Glutamine is an amino acid (a building block for proteins), found naturally in the body.

Glutamine is used to counter some of the side effects of medical treatments. For example, it is used for
side effects of cancerchemotherapy including diarrhea, pain and swelling inside
the mouth (mucositis), nerve pain (neuropathy), and muscle and joint pains caused by
the cancer drug Taxol. Glutamine is also used to protect the immune system and digestive system in
people undergoing radiochemotherapy forcancer of the esophagus. Additionally, glutamine is used for
improving recovery afterbone marrow transplant or bowel surgery, increasing well-being in people who
have suffered traumatic injuries, and preventing infections in critically ill people.
Some people use glutamine for digestive system conditions such as stomach ulcers,ulcerative colitis,
and Crohn's disease. It is also used for depression, moodiness, irritability, anxiety, insomnia, and
enhancing exercise performance.
People who have HIV (AIDS) sometimes use glutamine to prevent weight loss (HIV wasting).
Glutamine is also used for attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a urinary condition
called cystinuria, sickle cell anemia, and for alcohol withdrawal support.
Glutamine powder can be ordered through most wholesale drug suppliers. Glutamine for commercial
use is made by a fermentation process using bacteria that produce glutamine.
How does it work?
Glutamine is the most abundant free amino acid in the body. Amino acids are the building blocks of
protein. Glutamine is produced in the muscles and is distributed by the blood to the organs that need it.
Glutamine might help gut function, the immune system, and other essential processes in the body,
especially in times of stress. It is also important for providing "fuel" (nitrogen and carbon) to many
different cells in the body. Glutamine is needed to make other chemicals in the body such as other
amino acids and glucose (sugar).
After surgery or traumatic injury, nitrogen is necessary to repair the wounds and keep the vital organs
functioning. About one third of this nitrogen comes from glutamine.
If the body uses more glutamine than the muscles can make (i.e., during times of stress), muscle
wasting can occur. This can occur in people with HIV/AIDS. Taking glutamine supplements might keep
the glutamine stores up.
Some types of chemotherapy can reduce the levels of glutamine in the body. Glutamine treatment is
thought to help prevent chemotherapy-related damage by maintaining the life of the affected tissues.

Histamine is an organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune

responses as well as regulating physiological function in the gut and acting as
a neurotransmitter.[3] Histamine is involved in the inflammatory response and
has a central role as a mediator of pruritus.[4] As part of an immune response
to foreign pathogens, histamine is produced by basophils and by mast
cells found in nearby connective tissues. Histamine increases the permeability
of the capillaries to white blood cells and some proteins, to allow them to
engage pathogens in the infected tissues.[5

Dopamine (contracted from 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic

chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylaminefamilies that plays several
important roles in the brain and body. It is an amine synthesized by removing
a carboxyl group from a molecule of its precursor chemical L-DOPA, which
is synthesized in the brain and kidneys. Dopamine is also synthesized in
plants and most multicellular animals.

In the brain, dopamine functions as a neurotransmittera chemical released

by neurons (nerve cells) to send signals to other nerve cells. The brain
includes several distinct dopamine pathways, one of which plays a major role
in reward-motivated behavior. Most types of reward increase the level of
dopamine in the brain, and most addictive drugs increase dopamine neuronal
activity. Other brain dopamine pathways are involved in motor control and in
controlling the release of various hormones. These pathways and cell
groups form a dopamine system which is neuromodulatory.
Outside the central nervous system, dopamine functions in several parts of
the peripheral nervous system as a local chemical messenger. In blood
vessels, it inhibits norepinephrine release and acts as a vasodilator (at normal
concentrations); in the kidneys, it increases sodium excretion and urine
output; in the pancreas, it reduces insulin production; in the digestive system,
it reducesgastrointestinal motility and protects intestinal mucosa; and in the
immune system, it reduces the activity of lymphocytes. With the exception of
the blood vessels, dopamine in each of these peripheral systems is
synthesized locally and exerts its effects near the cells that release it.
Several important diseases of the nervous system are associated with
dysfunctions of the dopamine system, and some of the key medications used
to treat them work by altering the effects of dopamine. Parkinson's disease, a
degenerative condition causing tremor and motor impairment, is caused by a
loss of dopamine-secreting neurons in an area of the midbrain called
the substantia nigra. Its metabolic precursor L-DOPA can be manufactured,
and in its pure form marketed as Levodopa is the most widely used treatment
for the condition. There is evidence that schizophrenia involves altered levels
of dopamine activity, and most antipsychotic drugs used to treat this
are dopamine antagonists which reduce dopamine activity.[2] Similar
dopamine antagonist drugs are also some of the most effective anti-nausea
agents. Restless legs syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) are associated with decreased dopamine activity.
[3]

Dopaminergic stimulants can be addictive in high doses, but some are used

at lower doses to treat ADHD. Dopamine itself is available as a

manufactured medication for intravenous injection: although it cannot reach
the brain from the bloodstream, its peripheral effects make it useful in the
treatment of heart failure or shock, especially in newborn babies.

What Does Thyroxine Do?

The thyroid gland is an important part of the endocrine
system, secreting a number of hormones that affect

everything from heart health to metabolism. One of those

hormones is thyroxine, also known as T4. Because of the
many functions that thyroxine impacts, it is considered one
of the most important thyroid hormones. Understanding
thyroxine is crucial to protecting your overall health.

How Does Thyroxine Work?

Thyroxine is a hormone the thyroid gland secretes into the
bloodstream. Once in the bloodstream, thyroxine travels to
the organs, like the liver and kidneys, where it is converted
to its active form of triiodothyronine. Thyroxine plays a
crucial role in heart and digestive function, metabolism,
brain development, bone health and muscle control. It
affects almost all of the body's systems, which means proper
thyroxine levels are vital for health. This is why many
doctors will test T4 levels along with the more common T3
levels when testing for thyroid disorders.

What Can Go Wrong with Thyroxine?

Having too little thyroxine or too much thyroxine can cause
health problems. If your body releases too much thyroxine,
you will suffer a condition called thyrotoxicosis. This can
cause a goiter, which is a swelling of the neck because of an
enlarged thyroid gland. Thyrotoxicosis can also cause
menstrual irregularities, an increase in bowel movements,
weight loss, heat intolerance, fatigue and irritability.
Thyrotoxicosis is commonly caused by hyperthyroidism,
tumors in the thyroid gland or thyroid inflammation.
The body can also produce too little thyroxine, a condition
known as hypothyroidism. Low thyroxine levels cause
problems with development if it occurs when an individual is
young. In adults, thyroxine deficiency will lower the
metabolic rate, causing weight gain, memory problems,
infertility, fatigue and muscle stiffness.

What Should I Ask my Doctor About Thyroxine?

If you are struggling with symptoms of a thyroid disorder and
suspect thyroxine deficiency, it's crucial that you talk with an
endocrinologist. You will need a series of blood tests to
determine whether or not your thyroid hormone levels are

where they should be. As you discuss your thyroid health

with your doctor, consider asking these questions:

Is thyroid function causing my symptoms?

What could have caused my thyroid to stop functioning

properly?

How can I regain proper levels of thyroxine and other

thyroid hormones?

What type of monitoring will I need while on thyroid

medication?

How long will I need thyroid medication?