CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND
1.2. GOAL
Goals of this paper are:
-

To know about function of affixes

To know about derivational and inflectional affixes
To know about function word and content word
To know about word and morpheme

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1.1. Derivational Affixes and Inflectional Affixes
There are two types of morpheme: free morpheme, and bound morpheme.
Free morpheme is then further divided into two: lexical and functional

morpheme. Bound morpheme is also further divided into two categories:

derivational and inflectional morpheme. (agusdepe.staff.uns.ac.id)
Yule (1987) divided bound morphemes into derivational morphemes and
inflectional morphemes. Or, in Buku Materi Pokok Vocabulary by Drs.
Sabrony Rachmadie, M.A.-1986 it is called Derivational Affixes and
Inflectional Affixes.
When the affixes change the class of a root or base then they are usually
called Derivational Affixes.
Root/Base
1.
2.
3.
4.

Affix
Suffix
-ness
-ly

Happy (adj)
Quick (adj)
Danger (noun)
Wide (adj)
-en

Prefix
en-

New Word
Happiness (noun)
Quickly (adv)
Endanger (verb)
Widen (verb)

But when the affixes attached to the root or base do not change the part of
speech of the root and they do not create new words, they are usually called
Inflectional Affixes.
Example :
- Sing (verb) + -ing = singing (verb)
- Look (verb) + -ed = looked (verb)
- Dark (adj) + -er = darker (adj)
In English we have inflectional affixes to indicate the following:
book books
glass glasses
-en ox oxen
child children
Possessions, such as : Johns book
John and Marys house
Third singular verb marker, such as:
Mother always cooks rice
Jack goes to school
These marker, such as:
He worked hard yesterday. (past tense)
I have repeated lesson. (present perfect)
We are studying English. (present continuous)
Pronouns have different forms in terms of function.
As a subject : She is a teacher.
As an object : I met her yesterday.
As possessive: is this bag hers? Yes, its her bag.

1. Plural forms, such as: -s

2.
3.
4.

5.

There are several hundred derivational suffixes. Here are some of the more
common ones:
suffix

Making

example
original word

example
suffixed word

-ation

Nouns

explore
hesitate

exploration
hesitation

-sion

persuade
divide

persuasion
division

-er

teach

Teacher

-cian

music

Musician

-ess

god

Goddess

-ness

sad

Sadness

-al

arrive

Arrival

-ary

diction

Dictionary

-ment

treat

Treatment

-y

jealous
victor

jealousy
victory

accident

Accidental

-ary

imagine

Imaginary

-able

tax

Taxable

-ly

brother

Brotherly

-y

ease

Easy

-ful

sorrow
forget

sorrowful
forgetful

helpful

Helpfully

-al

-ly

adjectives

Adverbs

-ize

Verbs

-ate

terror
private

terrorize
privatize

hyphen

Hyphenate

Example of Inflectional suffix:

suffix

grammatical change

example
original word

example
suffixed word

-s

Plural

dog

Dogs

-en

plural (irregular)

ox

Oxen

-s

3rd person singular present

like

he likes

-ed

past tense
past participle

work

he worked
he has worked

-en

past participle (irregular)

eat

he has eaten

-ing

continuous/progressive

sleep

he is sleeping

-er

Comparative

big

Bigger

-est

Superlative

big

the biggest

(www.englishclub.com)
1.2. Content Word and Function Word
A. Content word
It isn't surprising that content words are usually nouns, verbs, adjectives,
and sometimes adverbs. Those are the words that help us form a picture
in our head; they give us the contents of our story and tell our listener
where to focus his or her attention. We want our listener to be able to
quickly grasp the main content of our story, so we make the content
words easier to hear by bringing attention to them with added stress.

Category

Description

Examples

Nouns

people, places, things,

and ideas

Patty, Seattle, cars,

happiness

main verbs

verbs without auxilliaries

ran, swim, thinks

Adjectives

words that describe

nouns

red, soft, careful

adverbs (except adverbs of

frequency)

words that describe

nouns

calmly, quickly,
carefully

question words

words that denote a

question

who, what, where,

when, why

Negatives

words that negate

not, never

B. Fuction Word
Function words are the words we use to make our sentences
grammatically correct. Pronouns, determiners, and prepositions, and
auxiliary verbs are examples of function words. If our function words
are missing or used incorrectly, we are probably considered poor
speakers of English, but our listener would probably still get the main
idea of what we are saying. Since function words don't give us the main
information, we don't usually want or need to do anything to give them
added attention and the words remain unstressed. In addition, sometimes
we do things to deliberately push function words into the background...
almost the opposite of stressing. This is calledreducing.

Category

Description

Examples

auxiliary
verbs

verbs that support the main verbs

am, are, has, could,

should

prepositions

words that tell relation to other

words

at, on, to, near

conjunctions

words that tie clauses together

and, so, but, however

determiners

words that give detail to nouns

a, an, the, some, any

pronouns

words that replace nouns

I, it, we, they, he, she

(www.pronuncian.com)
Example:
"I have come to see

"have" is a function word (auxiliary

you"
"I have three apples"
"One has one's

verb)
"have" is a content word (full verb)
"one" is a function word (pronoun)

principles"
"I have one apple"
"I have no more

"one" is a content word (numeral)

"no" is a function word (a negative

money"
"No. I am not coming"

particle)
"no" is a content word (Yes/No
answer)

(banana.psychol.ucl.ac.uk)
1.3. Word and Morpheme
In language, word is the smallest free form that may be uttered in isolation
with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This
contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will
not necessarily stand on its town. A word may consist of single morpheme
(for example: oh!, rock, red), or several (rocks, redness, quickly), whereas a
morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just
mentioned, these are s, -ness, -ly). (Brendan McGuian edited by: Niki
Forster last modified date: 12 may 2011 in Wikipedia, the free
encyclopediain hand book of Morphology by Drs. Eryon, M.Hum)
Fromkin et al (1999) said that a word may have be composed of one or more
morphemes.

One morpheme
: boy, desire
Two morphemes
: boyish = boy+ -ish
Three morphemes
: boyishness = boy+ -ish + -ness
Four morphemes
: gentlemanliness = gentle+man+ -ly+ -ness
Morpheme is commonly divided into free morphemes and bound
morphemes.
Free morpheme is the one which can stand alone as single word.
Bound morpheme is the one which cant stand alone as a single word.
Example:
- Teacher : teach is free morpheme and er is bound morpheme
Bound morphemes are always in forms of affixes.
Yule (1987) divided free morphemes into Lexical Morphemes and
Functional Morphemes.
Lexical morphemes are the ones which meaning can be defined. It includes
verb, adjective, verb, and preposition.
Functional morphemes are the ones which functions grammatically in
sentence. It includes article, modal auxiliary, pronoun, etc.
Yule (1987) divided bound morphemes into derivational morphemes and
inflectional morphemes. (It has been explained above)
Example:
1. The investigators decided to tell their problems.
- 7 word
- 11 morphemes
The investigators decided to tell their problems.
(morphemes which are underlined is free morpheme and morphemes
which are bolded is bond morphemes)
The
= Functional
Investigate = Lexical
Decide
= Lexical
To
= Functional
Tell
= Lexical
Their
= Functional
Problem
= Lexical

-or
-s
-ed
-s

= Derivational
= Inflectional
= Inflectional
= Inflectional

CHAPTER III
CLONCUSION