaptop 120
70
NoLaptop
50
60
Giventhisinformation,thesamplesizeinthesurveywas300people. Answer: TRUE
31)Giventhisinformation,ifhavingalaptopisindependentofgender,theexpectednumberofmaleswithlaptopsinthis
surveyis150. Answer: FALSE
132
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
32)Given this information, if an alpha level of .05 is used, the critical value for testing whether the two variables are
independentisx2=3.8415. Answer: TRUE
33)Giventhisinformation,ifanalphalevelof.05isused,thesumoftheexpectedcellfrequencieswillbeequaltothesumof
theobservedcellfrequencies. Answer: TRUE
34)Given this information, if an alpha level of .05 is used, the test statistic for determining whether having a laptop is
independentofgenderisapproximately14.23. Answer: FALSE
35) When the variables of interest are both categorical and the decision maker is interested in determining whether a
relationshipexistsbetweenthetwo,astatisticaltechniqueknownascontingencyanalysisisuseful. Answer: TRUE
37)Astudywasrecentlyconductedinwhichpeoplewereaskedtoindicatewhichnewmediumwastheirpreferredchoice
fornationalnews.Thefollowingdatawereobserved:
radio
television newspaper
under21
30
50
5
2140
20
25
30
41andover
30
30
50
Giventhisdata,ifwewishtotestwhetherthepreferrednewssourceisindependentofage,theexpectedfrequencyinthecell,
radiounder21cellis30. Answer: FALSE
38)Acellphonecompanywantstodetermineiftheuseoftextmessagingisindependentofage.Thefollowdatahasbeen
collectedfromarandomsampleoftheircustomers.
Regularly use text Do not regularly
messaging
usetextmessaging
Under21
82
38
2139
57
34
40andover
6
83
Usingthedataabove,inordertotestfortheindependenceofageandtheuseoftextmessaging,theexpectedvalueforthe
under21andregularlyusetextmessagingcellis82. Answer: FALSE
39)Astudywasrecentlyconductedinwhichpeoplewereaskedtoindicatewhichnewsmediumwastheirpreferredchoice
fornationalnews.Thefollowingdatawereobserved:
radio
television newspaper
under21
30
50
5
2140
20
25
30
41andover
30
30
50
Giventhisdata,ifwewishtotestwhetherthepreferrednewssourceisindependentofagewithanalphaequalto.05,the
criticalvaluewillbeachisquarevaluewith9degreesoffreedom. Answer: FALSE
40) Given this data, if we wish to test whether the preferred news source is independent of age, the cell with the largest
expectedcellfrequencyisalsothecellwiththelargestobservedfrequency. Answer: FALSE
41)Giventhisdata,ifwewishtotestwhetherthepreferrednewssourceisindependentofage,foranalpha=.05level,the
criticalvaluefromthechisquaretableisbasedon8degreesoffreedom. Answer: FALSE
42)Giventhisdata,ifwewishtotestwhetherthepreferrednewssourceisindependentofage,foranalpha=.05level,the
criticalvaluefromthechisquaretableis9.4877. Answer: TRUE
43)Giventhisdata,ifwewishtotestwhetherthepreferrednewssourceisindependentofage,foranalpha=.05level,the
teststatisticiscomputedtobeapproximately40.70. Answer: TRUE
44)Acellphonecompanywantstodetermineiftheuseoftextmessagingisindependentofage.Thefollowingdatahasbeen
collectedfromarandomsampleofcustomers.
133
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
Regularlyusetextmessaging
Donotregularlyusetextmessaging
Under21
82
38
2139
57
34
40andover
6
8
Usingthisdata,ifwewishtotestwhetherthepreferrednewssourceisindependentofageusinga0.05levelofsignificance,
thecriticalvalueis5.9915. Answer: TRUE
45)Inordertoapplythechisquarecontingencymethodologyforquantitativevariables,wemustfirstbreakthequantitative
variabledownintodiscretecategories. Answer: TRUE
46)AstudywasrecentlydoneintheUnitedStatesinwhichcarownerswereaskedtoindicatewhethertheirmostrecentcar
purchasewasaU.S.car,aGermancar,oraJapanesecar.Thepeopleinthesurveyweredividedbygeographicregioninthe
UnitedStates.Thefollowingdatawererecorded.
US
Japanese German
EastCoast
200
200
50
Central
250
100
20
WestCoast
80
300
40
Giventhissituation,thesamplesizeusedinthisstudywasnine. Answer: FALSE
47)Giventhissituation,thenullhypothesistobetestedisthatthecaroriginisdependentonthegeographicallocationofthe
buyer. Answer: FALSE
48)Giventhissituation,totestwhetherthecaroriginisindependentofthegeographicallocationofthebuyer,thesumofthe
expectedcellfrequencieswillequal1,240. Answer: TRUE
49)Giventhissituation,totest whetherthecarorigin is independentof the geographicallocation of the buyer,thecritical
valueforalpha=.10is14.6837. Answer: FALSE
50)Giventhissituation,totestwhetherthecaroriginisindependentofthegeographicallocationofthebuyer,theexpected
numberofpeopleinthesamplewhoboughtaGermanmadecarandwholivedontheEastCoastisjustunder40people.
Answer: TRUE
51)Acellphonecompanywantstodetermineiftheuseoftextmessagingisindependentofage.Thefollowingdatahasbeen
collectedfromarandomsampleofcustomers.
Regularlyusetextmessaging
Donotregularlyusetextmessaging
Under21
82
38
2139
57
34
40andover
6
83
Toconductatestofindependence,thedifferenceexpectedvalueforthe40andoverandregularlyusetextmessagingcellis
justover43people. Answer: TRUE
54)Acontingencytableandacrosstabulationtablearetwoseparatethingsandshouldnotbeusedforthesamepurpose.
Answer: FALSE
55) In a contingency analysis, we expect the actual frequencies in each cell to approximately match the corresponding
expectedcellfrequencieswhenH0istrue. Answer: TRUE
56)Inachisquarecontingencytest,thenumberofdegreesoffreedomisequaltothenumberofcellsminus1.
Answer: FALSE
57) In a chisquare contingency analysis application, the expected cell frequencies will be equal in all cells if the null
hypothesisistrue. Answer: FALSE
134
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
58) Unlike the case ofgoodnessoffit testing, with contingency analysis there is no restriction on the minimum size for an
expectedcellfrequency. Answer: FALSE
59)Inacontingencyanalysistheexpectedvaluesarebasedontheassumptionthatthetwovariablesareindependentofeach
other. Answer: TRUE
60)Ifacontingencyanalysistestisperformedwitha46design,andifalpha=.05,thecriticalvaluefromthechisquare
distributionis24.9958 Answer: TRUE
61)Ifacontingencyanalysistestperformedwitha46designresultsinateststatisticvalueof18.72,andifalpha=.05,the
nullhypothesisthattherowandcolumnvariableareindependentshouldberejected. Answer: FALSE
62)Ifthenullhypothesisisnotrejected,youdonotneedtoworrywhentheexpectedcellfrequenciesdropbelow5.0
Answer: TRUE
63)Thedegreesoffreedomforthechisquaregoodnessoffittestareequalto________,wherekisthenumberofcategories.
A)k+1 B)k1 C)k+2 D)k2
64)Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueinthecontextofachisquaregoodnessoffittest?
A)Thedegreesoffreedomfordeterminingthecriticalvaluewillbethenumberofcategoriesminus1.
B)Thecriticalvaluewillcomefromthestandardnormaltableifthesamplesizeexceeds30.
C)Thenullhypothesiswillberejectedforasmallvalueoftheteststatistic.
D)Averylargeteststatisticwillresultinthenullnotbeingrejected.
65)Awalkinmedicalclinicbelievesthatarrivalsareuniformlydistributedoverweekdays(MondaythroughFriday).Ithas
collectedthefollowingdatabasedonarandomsampleof100days.
Frequency
Mon
25
Tue
22
Wed
19
Thu
18
Fri
16
Total
100
Basedonthisinformationhowmanydegreesforfreedomareinvolvedinthisgoodnessoffittest?
A)99 B)100 C)4 D)5
66)Assumingthatagoodnessoffittestistobeconductedusinga0.10levelofsignificance,thecriticalvalueis:
A)9.4877 B)11.0705 C)7.7794 D)9.2363
67)Toconductagoodnessoffittest,whatistheexpectedvalueforFriday?
A)20 B)25 C)16 D)100
68)Whatisthevalueoftheteststatisticneededtoconductagoodnessoffittest?
A)8.75 B)7.7794 C)2.46 D)2.50
69)Basedonthesedata,conductagoodnessoffittestusinga0.10levelofsignificance.Whichconclusioniscorrect?
A)Arrivalsarenotuniformlydistributedovertheweekdaybecause(teststatistic)>(criticalvalue).
B)Arrivalsareuniformlydistributedovertheweekdaybecause(teststatistic)>(criticalvalue).
C)Arrivalsarenotuniformlydistributedovertheweekdaybecause(teststatistic)<(criticalvalue).
D)Arrivesareuniformlydistributedovertheweekdaybecause(teststatistic)<(criticalvalue).
70)Inachisquaregoodnessoffittest,bycombiningcellsweguardagainsthavinganinflatedteststatisticthatcouldhave
causedusto:
135
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
71)Inagoodnessoffittestaboutapopulationdistribution,ifoneormoreparametersareleftunspecifiedinH0,theymust
beestimatedfromthesampledata.Thiswillreducethedegreesoffreedomby________foreachestimatedparameter.
A)1 B)2 C)3 D)Noneoftheabove
72) If a sample with n = 60 subjects distributed over 3 categories was selected, a chisquare test for goodnessoffit will be
used.Howmanydegreesoffreedomwillbeusedindeterminingthechisquareteststatistic?
A)1 B)2 C)16 D)64
73)Consideragoodnessoffittestwithacomputedvalueofchisquare=1.273andacriticalvalue=13.388,theappropriate
conclusionwouldbeto:
A)rejectH0. B)failtorejectH0. C)takealargersample. D)takeasmallersample.
74)Aresearcherisusingachisquaretesttodeterminewhetherthereareanypreferencesamong4brandsoforangejuice.
Withalpha=0.05andn=30,thecriticalregionforthehypothesistestwouldhaveaboundaryof:
A)7.81 B)8.71 C)8.17 D)42.25
75)Achisquaretestforgoodnessoffitisusedtotestwhetherornotthereareanypreferencesamong3brandsofpeas.Ifthe
studyusesasampleofn=60subjects,thentheexpectedfrequencyforeachcategorywouldbe:
A)20 B)30 C)60 D)33
76)Weareinterestedindeterminingwhethertheopinionsoftheindividualsonguncontrol(astoYes,No,andNoOpinion)
areuniformlydistributed.
Asampleof150wastakenandthefollowingdatawereobtained.
Doyousupportguncontrol
NumberofResponses
Yes
40
No
60
NoOpinion
50
Theconclusionofthetestwithalpha=0.05isthattheviewsofpeopleonguncontrolare:
A)uniformlydistributed. B)notuniformlydistributed. C)inconclusive. D)Noneoftheabove
77)Tousecontingencyanalysisfornumericaldata,whichofthefollowingistrue?
A)Contingencyanalysiscannotbeusedfornumericaldata.
B)Numericaldatamustbebrokenupintospecificcategories.
C)Contingencyanalysiscanbeusedfornumericaldataonlyifbothvariablesarenumerical.
D)Contingencyanalysiscanbeusedfornumericaldataonlyifitisintervaldata.
78)Whatdoesthetermobservedcellfrequenciesreferto?
A)Thefrequenciesfoundinthepopulationbeingexamined B)Thefrequenciesfoundinthesamplebeingexamined
C)ThefrequenciescomputedfromH0 D)ThefrequenciescomputedfromH1
79)Whatdoesthetermexpectedcellfrequenciesreferto?
A)Thefrequenciesfoundinthepopulationbeingexamined B)Thefrequenciesfoundinthesamplebeingexamined
C)ThefrequenciescomputedfromH0 D)thefrequenciescomputedfromH1
80)Weexpecttheactualfrequenciesineachcelltoapproximatelymatchthecorrespondingexpectedcellfrequencieswhen:
A)H0isfalse. B)H0istrue. C)H0isfalselyaccepted. D)thevariablesarerelatedtoeachother.
81)Inacontingencyanalysis,thegreaterthedifferencebetweentheactualandtheexpectedfrequencies,themorelikely:
136
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
A)H0shouldberejected. B)H0shouldbeaccepted.
C)wecannotdetermineH0. D)thesmallertheteststatisticwillbe.
82)Inachisquarecontingencyanalysis,whenexpectedcellfrequenciesdropbelow5,thecalculatedchisquarevaluetends
tobeinflatedandmayinflatethetrueprobabilityof________beyondthestatedsignificancelevel.
A)committingaTypeIerror B)committingaTypeIIerror C)BothAandB D)Alloftheabove
83)Inperformingchisquarecontingencyanalysis,toovercomeasmallexpectedcellfrequencyproblem,we:
A)combinethecategoriesoftherowand/orcolumnvariables. B)increasethesamplesize.
C)BothAandB D)Noneoftheabove
84)Howcanthedegreesoffreedombefoundinacontingencytablewithcrossclassifieddata?
A)Whendfareequaltorowsminuscolumns B)Whendfareequaltorowsmultipliedbycolumns
C)Whendfareequaltorowsminus1multipliedbycolumnsminus1 D)Totalnumberofcellminus1
85)Acellphonecompanywantstodetermineiftheuseoftextmessagingisindependentofage.Thefollowingdatahasbeen
collectedfromarandomsampleofcustomers.
Regularlyusetextmessaging
Donotregularlyusetextmessaging
Under21
82
38
2139
57
34
40andover
6
83
Basedonthedataabovewhatistheexpectedvaluefortheunder21andregularlyusetextmessagingcell?
A)82 B)50 C)120 D)58
86)Toconductacontingencyanalysis,thenumberofdegreesoffreedomis:
A)6 B)5 C)3 D)2
87)Toconductacontingencyanalysisusinga0.01levelofsignificance,thevalueofthecriticalvalueis:
A)15.0863 B)5.9915 C)9.2104 D)11.0705
88)Toconductacontingencyanalysis,thevalueoftheteststatisticis:
A)9.2104 B)88.3 C)275.02 D)14.6
89)Forachisquaretestinvolvingacontingencytable,supposeH0isrejected.Weconcludethatthetwovariablesare:
A)curvilinear. B)linear. C)related. D)notrelated.
90)Whentestingforindependenceinacontingencytablewith3rowsand4columns,thereare________degreesoffreedom.
A)5 B)6 C)7 D)12
91)Intestingahypothesisthattwocategoricalvariablesareindependentusingthex2test,theexpectedcellfrequenciesare
basedonassuming:
A)thenullhypothesis. B)thealternativehypothesis. C)thenormaldistribution. D)thevariablearerelated.
Hispanic
NonHispanic
Seatbeltsworn
31
148
Seatbeltsnotworn
283
330
Referringtothesedata,whichtestwouldbeusedtoproperlyanalyzethedatainthisexperiment?
A)x2testforindependenceinatwowaycontingencytable B)x2testforequalproportionsinaonewaytable
137
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
C)ANOVAFtestforinteractionina22factorialdesign D)x2goodnessoffittest
93)Referringtothesedata,thecalculatedteststatisticis:
A)approximately0.9991 B)nearly0.1368 C)about48.1849 D)approximately72.8063
94)Referringtothesedata,whichofthefollowingconclusionsshouldbereachediftheappropriatehypothesisisconducted
usinganalpha=.05level?
A)ThemeanvalueforHispanicsisthesameasforNonHispanics.
B)ThereisnorelationshipbetweenwhethersomeoneisHispanicandwhethertheywearaseatbelt.
C)TheuseofseatbeltsandwhetherapersonisHispanicornotisstatisticallyrelated.
D)Noneoftheabove
95) Many companies use wellknown celebrities as spokespeople in their TV advertisements. A study was conducted to
determinewhetherbrandawarenessoffemaleTVviewersandthegenderofthespokespersonareindependent.Eachina
sampleof300femaleTVviewerswasaskedtoidentifyaproductadvertisedbyacelebrityspokesperson.Thegenderofthe
spokesperson and whether or not the viewer could identify the product was recorded. The numbers in each category are
givenbelow.
MaleCelebrity
FemaleCelebrity
Identifiedproduct
41
61
Couldnotidentify
109
89
Referringtothesesampledata,whichtestwouldbeusedtoproperlyanalyzethedatainthisexperiment?
A)x2testforindependenceinatwowaycontingencytable B)x2testforequalproportionsinaonewaytable
C)ANOVAFtestformaintreatmenteffect D)x2goodnessoffittest
96) Referring to these sample data, if the appropriate hypothesis test is to be conducted using a .05 level of significance,
whichofthefollowingiscorrectcriticalvalue?
A)9.4877 B)3.8415 C)1.96 D)7.8147
97)Referringtothesesampledata,whichofthefollowingvaluesisthecorrectvalueoftheteststatistic?
A)Approximately9.48 B)Nearly23.0 C)About3.84 D)Approximately5.94
98)Referringtothesesampledata,iftheappropriatenullhypothesisistestedusingasignificancelevelequalto.05,whichof
thefollowingconclusionsshouldbereached?
A)Thereisarelationshipbetweengenderofthecelebrityandproductidentification.
B)Thereisnorelationshipbetweengenderofthecelebrityandproductidentification.
C)Themeannumberofproductsidentifiedformalesisdifferentthanthemeannumberforfemales.
D)Femaleshavehigherbrandawarenessthanmales.
99)Thedegreesoffreedomforacontingencytablewith11rowsand10columnsis:
A)11 B)10 C)110 D)90
100) We want to test whether type of car owned (domestic or foreign) is independent of gender. A contingence table is
obtainedfromasampleof990peopleas
Atalpha=0.05level,weconcludethat:
A)x2=3.34andtypeofcarownedisindependentofgender. B)x2=3.34andtypeofcarownedisdependentofgender.
C)x2=3.84andtypeofcarownedisindependentofgender. D)x2=3.84andtypeofcarownedisdependentofgender.
138
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.
101)Thebillingdepartmentofanationalcableservicecompanyisconductingastudyofhowcustomerspaytheirmonthly
cablebills.Thecablecompanyacceptspaymentinoneoffourways:inpersonatalocaloffice,bymail,bycreditcard,orby
electronicfundstransferfromabankaccount.Thecablecompanyrandomlysampled400customerstodetermineifthereisa
relationshipbetweenthecustomersageandthepaymentmethodused.Thefollowingsampleresultswereobtained:
Basedonthesampledata,canthecablecompanyconcludethatthereisarelationshipbetweentheageofthecustomerand
thepaymentmethodused?Conducttheappropriatetestatthealpha=0.01levelofsignificance.
A)Becausex2=42.2412>21.666,donotrejectthenullhypothesis.Basedonthesampledataconcludethatageandtypeof
paymentareindependent.
B)Becausex2=42.2412>21.666,rejectthenullhypothesis.Basedonthesampledataconcludethatageandtypeofpayment
arenotindependent
C)Becausex2=50.3115>21.666,donotrejectthenullhypothesis.Basedonthesampledataconcludethatageandtypeof
paymentare independent.
D) Because x2 = 50.3115 > 21.666, reject the null hypothesis. Based on the sample data conclude that age and type of
paymentarenotindependent.
104)Explainwhy,inperformingagoodnessoffittest,itissometimesnecessarytocombinecategories.
Answer: Because of the way in which the chisquare test statistic is computed by squaring the difference between the
observed and expected frequencies, when the expected frequencies are small (less than 5), the calculated test statistic can
becomeartificiallylargeandthereforemayleadtoanincreasedchanceofcommittingaTypeIstatisticalerror.Thatis,atrue
nullhypothesismayberejectedatahigherratethanindicatedbytheselectedsignificancelevel.Bycombiningcategories,the
small expected frequencies are grouped to become larger than five and thus the issue of inflated Type I error probability
dissolves.
Note:Analternativetocombiningcategoriesistoincreasethesamplesize.Largesamplesizesresultingreaterexpectedcell
frequenciesinallcategories.
139
Copyright2014PearsonEducation,Inc.