MANISH KUMAR SHARMA, A.

P CSE DEPARTMENT

1 AUG, 2016

UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION AND PROBLEM SOLVING
DEFINITION:
Artificial Intelligence is the study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment,
people are better.
SOME DEFINITIONS OF AI
Building systems that think like humans
The exciting new effort to make computers think machines with minds, in the full
and literal sense -- Haugeland, 1985
The automation of activities that we associate with human thinking, such as decisionmaking, problem solving, learning, -- Bellman, 1978
Building systems that act like humans
The art of creating machines that perform functions that require intelligence when
performed by people -- Kurzweil, 1990
The study of how to make computers do things at which, at the moment, people
are better -- Rich and Knight, 1991
Building systems that think rationally
The study of mental faculties through the use of computational models -Charniak and McDermott, 1985
The study of the computations that make it possible to perceive, reason, and act -Winston, 1992
Building systems that act rationally
A field of study that seeks to explain and emulate intelligent behavior in terms of
computational processes -- Schalkoff, 1990
The branch of computer science that is concerned with the automation of
intelligent behavior -- Luger and Stubblefield, 1993
TURING TEST
It is proposed by Alan Turing 1950 .According to this test, a computer could be considered to be
thinking only when a human interviewer, conversing with both an unseen human being and an
unseen computer, could not determine which is which.
Description:
2 human being,1 computer
The computer would need to posses the following capabilities:
The computer processing: to enable it to communicate successfully in English
Knowledge representation: to store what it knows or hears
Automated reasoning: to use the stored information to answer questions and to draw new
conclusions
Machine learning: to adapt to new circumstances and to detect and extrapolate patterns.
To pass the total Turing test, the computer will need,
Computer vision: to perceive objects
Robotics: to manipulate objects and move about

MANISH KUMAR SHARMA, A.P CSE DEPARTMENT

1 AUG, 2016

Thinking and Acting Humanly

Acting humanly
"If it looks, walks, and quacks like a duck, then it is a duck
The Turing Test
-Interrogator communicates by typing at a terminal with TWO other agents.The human
can say and ask whatever s/he likes, in natural language. If the human cannot decide
which of the two agents is a human and which is a computer, then the computer has
achieved AI
- this is an OPERATIONAL definition of intelligence, i.e., one that gives an algorithm
for testing objectively whether the definition is satisfied
Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling
-Develop a precise theory of mind, through experimentation and introspection, then write
a computer program that implements it
Example: GPS - General Problem Solver (Newell and Simon, 1961)
-Ttrying to model the human process of problem solving in general
Thinking Rationally- The laws of thought approach
-Capture ``correct'' reasoning processes
-A loose definition of rational thinking: Irrefutable reasoning process
-How do we do this
Develop a formal model of reasoning (formal logic) that always leads to
the right answer
Implement this model
-How do we know when we've got it right?
when we can prove that the results of the programmed reasoning are
correct
soundness and completeness of first-order logic
Example:
Ram is a student of III year CSE. All students are good in III year CSE.
Ram is a good student.
Acting Rationally
-Act so that desired goals are achieved
-The rational agent approach (this is what well focus on in this course)
-Figure out how to make correct decisions, which sometimes means thinking rationally
and other times means having rational reflexes
correct inference versus rationality
reasoning versus acting; limited rationality
RELATION WITH OTHER DISCIPLINES:
- Expert Systems
- Natural Language Processor
- Speech Recognition
- Robotics
- Computer Vision
- Intelligent Computer-Aided Instruction
- Data Mining

MANISH KUMAR SHARMA, A.P CSE DEPARTMENT

- Genetic Algorithms

1 AUG, 2016