===_--.

H. ScargillandH. Warkentvne

TheSurveyof
Ganadian
English:
aReport

1)Theplanningandsigniticance
of theSurvey.
Afterseveralmonthsol.pr_qlll:lrlyyuorkbaa smailcommittee
consistinq-ol
representati+<.r+i:f
irr '.'arrcjlJ;-;;;1'r+-ciieachersof Engrishand.*

CanadianLing:::*;tic
pt.",,:,oi.
Asecciatjo::,,
&e"Q*al :r!9.:
Gn; ffrffiiisn',,
=ngusnwere ArrnouffceTo-flTmcl'FConferenceIn
winnipeg,1970,and the survey was acceptedas a project
of the ccrE with
assuranceof supportfrom the CLA.At the same
Conference,Dr. M.H.
scargill,of the universityof Victoria,BC, was named
as Directorof the
surveyand invitedto ouilinehis plans.He described
the surveyas havingthe
immediateaim of stimuratinginterestin
canadian Engrishby inviting
students,parents.and teachersto participate
in a nation-u,,iie
compa'ison
of the speechof studentswith that of their parents.
other aims,no ress
were to providedata about canadianEnglishof valueto teachers
ll'llortSnt,
ut tnglrsh,linguists,sociologists,psychologists,
and educatorsin general.
Followingthe 1g70conference,the Directorinvited
a numberof canada,s
,reading
scholarsto help him by assumingthe followingresponsibilities:
to
providepossiblequestions
to be askedin the suryey,io
the distributronand returnof questionnaires
"n.rr"
and accompanyinganswer
sheetsin their
regions.The followingscholars
agreedto act in that capacityas Regional
Directorsof the survey:w. Kirwin,
MemorialUniversityof Newfoundrand;
Blfur, Universityof prince Edwardtsland;E. Marriot,
DalhousieUniverl,;
r.ty,
NovaScotia;M. Kinloch,Universityof New Brunswick;J. polson,
'rtr Liofgewilliams universityin Montreal;R.H.wilson, universitvof

ilrttt@-61

47

IL Nftft

Tho Su r v e yo l C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o r l

f
,,:.
l. i
i
, i:

lr
I
.
,1,
i.
j

lI

I
i

i, i

ir . .j

WesternOntario;M. Wanamaker,Universityof Manitoba;C' Dean,Univer'

E. Plattor,Universityof Calgary,Alberta;R.J.Gregg,
.iW oi Saskatchewan;
Victoria''
Universityof BritishColumbia;H. Warkentyne,Universityof
Advisory
an
great
from
Cspnhelp
received
fhe Diretorof the Surveyalso
E'
Pearce,
Association;
Linguistic
Canadian
mitteeconsistingof W.S.Avis,
La"r, E. Nelson,M. Chorny,O.J.Turner,all representingthe Canadian
"",
Councilof Teachersof English'
announced
At the 1971CCTEConferencein Montreal,the SurveyDirector
to
makethe
Council
ihat he had obtaineda sufficientgrantf rom the Canada
administering
in
requestedthe co-operationof delegates
Surveypossible
- and
r - '- " ,,-- q-...--r!--^^!"^
or'
whichvuasiobeintrcducedacrossCanadabylatel.9Tl
v
v
l
r r v r r v v qo r v
ugs
tl
ul
l
l
l
dl
l
v
,
tng
preliminary
draft
a
of
Conference
1971
gT2.During
the
of
course
the
early1
was made by the Directorand thoseof his colleagueswho
,he questionnatre
present,
and Grade9 studentswere chosenas likelyto be
were able to be
group
of studentssharrngthe same speech.At the same
the single,largesi
the survey io native-bornEnglish-speaking
confine
time it was decidedto

and thenceto the schots.en sTuderiT

were seni o itre negionai-Dlrectors
and three answersheets,one answersheetto be
receivedone questionnaire
:Comp|etedbythestudentandonebyeachparent.Thecomp|etedanswer
and the
sheets,some 15,000,were returnedto the Universityof Victoria
(Canada)
who wrote
ana|ysisof answerswas madein ear|yJuly, 1972,byIBM
the programmenecessaryfor this extensivesurvey'
il
made
rl
rqvv by the Direcior,lhe SurveyQt
decisions
l urr
of uvul
gsul L ul
as aa lresult
as
Largety
L
arggl y
ft ]i
previous
dialectstudiesin a numberof signififrom
differs
CanaiaEnglish
I ,
usingihe term in its proper
dialect,
the
,]
of
cant ways' lt is a comparison
parents,nothing
sense,of canadian GradeNine studentswith that of their
grouping
traditional
the
to
follow
attempt
is
no
;ore and nothingtess.There
]
any
is
there
Nor
by
education'
parents,
, in this case Parents,
of older informants,
]
rural
and
urban
l
traditional
the
into
informants
attemptto make a divisionof
questions
placing
not
by
tradition
with
breaks
itself
group.. The questionnaire
I
into areasin the way in which the answersare groupedin the following
were
I ere
rv'
n il a
ri
n r a flti 1
( r t l r vvocabulary,
o c a b u l a r vy'
. yrrrr
sspelling.
oellinq
. Q
Questions
suvs
u e 'sti
v "so n s w
veuduurar
grammar,
^-n^r
. , ^ ;s: . pronuncl
pronunciation,
on'
^ " a n r r nal
anatysis:
a
a lysi
l l al ,
^ n 9ratl
l] I]
informanl
prevent
any
groups
as
to
so
.r."0 in randomorder ratherthan in
answerlng'
f rom settinghimselfin a fixed f rame of mind about what he was
of the
cross-section
adequate
to ensurethat the Surveyreachedan
Ln-order
. . nn oach province
questionnaires,
of
number
nun
population,each nrovincereceivedthe same
ne thousand,and the same numberof answersheets,three thousand'
populatedand
I
thus, the Surveydoes not contrastthe speechof heavily
lt is of interest
populated
areas.
areaswith that of less heavily
industrialised
co-operatlon
to note that densityof populationhad nothingto do with the
of tl-restudentsand parents.In general,returnswere equallydistributed
than any
acrossihe provinces,exceptthat Nova scotia providedmore data
but the
I
other province,A questionon the educationof parentswas asked,
I

t9v LJ t

4B

fho SurveyoTCanadianEnglish:A Repoft

provinceas their placeof residence,which had the effectof attributingg

given answersheet to more than one provtnce.
Table 1
male parents
Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sask
AI t a
BC

278
272
100
180
182
266
284
250

temale parcnts

male students

207
437
704
434
toJ

246
241
388
372
313
3495

femalestudents

zo

tJ

458

544

.+o,J

F?O

457
540
379
368
421
306
315

502
555
443
404
434
378
382

Totat
756
1 71 7
2237
I oo5

1358
1248
1 1qq

1509
1340
1260
14228

In the followingsections,a breakdownfor each provincein tabularform of

ses o"lJh9i!-rlo#, gg"g r%

Thes**-*.

roundedoff to the nearestwhole number;ti,ai ili .4% and lower

-jraltiqng are ignored and,&5% and higher fractionsAfcr.mn1e-_{.tr_the.neXt
,
whole number.This meansthat the total responsesfor a givenquestionmay
slightlyexceed 100% and that 0% responsemay have had up to0.4/o
responses.The bottomline labelled"total" givespercentagesfor the
countryas a whole.
For the convenienceof those readerswho haveaccessto the copy of the
questionnaire,
each item is precededby its originalnumber.since the items
inthequestionnairewerenotgroupedaccordingto|inguisticcategories,
as they are here,the numbersdo not occur in sequence.(Thefirst seven
questionswere devotedto establishing
the provinceof residence,age-group,
and sex of the respondents).
The questionnaire
consistedof l04linguiitic
itemspresentedin the form of multiplechoices:42 itemson pronunciation,
27 on grammaticalusage,30 on vocabulary,and 5 items on spellingconventions,In order to savespace the formatof the questionshas been
condensed.
In the brief discussionaccompanyingeach item, frequentreferenceis
made to variousleadingdictionaries.The titlesof the most frequenly cited
are abbreviatedas follows:oxtord English Dictionary(oED); concise oxlord
Dictionary(coD); EngtishDiatect Dictionary(EDD); webster's Third New
lnternationalDictionary(Webster'sThird);The American HeritageDictionary
.
or the English Language(AmericanHeritage);and Dictionaryof canadian
English: The Senior Dictionary(DCE).

The Surveyof CanadianEnglish:A Repott

2) (b) Pronunciation
8) Levet rhymeswith (A) beaverl (B) never; (C) either way'

AT'W

female parents
ABC

79 14 7
84 14 3
8 11 27
82 12 5
11
83
7 41 79
8 87 6
8 78 4
8 41 24
8 96 5

79
8794
85
79
85
69
8964
8974
8694
8685

male parents
NfI d
PEI
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
S ask
A lta
ov

male students
ABC

13

10
14
.10

5
6
6
10

20

74
77
73
7s
58
56
72
77
71
65

14
11
15
I
23
23
12
11
14
16

11
11
12
15
18
20
16
12
15
19

female students
ABC
10
70
13
79
82108
81712
18
64
17
64
10
76
82413
g
77
14
72

20
7

16
19
13
14
14

Total
E n g l i s h ,a n d
T he pro nu nciatio no f ley ef t o r hy m ewit h nev er ( B) is a s s o c i a t e dw i t h A m e r i c a n
(A) alsooccurs
thatto rhymewith b eav er( A) is as s oc iiedwit h Br it is hE n g l i s h .P r o n u n c i a t i o n
S t a n d a r du s a g e .
in t he US bu t Iesscom m on|yt han ( B) , wher easonly ( A ) i s g i v e n f o r B r i t i s h
i s s u b s t a n t i a t ebdy
T heDCEgivesb oth w it h ( Ai s m oie' c om m onf or Cana d i a nu s a g e ,w h i c h
c a n s e e a d e c l i n ei n t h e
t he Surveyresults.Com par ingt he us ageof par ent san d s t u d e n t sw e
o f / e v e rm a y o e
(A ) pro nu nciatio n
in f av ourof ( B) ,The em er genc eof t h e t w o p r o n u n c i a t i o n s
r
e
m a i n e da s t h a t i n
v
o
w
e
l
c
h
e
c
k
e
d
t
h
e
lev
e
r
ln
acco un tedfor by a dif f er enc ein s y llabic at ion.
i
n
t h e c a s eo f s e a r
a
i
s
e
d
neyer,b ut in the o pe n s y llableof le- v ert he v owelwas l e n g t h e n e da n d

(C) eitherway.

Nftd
r Et

NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
Man
Sask
Alta
RA

52
30
37 54 9
4 05 19
46 46 7
35 59 5
34 57 8
19 74 7
35 56 8
33 59 7
2 86 48

17

30
34

55
54

15
11

3I

CC

41

49

10

e'7

q,

33598
75
18
30636
23725
24687

30
43
47
42
37
48
29
35
34
38

41
27
29
31
38
3U
47
41
43
38

29
29
24
27
24
zz
23
25
23
24

33
42
45
44
41

35
35
39
31
39

32
22
16
24
19

CU

40
LO

0c

33
33
39
43

46
46
41
39

21
21
19
18

Total
new and student
eue stio ns1 4 a nd17 ar e c onc er nedwit h r et ent ionof t h e y - g l i d e ( a s i n i e w ) i n
c
u r r e n t 't h e
a
r
e
p
r
o
n
u
n
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
b
o
t
h
as is the ca se in Brit is hEnglis h.I n t he US, alt hough
abse nceo f th e y-gli de( as in t oo) is judged by s om e I e x i c o g r a p h e r tso b e t h e m o r e c o m m o n
of th e two. Th e DCE plac est he pr onunc iat ionas in le w b e f o r e t h a t a s i n t o o ' T h e s u r v e y
re su ltssh ow th e o lder gener at ionpr ef er r ingt he us e o f t h e y - g l i d e o n l y i n n e w , w i t h
I ne yo un gsterssh owinga s light pr ef er enc ef or dr opp i n gi t ' I n s t u d e n t t h e u s e o f l h e
lf the trendis not
Y - g lldeshe wsa fu rt herdec linewit h t he y oung peoplea g a i n l e a d i n gt h e w a y .
B
r
i t a i n ,t h e a b s e n c e
i
n
not i n s t a n d a r du s a g e
re ve rse d,
the even t ualout c om eis c lear .Alt hoLr gh
ot the y-gtiOein words like duke and Tuesdayare known to have existed there as early as
tnesixteenthcentury.

51

;]
The S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o r t

:
l
l

17)T h e u i n s t u d e n t i s p r o n o u n c e dl i k e ( A ) o o i n t o o ; ( B ) u i n u s e ; ( C ) ei th e r w a y.
'- ^ /^
ttta
tv

^ - ,^ ^ r ^
JJd tvl i l J

ABC
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k

49445
62353
54415
56404
46464
58366
46
51

57375
50445

l*a

DU

QA

female parents
ABC

male students
ABC

lernaiesiudents
ABc

44468
60356
54415
60355

52
62
68
66
60
68
67
66

27
25
21
18
22
20
22
18

21
13
11
16
17
12
11
16

CI

25

20

75
72

62
74
67
72

ro
19
14
27
12
'1 9
17

I
I
11
10
14
i4
11

90

tc

TI

to

'll

66

20

14

70

19

li

+J352

60364
44496
59355
ET
JJ

A1
'+I

44533

74

The e x p l a n a t i o no f t h e a n s w e r s t o q u e s t i o n 1 7 a r e c o n t a i n e d l n t h e p a r a g r a p he xp l a i n i n g
ques t i o n1 4 .

,* . 4#b;

t^.:t

--"tnalepaients
AB

l
r
l
l

:]
l

l
I
1

,'

=d

' v,r I ne a tn api l ct ts prcnounced ti K e (A ) a i n s

Nf I d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alta

lo

lI

15
81
13
B0
12834
16
78
11
87
20764
21734
24733
47493

femaleparents
AB
b

3
6
4
2

16
76
14824
14
82
12824
26694
14832
24704
23706
30637
51436

7
3

Total
I

' ( q ) i th e i 'w a y.
'
matesturcients
ABC

tmale students
ABC

14
75
14
77
9865
11799

8
10
889
887
18
1 '1
11
12

zv

/o

17794
11
82
11
B0
21737
47
41

11
7

7
8
11

80,
84

11
4

2
5
74
85
8,6
83

lo

13

44

44

3
3
5
I

79

Br it is h d i c t i o n a r i e sr e c o r d o n l y t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o na s i n s h a p e ( A ) ; b u t Am e r i ca nd i cti o n a r i e s
afs o g i v e ( B ) a s i n m a p , a s s e c o n d i n f r e q u e n c yo l o c c u r r e n c e T
. h e D C E g i ve s p r o n u n ci a ti o n
( B) f i r s t a n d ( A ) s e c o n d , w h i c h a g r e e sw i t h t h e S u r v e y r e s u l t s ,e x c e p t fo r Br i ti sh C o l u m b i a
wher e t h e r e i s a m a r g i n a lp r e f e r e n c e{o r ( A ) . A s i n n o . B , t h e l o n g a n d sh o r t r e fl e xe so f a
c an b e e x p l a i n e d i n t e r m s o f s y l l a b l e b o u n d a r y p l a c e m e n t :t h e l o n g vo w e l i n a n o p e n
s y llab l ea - a n d t h e s h o r t v o w e l i n a c l o s e d s y l l a b l ea p .

.*+:.

=ilFffi.**+-:

CanadianEnglish:A Report
TheSurveyof

theywouldproducea
partof the answer:^|:t"because
no
form
levels'
,.rrltu
compa::onof speechby educational education
survey,
of
kind
the
?
.: differeni
is irtuttn" questionon
schotars
, Anotefor then"n.tiiituture
studentsrefusedto havetheir
;;;ti''t;
was
y;;
parents
9n?
Ilnv theyfelt' and said'thatan
', ol
" tnl'u"ttionnairenegluse
answer
i,' parents
by his levelof education'
speeoi$;;iJ not be catesorised spelling'werenot
.. individuar,,
on
few
for theery
;;;;';""pt
,
Thequestions
Theywere
influence'"
"gtititt"'
lRerican'influence"
ot
r, desiEneo
to srrow
. des i g n ed tosh o wn o*,por."nCanadianE
nglis h isto
f a rin
g ahow
s g epronunn e ra t io n g iv e s
note
but notsurprising'
generation"it'i'-i-ni"t"sting'
to
waY
for BritishEnglish
'
uno u.outaiyrecroed.
features,
grammatical
. ciations,
of forbehind;
back
n" ctimbed;
, diatects
survivei;';";;;, he clumbii,
yelk
insteadot yolk'
besf;
yeastto it",yt" with
and
r"ur
*iir,
.
rhyme
dealto
but
'
to a mailedquestionnaire'
Thereare advantages'mainly
pronunciation'
"11-oti"'in the areaof
especially
therearealsodisadvntages'
andwere
,
elicitingpronunciation
rhymesare an obvious*uy of
so asto ask'
questions
'. Although
toframe
used,manytimesit was.necessary likethe a of mapor the
,, frequently
it-poun"ed
I
it tn"o'*r of apricot
torexample,
I

as
allowed
sometims
questions
arthough
'it"^i3ir";"formation
wassought,
grammar
"by anothername" or in
a choicein vocabula'y unti'"r

dis1E!etisnl9="
yl: II 1,1
Ti:iili :,r,* su,o"y-ot-calvq
:i :::
?i
: Tif '
inparti-and,
oetoie;

o.fio""',iJl.fi#i";i,iiifrir"""llliranre

""-dffiil'"etri.*i
o i iiii ive' i FBFsorfffi-ffi
g;
il'I;;";"

ftffi iw-uw*

i-

"" "
oiitottuti* lf : t:']:1v::i?:1nf
There
isa tremendo,"';;;;;t
;:
the inrormationposes'
't
here.However,
;JffJ:,: JiSi'il"i;;e-i nterp,eted
an
has
How
questions'

for' some interesting

andshouldlead to
do
foia thousandyears?Why
";;;;t;
su.rvive
old English verb,ctub, managed to
exist
still
hot
back ot' is riz' some
BritishEnglishdialec;xprlss"ionstike
severaithousandrniiesawayfromtheir''ou'""ZThemostimportantquestion
isnottobeansweredhere'WeknownowhowCanadianEngtishisfaring'
way to alienateanybody'student
Do our text-bookwritersknow?The surest
rnitisr'"' The followingresults
or parent,,. ,o .rgn-'tirre stigmaof "bad
thousandpeople'
speaknot only "for ihtlfu"-t" but {or several

2) Analysis
of resu/ts

analvsis
forcomputer
returned
sheets
response
il![i:i:iilou, or usabre
of
outside
uyrespondgltlqotn
wasr5,s75.
ot these+i*LrL compretJ
shows
below
1
Table
Canada,
leaving14,zz{-Canadian-bo'n
'"'pondents' and sex'Thetotals
uy provincJ'-age-group
thebreakdown
o{ respondents
i1ttr"lowerthantheaddition
tineare
givenon thebottomhorizontat
".ir;ll;
stemsfromthe fact
orthefiguresin the ;;i";;. above.rrris iisciepancy morethanone
marked
thatoccasionatty
reJnt" huo accidentally
49

The Surveyof CanadianEnglish:A Report

(A) sch of schoot;(B) sh of shoe; (C) either'

20) The sch oi scheduieis pronouncedlike

Nf ld
PE I
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sask
Alta
DU

male parents
ABC

temaleparents
ABC

6 92 46
16
78
72 22 5
7 51 86

67247
15
82
75205
74187
79174
18
77
75177
77176
'16
78

o o z+t

73234
70246
71216
69246
66266

Iemalestudents
ABC

male students
ABC
3

75204

25
62
1B
71
15
75
15
74
7714 7
7814 7
19
71
20
66
13
76
13
78

12
11
I
10

10
12
11
B

15
15
9B
12

tl

83
78
B5
81
79
BO
84

11
10
10

10
128
10

I
10

o7
/o

do

Total
w i t h A m e r i c a n E n g l i s h 'a n d ( B ) a s
Tho pronun cia tiona s in s c hool, ( A) is us uallyas s oc iat ed
( A) f ir s t an d ( B ) s e c o n d . T h i s i s o n e o f t h e
in shoe, with British n gt is h.The Dc E r ec or ds
identity with its ancestral form in Latin'
closer
many words which has been respelled lor
and was respelledon the analogy
schedu/eentered Middle English from old French cedule
o| Latinsch ed u|a ,tnisch angeins pet I inggav er is et onewp r o n u n c i a t i o n S s o m e t i m cehSaonng e d
r e a s o n s ,b e e n
analogyo f wo rds lire scn ool, - t hes pelling of whic h had' T o r s i m i l a r
in ihe US is generatty
pr
o
n
u
n
c
i
a
i
i
o
n
(
A)
from sc to sch. The alm os t ex c lus iv e us e of t he
percent
of the parents and
20
About
webster.
Noah
of
notions
attributedto the prescnptive
t
h
e h i g h e s tn u m b e r
w
i
t
h
pr
onu
n
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
,
14 oerce nto{ the stud en t sf ollow t he Br it is h Englis h
recordedin Newfo un dla nd.

If,rt#''u[e'

g'ilJllft(tJ'g:] t9rEixg;rF*xrF

male parents
AJV

N f ld
PEI
NS
NB

:":
unt
Man
Sask
AIta
BC

2 76 27
72
19
25 68 7
2 46 77

a1^1

36 58 5
2 47 32
'16
78
79
18
3 16 24

5
3

female parents
ABC

male students

26617
23695
33624
34586
41458
41517
22724
24678
27638
40545

21
17
24
23
37
31
27
19
24
34

AI' U

62
66
58
56
43
53
53
63
58
48

16
13
16
19
18
15
19
16
17
17

+-

lemale students
ABC

23
17
24
22
37
29
26
20
28
40

60
68
63
63
48
53
56
62
58
46

16
13
tz

15
1^

17
tt

17
1
IJ

Total
dictionB rit ishd ictio na riesa nd t he Dc E r ec or d onr y pr onunc ia t i o n( A ) ; w h e r e a s A m e r i c a n
Survey
(
B
)
T
h
e
o
f
u
s
e
t
h
e
r
e
c
o
r
d
als
o
and
aries g ive (A) as the pr ef er r ed pr onunc iat ion
. omen use the tin pro'
show sth o ma jority o f c anadians t o f av our t he f lne pr on u n c i a t i o nw
p r o p o r t i o no f s t u d e n t s
nunciaiionmoro ofte nth an m en.Ther e is no aopr ec iablein c r e a s ei n t h e
word is not
who consiste ntlyu se p r onunc iat ion( A) f ln. obv ious ly ihe p r o n u n c i a t i o no f t h i s
i
n
t
e
r
e
s t i n gt o f i n d
b
e
w
o
u
l
d
l
t
ons which the y h ave u" qr lr "O by c ons ult ingt he dic t ion a r y .
genut
ne.
out how the te ache rsp r onounc e

53

jl

: Report
I ho Su r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h A

27) Va s er h y m e sw i t h ( A ) p a w s ; ( B ) f a c e ; ( C ) i a z z ;

NfI d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O ni
N/an
Sas k

maleparents
D E
ABC
7
9141256
11 62 5 16 4
8
545
635
4
343
1238
B
228
4019
7
223
3334,
54. 14. 2 19 10
12912
3027

DU

42 14

1 3 0 'l 1

lemale parents
D E
ABC
I 17 16 45 I
20 54 3 15 7
to
846
722
5
543
1233
42 9 333
220 10
4A26
61 7 117
t3
025
3821
227 10
412Q
55 9 022

T o ia l

243A

434

28 24

no

2,4.

C)

IJ

4 31 11

( D ) p a y s ; ( E ) a h 's
male students
AT J U U tr

4
I 19 13
q
722
956
6 19 6 64 5
4
563
424
I
343
3410
3 3 0 'Ii
2926
322 l0
s311
31 18 237 10
I
338
3714
225
51 I
zo

zl

440

fernalesfudenis
A BC D
E
520
856
B
.1 0
64 3 17 6
4 19 7 63 6
424
465
3
36 7 242 12
3424
2 2 9 '11
55 6 i23
14
143 10
3213
36 11 1 41 10
42 713-1
ld
zo

zl

341

Pr onu n c i a t i o n ( E ) i s t h e o n e g i v e n l o r B r i t i s h s t a n d a r d u s a g e , a n d ( A ) i s d e scr i b e d a s,.o l d .

f as hio n e d . , , P r o n u n c i a t i o n s ( B ) a n d ( D ) , i n t h a t o r d e r o T p r e f e r e n c e , a r em o stco m m o n i n th e
l h e D C E r e c o r d s ( O) l 1 5 l l
US; w i t h ( A ) a n d ( E ) r e c o r d e da s " s o m e i i m e s " u s e d
i l d ,l ? ) ''i
h e m o s t f r e q u e n t .P r o n u n ci a ti o n s( A) a n d
The S tl rvey show s pronurcratl o l

tn e i order
' "i' 1 ' u t. comp'el ng |c; cr"cnd

ai*-rnargin.

pl ace r' ri d

-l here js. a-.iii4fli

l l ; r 'r a d l a n s'
pr o- Ql e m
h e r e i n t h a t {, r ; ; r n d ( E ) m a y b e h o m o p h o n o u sf o r m a 'i " '
rs el{cei$"'1r :r: P16rtripe
:y"ie'.r'
(c\
is-.ve
iazz
ri.to pat.iej.ntar canacja is rather complex.
w i th p r o n u n cr a ti o n( )
(
B
)
f
a
c
e
.
p
a
y
s
a
n
d
(
D
)
a
f
t
e
r
t
h
i
r
d
,
r
a
n
k
s
r
r
Newf o u n d l a n d .w h e r e
ah, s , i f ( A ) a n d ( E ) a r e c o m b i n e d , a v e r y c I e a r p a t t e r n e m e r g e s d i v i d i n g t he AtIa n ti cPr o vi n ce s
wit ha p r e i e r e n c e f o r ( D ) p a y s f r o m t h e r e s t o f c a n a d a w i t h t h e ( A 'E ) p a w s ,a h 'si n m a j o r i i y
usage.
(C) either way'
33) The leller Z is pronounceC(A) zee; (B) zed;

Nft d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alt a
BC

male parents
Atr(/

lemaleparents
ABC

46399
18747
B0
14
85
B
77
13
85
10
9864
7836
85
9
68210

53
27
4
5
6
4

1'

1l
10
1l
I
10
9
10

32
81
7B
7B
79
79
79
82
a/

78

11
I
7
I
6
I
11
6
5
10

temalestudents
ABC

male students
AtJ U

41
15
1 '1
11
13
11
12
11
I
10

34
71
74
78
72
75
76
75
79
73

4A
14
10

22
11
14
11
13
11
10
12
10
15

32
73
81

27
11
I
ta

77
10
878
977
879

1^
te

11
11

JOJ

11

1a

75

Total
F r e n c hz d e, b u t i n Am e r i c n
The n a m e o f t h e l e t t e r Z i n B r i t i s hE n g l i s hl s z e d ( B ) , f r o m
b ' c ' d ' p ' an d t' Ze d i s Ta vo u r e d
o
I
n
a
m
e
s
t
h
e
o
f
a
n
a
l
o
g
y
p
e
r
h
a
p
s
a
n
(
A
)
,
z
e
e
i
s
i
t
Engl i s h
ev er y w h e r ei n C a n a d a ,e x c e p ti n N e w T o u n d l a n d '

-.

---ai|ls*!jl:+:+i_.-,:

.4-+=+

_r1fr;Xr"T'i*-f

=*

.=

English:A Report
ho Surveyol Canadian

( ) e i t h e rw a y '
wit h ( A) m y ; ( B ) m e ;
in s em r - f inarr,hy r nes
37)The i o r semi_ ,as
iemalestudenls
male students
lemale parents
u
^

parents
mate
ff"''".
I ft''"
I
"
844
I
77 3
'1
87 1l :
87
;l g
IPl:E I ll : 12 ''''
7 76
e o zl r^
902
l,r"
i8l63 ;l z
lo

Y
7

;l
4 1 o 10

l ' ; l+e 18'1

''il
N Bl ';;o
1

1':

l, i

;;

?' n ' | ' I:

Y 'l l l ,;10
:?'k l':

8 34
8 42
;882
;
844
;i
91
BB4

I
o

;;

4
11

' 1 1 1a
;l s

'l1i l

+
^
A

862
8
6
91
834
8873
7
92
e4
94
932

83
e2

"'!_
o_'"

i7

81
81
r8",.
75
855
:l
874
81
864
::
856

5
I

::
854

7
I
7

2l:
3l
3

1
3 l1 "- 7:l
1l i
1
tl :
1

._

:l

I
7

il

o_ ?_ t-

6883

go
e1
e3

4
3

; I

'
e
gs

;l

:l+
;ls
5

;l

:so3
:
; ls

e3
eo

1
l

:::
: :I'i"
ifl
"i
1:"
I
i
ff
;;',
;^,,^::
:,3
:
hit
:',':'
[
or
f,
:
h
i:i.
:
vower
'iil
:'
1,:"
:
the
this as
orerit as second:l::".1::l:i'1,:":;i,"i;r';;;;;;
drctionaries
"'.'# TJi;:r';p;;'J*in'"'p'"'"ti
usase
ard
stand
onoT
: ln :l*'l; ;Ji'l;i'
it:Tf;fu
tal
The DcE o"u""""'u 'onun"iution

ii t;;;j;

vowel
n" not"o that the second

l:i,i::J
i[,:':,,;Ji,

in Britain'

,"- ,Li:";ru:i,;;**:
prerxes
or1nu.u
u nite ;for examPl e'a s Pe

o.,"

(B) rne; (C) either way'

rhymes with (A) my;
anti-polhrtlon'
rn
as
anti-,
40)The i ol
temalesludenis

slldents
"'l*temaJe
tu"n"-.
UTot"
,,T:''ol"*.*r,';"u:'--r-f-r"I
:n+#
:r " 'fz*=@-fp
sffiry+ J***uffi-":."'f

llllrl

*
male pa'rentr'

- +" - ",F

i rl r- " llli' i iln i: ':TrT!,1

G

l;;

; '

l; ;

72
73

o N 27 9:
83
nllo

:b l;;

;i

o | 11 84

?2:'^

?:,31,1
ii ii Ti :: ?l12
? I l : 82
1
ui':
oz!11
iut::
1
l
t
:
It
l
i
s2
i..r lll
2
.:
ir?
Il i i
;
!i;
!,'
ti l)Z
ii
"
i
t 1 :? ,r'
77
Fllr
^l t: t: l :l i : ;i
" rl h ;-
o n t t z z 74
2

,n ..-rl".r,'"n
q ue stio n37 .

"

;|' l'

"1
llto

lS

I' u

7
7

'

i n t h e p a r a g r a p he x p l a i n i n g
ques iion40 ar e c o n t a i n e d
of t he ans wer st o

,red

55

E
F'i

 he S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h A
: Repoil

41) Bury rhymeswith (A) berry; (B) f urry; (C) either way.

Nf ld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
UNI

M n
Sas k
Alt a
BC

mate patents
AB

temaleparents
AB

male students
AB

58374
75223
79
18
77213
58364
81
182
58375
4848s
s3443
71244

60353
76213
8s
13
83
15
74242
85
15
64325
49483
55386
76203

53379
61326

'1
2
0

tt

71217
66277
64287
50
40
34
53
47
37
61
29

iernalestuderts
ABC

6B
79
74
o4
oz

10
12
15
I

+z

30
48
62

409
'z/
18;
21
28B
289
43
SS
36
26

t\
5

15
15
.ts
11

ot al

All di c t i o n a r i e sc o n s u l t e da g r e e i n g i v i n g o n l y p r o n u n c i a t i o n( A ) . T h e w o r d b u r y h a s a n
int er e s t i n gh i s t o r y e x t e n d i n gf r o m t h e M i d d l e E n g l i s hp e r i o d w h e n t h e or i g i n a l Ol d En g l i sh
v owe l c o u l d d e v e l o pi n a n y o f t h r e e w a y s : t o 4 ^ v o w g i . q q a l i tys i n h l t i n th e N o r th ,to a v( r w e l
a'' ln ser-tn,lre Souiheast.endtot
usy prdServestlte :-'pr onu n c i a l i o no f t h e N o r t h a n d t h e 'ff"sf"##Flffi;#Hih-wesi..
s p e l l i n go l t h e S o u t h w e s l B u r y h a s th e sp e l l i n go T;h :,:
,$outhwest;but the pronunciation,Ior most, is that oJ Ure"-SbThedst.
Tire.pr.onuirciation
ri.iBl.'t o r hym e w i l h l u r r y p r e s e r v e st h e S o u t h w e s t e r ns p e l l i n ga n d p r o n u n c i a ti o nw i th th e l a te r
m odi f i c a t i o n( 1 8 t hC e n t u r y )o f t h e v o w e l f r o m t h a t o l t u t l t o t h a t o f f u r . Th e p r o n u n ci a ti o no f
bur y to r h y m ew i t h l u r r y i s s t i l l c u r r e n t i n t h e S o u t h w e s o
t f E n g l a n d ,e s p e ci a l l yi n D o r se t.
li is ve r y i n t e r e s t i n gt o s e e t h e s u r v i v a lo f t h i s f o r m o f p r o n u n c i a t i o ni n s u ch a Ia r g ese g m e n t
, p p r o a c h i n ga t h i r d o f t h e S u r v e yr e s p o n de n ts.
of t he C a n a d i a np o p u l a t i o n a

42) I s t h e f i r s t c i n a r c t l c p r o n o u n c e d ?( A ) y e s ; ( B ) n o ; ( C ) s o m e t i m e s .
male parents
AB
Nf ld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alt a
BC
otal

17739
19
74
23679
19
77
18
70
31
57
28638
33589
29638
31
59

lemaleparenls
AB

male students
AB

lemale students
ABC

16

11
12
15
15
18
26
22
29
21
24

10
12

74

10

24678
24679
15
75
22
64

I
14

to

oJ

tt

41
33
35

48
57
55

11
11
10

7
5
10
11

10

79
72
67
68
64
52
56
52
48
56

10
15
19
17
17
22
22
18
29
20

11
17
I

26
23
21

74
79
68
71
62
57
60
52
51
59

17
10
20
18
21
25
25
22
25
2A

oo

Br it is h d i c t i o n a r i e sr e c o r d o n l y p r o n u n c i a t i o n( A ) , b u t A m e r i c a nd i c t i o n a r i e sa n d th e D C E
offer both (A) and (B) in that order. This word entered English from Old Frenchartique as
artik, and was later respelledarctic in the SeventeenthCenturyafter the Latin model.
I t is ha r d l y s u r p r i s i n gt h a t t h e s i m p l e rf o r m h a s s u r v i v e di n t h e s p e e c ho f a m a j o r i tyi n C a n a d a ,

56

ThoS urve yof Can ad ianEnglis h:A Repor t

44)Greasyrhymeswith (A) easy; (B) tleecy.

Nf ld
P tl

NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
Man
Sask
A lta
ov

male parents
AB

temaleparents
AB

16
24
20
13
14
11
11
18
13
10

14
22
14
12
11
12
10
10
14
892

84
75
79
87
83
89
89
81
87
90

temalestudents
AB

20
17
11
11
11
10
11
11
12
693

18
12

81
87

01

80
83
89
86
87
88
88
87
86

ool

11

88

oq1

792
752
792
892

86

84

Total

85
77
85
88
89
88
89
89
86

male students
AB

B ritishan d,Ame rica nd ic t ionar iesof f er bot h pr onunc iat io n sb, u t i n r e v e r s ep r e f e r e n c e '
pronun cia tion
(B) be ing m or e c om m on in t he US and ( A) m o r e c o m m o n i n t h e U K ' I n B r i t a i n
pron
un
cia tion sso m et im esdis t inguis ht wo m eanin g s :( A ) h a v i n g t h e m e a n i n go f
t he tw o
someth ingbe ing sme are dwit h gr eas e or s lipper y( e. g. ,a r o a d s u r f a c ed u r i n g r a i n ) ' a n d
pronunciatio(B)
n imp lyin ga s t at e oTf ilt h in a m or e gener a lw a y ' T h e D C E r e c o r d so n l y
pronun ciatio (B)
n fIe ecy.

il
i
li

iI
I

48)The a oi tomatois pronouncedlike (A) a oI rate; (B) a of tarm; (C) a ol tat; (D) rof'

.__
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
Man
Sask
Ali
OLJ

Total

t
ol

77
62
70

722
o

t/

tzc

423

OI

86
aa

89
92
90

211
1 10
25
l3

36
414

6
2
0
1
J

1
'1

3 31
54
218
73
626265
73 221
U5

IU

87293
181
89
141
94
132
94
182
88

1q

Ieri-relesttrrdenfs

rnalestrderi.i

temale
'x'*B:

i,-nls

C-

A_to

13
6
4
I

62
821
414
79
221
75
415
77
883 7 1
dbco z

894 5 2
904 3 2
903 6 1
903 4 3
4

'[i

r*

B
4
2
4

66
86
76
B3
89
94
93
95

423
210
219
1 14

2
z

13

{Q

1
1
1

.1

,
ri
F]

FJ

iL

10

,
i

F
t

T heord er o f fre qu en cyg iv en in W ebs t er ' sThir d is ( A) , ( D ) , ( B ) , ( C ) . T h e D C E g i v e s ( A ) ' ( B ) '

and (C). Britishdiction ar iesof f er only pr onunc iat ion( B) , a l t h o u g h( A ) i s k n o w n t o e x i s t a t
leastin the No rth.pro nu nc iat ion( D) int r oduc esa pos s ibl ea m b i g u i t y ,a s t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o no f
the vowel in rol in Ca na dav ar iesf r om I ow, bac k , r oundedt o l o w , s l i g h t l yf r o n t e df r o m t h e
fullyback to ng uep osition,and unr ounc led.
The At lant ic Pr o v i n c e sh a v e a m u c h h i g h e r
numbero T occu rren ce sof pr onunc iat ion( C) r at t han doe s t h e r e s t o f C a n a d a .

II

1e@*.%

"..

ta

13
94

57

,'r:T

tl
ii

il

t:t:

The Su r v e yo TC a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o r t

:i

49) Do e s t t o f b u t t e r s o u n d I i k e d d o | s h u c l d e r ? ( A ) y e s ; ( B ) n o .
male Parents
AB
Nf r d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k

49
44
45

51
55
54

45

Cr+

39
37

57
62

35

04

35

64

qO

30

69

! e m a l eP a r e n t s
AB
48
45
42
39
39
32
34
31
,14
28

51
54
57
60
61
68
65
68
66
72

male students
AB

lernalestudents
AB

68
61
63
59

30
37
37
39

71

28

oo

\t+

4z

64

35

5/

+4

bo

+o

56

43

co

+q

64
60
55

32
39
44

63
59
62
64

36
40
37
36

Total

is t t:?ljit^1:?]Y
vowels
heardvoicinsol t between
rhe frequentlv
:"i""i,""i
:1t,:i;;:n
goes
pronunciation
for this
works.Evidence
modern
in
ini,a,
i
ilil""t',.i:';"i"i;;;;:;;,
in Rritiqh
Colrrmhia
^haarrrad
rt has:e:n.::^s^e:::',,:":lt:,::'fl:''

centuries.
eishteenth
;:iIl';i
",'o
s p e e c h ,b u t u s e t h e vo i ce d co u n te r p a r t
':'.'".ii
l
n
e
y
9
r
q
g
u
o p|l ew ii l l u s e
s oin
mg
e p e?p
trh
hat
a.i=s:,
:.,*#
ness. Ii-i igijia*ni.i'Flai,*he;P_: " y l, : :._,"f
:
[e]
:*:
-oe
Th rs .rav

rasually
n"s-pa'rii'ig
vih'
u r ' r l ei
:spd^r:rs t''touq'r

*' :

ll
i

)rcel ess I l ess f reque ntl y i n thi ! t ontex t

use
yo u nger gerrereti on o1 the S urvey ei ther
rrv
{reelv
:1:.': iidheqriri3'nT
*--*-r:-.-i a. r m^r
n']c,.re

ir i;.,fu;;;

lil

'i,I

lemale Parents

male parents
AB
Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sas k
BC

,Jri,i" the useof thci

( A ) t w o s y l l a b l e s ;( B ) t h r e e s y l l a b l e s '
50) c a r a m e ti s p r o n o u n c e dw i t h

j,
l

"; "i;;

52
40
49
52
25
50
51
59
51
43

AB
50
33
49
42
18
52
50
56
54
47

48
59
50
47
74
50
48
39
4S
56

48
67
50
57
82
47
47
43
46
52

male students
AB
50

46
56
59

lemale students
AB

JY

Cb

++

52
43
39

47
63
60
19
52
56
68
63
47

53
37
39
81
48
43
31
37
53

I'

IT

49
56
59
54
44

50
43
40
45
56

Total
t w o - s y l l a b l ev e r s i o ns e c on dto th e th r e e - syl l a b l e
Am e r i c a nd i c t i o n a r i e sa n d t h e D C E r a n k t h e
th e o n e a s i n ca i
on e . T h e s y l l a b l er e o u c t i o ni s a c c o m p a n i e d? v i " . h 1 1 s : ] t J . , : u
]
^
t
j
:
t
e v e n l y d i v i d e do n t h i s s a g e '
t o t h a t i n c a t . T h e S u r v e yp o p u l a t i o ni s

: =_

:E- .:

_.- | T :

:..{:F=:

:-l+r+F

'.:1!!Fr+F*-={ttiiii-_F,-

i1

T hoS u rve yof Ca na dia nE nglis h:A Repor t

51)T he a o l la the r is p ronounc edlik e ( A) o ol bot her ; ( B) a o f l a t h e r ; ( C ) a a f f a r m .

matepatents
AB
N f rd
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
N4an
S ask
BC

49

13

37

CO

IJ

JU

31
21
6 09 31
5 29 38
71
7
6 39 25
6 75 28
6 96 24
6 65 29

4B

22

lemaleparents
AB

male students
AB

femalestudents
ABC

46
17
14
58
34
16
10
57
62830
75520
74322
74421
69328
72423

48
16
56
t9
47
15
58
11
525 4 2
6t 63 1
538 3 9
606 3 2
565 3 8
644 3 2

47
61
56
63
61
67
61
68
66
71

35
28
48
33

35
29
38
30

IT

J3

14
25
935
o

.it

336

JZV
J

JI

227

Total
, all of w h i c h a r e i n c l u d e d h e r e .
.' he wo rd fa the r ha s a va r iet yof pr onunc iat ionsnot
A w idesp rea dpro nu nciat ionin m os t Englis h- s peak ing
ar ea s h a s t h e l o w , b a c k , u n r o u n d e d
vowelwhich also occu rs int ar m ( C) .A c har ac t er is t ic ally
C a n a d i a nw a y o T p r o n o u n c i n gl a t h e r
is w ith a lo w, ba ck, rou ndedv owel whic h c hoic e ( A) was t o e l i c i t .T h i s p r e s e n t sa p r o b l e mi n
t hat bolhe r is some timesals o pr onounc edwit h a I ow, bac k , u n r o u n d e dv o w e l s i m i l rt o t h a t
inlarm. Th is is th e mo st com m onpr onunc iat ionoI bot herin t h e U S a n d a l s o e x i s t s i n C a n a d a ,
h0w widespre adis n ot k nown. A f ur t her c om plic at ionar is e sf r o m t h e f a c t t h t l a r m i s
pronouncedwith a vowe l s im ilar t o t hat in / at hel in par t s o f t h e M a r i t i m ep r o v i n c e s ,a n d
perhap selsewh ereThe
.
D CE r ec or dst he f ir s t v owel in lat h e t a s t h e l o w , b a c k , r o u n d e dv o w e l .
-

;1j-hc ' a ol calmis p ronounc edlik e ( i? t ar r ; ( B)

4'!ie''t*3e=F+=spr

%llffi
AB

ABC
Nftd
t s Ll
NS
N8
Q ue

;;
Sask
Al t a

BC

10
16
31
17
17
B
'13
13
12
1 47 77

58
52
38
19
27
22
28
16
11

32
31
30
64
54
7i
59
69
76

r;l-'"'

85536
14
49
35
28
20
13
10
16
i2
ii
18
13
14
5
' 16
5
16
4

39
36
67
74
7
69
80
78
80

a of Sam, (C) i,,)l iomb.

*
=',
1,u, st uden {s'
ffi-tffioott,
"
AB
ABC
10
39
83 7 5 4
15
16
B
15
12
10
9i2 7 8
14
10
9
10
11
12
10
7

49
68
76
77
76
79
76
82

I
6

14
14
IJ

I1

.* k

35
53
37
56
14
74
785
779
580
481
386
483

Total
t nts que stio ninvolvesth e s am e pr oblem sout linedf or no. 5 1. M o s t i n t e r e s t i n gi s t h e
signif ican n
t umb er o f res pondent swho c hos e pr onunc ia t i o n( B ) , e s p e c i a l l yi n E a s t e r n
\ ' anada.Th is p ron un cia t ionc annot be f ound in dic t ionar l e se, x c e p t t h o s e s p e c i a l i z i n gi n
0, alectva riatio n.

;#*'{.&

",q;j*

+F-

F]
F

:.

 he S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s hA
: Repoil

54) Does squirrel rhyme with curl? (A) yes; (B) no.

Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
At td

BC

male parents
AB

Iemaleparents
AB

male students
AB

lemale studenrc

OI

85
87
929
84
86
91

14
12

63
87
87
928
85
91
88
88
9i
87

82
88

17
10

80
88

aD e

13
14
B

o1

si 8
86

12

36
12
12

JZ

927

R OO

15
I
12
11
s
13

87

11

.qA

11

899
907
926
89

Toial

20
11

11

QA

88
909
89
91
86

12
10
I
13

B9

Webster'sThird makestwo- or one-syllablesoptional for American English.The COD

and
DCE o l f e r o n l y t h e t w o - s y l l a b l ep r o n u n c i a t i o nJ. u d g i n g f r o m t h e S u r v e yr e su r ts,a n
o ve r whelm i n gm a j o r i t yu s e t h e o n e - s y l l a b l ep r o n u n c i a t i o nT. h e r e a r e c h o i c e so f th e p r o n u n ci a ti o n

,"."'?:'gyi{|s!w|!..,n.u,s.que1l:cn-WsJressedyowe|uayhc.-tke+*.**''*.*.'.
in squid or as in sgulrt. Of oours,in orcierto rhyme with curi the vo,weiwoulr' have to
be
that of
-s,EU-lrt"
59)Again rhymeswith (A) pane; (B) pen; (C) pin.

Nft d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alt a

male parents
ABC

lemaleparents
ABC

55
34
s0
38
62316
43
45
61
34
s9376
74241
65277
72253
71262

53
64
52
56
6B
73
76
68

10
10
13
4

/o

308
388
305
389
42
284
24
293
260

1
1

male students

lemale students
ABC

AIl L /

43
43
38
47
44487
35
50
41572
49504
60382
61
35
57393
67311

12
14
14

35
46
39
33
CI

60
62
52
ol

36
53
476
529
65
463
372

11
12

JOI

462
38

Total

il

l
ii

The English PronouncingDictionary(by DanielJones), webster,s Third, and the DCE agree
on of f e r i n gt w o p r o n u n c i a t j o n isn t h e o r d e r ( B ) , ( A ) . c o n t r a r y t o J o n e s ,t h e co D o ffe r sth e
pane p r o n u n c i a t i o nf i r s t , b u t t h i s m a y b e m e r e l y a n e d i t o r i a lc o n v e n i e n cesl
, n ce th e m a i n
ent r y fo r m i s t o b e r e a d t o r h y m ew i t h p a n e b y v i r t u e o Tt h e l e t t e r c o m b i n a ti o na l . l t w a s
t hough t t h a t p r o n u n c i a t i o n( C ) w o u l d a c c o m m o d a t ea s i g n i f i c a n tn u m b e r o f r e sp o n d e n tsi n
s om e a r e a s .l t m a y b e t h a t m o r e p e o p l e u s e ( c ) i n c a s u a ls p e e c ht h a n w o u l d a d m i t i t i n a
s ur v ey l i k e t h i s . C o m p a r i n gt h e t w o g e n e r a t i o n so l s p e a k e r s ,p r o n u n c i a ti o n( A) i s cl e fi n i te l y
giv ing w a y t o p r o n u n c i a t i o n( B ) .

..=.:{..-+rffiFn:

*-**4Fj

English:A Report
Ihe Surveyot Canadian

2)T h eirstsy|lab Ieo |t ieut enant is pr onounc edI ik e( A) l e t f ; ( B ) / o o t ; ( C ) e i t h e r w a y .

femalestudents
rnalestudenls
?
temaleParents
male Parents
AI'U
ABC
ABL/
ABC
12
62
23
12
58
29
12
58
28
1' 1
52
10
37
7
7
1
3
N f ld
1
4
68
16
10
57
32
3 85 29
74
13
PEI
i2
7
0
18
40499
50 42 7
74
13
NS
13
65
2t
10
50
39
11
42
t
47
882
NB
I
7
7
14
37594
1
2
4 94 37
7
3
1
4
Que
I
70
19
37551
7
43 47 9
/c
Ont
I
7
7
13
30618
35 59 5
I
79
10
Man
12
70
17
28638
I
38 51 9
Sask
8
8
4
1
1
7
4
14
31618
7
41 54 6
8
0
A lta
1
1
I
72
18
36549
10
47
42
BC
1

{Q

lolal

T hepro nu nciatio no f t hef ir s t s y |labI elik e/ oot ' ( B) , is as s o c i a t e d w i t h A m e r i c a n E n g I i s h

il;;'{ri;;;";"t-*::1ry"*:, lf
ascribed
been
has
and
isanexception
Navv
British
rhel:?l:lill:i."':JJ:i,',Ji'uo'"
Ensiish.
'"
*i,neritish
niriiJii-iiliJi^i,li:;.iu,ua

or le.t,with posslb/e
,r'. irst syttabieis optionally tett
ro this, where tn" pronunliJo oi
reduciion ofth eVo wel, whic his uns t r es s ed, t oaneut
l q uusual
a I i t y . one
TheE
g / i sBritish
h P r o n oNavy'
unctng
innthe
ber athe
o'""t"'"titlt"
Dictionarynotesthat
being
i
s
r
a
p
i
d
l
y
":i-t;
/
e
f
t
S
u
r
v
e
y
'
t
h
e
t
o
ac c or ding
'''t"
but tha t it is n ea rlyo bs ot t e'ln Canada'
des ignat est he l a t t e r a s U S u s a g e '
repia ce db y lo ot, attn ought he DCE s t ill

(B) selzure; (C) either way'

)Leisrrrerhymes with (A) pieasure;
temate Pa,rents'
. -G
.+q3"t-

la.l3 a'fej:''ts

NT Id
PEI
NS
NB
Que
0nt
S ask
A lta
BC

3 75 85
3 86 16
31 63 5
22 74 4
2 27 14
2 27 08
74
21
76
18
25 70 4
38 54 7

21
37
ZJ

3
6

18
24
26
35

765
593
705
to

r'emalestudenls
A!1

::+--#Nf?
2A
23
35
27
g4

648
684
tv

male students

696
695
577

24
17
27
30
ee

68
66
53
62
53
64
72
til
57
qa

10
10
10
10
13
10
10
ru
12
11

bv
28
17776
33598
73
18
53
35
69
19
70
17
a_v
^^

28
29

,Fl{qrilnt

t/-

!,

10
11
13
12

A7

12

60
59

12
10

Total
APro no un cin gDi c t ionar y ot Am er ic anEngt is h( by K e n y o n a n d K n o t t ) l i s l s o n l y p r o n u n c | a l | o n

(A)rhe,Dc
(A),
tn',oo;;;;;ijL"to'
andwebsrer's
t",.
optror
stirr
thesurvev
in?ij';,?,.ilJ",",iiiit
majoriiv
(a)'rhei:?^:l3l:
(n)

iih3i"1iiriii.iii'i1i";;;iation

oerore

in its usageby the

a decrease
thepronunciailon
to rnym""*iinr"iirr, tut thereis
(A )'
p
ronunci
ati
on
o{
g e ner at ion,
indic a ti nug t n J i o * u td s th e u s e

younger

il
I

-t
,,1
I

,*

!5;

61

::: :: ;:

-=:=ilFl:

Eng lis h:A Repar t

T h eS utveyo TCan ad ian

rhymeswith (A) lucks; (B) lugs'

76)he tux ot luxury
male students
temaleParents
maleparents
AB
AB
AB
25
64
27
71
27
69
N fl d
12
80
BB9
86 9
10
83
907
Q
BB9
I
81
7
91
9 26
2
I O
NB
12
87
8 4B
Q ue
20
69
907
7
91
0nt
18
73
888
92 5
Man
18
72
12
85
12
82
Sask
18
72
889
10
87
16
73
6
91
92 6

female students
AB
63
83
85
83
74
72
78
69
76
78

27
11
10
11
17
18
15
20
18
15

DV

otal
Third lisl
pronunciation(A)-,-TheDCE and Webster's
Britishdictionariesrecord only

both in

n?:^"-r-,::":,j:::i:
Heritage
(A)and(B).American
theus
it,l:n;J:"'
in
theorder
T?:j;JuIJ
rrequent
equarrv
about

i,:.'::iln""$i:i #i1;:ffi;:i:#;'
'*' . .
";;";;
i", "r "r t ing f ac t s r ' t "t . . N"* t "r " d l a n d

s t a n d so u t i n i t s h i g h
T he survey resultsre ve al
w
h e n c o m p a r i n g'
u
s
e
i
t
s
( B) ' wit h a s light dec line in
n umberw ho u se p 'on 'n"iliion
s
h a r p i n c r e a s e sr n
w
i
t
h
b
u
t
low,
v
er
y
(
B)
is
in. us e of
g e neration s.
ln the resr
US' why is Newt
h
e
f
r
o
m
inf luen c e
"i' ". r 0"
r eceniyearsAssumin g ih at t his I nc r eas e' "p' "' unt ' m ode r n
t nat oes plt e
l : i l : " : : : : *m luanni g
ca
t oundlan dno t simila rlv,'i"i ' ol lt s hows
u tai o
gn
ed' e v e l o p is s t ill an im por t a n tf a c t o r i n
geographicp roximityto ..' r - "i of inilr "n""
p r o n u n c i a t i o n( B )
o
T
u
s
e
t
h
e
b
y
a' o . oi
wo uld jud ge tha t Newf oundlander s
ment .one
.
"or "
i hrcugi" ' ' 'o wing fro m US pr onunc iat lon'
._'i- +t

fj:,i,..'h,1ffi"%

t:s.r.-

4ffi..9

'.'-

oI bide; ( B) ee o { b e e t
77)T he ei ol eith er ts Pron ounc edlik e ( A) i
male Parents
AB
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue

0nt
M an
Sas k
Alia
BC

Total

33
31

68
68

e-t

26
39
33
35
28
27
33

^,

74
56
67
63
69
71
66

temaleParents
AB
31
30
38
31
42
34
34
35
32
36

66
69
61
68
56
65
63
63
68
63

male students
AB
29
19
23

68
78
75

21

tr

27
26
20
19
16
25

69
69
78
78
83
74

's-*

lemale st,dents
AB

37

63

i1

1/

21
18
26
21
22
21
18
24

78
82
72
79
ro
77
81
74

il

76

tht DCE an
(B),
1:9
T he E nglrshpro no un cin g Dic t ionat yhas pr onunc iar ion( A) b e f o r e

rrom-ti"
(A) Juasins
American
place(B)berore
dictionaries
(A)compreterv
:::::::?i,l::ti;i"J;3i:[i;

pronunciation
:[;:;i3l;:'ff:ff ::Jiiiiii,".'i];*yJii'i' 'ln' out
t r e n d ' b u t r e m a i n sJ a i r l y
t
h
i
s

ollJ
w
not
does
In
again

a f ew ge ne ratio ns.
Ne wf oundland,
(A) is the more
st ablein th e rela livedist r ibut ionsbet weeny oung and old P r o n u n c i a t i o n
t
o the OED'
recento f th e two , d atin gbac k t o t he ear ly Eight eent hCen t u r ya c c o r d i n g

63

A Reporr
Tho Sur v eyo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :

hook'
like (A) oo ot moon; (B) oo of
72) Theoo o I r o o ti s p r o n o u n c e d
male Parents
AB
NfI d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
dU

45
74
74
69
72
BB
86
82
86
91

54
25
26
31
21
12
12
15
14
7

temaleParents
AB

male sfudents
AB

51
4B
24
74
22
76
26
73
14
85
I
91
10
87
13
85
12
88
899

44
74
77
67
81
81
88
82
UU
B7

53
23
21
30
15
15
11
15
IU
10

temalestudents
AB
53
70

4C
D I

84
72
Bg
91
937
91

16
27
1.1
I
7

^4

91

I olal

r o n u n c l a l r o r r t:'l^llli:i-:,"^^t?l",tj'l';i.ti'ffii.il"
s" : '- '^ ) l '" i ; ; ', ^ , ^ 'i a r a
both p
e c o r d both
oronyn3ial1911
dictionarres
i c t i o n a r i e srrecord
American
Am
er ic and
A l o n g o w h i ch '
a
( A ) ' I n M i d d l e E n g t i s ht h i s w o r d h a d
and t he DC E g i v e o n f y p 'J n u *i u i i o n
(A) as in moon, soon,eic However'towards
t,.
\^/iththe Vowet shift *oura"vi".'ro-fionlnciation
al-*lini#leg-resuttjn-s-i11
::li!i,i:;;
ihc en(lof tlie severrLee'*+t"r*r'l
i
l
/
e
:
t
h
e
i
n
e
x
i
s
t
( a ) 'f o r r o o f i s a i s o k n o w n f o
gooa, and b o o k .P r o n u n c i a t i o n
since many qf its settlers
pi"valence.in,No,wfounriland,
ngiarrd.This would "-prJi."ii"
em igr at edf r o m t h e We s t C o u n t r y
73\ Creekrhymeswith (A) /lck;

NfI d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alt a
DU

494
78
15
791
14842
3894
81
13
4922
8875
989
4942

1
5
2

392
7883
3942
B883
396
84
10
3942
91
5
5923
3970

femalestudents
A BC

male students
ABC
1

1
4
3

6BB4
84
10
6885
81
11
591
8827
591
6885
9855
6876

5
6
2
3

5923
6 91
2 962
6 885
2942
5869
'1
963
4 923
3 943

e 023

Iotal
I

(B) teak; (C) either way'

temaleParents
ABC

male parents
ABC

'''
i:
'::

ti

traced
o n l y th e/eakpronunci ati oni sreccl rdedforBr'ri.iotv
rj ti shusage.A
meri
candict
canbeionar
iesandt h
c.re1k
of the work
show/eakloltowedou rn.'i,r* oionunciation..Th" jo'ol':l{:::X::jl;[:
l

o
ctecca,althoush
wo(o
totheoldEngrish
"on"i"

iJi;;i['*'Ji:,]ii:iiii;ili'i;l';";i;l;j;

i'-'
i
with
one
i.:iti
twospeilinss'
i'nnuo

n d nPr
andonew i t h e , t h a t t n e t w o c u r r e n t p r o n u n c i a t i o nfst fhoar v. .. iOnndte"pi leon, N
d eenwt e
l oigck'
i eas,o
e i n ce
Btryumo
nsw
from Old
der iv edf r o m O l d n g l i s h '" . i , n " " r n " , ,
To rcr i ck i s
r
e
s
p
o
nse
o
v
e
r
a
l
l
T
h
e
(
A
)
using crlck
Edwar d l s l a n d s h o w t h e l a r g e s tn u m b e r
l
o
w
.
s ur nr is i n g l Y

ll
il

62

:
l

fi:_:. :

i1.':.::,'r,
'

E ngl i sh: A epott

T h Su r ve y ol C anadi an

I:'. ':':::

i, '''
:,

with caught?
78) Does c o t r h y m e

lemale Parents
AB

male patents
AB
Nlld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
M an
Sask
Alt a

69
86
83
909
84
86
89s
84
88
91

(A) yes; (B) no

33
14
13
11
12
11
17
14
13
1l

64
86
86
89
88
87
81
84
87
88

31
14
15
12
14
14
12
I

fernalestudents
AB

male students
nR

74
83
84
86
86
80
86
82
87

24
15
15
"11
11
15
12
.15

13

-7'l

87
87
BB
89
86
B8
87
88

11

27
12
13
'1 1

10
14

tz

12
11

13

Total

dict''i:::^l'jffii1il::t*r:".::iH::,.i-J':;
norAmerican
British

:'.[ii:ii:
?;:'i^ii'
:i:,;i
;;":
i;J
J[
ii,i'
)3ffJ
ff
:[i
:.:m"'i:'i
-";r.i;'"ii:i
i
Ti:
:il i
Hll

:
:
Hfi
:li"
l
i;i
::tl;;;
;
:ij,
ii"iiii:*ti;*1"5
u t o r " N 'r r u ,
cot. This lossot a vuwEr
a n d p e r h a p sth e u K, b u t
io"r no, r h y m ew i t h
" 'f t h e u s
c
e n a r t t" '" " " o
i
n
o
c
c
u
r
d
o
e
s
i
t
a
l
t
h
o
u
g
h
.
ii"' " t " n l i s h '
:.;*ri*l*s:l: .

:1;;il;i,

'1

*iot'P'"u't''*e''
"#* -"-

81)Mlssl/e rhymeswith

(e) either wv'

(A) thist/e;(B) mistile;

75205
15
78
15
79
84142
18
75
8833
85122
15
76
13
84
1tO 5

male studenls
tBc

temaleParents

male Parents
Auv
Nf ld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
M an
Sask
Alta
BC

"-

AV

-^

|
5

74
77
81
80

20
18
15
16

4
4
3
4

a^
I+

t,

t
3

10
85
16
79
75195
16
80
13
83

5
4
4
4

lh

11
81
8298
75149
13
77
10
77
10
81
13
76
11
77
I
80
t

=+*+:.

femalestudents
A BC
o
1t
77
3
10
86
8 7 V5
g5u/

I
I
7
I
11
10

77147
8686
8776
13
78
13
81
85g5
10

irlf-?,'F-*=-

I
6
6

,'-:

-.=--q*:+.----:

rhe Surveyof Ca na dianEnglis h:A

i'i

Repor t

t:

g2)fhe a of afe is pronouncedlike (A) a ot gate; (B) e of gef.

Nfld
P EI
NS
NB
Q ue
0nt
N/an
Sask

temalepatents

rnalepatents
AB

AB

94

972

JI

v3+

972

96
99
93
oc
9B
95

1
3
2
0
3

3t

982
954
voJ

98
98
99

97

1
1
1

male students
AB

lemale students
AB

898
927
945
907
91
887
954
926
926
935

936
963
973
982
6

YO

YI

\)

973
982
973
963

96

Total

s ith (B)as the mostcommon.

T h eEn glishPron ou nc ingDic t ionar yr ec or dsbot h pr onu n c i a t i o nw
pr
onu
n
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
pr
ef
er
r
ed
a
n
d l a b e l p r o n u n c i a t i o n( B )
giv
e
(
A)
t
he
as
A m ericand ictio na ries
var io usly
a s British ,subs t andar d,and oc c as ionallyus e d i n t h e S o u t h .O t h e r s o u r c e s i n d i c a t e
(B ) is c ur r ent in m os t s ec t ionsof th e A t l a n t i c S t a t e sa n d i n S o u t h
that p ron un cia tion
Ca rolin a.the DCE o f f er s only pr onunc iat ion( A) .

83)Fllm is p ron ou nc edwit h ( A) t wo s y llables ;( B) one s y l l a b l e .

maleparents
AB
N f td
r.i,i

47
I
!

htc

NB
Q ue
O nt
Ma n
Sask
A lta
Nr'
T ota l

52

36
JI

32
32

male students
AB I A B

lemalestudents

42

41

57

46

52

37
33
16
26
29

62
63
83
69
69

3't
27
10
21
27

03
73
88
79
71

O/

20
15

80
84

.*

-{*=

.19
43

lemale parents

50
57
5B
63
68
67
o

7B

49
29
25
29
29
28
25
I

58
-"-49
s7
71
75
70
70
71
75
On

',

*JE:*.:f

21
18

77
80

--'lr

Fl

66

' :t

,'4,,1
::

'..

. , ."".=

"Pal

:l
:

"

*;

O l all th e d ictio na riesc ons ult edonly W ebs t er ' sThir d r e c o r d st h e t w o - s y l l a b l ep r o n u n c i a t i o n ,

and as su bstan da rd.
Thls pr onunc iat ionis wides pr ea di n E n g l a n d ,e s p e c i a l l yi n t h e N o r t h ,
and is re co rde din J os ephW r ight ' s Englis ltDialec t G r a m m a r T
. he use of the two-syllable
pro nu nciatio nis hig hes tf or Newf oundlandand t hen g r a d u a l l yd e c r e a s e sa s o n e g o e s w e s t .

:l

.-.

oc

 he S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h A
: Report
i

l
l

l
l

85) Yeast rhymes with (A) best; (B) feasf,

mare patents
AB

Nf I d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
BC

396
4.
S4
396
294
298
295
296
297
198

Total

lemalepatents

AB
257
298
197
298
298
297
257
099
298
099

male students
AB
693
692
297

temalestudents
AD

29 9
29 6
29 8
ZY

791
689
c

29 5
19 8
20

Y.t

1 04
''|

493
593
396

oA

1 98

vo

The r e c o m m e n d e dp r o n u n c i a t i o no f y e a s f i n a l l d i c t i o n a r i e si s t h e o n e t o r h ym e w i th l e a sf ( B)
Ther e i s e v i d e n c ef o r b o t h p r o n u n c i a t i o n si n B r i t i s h E n g l i s ho f t h e S i x t e e n tha n d Se ve n te e n th
Cent u r i e s a
, n d p r o n u n c i a t i o n( A ) i s r e c o r d e db y Wr i g h t f o r N o r t h e r nE n g l a n da t th e tu r n o f
this century.The word appearsas j'esl_in
n g l i s h f r o m O l d E n g li shg i sf. l f i t w e r e
---::5
h::+"'s
po:;sible,'il-wbuid
be intersiifg f trcEf
uising ye--st-i
plac e s o i o r i g i n i n t h e U n i t e d K i n g d o m .

"

..",-.--:*
87) D o a n t a n d a u n t r h y m e ? ( A ) y e s ; ( B ) n o .

Nf ld
PEI
NS
NB
O nt
M an
Sask
BC
Total

matepatents
AB

temaieparents
AB

61
50
41
29
84
87
77
77
87

56
40
28
23
79
85
83
82
87
87

38
49
58
71
13
13
21
21
12
tJ

44
59
71
77
20
13
16
17
12
12

male sfudents
AB
71
39
43
27
81
80
79
78
86
84

27
57
57
70
16
15
19
19
12
14

lemale students
AB
oz

Jo

41

58

\t I

oat

19
82
82
82
81
86
82

80
15
17
17
18
13
16

36

The p r o n u n c i a t i o no f a u n t a s d i f f e r e n tf r o m t h a t o f a n i i s u s u a l l ya s s o c i a te dw i th sta n d a r d
Br it is hE n g l i s h ,a n d t h e r h y m i n gp r o n u n c i a t i o ni s a s s o c i a t e dw i t h n o r t h er nBr i ti sh En g l i sha n d
Am er i c a n E n g l i s h .H o w e v e r ,t h e p r o n u n c a t i o nw i t h a v o w e l d i f e r e n tf r om th a t i n a n t e xi sts
in eas t e r na n d s o u t h e r np a r t s o f t h e U S . l n C a n a d at h e n o n - r h y m i n gf o r m o f a u n t ( p r e su m a b l y
wit h a b a c k v o w e l ) i s u s e d b y t h e m a j o r i t yi n t h e M a r i t i m eP r o v i n c e sT
. h e D C E r e co r d so n l y
t he o n e w h i c h r h y m e sw i t h a n t .

.-..-=-:

+-{tnr+***

:= :=,:-=;!il-+-3Ft*E,*:ia-f+

=:++!

-- -==.-'"!irr!l-iilr!lF-i

::=:r+-ir{*:*

Englis h:A nepot t

ThoS urv eyo f Can ad ian

/ ol alm ond? ( A) y es ; ( B) no'

88)D o you p ron ou ncethe
male parents
AB
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
0nt
l,4an
Sask
DV

temaleparents
AB

male students

71
68
26
75

29
31
65
25

b/

J4

73

25

co

++

tlb

Jl

I I
aa

Zt
t7

B0

18

b6

tt

55

4+

59
46
64
57
58

40
52
34
43
42

41

58

J5

OJ

53
52
56

46
47
44

13

1l

47
62

47
36

bo

Jl

69
64

29
35

femalestudents
AB
82
73
81
78
64
47
54
69
7?
68

17
26
19
21
34
53
45
30
27
31

Total
per io d p u r e l y a s a s p e l t i n gd e v i c e ' a n d
T heword a lmon dre ce ive dit s / in lhe M ic ldleEnglis h
in r t e m s l i k e s a / m o n a n d a / r 's '
t
han
m
or
e
no
t he / has no t u su allyb ee n pr onounc ed,
Nat ura||y,mostdiction ar ies , inc ludinglheDCE, donot r e c o m m e n d t h e p r o n u n c i a t i o n Wi t h / ,
this pronunciation'
an increa sin gm alor it yof Canadianss eem t o be u s i n g
H ow eve r,
Dictionaryof American
Pronouncing
the
/
and
with
lorm
the
record
i,vebster,s
hlrd does
E ngiishg ive s it as a Ne w Englandpr onunc iat ion

i1
i

i
i

got'
91)T heo o f p rog less (no un) is pr onounc edlik e ( A) o ot go ; ( B ) o o T
male parenrc
AB

s .:_Y-_-Ets
PEi
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
Man
S ask
A lt a
BC
ot al

55

40

62
50
71
58
64

37
49
26
41
34

58
7A

41
30

temALepSrenls

_l _ t___

male students
AB!

*3'3F*

48
57
50
53
62
AQ

53
F

64

41
50
45
3B
49
47
46
36

'aa'

42
35
41
41
41
48
52
46

fema!estudents
\R

*,t " r^ :;
46
32
29
40
42
37
45

53
68
71
58
57
61
54

l7

AQ

3l

46

52

49
56
60
57
5B
49

't*

!9&r'""

i4:hi!

f".i.'=1

H
I

59

pronunT heord er 0 1p refe ren cefor t he US is t he r ev er s eof t hat in t h e U K ; t h e T o r m e rh a v i n g

the
w
i
t
h
s
i
d
e
s
D
C
E
T
h
e
pr
onun
c
i
a
i
i
o
n
pr
ef
er
r
ed
ciat jon(B) first,an d the lat t er ,( A) as t he
young people
B ritishusa ge .This still appliest o t he older g"n"r ut ion of i h e S u r v e y ,b u t t h e
are reversingth e o rde r.

67
::."

+i*-

.l

Tho Su r v e yo t C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h A
: Repott

93) Fo u t e r h y m e sw i t h ( A ) s h o u f ;( B ) s h o o t

Nf r d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
A.lta
BC

male parents
AB

AB

33
44
27
34
16
38
35
44
41
22

30
40
24
26
15
24
37
38
32
17

61
49
68
59
73
52
57
43
51
69

lemale parents
64
51
71
65
B1
68
53
54
60
76

male students
AB

'female students
AB

21
29
19
13
'11
25
'19
24

20
31
10
14
887
15
15
20

70
59
69
B0
81
60
71
61

70
60
87
78
69
73
65

21

18

^4_

74

7 85

otal
The Br i t i s hp r o n u n c i a t i o ni s g e n e r a l l ltl h e o n e r h y r n i n gw i t h s h o o l ( B ) , b u t i n th e Br i ti shAr m y
t he s h o u f p r o n u n c i a t i o n( A ) i s a l s o u s e d .We b s i e r 'sT h i r d g i v e s p r o n u n c i a ti o n( B) b u t a l l o w s
f or pr o n u n c i a t i o n( A ) f o r a r e g u l a r l yf o l l o w e dr o u t e ,s u c h a s a n e w s p a p e rro u te .Th e D C Ea l so

l
.

-.:1'+#x**o*#i?;o*n,5|l;"T,1j'iiiil'.i];il+P"-JH..:"",H".w*w1
v owel
s liw
n asyhto0ot hf -ePdr iepshut rhnoanbglta
youa, w
v oh ii dl esreom
i o ni .,tihe 'rGotleuie. pli na_r t,i
r otSo
uw
l ar si gch
. . - - - t ne'
r egual a
u taenrtei ctcaoi nnef uds, +o
ina
an
i g e di r r _ - .._ *
v owel . T h o s p e l l i n gc h a n g e i n r o u f a n d n o t i n / o u t e r e f l e c t st h i s p r o c e s s.

,.

95) Th e e a o l d e a t i s p r o n o u n c e dl i k e ( A ) e o t l e f t ; ( B ) e e o f m e e t .
j

Nf ld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
vJan
Sas k
Alt a
BC

male parents
AB

lemaleparents
AB

male students
AB

temalestudents
AB

954
84
926
946

945
88
954
954
973
936
972
972
973
982

907
85
927
84
887
877
91
888
945

11

97
90
97

11

s4

928
934
926
945
954

13

11

oeA

94
YO

vo

97
94
VT

4
2
4
1

Total
The no r m a l d e v e l o p m e not f d e a l w o u l d h a v e r e s u i t e di n p r o n u n c i a t i o n( B ) . Th e p r e d o m i n a n t
pr onun c i a t i o n( A ) h a s b e e n e x p l a i n e da s a s h o r t e n i n go f t h e v o w e l t o w a r d sth e e n d o f th e
Eight e e n t hC e n t u r yb e f o r e i t f o l l o w e dt h e g e n e r a ld e v e l o p m e n o
t f M i d d l e En g l i shl o n g , l o w ,
f r ont vo w e l st o b e c o m et h e v o w e l o f p r o n u n c i a t i o n( B ) a s i n s e a ,c l e a n ,m e a t, a n d l e a t.
Pr onun c i a t i o n( B ) i s r e c o r d e df o r d i a l e c t so f N o r t h e r nE n g l a n da n d a s a n al m o ste xti n ct
dialect u s a g e i n t h e U S . T h e S u r v e yr e s u l t sa r e i n t e r e s t i n gi n t h a t s u c h a l a r g e n u m b e ro f
people t h r o u g h o u tC a n a d ap r o n o u n c ed e a l t o r h y m e w i t h / e a l . E v e n m o r e i n te r e sti n gi s th e
f ac t t ha t m o r e m a l e s t u d e n t st h a n p a r e n t su s i h i s o r o n u n c i a t r o n .

68

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T hoS urveyo f Ca na dia n

with (A) dome; (B) dumn'

9BlHone rhymes
male parents
AB
NTId
NS
NB
Q ue
0nt
Man
S ask
Alta

AB
963
972
97

oi2

o-7

9 34
99 0
97
96

963
980
980
990
98
990

oq2

9 43
98

o72

9 72

DV

lemale Parents

1
1

male students
AB

temale students
AB

945
925
963
925
91
886
96
934

933
963
99i
972
953
98

1
944

5
1

oq2

97
98
97

1
1
1

Toial
tne
f or Br i t i s h E n g l i s hd i a l e c t sf r o m
(B), to rny m e wit h dum b' is r ec or ded
E
nglan.d
P ronun cia tion
N
e
w
f
o
r
u
s
,
t
n
e
i
n
pr onunc iat ion r ec o r a e o
Midland sto the sou tnw "r , . r n" s am e
and home survlve
d
e
a
f
o
f
pr
onu
n
c
i
a
t
i
o
n
s
t ha "ar c haic "
dialec tsat Ie ast.tt is tn t "r es iing- ih"t
young peoplethan
u s t r ghilyhigher pr o p o r t i o no T
in ail provincesot cu nu oullnit nut
oarentsco ntin ueto u se t nem '
( A) t ch o I c a t c h ; ( B ) d g e o I b a d g e ;
e pr onounc edlik e
101)Th efirst f of co ng r at ulat is
(C)eithe rwaY.
lemale students
mele.students
temaleParent's
male parents
ABC
A
ABt /
ABC
1
;;
4e --40
3G-=,.-.43
5
n '5 3 o 1 1 '
*ilqeri!f
l ,;-:21s
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t+
45
37
289
62
zr
11
51
38
10
49
39
206
73
265
11
47
40
tc
44
38
226
71
5
21
3
6
5
3
9
11

50
36
Z'
72
262
13
tl
52
35
50
33
e.
aa
235
70
12
5
2
3
5
v
43
45
7
21
71
3
Man I zo
19
10
5
7
3
3
1
1
53
35
255
6B
Sask I 0z
26 5
I
60
48
35
J
IT
-31
77
rta
23J
74
2
5
6
6
8
56
31
4
15
79
BC
74
zJz

ii

Total
d i c t i o n a r i e sa n d t h e D C E '
P ronu nciatio(A)
n is the only one r ec om m endedby Am e r i c a n
t h e l a t t e r c h a r a c t e r i z i n gt n e
B rit ishu sa geva ries bet weent r r e - c H- and - t y - pr onunc i a t i o n s ,
i
t i s a n o r m a l d e v e l o p m e n tT o r
high lycu ltiva tedsp ee c h.As s um inga pt ior iy - p' on' n" i u t i o n '
The v o i c i n g o f - c h - t o p r o d u c e- d g e assimila tion
to o ccur b et weent and y t o y ield - c h- .
t h e d i c t i o n a r i e sf a i l
f ollowsthe same p roc es sas s een in t he v oic ing o{ t in b u t t e i A l t h o u g h
on American radio'
t o record it, the -dg e- pr oi- un"r ' on oI c ongr at ulat ei s r e g u l a r l yh e a r d
has increased
us e of t he ; ; ic ; d - j g " - o 'o n u n " i a t i o n
teievisio n,
.
an d in film pr oduc t ionsThe
ihan noI'
i
t
u
s
e
p
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o
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in one q en era tionin c anada t o t he ex t ent t hat m or e

69

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102)The a o I t a t i o n i s p r o n o u n c e dl i k e ( A ) a o I c a t ; ( B ) a o T d a t e ; ( C ) e i t h e r wa y.
male parents
AB
Nft d
PI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
lvlan
Sas k
AI t a
BC

65 2 9 5
tc

to

13
B0
14
B0
74 1 8 4
16
78
85 1 2 1
86 9 4
10
88
86 9 6

6
6
7

temaleparents
AB

male students
AB

65286
79147
10
82
83124
76204
13
81
10
85
84124
888.3
8793

46
50

36
30

bc

zt

5
4

fernalestudenls
ABc

17
12

32
54
55348
29
54

12

oo

ru

zt

26
28
29

59
60
58

i:'':'
i:.:.
I

12
12
11
11

40

48
47
50
55
cl

52
52

42
399
a

41
41
A7
gZ
389
38
379

::

t,

12

:,.

i.

10
I
13
12

I
!:

,l

I
i

i,

10

30

Total

Fr onunc iat i o n( B ) i s u s u a l l yc o n s i d e r e d" c h i e f l y U S , " a l t h o u g hi s i s n o t u n k n o w ni n Br i ta i n .

n a s a h o u s eh o l dw o r d
The Sur v eys t u d e n t ss e e mt o b e t u r n i n gt o w a r d st h i s u s a g e . , Q a f l ow
dur ing W or l d Wa r l l , b u t o n e w o n d e r s i f i t i s i n e v e r y d a yu s e b y m o s t f a m i l i e sn o w . l f a
n a t u r a l c h o i ce w o u l d h e
*1i-"

a=-..'.:

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103)Soot r h y m e sw i t h ( A ) l o o l ; ( B ) b o o t ; ( C \ m u t t .
temalepatents
AB

male parents
AB
NfI d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sask
Alt a
an

Tot al

13
73
18
73
BB B 2
11
85
64 2 8 3
80 1 2 8
68 2 6 7
68 2 7 3
67 2 8 4
14
84 .

11
7
4

75
I

c J oo

o4

283
332

58373
63323
23
74

oc

JJI

68
B1

283
17

7A

JC

64285

17

64285
61324
61284

8
1

71
74
82
71
7A
68

15

6
91
9063
76205
8496
75173
73224
72243
10
89

temalestudents
ABC

male students
AB

to

lO

tt

11

16
262

z1

+*.*fla"*r*==-._:--

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l :,
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Tho t hr ee pr o n u n c i a t i o n lsi s t e dh e r e a l l d e r i v ef r o m a M i d d l e E n g l i s hl o n g o , w h i ch d e ve l o p e d
t o t he pr onu n c i a t i o ni n ( B ) i n t h e F i f t e e n t hC e n t u r y .w i t h ( C ) a n d ( A ) a p p e a r i n gto w a r ci sth e
end o{ t he S e v e n t e e n t hC e n t u r y .A s a r e s u l t ,a l l t h r e e p r o n u n c i a t i o n sa r e c u r r en t i n va r l o u s
par t s oi t he E n g l i s h - s p e a k i nwgo r l d , w i t h ( A ) , r h y m i n gw l t h l o o f , b e i n g t h e r e c om m e r r d e 0
pr onunc iat i o nf o r s t a n d a r du s a g e .T h e s i u d e n t si n t h e S u r v e ys h o w a n i n c r e a s ei n th e u seo f
pr onunc iat i o n( B ) , a s i n b o o t .

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106)Do you
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.
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,
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65

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73
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begin wi'th "which do you

c) GrammaticalUsage
usage in the questionnaire
orammatical
on
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questions
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p e r t i n e n tp o r t i o n '
appear in all
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s ent enc eoi eac h c n o r c e i n - a
pool;(B) He
12) (A) He dove into the

Nfld

34

r tr l

3l

NS
NB
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M an
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66
60
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67
48
42
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(C) Either one'

femalestudents
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rnalestudenls
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female Parents

male Parents
Au v

dived into the pool;

43
40

49
54

oo

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55

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65
45
36
46
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23
48
52
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7
7
10
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11
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29665
49438
55
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55369
58348
32608
22735
30627
37
53

10

10

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male students
temaleParents
male Parents
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12
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24674
12
266 5 5
45
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42
33568
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13
31
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5
6
48457
14
57 3 7 6
27
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5
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43506
51 4 0 9
12
29
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60

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42
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12
25
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62
54388
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97
31635
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36586
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66
56395
59 3 3 7
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temale students
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29
33
57
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57
55
31
44
298
30
47

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52
31

12
11
12
14
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13
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13)(A) / climbed; (B) | clumb; (C) Either one'

lemale parents

male parents
ABC
N fld
P Ei
NS
NB

98
97
97

Ont
Ma n
S ask
A lta

99
98
97
99
99

ov

ADV

9621
97
9900
97
9531
9820
98
99
98
99

11
20
20
13
30
10
21
20
11
01

11
11

male students
ABC

lemale students

9432
12
96
9631
9622
{
YOCiI

9722
98
9820
97
9820
9731
98
9821
98
100

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9631
11
10
10
10

V5a1

12
97
9631
9631

11
12

12
10
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Total
p r e s e n tf o r m a s a w e a k v e r b
T h e o ld En glishstr ongv er b c lim banwas in gener alu s e i n i t s
be anythingbut a survivalof the
by ths sixteenthcentury. However,the form clumb cannol
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h
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maie parepls . .- -; JFf,f P.al9

A B c D t' -" B g

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NB
Qu e
On t
Man
Sask
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Total

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4 53 51 2
5 1 2 5 12 11
52 2 6 11 10
51 27 13 9
6
61 21 12
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5 82 11 2
b6

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18
4 62 7
40 3 2 16
58 2 1 11
5 12 61 39

I
11
10

11 7
5426
9
I
5626
59 20 10 11
47 24 15 14
68 15 10 6
6
I
6817
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53 24 12 11
I
601912
6
681312
58 21

11

tenlalol Studenfs

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10
13
13
16
10
12
11
14
12
12

39
37
46
28
5
53
42
41
45
54

26
37
26
38
14
15
27
24
23
19

29
15
16
22
12
20
21
19
21
15

37 29 21 13

45

25

18

37
31
35
24
54
40
36
32
35
45

31
34
32
39
19
24
31
31
29
22

21
22
19
20
17
22
22
21
23
22

;T. F-

12
12
I
12
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lo

10
12
11

I
t
I
I
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gr

ll

American
TheOEDrecord sr eal as an adv er bf r om 1718and n o t e s i t a s S c o t t i s ha n d A m e r i c a n '
really and
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feai is imporiantto many people and they leel that real should noi be used to modify an
by
ad jectiveTh
. e hig h pr opor t ionoT ( C) r es pons esby C a n a d i a n sm a y r e f l e c t t h e d i v i d e d u s e
n
u
l
l
a
t
o
(
D
)
t
a
n
t
a
m
o
u
n
t
is
ma ny,(A) in care f uls peec hand ( B) in c as uals pee c h A n s w e r
response.

73

E]

:i
+L

Repott
The Surveyoi CanadianEnglish:A

femalestudenis
ABc
Nft d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sask
Alt a

EU

44
32
31
31
35
37
39
43
35
38

49
62
62
60
54
56
52
46
55
54

52425
55395
59338
57358
41507
49446
49
41
45486
46477
44
4

6
I
I
I
11
10
7

33
32
31
g2

10

10

28
36
26
30
26
?n

53
56
54
55
6 '1
49
59
55
57
55

64
24
315eS
60
30
57
30
64
24
54
33
60
27
59
28
65
23
30, 58

14
12
13
'1 3
11
14
14
15
16
15

12
11
19
11
10
13
12
12
12

Total
Thank s t o a | o n g c o n d e m n a t i o n o t l t i s m e , m a n y p e o p l e a ryou-and
e a f r a i d t /o U
e m ei n ca
r e fu
|
This
may
inswriting'
disapprovesot betw.een
speech at 1.'"ruriru, Heritage
ac c oUn t t o i i n . n i g t . " , p r o p o r t i o n o f p a r e n t s t h a n c h i I d r e n u s i n g t h i s f o r m .

*--*.:r &*i+.;f' '-' -

Whorn'didioil-eZtClirf61ro'&;*ffi--''1.:.
21\(Al v\ho tltrl Yau see? (B)

Nf ld
PEI
NS
NB
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alia
DU

lemaleParents
ABC

male students
ABC

lemale Et,'4..t5
ABC

71235
71225

61315
68283
70254
66276
69273
66276
66258
70255
73225
75196

80127
78128
8487
76149
79128
15
76
10
80
12
77
8588
10
83

11
79
13
81
8685
10
83
81125
15
80
16
76
11
84
886
8956

71245
69218
66276
66284
76176
18
79
77175

I
I
10
7

'-*.

maleparents
ABO

ae124

:
*-

j.,r-.f

7
5
6
5

Total
Theev e n i u a | | o S S o | w t ? o r n i n t h e t y p e o f q u e s t i o n u s e d h e r e w a s p r e d i c te d b yEd w a r d Sa p i r '
this prediction'
in r r u " v r e s u l t sc l e a r l y s u p p o r t
i:,

i'

t
t

fi

74

,:=+..:,={;-*aiE++==+-:*=+.

.:

-.....::S-

The Surveyof CanadianEnglish:A Report

(D) stomach-sick'

22)(A) sick at the/my stomach;(B) sick to . . .; (C) sick in "';

ts
12

955
1 33
6 73 11
I4
681
7
584
6 72 15
I
1375
I
15 70
7 70 15
11 75 I
I
1274

Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Ma n
Sask
Alta
BC

11
13
11
13
13
12
12
12
11

II
I

ents

6
5

4191461
4 69 16
181126
4 80 "11

458
68
54
34

lO

/J

.J

21

I
578
46623
16
372
13
577
37414

74

B2
41
31

/O

I
2
O

6
6
7
5
4

282

37114

879

869
020
3 77 11 I
7 2
388
6 5
187
7 3
286
5 4
387
6
I
381
3
28212
6 4
386
3 83 11 2

languageitself'
The use of the differentprepositionsat, to, and in is as old as the English
the stomach is
Fne OED records sickin and sick at, but not sick to. However,sick to
Uptield in
recordedelsewherefor British English,and slck in is used by the late Arthur
popular of these
the
most
is
stomach-sick
Survey
to
ihe
According
Australia.
in
novelsset
preferredelsewherein
expressionsin Newfoundland,and sick to the/my stomachbeing
Canada.

II
I

3
4
2
4
5
3
3

87310

Total

'eful

974
684
488
483
15 80
15 71
980
786
10 82

temale students
ABCD

male students
ABCD

temale parents
ABCD

male parents
ABCD

I
It-

(B) No; (C) Sometimes'

24)Do you use eh in, e.g.,So that'swhat he thinks,eh? (A) Yes;
frla,le-parents *''i '=
AJV

ci*ra-:lt =:

fld
PEI
NS
NB
Qu e
Ont
Man
Sask

6
6
6

ntta

'd SaPtr'

BC
Total

f - - *- a

.94!!q!tt+4.

25
22
25
27
24
23
23
25
23

37
42
3
46
38
35
38
37
42

37
35
38
25
37
41
38
37
34

lemaleparents
AB C

maiestudents.
*B
c
A -* -

s-:':#+*qa--.s16
20
13
12
23
13
12
14
17
17

40
46
41
36
44
37
39
38
37

38
40
46
40
40
49
46
44
45

25
18
22
22
20
18
21
18
22

29
2V
28
24
34
33
23
24
29
29

fernal-esfu-denls
A

52,*

2A
36

TQ

z5
an

52
43
46
58
53
cz
48

zo

21
28
zt

23
29

.'"

^
{r

17

5?
f6*-ffi"

24
17
23
23
21
23
17

50
co

51
55
52
55
52

20

is a tag
Bothquestions24 and 38 have to do with eh as an interrogative.In Number 24 eh
questionsubstitutableby does he,'in Number 38 eh stands alone as an informalinterrogative'
This second use of eh has been cited as distinctivelyCanadian.The real facts about this
usag eh av ebeenSom ewnat obs c ur edby t h e w a y i n w h i c h t h e a n s w e r s a r e p r e s e n t e d '
especiallyin Number38. A better choice offeringwould have been otten, sometimes,never'
fn e u sa gl elic it edin Num ber38 is m uc h l e s s p o p u l a rt h a n t h e o n e i n N u m b e r2 4 .

I
I

75

The Sur v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o r t
I

(A) Yes; (B) No'

38) Do you use eh or What did you say?

I
I
ll

Nf ld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
AI t a
BC

AB
75

24

27
30
29
32
25
26
22

rnalestudents
AB

lemale patents

male parenrs
AB

14
15

73
69
71
67
74
74
78

t5
84

ZJ

II

18
22
14
11
16

81
76
86
88
84

30
25
- -Z+

7A
74
+ g-

25

t+

3l

oo

27
30

72
70

1
at

aQ

,8
22

71
78

fernalestudenis
AB
24

76

tz

-1727
39
24
19
19
16
22

R3 73
61
75
B0
81
84
78

. .,
#

.i

:].:li

i n c o n j u n c t i o nw i t h t h e p r e vi o u s
t ne aove c h a r t ,f o r N u m b e r3 g , h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d
ques t ion ,N u m b e r 2 4 , o n P a g e7 5 '

25) Te||in g t i m e : ( A ) A q u a r t e r o l s l x ; ( B ) A q u a f t e r b e t o r e s i x ; ( c ) A q u a r t e r t o s i x;
(D) A quartet illl six'
lemale Parents
ABCD

male parents
ABCD
Nf r d
rEl

NS
NB
Q ue
unl
M an
Sas k
uL/

Total

2
6
3
4
0
1
1
2
1
0

394
389
294
2 93
393
097
396
2 95
195
097

294

1
0
0
0
2
1
1
1
1
1

388
6
6192
3195
4195
3193
098
1
'1 0 9 7
198
1
1197
0 96
2

1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
0

male students
ABCD
1
594
1
1
2195
I
097
0
1
2 95
2
!
2194
5 92" 1
2
1
2 96
1
2
2 94
1
1
2 95
1
1
196
1
2.

femalesfudents
ABC D
2 S6
1
2196
198
1
0 98
2
0 c7
2
197
1
0198
0198
297
1
1gB
o

lt:::'

1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1

VC

This que s t i o n , l i k e N u m b e r 2 2 , i s c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e u s e o T p r e p o s i t i o n s . A q u a r te fta o l

aqua|t e t b e t o r e a r e o t t e n a s s o c i a t e d w i t h B r i i i S h E n g l i s h ; h o w e v e rare
, a q uof
a r the
te r tiunited
llis
states'
recordedTor-theNortnern
associatedwith scotland. A quarterol is
Canad i a n sp r e f e r a q u a r t e r t o v e r y d e f i n i t e l y '

A Repott
ot Ganadiannglish:
Th6S"orrvey

female students
AB

64
65
62
59
61
56

Nfld
NS
NB
Q ue
0nt
Man
Sask
Alta
BC
Tot
lot ai
al

33
32
38
40
37
42

bo

75
68
58
i

23
31
41

ot

36
35
39
39
58
43
37
33
38
50

59

39

59
59
64
57
47
61

31

66

61
63
60
59
40
55
62
66
61
49

OJ

37
48
31
38
27
29
38

60
50
67
62
72
70
60

cc

66

AQ

34

o+

OJ

'-

38
40
35
42
50
38

60

39

59

40

the
/"'atz ac e ost partl ci pl e i s

;iii
:f hiab'is
speech
::'$
lfl
f"iil
:"ff
ili13
:
.H:'l
;'
:
i:'ilffi
si:f
:
iii
*
:
x
::
n
r
i'i
f
:
#:
"1''""'ine
;l;ni[: tr#i:':
'l
ilii:li:n#irul,yl

orton's_survev,:,::::':*j.'"1'J:1.":^i.ii'J{',Ti5"ttl;:
toHarord
Acco(rrins
I t is ob v l o u s t r r d Lo ! q ' r " - '
like to th in k.
e d u c a t o r rs m ig h t
oi Can a d i a n s a s

30){4.)He wants to

out; (C) ither

go out;(B) He wants
temale Parents

male Parents

4Bc

AV

Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O ni
Nt an
Sask
A lt a
BC

88
51
68
57
70
49
62
54
50

19
14
18
13
19
17
21
24
18

28
18
24
15
31
21
24
25
29

57
72
59
78
52
s9
65
52
56

femalestudents

male students

^^

^HV

^v

865'l

8945

cl

one'

20
13
13
I
14
13
11
17
10

21
14
27
11
32
28
23
30
33

29
58
39
67
43
45
40
g7
42

-a

g7
20
26
13
29
20
28
2s
28

33
21
34
19
27
34
29
33
30

24

27

B5
31
5
1

70
40
40

46
34
^1

66
38
16
24
11
21
22
2g
28
23

30
25
35
18
38
31
31
38
35

22

30

:- *.a
::, I

::;

.t

:: _:
.1

77

 he S u r v e yo t C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h A
: Beport

36) (A) /l was laying on the tloor; (B) /t was lying . . .; (C) Eitherone.

F*F

'F

mate parenrc
AB

temaleparents
AB

male students

Nf l d
PE I
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sas k
Aita

26655
27627
32579
35
52
22
59
28
59
24
65
27
53
31
55
64
26

19
71
21
66
28619
26
s9
12806
15
73
18
67
27
60
26
59
19
70

11
29
33
35
13

73
51
50
43
73

13
16
17
20
12

zJ

tl

21
32
34
19

55
45
49
58

Total

23

13
15
12
10
17
i3
10

4
10
14
10
14
11
14
11

22
21
17
21

lemale students
ABc
B
2S
28
AA

10
20
to

27
30
20

B0
s3
Sg
45
78
62
62
S0
46

l0
16
18
20
11
18
20
Zz
24

et

Z ,)

25

58

Confusionbetweenthe two verbs,laying (transitive)and lying (intransitive)is widespreadas is

noted by American Heritage.A study carried out in SoutheastTexas shows that /ay used
int r a n s i t i v e l V
i s t h e " o l d e r u s a g e " a n d i i e i s t h e " s c h o o l r o o me x p r e s si o n "o f th e Vo u n q e r
risl*:roiagia;.it,i$" &en."sugg,esedlhat the.intra!ilvqJ-r:J iay iq-caqd Dy ar.' effolll;a,-;,_*av o i d r i 't s e n a n t i c ; o n f u s i o n w h i c h m a y a r i s e f r o r i l t h e u s e o 1 t h e i n tr a n si l i vet,:. ,.r ii 'i :i w r r l t
t he o t h e r v e r b I i e m e a n i n g" t o t e l l f a l s e h o o d s . "T h e s e l w o . v e r b ss h a r e p a r t o f th e sa m e
par a d i g m :I i e , l i e s , l y i n g .

39)(A) Everybodygets their reward; (B) Everybodygets his/her reward; (C) Eitherone.
male patents

lemale parents
AB

AtJ

Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sask
Alta
BC

53
54
56
60
58
51
54
56

35
29
29
27
28
35
30
27

JO

JI

55

27

12
16
15
13
11
14
15
15
IJ

18

54
53
49
48
51
48
44
48
52
49

35
30
34
34
36
39
36
34
29
36

10
16
16
18
12
11
19
17
19
14

male students
AB

lemale students
ABC

1
61
62
63
54
60
58
or
63
65

55
62
64
64
48
58
57
60,
63
67

22
20
18
13
27
18
20
tJ
15
12

17
19
20
23
18
21
22
z
21
22

21
19
16
14
33
17
21
12
13
11

24
20
20
22
18
25
22
27
24
21

Total
W he n t h e w o r d e v e r y b o d yi s t a k e n t o i n c l u d eb o t h s e x e s ,a p r o b l e ms e e m sto a r i se .
Ev e r y b o d yi s s i n g u l a ri n n u m b e r ,a n d m a n y p e o p l e w h o c o n s i d e ri t w r on g to fo l l o w i t b y
t f , e l r h e s i t a t et o u s e e i i h e r h i s o r h e r a l o n e ,b u t f i n d h l s o r h e r a w k w a r d .Pe r h a p sEn g l i shw i l l
s olv et h e p r o b l e m b y u s i n gi l s , a p o s s e s s i v ew h i c h w a s s o m e w h a ta r t i fi ci a l l ycr e a te dw h e n
Eng l i s hl o s t g r a m m a t i c agl e n d e ra n d w h e n t h e n e u t e rh i s w a s c o n f i n e dto m a scu l i n ecr e a tu r e s.
You n g C a n a d i a n ss h o w a m a r k e dd e c r e a s ei n t h e u s e o f r e s p o n s e( B ) .

:-"=4#+

q-:.,:j+E+:

T hsSu rve yol Ca na di anEnglis h:A Repot t

(C) Either one.

a3)(A)She'sgoing to bath the baby; (B) . . bathe the baby;

AOV

N fld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
0nt
[/an
Sask

56 37 8
18
72

Total

oc

At'V

I
a

O J ZYI

69256
52378
ot

oo

ol

oa

55 36 8
6 72 76
6 62 68

56359
18
75
73207
73226
47476
26
63
65279
31
59
24
64
67249

temalestudents

male students
AB C

temalepatents

male parents

10
10
11

AJ U

45
65

36
19

19
14

oJ

zo

t+

62
35
49
51

23
52
35
31

14
12
14
17

44
52

5t
60
54

zt
28
32

to
12
13

o+
or+
oz

73
70

41
18
19
19
43
35
25
26
23
27

I
I
10
12
13
14
19
10
13
11

i
I

A cco rdin gto the coD , t he v er b bat h, whic h is c om m on l yu s e d i n E n g l a n d ,i s d e r i v e d f r o m

tho noun, and batheis derived from the old English vetb balhian.Bath, as a verb, is not
b u 't
record edfo r AmericanEnglis h.A c lear m ajor it yof t he S u r v e yp a r e n t su s e b a t h a s a v e r b ,
t he y ou ng se emto be m ov ingt owar dst he adopt ionof b a t h e ,a l t h o u g ht h e m a j o r i t y s t i l l
use bafh.

45)(A) Behind the house; lB) tn back ot the house; (C) Back ot the house'
lemaleparents
ABC

male parents
D.
^

Nftd
.1-_-

67

12

2A

t+ :

NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
l\/an
Sask
Alta
BC

61
67
60
77
zo
84 7
81
6 45

21
15
19
13

17
17
19
'11
12
B
12
IU

7A

13

18

rryft.:-#23
62
20
69
68229
9
78
8568
87210
8748
OI

temale students
ABC

male students
ABC

i4
11

o/
a2

to
0

to

63
61

26
28

11

11
tt

11

a7

1e

7
7
6

at3

875
U

82
8.4.
70
69
55
B4
88

]i
i

s*Ihry*raSi*&

247
405

k
HI

YI

85
87

|1 4 ( ]

-7

-7

66

otal
T he p rep osition al
ph r as e( in) bac ko/ is r epor t edio be c o m m o n l yh e a r d i n t h e U S . A l t h o u g h
behin dis the mo re us ual us agein t he UK, t her e is s om e e v i d e n c ef o r t h e u s e o f b a c k o l
mouth
amon grura l spe aker s A
. v er y c ar ef ulnov elis t ,H. G . Ba t e s ,p u t s b a c k o 't h e w e l l i n t h e
oi a Nin ete en thCen t ur yr ur al s peak erin Bedf or ds hir ea, n d t h e E D D r e c o r d s i t a s b a c k o ' f o r
Mid lan da nd North er nEnglis h dialec t s .Ar t hur Upf iel d h a s c o n t e m p o r a r yA u s t r a l i a n su s i n g
backof in his novels, and AustralianEngtish(by W.S. Ransom)recordsback of the stump'
T heh igh estin cid en c eol bac kol in Canadaoc c ur s in Q u e b e c( a b o u t3 0 %) , N o v a S c o t i a
(abo ut27 ol"),a nd Ne w Br uns wic k( about 22ok ) .Her e a g a i n ,s i n c e b e h l n d i s t h e s t a n d a r d
usagea, nd so cia l d is t inc t ionsm ay be inv olv ed,m or e i n t e r e s t i n gr e s u l t sm i g h t h a v e b e e n
obta ine dby askin g r es pondent sil t hey us ed bac k ol o f t e n ,s o m e t i m e s o, r n e v e r '

79

ti
l

The S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p a r t

46) (A) /l /ooks as ir he'll go; (B) /f /ooks like he'll go.
lemale parents

male parents
AB
Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
Man
Sask

35
44
39
50
39
46
41
40

65
55
60
49
57
53
57
57

At ta

zJ

tv

BC

33

67

AB
49
56
55
60
54
58
51
49
45
47

50
44
44
39
45
42
47
50
51
53

lemale students

male students
AB

AB
7

Aa

27
21
23
24
27
23
20
20

72
78
76
74
72
74
80
78

zJ

tt

1A

Oe

-7

21

78

18

81

ro

27
25
32
25
20

73
74
67
74
79

Total
The u s e o l l i k e t o i n t r o d u c es u b o r d i n a t ec l a u s e si s n o t n e w , b u t g o e s as fa r b a ck a s th e
Six te e n t hC e n t u r y .L e o n a r dB l o o m f i e l di n L a n g u a g es h o w s h o w s y n t a cti ci n n o va ti o no f i h i s
k ind m i g h t b e c r e a t e d b y a n a l o g yYbi#l*t

*i

-.-

"tr - ,C c better {fi 6n ,t'.,-1r1,'

'-

- j '.

re!*i*l.&.+.

tc dc better than i udi th dl d

to

.-j

ri \ ruJ ' l ' ,

'i J

*'a#,S#Ss*a.

where the outcome i5 the costrutionlo da like iudith dicl'" (my emphasis)
ln t h e S u r v e y ,t h e y o u n g p e o p l e a r e m o r e i n c l i n e dt o u s e / l k e i n t h i s co n te xtth a n th e i r
par e n t s ,e s p e c i a l l yt h e m o t h e r s .

63) (A) He walked towatds the door; (B) . . . toward the door; (C) Either one'
lemale parcnts
ABC

male parents
AB
Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alta
BC

42
48
44
45
36
53
38
51
65229
36
52
32
53
31
57
37
48
62289

Total

53

10
10
10
10

41
47
42
48

10
10
10
12

44
41
38
47
40
49
42
48
54378

14
14
11
11

47
42
47
39
bdz oo

12
'13
11
14

male students
AB
52
48
58
48
59
58

28
36
24
30
24
26

19
16
17
21
16
14

,+o

\tc
)A

Io

44
57

31
20

24
23

'2

lemale students
ABC
47
48
55
cl

66
57
46
55
48
ol

29
36
28
30
17
24
30
26
28
23

22
16
18
18
17
19
24
19
24
15

The r e i s n o t h i n g n e w o r e x c l u s i v e l yC a n a d i a na b o u t t h e i n t e r c h a n g eo t to w a r d sw i th to w a r d ,
. n ce o th e r
alt h o u g hm a n y p e o p l e s t i l l f e e l t h a t t h e r e o u g h t t o b e a d i f f e r e n c em a i n ta i n e dSi
of one of
pr ep o s i t i o n sh a v e o n l y o n e f o r m o n e m i g h t e x p e c t t h e e v e n t u a ld i s a p p e a r a n ce
t hes e t w o f o r m s . H o w e v e r ,o n e w o u l d n o i e x p e c t t h e p h o n e m i c a l l ym o r e co m p l e Xfo r m
t ow a t d sw i t h t h e t h r e e - c o n s o n a nfti n a l c l u s t e rt o b e r e t a i n e di n s u c h a n e ve n t a s i s i n d i ca te d
by the Survey results.The youngstersshow a decided decreasein the use ol towatd.

80

+:

if,i.--=FilIFFriffi

- +i

= ," i]=iF 4*-'l.+6t

\,r

English:A Report
ThSurveyol Canadian

\i'1.,
]r lr i

(C) Eiiher one'

out;(B\ t'm worn ouf;
68)(A) l'm wore
male siudents
lemale Parents
-^
parents

male
AtrV

Nfld

PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
Man
Sasl<
Alta
DU

-^

64
26
66
19
70
18
17 74 9
s8 66
1a
72
76
13
72
14
75
14
g 82 8

AV

-^

66
24
72
17
12789
79
11
3924
28210

10
13
11

13
I
11
10

Abv

10
10
10

ss68
0867
t 867
491

o6

2a

52
24
65
16
60
18
4859
7O
15
g
75
59
20
i
7)
g7416

23
17
20

iz

15

12
'15

67

19
13

i'

lemale students
Auv
12
58
30
15
60
25
10
4
76
13
7
3
t
877
4
15
76
I
10
83
6
13
79
7
13
78
10

868

\"

12

77

16

\'
il ,
1,

ihat
out
ore
i:''i,';;;;'
:voT'|:::v^::11".
L " v v " r 'i:::til.'J,, agr
t hem s et v e sr r v r r rli;ifJJ'Heedin dis s oc iat ing

r,,,'i\i.
t

,f* o rirnu nito usly

,;

(C) Either one'

lf he were here'' ' ' ;
would improve;(B)
things
here'
was
he
/f
sg) (A)
temale students
students
male"'""'l t.tdtv
-^-. .C - _
AH V
te g a le p a r e n ts
_-B
, A
g
C
male Paa ^nt s ' . - ,
^
t ""' "i' C I A
u
B
A
[ ^
| ::
""---i
Ivttts'v

e''

ir lr J

1tl

,|
;;
iz .ii
i'r 1?
i;-.ffig
:, .T:'"
ffi,,hi
m"et$4c46..+.td;*ry*oi.B28:l...1",i"';\i'1i'.f%tr{ffiir
- "-':1

il i11i Ir i: l ':i lu ii\ : ?ii

ff
i
I
fi
18
4 2 i
l i ; ? I:'
,
i :. I1 i 2; ^ l' , ' ^
z
i

s
'
s
I
i'
*
'
1
l
i[li
i ,iIz j
ii li3 i: I ii ei ? I I'o3: i?\il
',

Tot al I 38

5u

rr

30
I ""

H
F
'"i I

61

of ihe verb
on-theusage-"f t':lt:11]^1orrn
information
elicit
to
Thisquestionis intended

i;;;;,";;: ,yti,.",';,;j;
" at
#i,il";';'3':fljJl';:;;l1l-:.61lli'l':iJiff;'
tu'uevvounspeopre
I mo vetha t h e b e ' . ' ' t c

a conditio'
arready
expresses
:' :?T:I:*":*iy;*::"'l'i"'*
thisusase'
il::i"J"::"""."*o in"i..doubiconcernins

81

The S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o t t

70) (A) My book is ditterent to yours; (B) . ' . ditlerent than yours; (C) . . . different ltom yours,

Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alta
DU

48
26

349
567
566
269
859
656

ZY

24850
46036
26928

ZY

30
38
20

74
5
573

;;

to3

ABc

46332
47322
Jz

ol

/O

Z+

/c

tY

46432
74
6
37323
80
3
4
81
76
7

94645
65935
36827
27127
36928
56430

t) ou

ternalestudents

male students
AB

lema!eparents
AB

male patents
AB

35541
170p8
27028
1aa

zo

45936
37522
17920
27127

16
16
15
18

7A

10

27027

Total
Ac c o r d i n gt o t h e O E D , d i t l e r e n tT o l l o w e db y a n y o n e o f t h e t h r e e p r e p osi ti o n sm a y b e to u n d
in good writers,past and present.The UsagePanel of Anerican Heritagefavoursdifletent
lrom when it can be used "without introducingwordiness"and seems to think that dlfierent
New World Dictionary.giuesdillerent tlan 7s "tsr;i 'r' I r' ii rn'r:l
te is Br:itig.il*"t{qbq{s,\

..1

; +4 !

t!r:,r

-ar,o a/rei":iii.'6
" r olrnri,,iaii'ir r,.rii*i rreir#i4ta mi'r!"i''n

"colloquial" dilterent th4ti io diltetent ttom.

-ffi;'+*

''
B0)(A) Slnce he's gone, we'll leave; (B) Seelng as he's gone, . '.; (C) Becausehe's
gone , . . . ; ( D ) A s h e 's g o n e , . . . .
lemale patents
ABCD

male parents
ABCD
Nf I d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
Ont
M an
Sask
Alt a
BC

6714162
69 13 14
72 12 11
68 13 10
75 11 10
66 18 11
7
6424
I
6520
B
67 19
B
6025

Total

67

17

11

4
4
9
2
5
3
4
5
6

1
4
2
2
2

71 10 17
70
I 16
73 11 13
72 10 13
63 22 11
7012122

oJ

3
4
5

68 18 10
6720102
I
6821

71
74
77
72

1313
I 11
I 10
11 11

3
5
5
6

oJ

tt

69

13

11

ol

zo

10
6521
6
6920
10
5628
.15
10
69

lemale students
ABC D

male students
ABCD

69

zt

15

lz

12

3
1

67
77
80

14 16
o

tJ

711
I 11
69 1 7 1 0
74 1 4 1 0
o4
20 13

74 t o
a
14 11
oo
238
73

1
1
3
1
2
1

13 11

Tho s i g n i f i c a n ti t e m h e r e i s ( B ) s e e l n g a s h e 's g o n e . S e e i n gi h a l i s n o t u n u su a la n d i s
r ec o r d e db y A m e r i c a n H e r i t a g e ,w h i c h a l s o r e c o r d ss e e l n g a s f o r i n l o r m a l u se . A p a r a l l e l
expressionis I don't know as I can.

82

='*!ir=+*-*i

,*ii*

=-=lFf

*-*rF"!*+.

a+*.*:

a:----

+fi&+-ff{}i|-

**:

'#]!aqF..*#F*+

-'=+'*#e

:'

Englis h:A Repor t

rho S urveyo1Can ad ian

by' "'
whenm y bac k was t ur ned; ( B) He s n e a k e d
B g)(A) He snu ckby

N fld
PEI
NS
NB
0nt
Man
Sask
Alta
BC

82
15
21 73 5
2 66 58
2 46 69
71
16
3 45 69
46
41
44
41
47
42
40 50 9

I
10
12
11

79
16
77
16
23706
217A9
23716
55
34
39547
42517
41508
5266

femalestudents
AEU

male students
AB C

temaleParents
ABC

male Parents
ABC

4
6

10

42
52
63
65
60
59
63
64
63
70

20'
18
16
14
14
18
16
15
17
14

37
29
21
18
25
18
19
19
17
15

60
26
30
55
24
63
23
64
66239
19
65
20
68
20
67
16
70
'1 5
70

11
14
13
13
14
11
13
14
14

Total
A | t ho ug hth eo EDisd oubt f ulabout as s oc iat ingt hepr e s e n t w e a k v e r b s n e a k , s n e a k e d Wi i h
t heoldEn gIishstron gVer bs n= r c an' m eaning, , t oc r a w I , , 't h et hr e
c e r t a i n l y Wa ssst ruocnhgavVeerrbD' .
der iv ed oni y T r o m e o l d E n g l i s h
T he pa st ten se ,snu c k , . r . n. his ior ic ally
same classas
an old Eng l i s hs t r o n gv e r b o f t h e
com pa rostrike, stru c k , * ni"n . o* ", f r om
t
h
e present
o
f
h
a
b
i
t
s
s
p
e
e
c
h
t
h
e
x now wh t
sneakb efo reit be ca m eweak . one does not
grade -nin erswillbe whent hey r eac hm at ur it y but it is r e a s o n a b I y c e r t a i n t h a t s n u c k w i | | h a v e
y ear s t o c o m e '
gre ate cu
r rren cyamo ng adult s in Canada in t he

94)(A\ I'm going t o vi s i t

fri e n d sto r th ee v e n i n g ;(B' ')'

vi si tw i thmy fri ends' ' ' ;

11

(C) i t n e r o n e . - -

male siudents
:A'!:.i

N fld
P EI
NS
NB
Q ue
0nt
rvtdn

Sask
A lta
BC

81
78
75
B1
B1
73
70
71
o1

I
10
11
16
10
12
11
14
7 10
7
11
t+

tL

16
16
99

13
13

83125
20
69
12
76
12
73
8569
79129
a^
1)
18
66
16
69
827i1

11
10
15

11
I
B
10

15
15
14
15

11
74
12
69
11
68
10
75
78912

10
18
20
14

74
73
78
72
ao71,
ta

12
16
15

js
temal e stul !t ''

A
1

o
84
B3
86
82
78
80
79
83

4
4
B
4
7

10
12
B
11
lc

10

10

Total

does not seem to add any

T hisqu estionis co nc er nedwit h t he phr as alv er b v ls l f w l t h w h i c h
Fowler in
t
"
i
b
p
a
r
e
n
t
t
he
nua nceor me an ingnot alr eadyex pr es s edby
1 lo?t1hue^r-w. Ti s'Jei n g e n i o u sd e v i c e
A Diction aryo l Mod er n t n' gt is n'us a' gedes c r ibes . t hi sa b u s eo f a n
F o w l e ra d m i t st h a t t h i s a b u s e
of e nrichin gthe En glis hv o"c aUut aras
y "US in or igin. " H o w e v e r '
by American
is n ot con fine dto tn e US, uiis wic les pr eadin Br it a i n . V i s i tw i t h i s d e s c r i b e d
"
A
m
e
r
i
c
a
n
"
'
a
s
i
t
C
e
s
c
r
i
b
e
s
He rltag eas "info rm al, " und- W "b, t "' t New W or ld

:
!
l

1
I
i
i

t
I

83

r il

ffi

;r

li i

tr
tr

A Report
The Sur v e yo t C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :

t'l
l

.*:T:
+i:i

il
I

( B ) N o ; ( C ) K n o w n 'b u t
r i z i n t h i s a r e a ?( A ) Y e s ;
96) Do yo u s a y N o c o r n i s
male students
femaleParents
male Parents
AU
ABC
ABC
66923
1
5
580
16
82
2
16
Nflct
76
6
387
48312
PEI
4
8
3
1
2
o
289
I
481
13
NS
76
B
11
3
8
6
1
5
8
1
4
13
NB
79
5
190
13
83
1
Q ue
5
7
6
1
2
5
094
11
87
1
13
O nt
80
5
089
10
8
7
1
M an
4
7
8
1
7
I
090
18612
13
Sa-qk
81
4
194
1
o
2
6
16
Alt a
79
4
094
10
90
o

n o t u se d '
fernalesiudents
ABC
74
4
48114
85
2
B0
3
85
3
38512
291
85
1
28512
82
1

20

;'

.?

12
1
10
6
13

i..:

15

DV

M i d l a n d 'S o u t h er n 'a n d N o r th " r o s e " 'i s k n o w n i n t h e . s o u t h past participle(risen) is used by

The u s e o { r i s e , m e a n t n g
u,"
Tne use o i)
^
t h e g r a ss i s r i z'" Bu t r i z'
eastern New Englandur""rin..
i n " T h e S p r i n g i s 'p i 'n g '
o
"
"
''"
'i
"
"
'
o
n
l
y
m anv m o r e , e v e n i

y1:;jj:#{[;Jl#t":ii'"-i:9ffi
*,r*u,.**++i,r!e-Ei.rlJ3
,rrei,!n0
-15i,0.,s,
t yliS:i'",.JT;=1ffiffi
itsappearafrc'
andsince
romold Norse,

withso
ngruno'

'
' ':l
{

n
-n"
have
*o.i"',irthev
,;isin';
J!:[,J'i";;',n
]
;h;,:ru*::.,:i:['.1J,;ffi;
correctly'
unde r s t o o dt h e s e n t e n c e

(B) He's at home'

97) (A) He's to home;
male Parents
AB
N{ ld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
Man
Sas k
Alta
DV

aoA

297
298
298
092
298
098
395
1Q)
rOq

temaleParents
AB

3
2
1
4

0
1
z
1

95
97
o
97
96
98
9B
99
OR

98

male studenls
AB
bvu

495
690
691
885
494
o)
395
593

lemale students
AB
396
296
298
198
395
199
297
198
297
396

To t a l
I

= :-...=

.r*+.

=-tfF=*Ei..++

Eq u a l l y
a r e a o f t h e U n i t e d Sta te s'
i n t h e N o r t h e r ns p e e c h
a
s fa r so u th f h" , a " o f t o h o m e i sk n o w n
L
e
i
c
e
ste
r
sh
i
r
e
f
r
o
m
, . o r O " OO y t f , e O O
i

'r
"
r
"
',
,
f
a
c
t
,
n
"
,
t
h
e
im p o r t a n ti s
we s t a s C o r n w a l l '

:-=={rl-*q

--ffi!!F=

A Repor t
I he S urveyof Ca na dia nEn glis h:
il

1 00)Doy ou sa yAlo tolp eo plear eaway any nor e?( A) Yes ; ( B ) N o ; ( C ) K n o w n 'b u t n o t u s e d '

82
11
B0
1'1
98 55
7 85 7
'10
76
69
18

NfI d
NS
NB
0nt
M an
Sask

7
7

78
I
83
10
8874

I
12

7903
75
12
7865
4869
B867
786

OR A A

7S
I
8 82 9
5 BB6

BC

10

temalestudents
ABC

male students
ABC

femaleParents
ABC

male parents
ABC

11
6
o

11

78
10
74
13
12807
74
14
78
11
69
14
12807
77
10
79
I
80
B

12
10
10
B
10
11
11
10

76
14
81
10
5887
82
10
7857
14788
6885
5877
7866
4887

11
7
B

Total
and questions'
Theuse o 1 a nymore ,tomean "at pr es ent , "is nor m allyus e d w i t h n e g a t i v e s
"dialecial'"
as
affirmatives
in
anymore
use
ol
the
describes
World
Websfer,sNew
not used'
109)Do you sa y /t's some hot out t her e?( A) Yes ; ( B) No; ( C ) K n o w n ' b u i
temaleparents

male parenls
AB
NTId
PEI

60
4g

24

NB

tc

28
28

.\lq

AbU

16
lc

...t ,-,11;,.s:

0nt
Nian
Sask
A lta
BC
t ot al

19
6
7
10

56
44
50
51

40
76
B4
7

38
17
Y
to

28
41
34
32
Q^

rra'
ft
79
7
5886
3888
6868
58113

14
13
14
17
-'= o-11

temalestudents

male students
ABC
62
48
58
53

27
35
28
26

AJV

10
14
13
17

77Qq
,r
+:.LY -

't 1

74

9845
9789
82
7
76
B

10
10

70
42

17
39

50

za

2.4
61
5 i s ''8 0
" 7
588
488
584
678

11
1B
lo

14

1t?wffi
7
7
10
10

,Jts]]a

F]
F
F-1

59

i li t e E D D f o i ' C o r n '" v a lLl ' i n c o l n s h i r e '

T heuse o f so me fo llowe dby an adjec t iv eis r ec or decby
andLancashirein En gla nd.Rec ent lya s t udentf r om Eas t A n g l i a r e p o r t e dt h a t t h e e x p r e s s l o n
someho t is used b y rura l s peak er sof t hat ar ea. Pi' edic t a b l ya h i g h p e r c e n t a g ei n t h e
l\4arit ime
Provincesu se t his ex pr es s ion.

T
{
i

85
,

Lr

 he S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h A
: Repott

d) Voeabulary
9) T h e p e r i o d b e t w e e ns u m m e ra n d w i n t e r i s c a l l e d : ( A ) t a l l ; ( B ) a u t um n ;( C ) e i th e r w a v.

Nft d
PE I
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sa sk
DU

male parents
AB

femaleparents
AB

male sludents
AB

lelrale sfudcnls
ABc

51
24
68
12
73
10
10
71
61
15
61
12
76
10
75717
76915
67825

46
24
11
69
66
13
66
10
68
10
63927
67925
68824
10
71
62928

43
17
67825
65
11
63828

38

c3

J4

41
70
65
64
49

24
21
17
19
23
27
14

28
19
20
24
22

19

23

tt

60
10
60832
61
10
74624
59634

29

28

;;
63

Total

#isFT.{l

15
921
827
828
10
12
10
7lo
933
729

40

A9
g4
38

29

Th e d i c t i o n a r i e s e
. x c e p t t h e D C E , d e s c r i b el a l / a s c h i e f l y A m e r i c a nusa g e ,Br i ti sh En g l i si l
pr e f e r r i n ga u t u m n .T h e D C E m a k e s n o c o m m e n t r e g a r d i n gp r e f e r e n ce s.H o w e ve r ,th e FD D
r ec o r d s l a 1 1t n B r r : : s i l; i r " r l j s hd i : l c c t s . A m a i o r i t yo l C a n a d i a n si n e a ch 6 f +fr sg ',r ','..
:aiegories ,,"oi1"i/4fi:';ffig*r geherTlffidroff,ffitr ;rse ( | t,:tLtinr--r-.ft-ff'G"
ihe E a s t e r nP r o v i n e e s .
=. : _ . _ . . - : - ,
l

r:.-

29 ) A n u p h o l s t e r e dc o u c h i s c a l l e d : ( A ) a s o l a ; ( B ) a c h e s t e r l i e l d ;( C) a d a ve n p o r t;
( D ) B y a n o t h e rn a m e .
'lemaleparents
ABCD

male patents
ABCD
Nf l d
PE I
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sa s k
DU

10 82
10 75
983
11 B0
2471
11 86
13 79
787
984
688

Total

10 82

AIT A

4
5
2
3
1
1
2
2
2
1

3
I
5
5
2
3
4
3
4
3

982
979
1082
883
21 66
11 82
585
491
687
490

1
3
2
1
2
1
3
1
0
0

884

male students

temale students
ABC D

EWU

3
8
5
7
I
5
6
3
7
5

883

tzJoJz

962226
858
330
lo

t4

11 79
11 61

o/

960
t/

o\)

11 68
974
B 69
7 76
I 72

3 17
314
3 19
0 15
1 16

13 61
12 70
767
669
667

10 67

tu

tJ

bc

226
123
130
1 18
124
1 15
124
t

125
123

he p r e f e r r e du s a g ei n B r i t i s hE n g l i s hi s s o f a , a l t h o u g hc h e s t e r f i e l di s a l so u se d . Th e C OD
r eco g n i z e sd a v e n p o r to n l y a s a s m a l l d e s k . S o f a a n d d a v e n p o r fa r e t h e m o st co m r n o n l y
us e d o l t h e s e c h o i c e s i n A m e r i c a nE n g l i s h .T h e C a n a d i a np r e f e r e n cel o r ch e ste r fi e l dcl e a r l y
s e t s C a n a d i a nE n g l i s ho f f f r o m t h e A m e r i c a na n d B r i t i s hv a r i e t i e s A
. l a r g e n u m b e ro f
s t u d e n t s ,e x c e p t i n N e w l o u n d l a n dh, a v e c h o s e n a n s w e r ( D ) w h i c h m ig h t r e p r e se n tn a m e s
like couch and settee.

4-

L.-

*- - L

-:a$;+..a

fFrl'f-s=++=*ffF

= - :-.::...

i*!]f*+.''?dqe-q;:'=

t he S urveyof Ca na dia nE nglis h:A Repor t

( A) t ap; ( B ) s p i g o f ; ( c ) t a u c e t ; ( D ) v a l v e '
31)A n ind oo r b asin or sink wat er v alv e is c alled

NTId
PEI
NS
NB
Ont
Man
S ask
Alta
BC
T ot al

1 24
73
1 10
87
0 11
88
0 11
89
BB1B1
1 80
91
1 10
87
92 06 1
94 05 1
9 20 60

1
1
0
0

lemalestudents
ABCD

male students
ABCD

femaleparents
ABCD

male parents
ABCD

1
323
70
1
1 10
88
90090
1 13 0
85
180
90
90080
180
90
6' 0
1
92
95040
92060

8221 2 3
9225 0
172
91
9225 1
8421 2 1
BB29 O
171
90
8728 1
9405 0
9226 0

81
93
95
95
B9

1 16
151
040
041
190

q?

160
170
130
040

tc u

92
YC

RO

with the same device'

Q uest io ns3 1 a nd 3 2 ma y be c ons ider edt oget her ,s inc e t h e y b o t h d e a l
d
i
s
t
i
n
c
t
i
o nb e t w e e nt h e t w o
A
house
.
t
he
exceptth at o ne is in do or sand t he ot her out s ide
g
i
v
e
i
n
d i c a t i o no f t h i s '
n
o
dic
t
ionar
i
e
s
t
he
alt
hough
s
peak
er
s
,
to
r
so
me
is said io e xist
the kind of
F romt he diction arie sit a ppear st hat t ap is ex c lus iv elyuse d i n B r i t i s hE n g l i s hf o r
but
c
o
m
m
o
n
,
per
h
a
p
s
t
h
e
m
o
s
t
is
t
auc
et
Englis
h,
Am
er
ic
an
deviceinte nd edhe re. ln
refer
splgotan d ta p are a lso us ed. Fr om t he s ur v ey r es ult sit ap p e a r st h a t m a n y c a n a d i a n s
t
h
i
s
o
f
i
n
c
i
d
e
n
c
e
T
h
e
h
i
g
h
e
s
t
v
alv
e.
as
one
t
he
out
door
to the in do or d evicea s r ap and
distinctionoccu rs in Ne w oundland.

(D) valve'
32),A nou tdo or or ga rde n wat er v alv e is c alled a: ( A) t ap ; ( B ) s p i g o f ; ( c \ t a u c e t ;
temaleparents

tale trare.tfs

,$.F} --C- -

Nftd
PEI
NS
NB

ont
Man
S ask
A lt a
DL

Totai

?a
aa

70
75
57
B4
79
76
84
BB

11 45
5 19
7 20
6 19
ooz
AO
,5

0
0
0

to

32 4
3 13
19

947
37 3
5 16
1
77
1
6 15
77
7 18
1
74
' 1 11 22
66
177
85
3 10
1
83
84069
4 11
1
84
034
91
6

15

Ie" r:-.'estudents

male students
: ] . BC D
311
48
7
3
73
211
72
3 10
72
41317
65
3 11
76
822 8 8
802 8 9
2BB
81
164
88

j;#a

37
16
15
15

914

52237
33
I
3
75
7321015
1
B
76
2 14
66
I
3
77
B0 211
1 10
82
82269
193
86

13
15
',16
10
5
7

21012

T he ab ovecha rt fo r qu es t ion32 has alr eadybeen dis c uss e di n c o n j u n c t i o nw i t h q u e s t i o n3 l '

above.

a
o/

| .;

The Sur v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o r t

34) The sweet hard cake covering is called: (A) lrostlng; (B) icing.

Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sask
Alt a
BC

male parcnts
AB

lemalepatents
AB

18
42
58
62
19
791
791
889
694
494

17
30
45
48
11
988
986
789
10
890

76
55
41
35
76

75
67
54
50
85

88

male students
AB
'1 3
81

femalestudents
AB
18

79

28
48

69
51

oo

48

51

CI

JY

co

4z

15
14
13
10
989
12

81
81
86
86

12

87

| \)

OC

11
86
791
891

84

| |

jrj

;j

otal
Q ues t ions3 4 a n d 3 5 e n q u i r e i n t o t h e p o s s i b i l i t yo f t h e t e r m s i c i n g a n d f r o s t in g b e i n g u se d
t o dif f er en t i a i eh a r d f r o m s o f t c a k e c o v e r i n g .F r o s t i n gi s n o t l i s t e d b y a l l B r i ti sh d i ctl o n a r i e s
in t his s ens ea n d i s l i k e l y t o b e m u c h l e s s c o m m o n I h a n i c i n g i n B r i t i s h E n g li sh .Th e N e w
Univ er s alD i c t i o n a r yd e s c r i b e si c i n g a s q - j j z i D g o f s u g a r ,e t c . . . . , " b u t " g l a zi n g " i s n o t

'v*.**.r**a&*
jcn of riosiir:E.+iqfiffiffii16ffi,5;1$6f.,.netWrn=htd -rl
-.se6 jff"+h-'Je<icripr
s o ftc a k eornamentati on
i s recogni zed
i n thesetw o termsi n B ri ti shE ngl i sh .

q'r*+-i{lgs ;l,e.]
j
ll

I
il

' American dic-tionaries

and the DCE list both lcin-and'fOStti-,b.rit-mkdiro
disitneiii'i
Canadians,a l t h o u g h n o t a m a j o r i t y ,d o m a k e a d i s t i n c t i o nb e t w e e n h a r d ( i ci n g ) a n d
s of t ( lr os t ln g ,c a k e c o v e r i n g .T h i s d i s t i n c t i o ni s m o r e c o m m o n l ym a d e i n We ste r nC a n a d a
t han in Q u e b e c a n d t h e A t l a n t i c P r o v i n c e s .

35) The sweet soft cake covering is called: (A) trosting; (B) icing.

t il

l
l
I

ir

Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
Alta
BC

maleparents

femaleparents

AtJ

ttJ

42
52
60

54
45
39

o/

J I

27
30
32
31
23
26

68
68
65
65
75
72

49
49
54
56
29
44
38
45
37

46
47
45
42
68
54
57
53
62

.to

bl

male students
AB

temalestudents

29
37

68
60

58
23
24
22

38
74
74
77

52
48
54
61
25
32
30
38
31
29

zc

ll

17
21

82
77

Total

AB
43
49
45
38
73
66
68
60
67
70

40

The abov ec h a r t ,f o r q u e s t i o n3 5 , h a s a l r e a d yb e e n d i s c u s s e di n c o n j u n c t i o nw ith q u e sti o n3 4 ,

above.

,-,!.;E.,

;-lfn

aA

i.-

it-'
il
. i.:i

i.,

i':r:
i

f:

:,
!,:

i:

',

=..'.4|_;"4

''=d

:-i+

En glis h:A Repor t

TheS urveyoi Ca na dia n

5 s)T heinn erp arto lan eg gis c alled( A) y olk ; ( B) y el/ ow; ( C) y e t k ; ( D ) b y a n o t h e r n astudenls
me'
lemale
malestudents

I
1
1

t,
m a te p a ,e nts o
"u "u
I{l
";""
,
,
r
,
Iti 'u'110
oufn"o_ o q 2 1 2
I8
97
96400
1 00
99
2 o o
ll: T::9 53 10; ; 6 l e5952112 1 1l :: 93322
; ; l '
96221:
1 20
96
9 53 21
1 32
93
9 62 11
1.1
97
o,2 02

NS

NB

1
I

O nt
Man
S ask

I
i

' f Til '

9 90 00
96 20 0

110
97
g7310
11i
s7
100
98
96310
100
99
110
98
99000

96202

lnn o o glll 9 3 l:

t''-

97241
97211
101
98
o ',
9 7 '1

oR,

r n ' a l l 9 6 zt" l

;;

97211
95301

90432
93321
89432
94411
422
91
9351 v
122
94

wordi n th i ss e ri e s
,l j ., r nt er es t ins
' ' 1 1 1 1It-ttu d

Tromthe ol d
o t votk'B othw ords-are

n",n'",,?l':'"1"ii*'[$*:";",#[iJ::
rec"o'
rneEDo
ns,ish
seo/ca.
'1':li""'u'parents
than

bovs)
i".oecia,,y
f;:::: ".,fj."j::.J5;:,".:iiii.i,!''""oJ.il
Trjl
mat
fl:':i
nuiove,k
,.,po

:":l","iui:* Hi*".l.,ru:l'.";.;-i:'i::Jli'

I
l

tne t
questio nn airesince
,

l
56)A sma llsq ua reo fcl ot hus edat t het ableis c alleda: ( A ) s e r v i e t t e ; ( B ) n a p k i n ;

napkin'
ot simplv
instead
tabte'napkin
l?Liillf l5;mhereisusualrv
1.:r=::..

male Ytarents
==1...9:11S3

NiiJ
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
0nt
Man
Sask
Alta
BC

30
18
22
18
25
g2
42
32
36
32

49
66
63
73
55
52
37
44
43
48

20
15
15
I
18
17
19
22
21
20

te,ateParents
34
22
24
22
32
32
42
41
43
42

48
66
59
63
4S
55
46
43
36
39

16
11
15
15
18
t1
12
i
21
19

male student:
37
12
13
12
25
34
g6

39
72
66
75
55
38
37

lq

27
31

48
47

tema/e students
BC

l^

t'-^"
-- i1'

2,
l3

20
11
19
10

zo

25
21

20
22
19
30
40
40
ol

32
33

69
61
738
50
r
42
42
43

_1^ ::qrt*&|
:{

11
17
20
a,)

{:

.\l
I

26
26
23

s':::tl;Ji'.
toeether
ou..,io'nr
56and58mavbediscusseda c hanger n r t a
H;#;ttifl:::Jt:1ty'
mate rialof th e a rticl e in ques t ionc aus es

-iuixi, since napkin

l]"0 ,."i"0,,
tl:ili:"'ii't"i'ii"r'
servletteis also
thanis napkin,althoush
usedtessrequentty
i n the U ni tedstates;se
oTnapkinis not
a l sor ef er st o diape r." o * l ' ' i n -' p re fe rre dY t.?''i'tn'"ih"
s"
9'tl't::=
makea
r.,sed,
,,,,ott'n""[J
adults
many
bur lryebster's
't "t "n'"u'f'lre showihat
usedin Americunfngfirnl-h'J'C"""Oir. resutts

artictes
paper
glljl:,;iilti.;,j"ffiii:Ji 'l::..
distinciion
,n",i"in'",iJ
between
int
er
c
hangeab'
] "' ^^ ^ ^ ,
wor
ds
numbe r
use tn e r wo
;i:il

who

rB

LI
+
hi

32

Total

ije+

,rno
tvpe'
theciothor paper
i'r'^iiiti'' rorerther

89

Th Surveyof CanadianEnglish:A Repart

l,,l
'il
i:

t,
I

a: (A) serviette;(B) napkin;

58) A smalI SquareoT paper used at the tab|e is calIed
( C) eit he r o n e .

NTI d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sask
BC

AIJ

17
12
11

25
58
56
30
47
41
22709
37
40
22
64
17
66
32
51
38
44
38
44

19
12
16
16
17
17

22
61
52
35
43
42
63
26
47
40
'1 8
69
79128
23
62
27
52
30
52

femalesludents
A Be

male students
ABC

temaleparents

male parents
ABC

16
12
14
11
13
13
14
20
17

45
18
19
12
26
39
41
30
24
33

21
17
17
10'
18
21
22
25
23
1B

33
65
64
77
57
38
35
44
51
48

60
15
18
10
22

23
73
65
83
59

17
j2

4C

oU

14

45
32
25
26

32
43
52
54

22
24
22
19

17
7
19

Total
Thoabo v e c h a r t , T o r q u e s t i o n 5 B , h a s a l r e a d y b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n c o n j u n c ti o n w i th q u e sti o n
56, on p a g e 8 9 .
:qffiffi*a-*.s*p*

,.r-:-::::+ '*

.'c#*':-.ld#ii,..*iirisrl,

'.*.---r,J=,1;

pl ace to catch a trai n i s: (A ) stat l on; (B ) depot;

4 7 ) T h o term used i n connecti on w i th the

( C) r c r m i n a i ;( D ) c a l l e d b y a n o t h e rn a m e '

Nf r d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
BC
otal

903
889
933
943
954
954
6
91
935
826
925

3
0

0
0
1
0

z
a

1
1

0
n

91 45
9064
9423
9523
9721
9343
9253
9441

0
0
0
1
n
1

or7,
91

71

temale students
A BC D

male students
ABCD

temalepatents
ABCD

male parents
ABCD

3 10
84
90361
90262
84762
252
91
86472
86751
85653
86842
87751

85492
25?91
160
93
s3 2 4 1
92251
90361
88741
ODA'1

89731
87822

92

i h e y a r e i n te n d e dto d i sco ve r
Anot he r t w o q u e s t i o n s , 4 Ta n d 9 2 , a | e b r o u g h t t o g e t h e rs i n c e
p
l
a
c
e
s
.
T h e q u e s t io n sa r e d e si g n e d
s
t
o
p
p
i
n
g
b
u
s
a
n
d
t
r
a
i
n
b
e
t
w
e
e
n
a pos s i b l od i s t i n c t i o n
o
f A m e r i c a nEn g l i shd e p o ta n d
a
n
d
s
t
a
t
i
o
n
t o dis co v e rt h e e x t e n to f t h e u s e o f B r i t i s hE n g l i s h
p
l
a
c
e
o
n
e c a t c h e sa i r a i n a s sfa tl o n
w
h
e
r
e
t
h
e
t
o
r
e
l
e
r
t er m in a l . Wh i l ea l m o s ta l l C a n a d i a n s
( t r aino | r a i t w a y s t a t t o n ) , t h e y a r e d i v i d e d o n t h e n a t n e f o r t h e s t o p p i n g p | ace o fb u se s^ with
use bus depot or bus terminal'
About 35 per cent reier to ntfr as station,and the rest
to the Pacific) and terminal highesl
(Manitoba
West
the
in
preferreJ
usage
the
being
depof
f or t he E a s t e r nP r o v i n c e s .

90

i+

$--+.jii-Fi.,..

:.:-=

-:#;+:=*a*;5ifFd*+=-J-=

-i-:

'l*ltf

'ffFi-a-

-+--

 he Surveyo f Ca na dianEngiis h:A Repof t

92) The place to catch a bus is the: (A) siatlon; (B) depot; (C)
terminat.

Nftd
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
Man
S ask
AIta
BC

male parent$
.C
A
B

lemaleparents
ABC

male students
AB C

femalestudents
ABC

38
33
28
29
24
21
17
14
15
15

41
21
32
13
22
12
29
17
22
18
25
34
12835
11
87
'15
77
17766

62
19
67
14
51
I
60
15
45
17
42
18
41
44
41 5 4 4
37 5 4 8
40 5 0 9

61
72
51
55
44
40
37

23
18
16
20
16
31
74
80
76
75

39
48
55
51
57
49
7
5
I
I

lotal

22

37
54
64
54
59
40
1
B

19
18
40
23
35
35
12

17
10
6
14
12
22
52

\r

b4

34
oo

56
5

22
to

41
30
40'
3B
10
z

10
4
.--

JO

T he ab ove ch art. for q ues t iong2, has alr eady been

dis c u s s e di n c o n i u n c t i o nw i t h q u e s t i o n
47, on p ag e 98 .

53)A small fresh-waterstream is c alled: ( A) br ook ; ( B\

creek; (C) tributary; (D) by
anot herna me.

r'tftd
PEI
NS
1:.-

ir' ;
Ont
Man
Sask
A Ita
BC
Total

male parents
ABCD

femalepatents
ABCD

85 10
82 lq.
89 I

85 10
1
89_ 8' 1- 2
93401

5339
28 66
25 68
2474
15 B0
19 77

7
5
4
4
5
3

1 5
1- .. 1
1 '2

male students
ABC D

92.4'"**

4T + 7A 4
2270
0
2473
2
' 1378 2
12 83 1
12 83 0
53 43

I
0
5
3
3

58 38

1
1
2
2
1
0

B0 I
,.,:/2 16
837 1 9

1 10
110

female students
ABCD

226 0 3 1 5
13 7 2
177 0
10 7 7
68 1

3 11
211
2 11
1 11

8012
79 13
8370
88r 7
47 3B
26 59
28 58
25 58
2070
1372

44

211

50 38

,-tr:np-".s3 .7 r,.
3 8 43216

42

0
0

7
B

n'. .,-l+,"2 12
1 15
1 12
1 IJ
1 10
2 12
111

choice (A) b roo k, is re c or dedf or t he Nor t her n

s peec h ar e a o f t h e u s a s a n a l t e r n a t i v et o
cree ,an d in the Mid randsand s out h
of Engr andit is t h e p r i n c i p a | f o r m . T r i b u t a r yi s
requestedh ere be ca useit is r epor t ed
t o be in us e on t he c a n a d i a n p r a i r i e s .c h o i c e ( D ) a s i n
otherq ue stio ns,is le ft open f or pos s ible
lat er inv es t igat i o ni n t h e c a s e o Ti n f o r m a n t sw h o
use none of the wo rds giv en. c r eek ,
in Br it is h Engr is h,r e f e r s t o a s m a i l b a y o r i n r e i ,b u t n o t
to a small fresh-waterstream.
Here there is a division between the Canadianwest, where
creeis the p refe rredn am e, and
t he At lant ic Pr ov inc es w
, h e r e b r o o k i s p r e d o m i n a n l yu s e d ;
wit h spe akersin Que be cbeing m or e
or r es sev enr ydiv id e d b e t w e e nt h e u s e so r b r o o k
and creek.

91

l
b
tr
F

TheSu r v e yo t C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o r t

60) Do y o u u s e c h o r e s t o d e s c r i b es m a l l r o u t i n eh o m e t a s k s ? ( A ) Y e s ; ( B ) N o .
male patents
AB
Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q uo
O nt
M an
Sask

56
64
66

44
35
33

59
66
68
75
72

35
34
30
23
28

DU

ZO

otal

67

lemale parents
AB

AB

53
57
57
59
49
52
63
69

44
43
42
41
52
48
36
31

43
43
40
42
35
46
42
51

57
56
59
57
63
52
56
47

63

37

male students

temalesfudenfs

AB
49
38
41
44
35
42
40
41
50
50

50
62
59
55
64
58
59
57
5C
49

f he CO D r e g a r d sc h o r e a s a U S v a r i a n to f c h a r . H o w e v e r ,c h o r e i s u s e d i n Br i ta i n ,p e r h a p s
m ainly i n t h e s e n s eo f a n u n p l e a s a ntta s k , a s w i t n e s s e di n a r e c e n t n o v e l b y Jo h n Br a i n e .
The m a j o r i t yo f C a n a d i a np a r e n t si n i h e S u r v e ya g r e e t o t h e u s e o I c h o r e i n th i s se n se ,b u t 6
- - a- #S, ' t . ' llls lr lden|S. e X c e o t i n S a S k a 1 c h e w a n 'c o - l # i @ : r e 'i . i l r e 's e n s e
; i' . , e' 'i'e
, r e i i a v i n g f r e q u e n t l yh e - r d c h b r e s u s e Ct o m e a i , u i . p l '. ; l : i , 'i i T ,:.'"'
- ' r i ' r '. v r xr n d ,
y f t h o s e w h o r e s p o n d e dn e g a t i :'l r '. .'te r ,n m a y
in Car ia d ao n e w o u l d g u e s st h a t f o 1 - r n q 1 o
bo us e c ii n t h i s s e n s e .A n o t h e rf a c t o r w h i c h m a y h a v e i n f l u e n c e dt h e r e s po fl te R si s i n ? :1 ,
at leas t i n s o m e f a r m i n gc o m m u n i t i e so n t h e P r a i r i e s ,c h o r e s r e f e r se x c l u si ve l yto th e fe e r Ji n g
and c ar e o f t h e f a r m a n i m a l sa t r e g u l a ri n t e r v a l sb, u t n o t i n c l u d i n gr o u t i n eta sks i n th e h o u se .

61) W h i c h d o y o u s a y ? ( A ) L e t 's s e f t h e t a b l e f o r d i n n e r ; ( B ) l a y ; ( C ) t i x ; ( D ) sp r e a d .
male parents
ABCD
NTI d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
UNI
Man
Sa sk
Alta

90730
95311
96211
95220
95210
97210
98
101
121
95
110
97
95220

temaleparents
ABCD
BB8
982
1
97
952
973
990
982
990
'1 0 0 0
972

2
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0

male students
ABCD
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0

89470
92431
93241
90441
91
341
88631
92241
91
341
440
91
92430

lemale students
ABC D
1

94
YT

1
z

YO
YO

98
OA

9B
98
UO

1
1
1
1
1
'I

1
1
'1

n
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
I

Total
Thes e i t e m s a r e a s k e d t o t e s t t h e d i s t r i b u t i o no f t h e f o r m s a m o n g p a r e n tsa n d a l so to se e i f
t ho y ou n g i n f o r m a n t sa r e f a m i l i a re n o u g hw i t h t h e f o r m a l i t yo f p r e p a r i n gth e ta b l e to u se a
par t lc u l a rc h o i c e o f i t e m c o n s i s t e n t l yA. s t h e r e s u l t ss h o w , s e t i s u s e d b y m o st p a r e n tsa n 0
c hlldr e na l i k e .T h e m i n o r i t yl e r m l a y i s u s e d m o s t f r e q u e n t l yi n N e w f o u n d l a n dw, h i l e l l x
has t he l a r g e s tf o l l o w i n ga m o n g t h e b o y s , i n t e r e s t i n g l ye n o u g h .

+s,,-"-..

:-t|l+-*

=+F*==

A Report
Ihe Surveyot CanadianEnglish:

6 b)ln sid ea ch erry is a: ( A) plr ; ( B) s t one; ( C) pip; ( D) s e e o '

NfId
NS
NB
Qu e
Ont
Man
Sask

male parents
ABCD

temalePatents
ABCD

1 75 24 27
3 05 63 12
1 12
52 3 5
72 15 11 2
6
4 7 35 10
2
1
7 82 0
7
1
4 54 5
4 04 92 8
4
2
53 41
1
2
58 38

2448323
28 61
5831
68 19
5831
79 18
4745
4749
54 39
613522

2143430
334
48 15
5512428
52 17 12 18
5 10
66 18
3642219
3246318
512
46 36
6420510

210
1 10
2 11
6
6
1
2
5
2
3
1
3
4

44

52 38

50 38

Total

male students
ABCD
.13 41
3 41

temale students
ABCD
048
17 32
126
24 49
134
49 15
J
Zt
609
53 18 15 14
IU
J
70 17
114
47 47
214
30 52
4 13
48 34
47
64 23
47

28

29

420

in the uS and the onryone usedin Britain.

rno wotrostoneis the mosttrequentform
pif is arsorecordedfor the Northernsoeecfr13l""t5Yt^;,ili?"""'}ff
However,
and
orrruitrikeappres
rorseeds

i,ii:n::l:i;''r"":iii,i"'ir.

Lserved
'o'i,',.,.',v

ornlu"r-u,,

in canada. However,this is not true

resurtsshow pit to be the preferredusage
olin dividu a|p rov inc es , Pr inc eEdwar dI s I andand N e w f o u n d | a n d h a v e a f a i r | y s t r o n g
p ree ren ce forsf one, wit hahighinc idenc eof s eed i n N e w f o u n d l a n dthe
'N eresponses
w B r u n s w iare
c k amore
nd
plt. In the rest of the Provinces
ontario come out most svongi; ror
n ea r|ye ve nlydi v idedo". * ""npi' ands t one. Adult u s e o f s e e d i s l a r g e | y c o n f i n e d t o t h e
Ailan ticDro vin c es , but s eedis m or epopular am o n g s t u d e n t s 'p e r h a p s b e c a u s e i t i s a

lc3!9I,
seneric terrn-wjtlt,w-i-d?'CPPl

e*'

ffi--i3;

(C) I'm tuckercdout; (D) none oTtf]ese

67)Which
ilo,ypu say? (A) l'm beat; (B) I'm bushed;
".*,'-"":.-=*iFi.xii

B c D lA
lA
Aq12117
Nfrd 165
65 1212
320 3 20 l::
':7 724
::',^
62
625
7 6:l:?12::',";;l;;;;
PEr 162
62 7
420
I
4.lil::'^;;"^
66
15
Ie 4
Ns 170
70
620
6
68

femaie.s d#t
t
lo
" r ?,
tl
v
68 14 5 11
16 4 27
I; 5 0 1 4.,;
6 2 9 rs lsr
234
Is+10
5oza
28
52 13
625
l;;rr
5 3 1 2 6 2 7 627 lso13

Q ue 168
68 131 3

l ;;;; a . 1 A

:r":ffi

617t t
b
| ::
, u,
61 11
4
413
' t3
l ::
::
57 '11
41414.
ont I 665
51 616 4
| ::
ll
59 14
14
M an I 64
64 1 66 3 14
l :: ::
6012424
3 15
saskl6415
6 4 1 5 3'?l:Y:::::l;;;;
64 12
3 18
11 319
Ar ta 16677 11
l::',^::i
I
65
7 11 2512

NB

p-;ffi,,m^
B c D-l A

68

:424: :
:'
5 " ; 26
:620;;

4, 20
323

4217
I ; ;3io
14
8 iis

;3;6 1 9; ;

4 4 04 0 |
^ 36 |
4 36

sz

18

+z i4

45

142

^
4s
| ;;
4 1 2 0;;4 3 5 4 3s I se 16 z

7 " " l ,; 4 0 ;;
20

5 3 4i 4
^
5ott
34
443

I + s 16

3 35

I+g1e

335

ls s 1 1

445

93

:l
!l
!

3I

: Report
The Sur v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s hA

:]
j
I

l
71) Deepjr i e d o b l o n g p r e c e s o l p o t a t o a r e c a i l e d : ( A ) c h i p s ; ( B ) t r e n c h f r l e s ; ( C ) fr i e s
femalestudents
male students
lemale Parents
male parents
A BC
A
B
C
AEU
ABC
3 85 7 2
59373
41553
46512
Nfld
2A781
2
5
7
1
3
1
82
16
22761
PEI
42571
43533
3
9
5
8
1
38601
NS
1
4
7
8
7
4
82
'15
13
7
77
NB
89
0
10
14822
2
4
7
3
3
2
5
0
9
2
Q ue
1
2
8
s2
1
7
7
5
6
0
74
25
30672
O nt
40581
41562
5
2
4
5
0
5
2
4
5
1
M an
4 94 9 0
50463
56412
62361

Sas k
43561
4l
5U
'
51481
54432
4 84 2 8
1
0
4
4
45
49492
56403
DU

i
l

29

T o ta ll4 0 5 b'l uu-l l

Thewor d c h i p s h e r e r s u s u a l | y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h B r i t i s h E n g l i s h , a n d t r e n c h fr i e so r fr i e si s
us edinN o r t h A m e r i c a ] i l ; ; ; l r l e s i s , , u " r r i '. i . , 'J s c o I | o{r
q u i a |p',oAt m
i chaincahnadr e kn o w n a s
a teor,w
i e s c r i b e c h i p s a s t h i n s l i c e so f i e d
i
c
t
i
o
n
a
r
t
e
s
c anac:r'
lia nd
"

##
L

'I
l

olurnbi
4sJF.'ff:ry-ffi*,t--"'I'*:Ttt - - '"
i* ,,l.".,airies andin&rtrs-h

aduI t s , w i t h t h e c i r i I o r e n t e n d i n g a j i t t | e r n o r e t o w a r d s t h e u
s e o T t r n C h r I i d '|1in
t 3
ier:
NewfoL':r4of these names; except for the boys
canada frcnah ltiesi* ir,a lno.i.ommon
|and, wh o h a v e c h o s e n t " J 'r t . , *i t n u r r - i h e o t h e r g r o u p S i n t h e P r o v i n c e i n p r e fe r .r i n g u l ;p s..

,l
l

(A) yes; (B) no;

74) Do yo u r e f e r t o m o n e ya s b r e a d ?
lemaleParents
ABC

male patents
ABC
Nfld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sask
DU

486
388
293
Oq

880
487
189
290
492
196

I
B
5
A

I
I
7

3869
3925
2943
2953
2944
2943
1935
1935

i o4

2954

(C) sometimes'
temale students
A BC

male students
ABC
54
11
54
10
59
10
55
11
42
17
52
13
96228
49
12
95436
51
10

34
35
30
32
37
32

57024
37027
47323
37424
76428
47026
57321
oc

39

38

46828
37520

.^1t

Total
p e o p le ' Th i s u se o f
o T t e na s s o c i a t e dw i i h y o u n g
The wo r d b r e a d , m e a n i n g" m o n e y " ' i s
d
e r i v i n go, r i g i n a l l yfr o m
t
h
e
m
t o r d a n d l a d y 'b o t h o f
br ead sh o w s a n i n t e r e s t i n gp a r a l l e lt o
breadto mean "money"
ot
use
The
tho "guardian" and the "t<neader"of bread' "'pt"iiu"ty'
is c Ur r e n t i n t h e a r g o t o f n a r c o t i c a d d i c t s . | t i s t r u e i h a t w o r d s f r obmy at h
r goosteswh
do o
d euve
o peam '
selth
f o r g o t t e no. r u n k n o w n
, n d t h e i r o r i g i ni s o f t e n
wide c i r c u l a t i o n a
Noone i s s u g g e s t i n g t h a t a n y o n e u s i n g t h i s t e . r m i s n e c e s sthe
a r i lgreatest
y c o n n e cnumber
t ed w i thof
d r uthose
g s.M a n y
usi breacisometimes'
youngstersin the survey J'ni'
find
and
origin
its
pe"rrraps
'o
tne novs ur" ror" aware of
using it consistenilyo.,nJir,.tovr.
attractive'
its q"uafityof toughnessby association

=*:=*+

-:{FlE

!rF+{h=+e++ja**+-

*-,-_ --Ftu-r*i

CanadianEnglish:A Report
TheSurveyof

you use? Let's rest a:

75)Whichclo

.1
*
I

NS
NB

B7b'
8659

0nt
Man
Sask
Alta

85 a7
87 21 1
87 11 0
82 41 4
4
86
8 62 11

EV

89
89
on

11

12
77
B s 68

Nfld

't

^^

94
B9
90
o

10

89
90
89

78
S6
Z6
34
19
t7
1
ZB
o
j

b'l'
female sludenls
Abv

male studenls

temaleParents
RBC

male Parents
AtsV

(A) while; (B) spe//; (C)

Abv

1o
10

ID

,o

10

79812
86310
8929
19
89
1
74
81217
82216
83215
79219
82215

4^

759

o
I

864
845
726
743
832
795
784

a,

20
IJ

18
12

23

15

1I
-a

p o s t m a n ;( C ) e i t h e r o n e '
is t he: ( A) m ailm an; ( B)
79)A ma n who d eliver slet t er s
lemale;tudenf
emaleparenrs^
parents
male
, lu'" 'otn"
I
"
807 1 1

- "*4--=

ir,

ii

1-is

l;

ffi l;

--rr

i;
;

-fl-s?e']g*l .-"*iJryq

i;i7 1
1 3I ' u

rr**
i+ l'lTl:
83 6:9

s
5

? ^ : l i :78 io
27lo' ?2 '?2
I
74
76 2 1 6
it lu'10 o ?2 78 8 1 2

'i4 i az
',4

ri

,u
lr ,
.14

15-

; l; ;
.14

'r'ss

r*i :: l tiI I ; : iiiilir : r : l n : i !

II
,:, i
._J::l

:.i;;
ill;;;;
i

,i

ur

sa sk lz a

;i ; 'lr ;

Bc i o o

10

i4

14174

1 4I ' o

1e i es

:-

\ : ? zE
io

81

11

o'

rq

81

"

'

Bb49
85411
8649

' -- -4

1,

Total

orthese
twoitems,postmani,::-,"]r-":::"1:::
ls ar 5v u""- i::'ri:tX::
"' v o r n g

['["

"?,',l#ili',:
more
Dosttm
ma.
ann' : "lt - "^: ' ; i:
A me rica nEng lish ,a lt houghpos
oeople use mailman
The , ^, , n n p
u.on g uo rtt"rp ea k er sof Englis h in Q uebec '
co nsiste ntlv
th an th eir Par ent s '

g5

A Repott
The Surveyot CanadianEnglish:

m e ' ' '; ( C ) H e b o r r o w e d

/ o a n e dm e a d o l l a r ; ( B ) H e / e n t
84) Wh i c h d o y o u s a y ? ( A ) H e
me . . .; (D) any one'
/emalestudents
male students
lemale Parcnts
male Parents
ABC
D
ABCD
ABCD
ABCD
50
2
44
6
5
2
3853
554022
3
0
6532
1 4
Ni!d
69
25
5
2
65
28
613612
613710
rEl
1 4
25 69
5
2
28 65
613612
0
1
6237
NS
0 2
2374
3
2
2
3
7
0
613711
584011
NB
1 1
1
0
8
7
2
1
8
1
1
5
1
2
4355
0
1
5245
3 4
Que
19 73
4
3
2
0
7
0
0
1
52 46
544511
Ont
I
1
2
7
3
6
I
1
0
16 64
6
I
-l
Aa
3550
\L
4J
Man
i070i1
I
1
1
1
2
6
4
1
1
4
18
3245
5
18
3245
Sa s k
7
1475
5
I
5
6
8
1
7
385264
454752
2 3
1479
6
2
69
23
1
2
4650
2
2
4650
18 74
22 68
4
3
51
53 41
lol al

".si.6*@!

Esxjf

Th e r e a r e t w o p o i n t s o f i n t e r e s t h e r e : t h e d i s t r i b 'u
t i o n o f B r i t i s h E n g l i sh l edescribed
n d a n d Am as
e r i ca n
word borrow in this context is
.*S:-nglisFsrcairrixq{,oe.-'r;'oi-il'o*']]ne
li!*i$s**
i" t6e'--toratpg'rts:{e&ff1.A$i*'e!g.l!
"ciiaiect" bv l//er'ste,''s ati:n'ai'''
preferenceinri''.'ur'; :i'jl:
a reversalof the order of
responsesto toan unu,ei'rupt"a"n,
The use of loan is ryr"'s'classroom-instruction'
as due tQ
parents.This mighr ou,nrp;"t"a
this
into
f r e q u e n t i n t h e A t I a n t i c p , . o u i n . u . t h a n e I s e w h eThis
reinC
a n a dmay
a . T hhave
e P rabeen
i r i e Prbrought
o vi n ce sh
ve
usage
borrow
the highest number .;;;;;sing
century'
the
of
",
settlersaror'indthe turn
area by the large n"oJ'-oi American
l e a v e ? " ( A ) y e s ; ( B ) n o ; ( C ) s o m e i i m e s'
8 6 ) D o y o u u s e s p / i t m e a n i n g" i o
lemale studenls
male students
lemale Parents
male Parents
ABC
A
B
C
ABC
ABC
34
54
11
34
48
18
10
84
4
11
78
10
35
53
NTId
11
34
46
18
4
491
6895
30
58
PEI
1
2
32
50
17
1943
4906
35
53
NS
t4
32
47
20
3942
2s24
NB
t4
29
46
23
4943
10
81
6
31
58
Qu e
11
27
47
20
1
9
6
3
1
6886
25
6't
Ont
2
9
54
15
294s
3
391
34
53
Man
12
40
38
20
5
3 9 '1
3905
32
s5
Sask
12
38
46
14
2934
49Uc
31
57
10
32
46
20
1953
2945
tJU

Total

89

S p l i t t h e s c e n e o r , m o r e f r e q u e n t | y . s i m p | y s p / i t , i s a s | a n g t e r m o r ig i n a ti n g i n th e l a n g u a g e

thecase'
asisusuarrv
has
purpose
ofyouth
olisi1,11
"u"il:':L.",?::^t::':::*llt".,:"'*iilfjt;:Itn'
on"'
.nort-tiveo,
"nd
'l"i'
So
m
e
ti m e s
:I"';:ff:iJ;:i'J'iH;i*, b y u,..
d
i
su
se
'
i
n
to
t h e p a s s a g eo t t i t t ' t h e y f a l l

b e e n d e s t r o y e d 'p e r n a p ss i m p l y
s u c h t e r m s q u i c k | y g a i n w i d e . " , , . u n . y a m o n g s p e a k e results
rsofa||g
e nnot
e r ahold
ti o n sa
n dmuch
b e co hope
meamo
out
do
i"ngrug.. Te survey
or less permanenttixture Jtu
f o r t h e I o n g e v i t y o f s p / j t , a | t h o u g h i t m a y b e t o o s o o n t o t e | l . T h e p a re n tso fN e w fo u n d l a n d
them all'
. h o t , o a s t h e " s w i n g i e s t "o f

Ihe Surveyof CanadianEnglish:A Report

F
i.

90) Do you refer to a car as wheels? (A) yes; (B)

no; (C) sometimes.
male parents

female parents
ABC

ABc
'l 1

N f rd
PEI
NS
NB
Que
O nt
Man
Sask
AIta
BC

76
6 86 5
4
85
68 59
38 48
38 61 2
68 58
7 85 6
5 86 9
5
80

13

881
5886
3924
2925
494
3924

10

zvlb

491
1945
191

16

4
7

mate students
ABC

temale students
ABC

13
17
13
15
12
16
18
20
12
10

12
61
10
72
7
78
97219
87911
11
73
97516
10
68
10
72
5
75

58
53
61
55
67
56
63
43
59
65

28
28
25
27
.19
24
17
36
28
24

Total

26
17
15

16
i

21
18
19

wheels to describea car is now widery used

in advertisingon terevisionand ersewhere.
lf this is considereda recent coinage
by young people, it must be a term which
has been
revived'becauseone of the authors tnii
ot
repri rememberswheels being used in
this way
twenty years ago in saskatchewan.Interestingly
enough,the patternof distributionof this
rerm among the popurationsurveyed
is armostexacily the same as the one tor
sptit.

iilliT:Jan

forfryingis ca'eda: (A)rryinspan;(B)tty pan;(c)

skittet;
(D) spider;

male parents
Nftd

90

lemale parents
"A. B C D

5500

86

610

QP

NS
NB
Que
l.rn1
Man
S ask
Alia
R

Total

89
89
88
89
91
91
oe

7 3 0
8300
7020
6 4 0
6100
5301
4300

YZ

4 Z U0

906300

mate students
A 8,. . e . - B - . - E

temale stu_dents
A BCI]

88

90. 5
9342
9621
9332
9043
9352

01

888300
888301
897311
878300
888310
895410
91 5300
e33300

94 4 2 0
84741 1
85561 1
83720 2
885501
90 6 2 1 1

91 5
91 4

0
0

896300

8 8 5 3 01

2
3

0
0

01

vul

3..

9332
9251
9423
93

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0
1
0
't

are.in

useeverywhere.
senerar
rhe
ii;,i;r";;;;;,
:;,;i:i:"ii termsprderis
ll:l:*:::,lil" ::l',:,j,na*o,i[",.n
;;;;;il";;'':Jl,iJli1#'
^iffili;il
;;tJ;: i,i?.",loi::]:::^"j-"ir!:r;,fry!",

gridiron"

J:

".

i '[irt*i.-;'b';;; ;:lJi;;'#,ii:n' ff:i3i.;

usuarry
,ii,,:1j::"ged
""a
less"(coDI Auhoush
the
vast
majority
.Til;;;,*y ilffi";':ii!!",','r,X.o"r,
of skr//efand
"k i n d

n r th ra a

r^^ ^^ r

the occurrence

provinces

of spiderin five
is f drer
.;;;;;;,.iii.'".J#o'iil;:
;::":'ilTi:,.i'Jt"i:::l
il:":'"::_oiir..tologi,t",
llr"^,T:1".-o:l'ibution

ol years ago to throw the

frying pans away.

advice

ll

l,

i'i:j
j

j.

he Su r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o r t

i:

104)A group of trees is called a: (A) copse; (B) blult; (C) clunp; (D) grove; () spinnev
maleparents
ABC
D
Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
M an
Sas k
a^

Total

lemaleparents
DE
ABC

male students
AB
CDE

5 33360
2 22371
2 24253
2 32965
2 44744
2 24847
2572613
1 64 19 t5
1244925
2154338

1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0

3 52861
1 3 19 76
1 14154
1 22570
3 14154
1 341 53
1482921
0472229
1195128
0104742

1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

5 83547
7 73249
3 65434
5 8 31 49
6 63447
3 84732
4264025
2363622
s125722
3 34641

2173644

1133450

4124137

femalestudents
A BC D
2
0
1
2
1
1
1
1
0
0

5 22068
1 33459
2 25537
2 32666
3 23160
2 35437
1124637
1184139
1 11 59 29
2 34942

2
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0

64242

Spinne yi s r e g a r d e da s B r i t i s h E n g l i s h .C o p s e i s d e s c r i b e da s a t h i c k e t b y We b ste r 'sTh i r d .

Blut l is u s e d i n N o r t h e r nU S r e f e r r i n gt o a c l u m p o f t r e e s o n t h e o p e n p l a i n . C /u m p6 1 6
gt ov e a t e i n g e n e r a lu s e . A s m a y b e e x p e c t e d m o s t p e o p l e ,e x c e p t o n t he Pr a i r i e s,w e r e
fairly evenlydivided_between
c.lumpand grove. In the West, especiallySaskatchewa-arrC
*sn+iiur*r.**ta"i$tobri;'b,r'ff-ls"usetlj.irrep#ffimririiit=1fft rearest itilci1i*igtcS61.S:$rlfuhry*.=jiftri#
dialec t o l o g i srte g a r d st h e u s e o Tb l u f t i n t h e U S a s a n i n V a s i o h 'o fC a n a d i a n i sn rTh
. e
-frequencyol bluft on the Prajrie-s-may=b--suflering.4
sQt.lqk; TTrer-is sharp decrease
f r om on e c a t e g o r yt o t h e n e x t i n t h e o r d e r : f a t h e r s ,m o t h e r s ,s o n s , a n d d au g h te r s.

105)Th e t h i n g s u s e d t o h o l d u p m e n 's s o c k s a r e c a l l e d : ( A ) s u s p e n d e r s (B)

; g a r te r s;
( C) eit h e r o n e ; ( D ) b y a n o t h e r n a m e .
male parcnts
ABCD
Nf t d
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue

1Z

M an
Sask

11 77
16 73
16 75
17 71
16 79
10 76
885

BC

10 83

Total

14 76

UNI

IC

6
7
5
I
3
7
3

4
4
4
2
2
5
3

OVJI

temaleparents
ABCD

male students
ABCD

42 36 14
13 78
6
18 70
B
13 76
B
6
19 73
16 70 10
'11 B0 B
687
5
884
7
11 77 10

34 29 14
23 46 13
29 38 14
29 33 10
2542919
23 35 14
28 35 12
20 46 13
24 43 10
27 34 10

14 74

7
3
2
3
1
2
1
1
2
2

22
13
17
22
20
22
19
21
27

26 38 12 20

female students
DUU
o

20 22 21

26 4 1 1 1 2 1
40 12 15
J

zl

42 I 15
33 11 24
37 10 23
40 12 20
42 825
32 36 820
29 37 11 20
29
31
28
27

Br iiis ha n d A m e r i c a nd i c t i o n a r i e sa n d t h e D C E g i v e g a r t e r sa s t h e m o r e co m m o n u sa g e .
The m a j o r i t yo f C a n a d i a na d u l t s ,e x c e p t i n N e w f o u n d l a n dg, i v e g a r t e r s a s th e i r p r e fe r e n ce .
ln New f o u n d l a n ds, u s p e n d e r si s t h e p r e f e r r e dt e r m . T h e i n c r e a s ei n t h e u sa g eo f su sp e n d e r s
by y ou n g p e o p l e i s i m p o s s i b l et o e x p l a i n ,u n l e s st h e r e i s a w i d e l y s o l d p r o d u ct o n th e
market labelledas suspenders.

J+iiiH.*-++rr.#+==

i*:-*-'.-ilttftr.i

ffiF.--

.r+-#FEi

A Repatt
TheSurveyof CanadianEnglish:

,:ti
I
.i
:l

:. .:1i

.::

..i

r,j

,:
i
:l

.:l: l
I
: '1

l
:t l

, 'i

,, l
.II

t,l

:i
:-1

=..
]
:!

, .a:i
:. tl

::i
tl
::I
:: I
.: I
:.1

:t
i
- t:

l.rtF
,- j

107)T hero omin the ho usef or ent er t ainingv is it or s is t he: ( A ) p a r l o r ; ( B ) t | o n t r o o m ;

(E) sitting roam'
i\',ring rcom; (D) best room;
female students
male students
lemaleParents
E
male parents
A BCD
C
D
E
AB
DE
ABC
E
ABCD
2 5
5 284
0 3
9117 4
2 7
5 679
10
1
7
5
8
0
7
9
8
0
B
Nfld
1 2
12127 0
1 4
71078
1 5
0
1 21 26 9
B
0
3
.
1
4
PEI
2
0
5147 7
0 2
a
41282
0 3
6 13 76
76 1
1
5
5
NS
'
1
3
1
10156 8
5 12 81 0
0 2
1
1
41 57 9
8
0
1
1
4
NB
1
1
7 12 7 5
12
7 783
1 2
0 1
1 21 66 5
3
1
0
8
4
Que
2
1
8117 2
0 2
2 986
0 1
2 4
6 11 82
0nt
2 687
0 1
5147 8
1 3
11084
1
0
8
1
0 1
4 13
2
2
0
7
6
Man
1
0
6197 2
0 3
22174
2
1
0 n
62
76
3
74
24
Sask
2
0 0
5246 8
0 1
22274
0 2
1 1
32 76 7
Alta
2
2
4
7
0
1
0
329 6 4
0 0
12078
2
0
1
23
73
ov
1 2
41479
0 2
715 7 2
4 13 B0 0 2
0 3
61773
Total

*,

l
"'

r,itllrtl

i,1,i"

*i

tn'
T hisque stio nisinte nd edt odet er m inehowlar wel|.
k now n i e r m s f o r t h t:9':'n
e r o o m i nchanges
theholse
One would expect that with the
disappearrng'
for entertainingpeoprenavl suruiueO
them
of
some
least
trms would alter also, at
the style of Iivingtne use
as predominantin
"i,i"."
states tiving-roomis regarded
united
in
especiallyin urban
is useo
and'lront-room
"r"u=lirr
Pa'lo.ris obsolete'
cities,with sitting'roomu'"t't t"p'u'sion'
and occasronlront-room
although
used'
generally
is
by some people.In Britain sitting'room
Iike the one
Llving-roomis applied to a room
allypartoutare still .u""ni'in '""u1 areas'
best'room nas
Britain
ln
Canada'
in
tamily'room
which has recentlyacquiredthe name
beenr.e locate din the pub, aSt her oom wher et nem or er e j i n e d c u s t o m e r s t a k e t h e i r e a s e .
!"v pu!"1..P.q*^in tll
now rrr
is lruw
parlour ts
s. ., ,,0,y.i+-G+n6da
S;,iii.iriy,
ir+rlanrd pattouf
1f,e-r(imer
vrih'ths-Termer
trnt-tooniwrih
"":r';;:
and-lront-ro'or1i
on ilis--ft;om""^
ttinrv
Iunt'
choicls
the
^'t
ihe
su!'ve''l
lr!

ilil
u,
llllLir
*.

.:Tn*iTUffi?Hffi#;ffi Hf"mu-E{ward''rtl*,3i--3li&
Sittirg-roornis
108)Device sa ttache dt ot her oof of ahous et oc at c hr ai n a r e c a | | e d : ( A ) e a v e s t r o u g h s ;
(B) gufters;(C) bY anothername'
temale students
male students
lemaleParents
male parents
AV
AB C
I
A.Bt/
A9v
49
22
27
45
33
19
24
24
52
17
Nftd
32
e
1
2
9
39
48
27
45
24
44495
rtrl
34
4 54 67
39
26
23
50
26
41498
NS
46
3 95 56
29
24
30
35
30
12
25
62
NB
ee
)4
37
6 62 77
20
32
42
7
19
79
7
Q ue
18
69
82710
77 9 7
9602
Ont
12
95 22
11
76
B
1
1
78
9631
Man
93 41
8089
8
2
8
7
11
96
Sask
16
9 52 1
12
70
I
16
73
9621
Alta
22
94 41
31
40
1
1
4
1
4
0
p^
3
14
82
76 22 0
Total
usage,wiih
rn the united states gutters is becorningthe predominant

eavestroughsbeing a

minority
(c)was
inN"*E,sr;;;il l: i'a s1'l:i.*J*1"'l:'fi,i:ll::]'&'#"',"riH:'
usage
choice
use'
inpopurar
il'Jiil"iiffii'i:J':iJ;:;::

il"i;;"r*'is'recedins

givento allow for otner variants,such as spout,chute' and drainpipe'

99

Th e S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g i i s h :A R e p o r t

A m o n g C a n a d i a na d u l t s e a v e s t r o u g h se l i c i i s t h e g r e a i e r n u m b e r o f r e sp o n se s' n ta r i oa n d
t he P r a i r i eP r o v i n c e sa l m o s i e x c l u s i v e l yr r s ee a v e s t r o u g h sw, h i l e m a n y sp e a ke r si n th e
ot h e r p r o v i n c e su s e g u l i e r s , t h e n u m b e r b e i n g h i g h e s th e r e f o r N o v a Sco ti a a n d Pr i n ce
Ed w a r d l s l a n d . I n N e w f o u n d l a n dm a n y s p e a k e r sd o n o t u s e e i t h e r of th e te r m s g i ve n h e r e .
Th i s i s a l s o i r u e o Ti h e y o u n g p e o p l e i n B C a n d t h e E a s t e r nP r o v i n ce s.

l
11 1 ) T h e l e a f y c o v e r i n go f a c o b o f c o r n i s c a l l e d a : ( e ) i r u s *; ( B ) c aP; ( C ) sh u ck;
(D) by anothername.

Nf I d
P I
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sa s k
BC
To t a l

male parents
ABCD

l emal e patents
ABCD

male students
ABCD

lemalestude,rfs
AB{:D

5 31 11
48
714
3
68
4 10
2
82
1
3 11
8l
80246
94032
BBO43
85236
84236
173
86

52 52510
4 13
74 2
127
86
129
86
147
85
onrr2
93022
BB135
86243
023
91

38
45
61
51
60
57
5B
62
62
61

50
50
62
c+
62
65
65
62
62
65

52525
926
5
621
3
724
4
612
2
3 15
3
417
3
514
5
1
5 16
4 15
3
719

5
2

2 1 l ti
5 3.1

Q.l

.i g 0

.j

ll

1
4 19
2
318
2
18
2#18
1
iJ 16
521

Th o t e r m h u s k i s i n g e n e r a lu s e . h e E D D r e c o r d ss h u c k a s m e a n i n gh u sk i n va r i o u sBr i ti sh
En g l i s hd i a l e c t s ,b u t n o t , f o r o b v l o u s r e a s o n s ,w i t h r e f e r e n c et o c o r n a s u se d h e r e .
Sh u c k i s g i v e n T o r t h e S o u t h a n d S o u t h M i d i a n d r e g i o n so f t h e U n i te d Sta te s;h u sl i i s
r e c o r d e dT o rt h e M i d l a n d a r e a , a n d c a p i s r e c o r d e dT o rt h e r e g i o n se p a r a i i n gM i d l a n ch u sk
f r o m S o u t h e r ns h u c k . A l l o f t h e s e t e r m s a n d o t h e r s a r e u s e d t h r o u gh o u tC a n a d a ,i t w o u l d
co m e w i th
ap p e a r .A l a r g e n u m b e r i n N e w f o u n d l a n du s e s h u c k , t h i s u s a g e o b v i o u sl yh a vi n g
B
r
i
t
a
i
n
f
r
o
m
s e t t l e r sd i r e c t l Y

T haS urve yof Can ad ianEn glis h:A Repor t

e) Pelling
r eac t t o ( h e o p t i o n s b e t w e e n c u r r e n t
f , u"prrp." h ere wa s to det er m inehow Canadians
t
hey
dif f e r '
B ritishand Americansp ellingc onv ent ionswher e
10)(A ) co /or; (B) co lou r; ( C) eit her one'

N ft d
PEI
NS
NB
Que
O nt
Man
Sask
BC

32
37
35
41
30
16
55
59
64
40

42
40
45
38
54
75
28
24
24
41

26
30
20
21
14
I
17
16
11
18

26
31
38
34
23
12

42
38
37
35
64
74

cJ

al

55

21

cl

z1

34

48

female students
ABC

male students
ABC

femaleparents
ABC

male Parents
ABC

32
29
25
31
ta
1^

26

17

38
3943
29
20
15
33
43
51
20

26
31
26
34
53
67
33
22
19
46

36
29
30
36
26
19
34
34
30'
33

24
3B
ea

18
v

29
40
zo

34
29
29
28

42
3l
33
39

AA

ttr

71
30
23
17
42

21
40
37
38
31
J

oial

A m e r i c a na n d B r i t i s h
heso two spe ||ing s,col or and c olour ,ar c us ua|lyas s oc i a t e dw i t h
E ngIish,re sp ective ly.Webs t er is c r edit edwit hhav ingr e m o v e d t h e u f r o m w o r d s I i k e
F i f t e e e n t hc e n t u r y '
colour,alth ou ghthe o ED r ec or ds c olor in Br iiis h Englis h f r o m t h e
n
u
m
b e ro f w o r d s w h i c h
a
r
es
p
e
l
l
e
d
nglis
h
Br
it
is
h
Lat
in,
lndeed ,u nd er th e intu enc eof
are a|most eqUally
originallyhad -our, among them doctor,author, and mirror, Canadians
t
e
ndingslightly
p
e
o
p
l
e
yo
u
n
g
t
he
wit
h
s
pellings
,
dividedin th e u se o f th e t wo v ar iant
A m e r i c a ns p e l i i n g '
t ow ardsthe -o ur spe lllng.Peopleon t ir e Pr air ieslean m o s t t o w a r d s t h e

1i) (A) cenfer; (B) cenfre; (C) either one.

male patents

A tri V

NfId
PEI
NS
NB
Que
0nt
Man
Sask
A lta

Total

47
49
51

22
25
31

30
25
19

t7
38
64
48
47
44
46

,2
14
11
16
18
15
18

48
26
36
35
41
3il

lemale parents
ABC
46
48
50
45
42
23
30
35
32

27
25
31
31
45
63
50
47
47

25
27
19
23
12
14
18
18
20

20

male students
ABC
46
49
46
44
44
35
45
44
58
-47

18
21
23
25
26
39
28
21
18
25

37
29
3C
31
29
26
27
35
23
27

30

lemale students
ABC

35
52
43
43
35
32
32
41
46
+Z

'-

25
21
27
26
31
39
33
23
19

40
26
30
31
34
30
34
36
35

fr

,j '

27

p a c t i c eo f
A gain,web ste r is re sp ons iblef or t he Am er ic an,wit h - er , a s o p p o s e dt o t h e B r i t i s h
using-rein su ch word s . Br it is hEng|is hhad- er ins uc hwo r d s f r o m t h e S i X t e e n t h t o t h e
E ighie en thCe ntu rieswhen Sam uelJ ohns on,f ollowingBa i l e y ( 1 7 3 0 ) ,r e c o m m e n d e d- r e '
A s in co lou r, Can ad ian sus e bot h s pellingswit h alm os t e q u a l f r e q u e n c y ,w i t h t h e A m e r i c a n
usage- el le ad ingslig ht t y .I n t his ins t anc et he adult s of Q u e b e c a n d t h e A t l a n t i c P r o v i n c e s
are more incline dto war dst he - er Spellingt han t hos e in O n t a r i oa n d t h e We s t '

101

ii,,

t he S u r v e yo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A H e p o t t

1B)(A) fravel/ed;(B) traveled;(C) eiiher one

lenele patents

male parents
AB
Nfr d
PE I
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sas k
,Al1a
BC

21
74
70218
72235
66294
67237
78202
67266
62316
064
75223

73216
75214
23
71
18
77
19
79
16
81
64296
69265
29
68
77221

lemale students
ABC

male students
AB

AQ

5
4
2
s

-?

71
0
65

19
30
21

10
10
13

tJ

ro

69
84

18
10

12
6

oJ

z+

t1

66
5-1
65

21
3-?
21

12
15
13

B1
74
71
82
74
81
68
75
65
71

10
20

14
10
18
14
21
14
260
19

15
B
7
5
11
11
10

W e b s t e rr e c o m m e n d e dt h a t t h e r e s h o u l d b e n o d o u b l e / i n w o r d s s t r esse do n th e i r Ti r st
s y l l a b l e .B r i t i s h E n g l i s hp r e f e r st o d o u b l e i h e / i n s u c h c a s e s . I n C a n a d a ,Br i ti sh sp e l l i n g
pr e v a i l sj n t h i s c a s e ,a l t h o u g hd i v i d e d u s a g e r u n s t h r o u g h o u t h e c o u n tr y.
$lSrS.:.+

qle
57) (A) detense;(g) detence; (C) _q!!he!'
femaleparents
AB

maleparents
AB
Nf l d
PE I
NS
NB
Que
Ont
Man
Sa s k
OU

62
22
22
58
69
1B
67
20
24659
64
23
63
23
65
21
61
24
'1 8
69

Total

16
19
13
13
12
13
12
14
13

22
20
17
20
27
21
28
23
23
24

56
60
65
64
60
60
54
60
63
63

21
20
2A
16
12
17
16
16
14
13

male students
AB
24
23
27
21
25
16
26
21
14
20

51
48
44
49
52
56
48
47
60
51

24
29
29
30
22
30
26
30
26
28

temalestudents
ABC

23
27
32
27
28
26
37
27
30
34

s0
50
40
44
44
47
33
43
40,
41

23
22
29
28
26
2B
29
30
29
24

29

Th i s w o r d e n t e r e dE n g i i s hf r o m O l d F r e n c hs p e l l i n gs . T h e O E D r e c or d sth e p r e se n tBr i l i sh
En g l i s hs p e l l i n gd e l e n c ef r o m t h e l a t e T h i r t e e n t hC e n t u r y .We b s t e rr e co m m e n d e dth e p r e se n t
Am e r i c a ns p e l l i n g ,d e t e n s e .C a n a d i a n si n e v e r y P r o v i n c el a v o u r d e l e n ce ,b u t th e stu d e n t
po p u l a t i o ns h o w sa n i n c r e a s ei n t h e u s e o Tt h e A m e r i c a ns p e l l i n g '

, .. =-:=''+Frry,-**,=-*-;=,=j-

Ihe Surveyof CanadianEnglish:A Bepott

64)(A) grey; (B) gray; (C) either one.

male parents
N f ld
PEI
NS
NB
Q ue
O nt
Man
S ask
DU

41
39
43
39
49
55
48
47
48
50

36
36
35
36
30
21
20
28
28
24

lemale parents
22
25
21
24
16
24
30
23
24
24

45
41
43
36
49
50
47
49
48
49

32
28
29
30
23
23
19
20
20
21

22
29
26
34
26
26
32
31
32
30

male students
AB C

temale students

34
31
49
35
37
50
38
30
37
40

36
3.1
42
34
35
42
37
33
36
37

43
44
29
37
38
25
34
34
32
30

22
25
21
26
24
23
27
34
30
30

AOU

36
39
30
26
36
21
28
24
28
28

27
29
28
40
29
36
35
42
36
35

T he OED re po rtsth at in 1893 Dr . M ur r ay ,one of t he d i s t i n g u i s h e de d i t o r s o f t h a t d i c t i o n a r y ,

elicitedfrom th e p ub lis her sof t he f lm es in Londont ha t t h e y a l w a y s u s e d t h e s p e l l i n g
gray. Howevr,in spite of the strong support of Samuel Johnson and, later, the Times,grey
has be co mea ssociat edwit h Br it is h Englis h and gr ay w i t h A m e r i c a n E n g l i s h .C a n a d i a n s ,
again,favou r the Britis h s pelling,but by a nar r owerm a r g i n t h a n i n t h e c a s e o f t r a v e l l e d
and oI detence.

1) Concludingremarks
Oneof the primaryaims of the Surveywas to comparethe speechof the
yo.L1n.yvith
thaloJ iheir parents,Thereis a "generationgap" in languaggbut
thrs'is ilcTlwyscharacterizedin th ma-nnr
that many people might think.
O.r;qii$:e,.

I ry.!pg out -oi-tha :Survey,js.,!hal,lzo

peop)le,
peoL)le,
rather''Thrf
rather''Thrf
bsily coining new expressions,are preseiin!,
.i
affity5
perhapsevenreviving,olderformsof the language.In most instancesof what
are oftencalled "archaic" expressions,the y oung people are givingthem
life when their parentsare lettingthem die. In her recent work, Cultureand
Commitmenf,
MargaretMeadeshowsthat in the developmentof social
structureyoungpeopleare emergingas the definersof culture,or the culture
Dearersoi the race.lf this is true, then language,Englishin this case,being
a basicingredientofculture,could undergomajorchangesin the not too
distantfuture,One might go a step furtherand suggestthat young people,
havinga more primitive,a more naturalconnectionwith the culturethan
adultshave,may also have a "feeling" for the appropriateness
of some
olderformsof the language,amongotheraspectsof their culture,the source
of which is the Britishlsles.lt seemsa pity that this should be systematically
destroyedin an educationaleffort to makeyouth conformwith the more
artificialnormsof society,a societywhich is unawareof its heritageand
uncertainof its future.
Thereis a noticeabledifferencein the way in which the fair sex respond
to the questionnaire
when comparedwith the males.ln general,the women,
both mothersand daughters,show a greaterpreferencefor standardusage
than men do. A Britishdialectologisthas observedthat women (in Britain)
are more consciousof the social distinctionsinvolvedin languageusage

103

TheSur v eyo f C a n a d i a nE n g l i s h :A R e p o t t

and tend to adopt the usagewhich is the most acceptablesocially.

Severalclear-cutregionaldifferencesemergef rom the Survey.lf one were
to draw lines (isoglosses)
on a map to note thesedifferencesas dialeciologistsdo, the largestnumberof isoglossescould be drawn between
and the restof Canada.The next highestnumberof
NewJoundland
isoglosseswould surroundthe MaritimeProvinces.Severalisoglossescould
be drawn throughQuebecseparatingEastfrom West;otherswould enclose
the PrairieProvincesor the individualprovinces.The practiceof dialectologistsis that if a numberof isoglossesclustertogether,a dialeciboundary
is established.Since the Surveydoes not specifythe locationof respondentswithin a givenprovince,the linesor isoglossesherecoincidewith
provincialboundaries.In actualpractice,the communitiescharacterizing
a certainspeechtrait would be taken into accountprecisely,regardlessof
politicalboundaries.
What i mplications,if any,does this Surveyhavefor languageeducation?
Firstof all, the notionof a standardusageurgentlyneedsa clearerdefinition,
ls standardusageto be definedas the usageof the majority,as seemsto
bp4qr's*r*ts::the F*c*e+'lrnmrln rrr.*
.bB+mp*.!sd'r:y'i$orthA'ti:eng*
Europeto be followed?In England,the languageof the elile,that iri the
prlviiegeciciasses,becamethe prescribed'sage-i-educdrioi+:thibi,girout
the country,althoughthis is being seriouslychallengedof late. In America,
havealso taken as
some lexicographers
of liberalism,
despiteprotestations
"standard"the usageof only "educated"speakers.lf dictionariesare to
reflectlanguageas it is actuallyused,then surveyssuch as this one are
highlyrelevantand shouldbe taken seriouslyby publishers.
l1 is hoped that teacherswill find the Surveyresultsusefulwhen teaching
the languagearts.Althoughihe numberof items is not large,some of the
to itemsnot
at least,can be extrapolated
information,in pronunciation
be
aware
of the actualuse
needs
to
included.The Englishlanguageteacher
for Canadian
given
language
textbooks
locality.English
of languagein a
thorough
understanding
childrenshouldbe writtenby Canadianswho havea
of Englishas used in Canada.Certainlyimportedtextbooksfor teaching
the languageshould not be tolerated.
Recentyears have seen a markedincreasein researchcenteredon
CanadianEnglish.Outstandingamongthese is the monumentalwork, the
publishedin 1967.The Surveyof Canadian
Dictionaryof Canadianisms,
Englishrepresentsanoihermilestonein the effortto esiablishthe identityof
CanadianEnglish,this beingthe f irst attemptat a nation-wideEnglish
languagesurvey.lt is hopedthat more researchwill be done soon and its
resultsmade availableto everyone.
M.H.Scargill,H.J.Warkentyne
Departmentof Linguistics
Universityof Victoria

,!::i

:_:..= . ..+=:+

={-=;iFi.={a