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Spectrum sensing using Energy Detection with

Sensing Time for Cognitive Radio Networks
Conference Paper July 2014

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Spectrum sensing using Energy Detection with Sensing Time for Cognitive
Radio Networks
1

Tulika Mehta, 2Kirti Arora, 3Varun Sharma, 4Bharti papnai,5T.L singal

1
Research scholar; 2 M.E. (ECE) Fellowship; 3Solution Engineer; 4 and 5 Academician
1
UIET Panjab University, Chandigarh
2,5
ECE Dept.., School of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Chitkara University Punjab
3
Ericsson India Global Service Pvt. Ltd
4
College of Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee
tulikamehta1@gmail.com , kirti.arora@chitkara.edu.in,

Abstract:- In this paper we adopt DSA

using cognitive radios and improving the
spectrum
sensing
performance.
The
inefficiency in spectrum usage brings the
requirement of this communication paradigm.
In Cognitive radio networks there are various
techniques for spectrum sensing, selecting the
appropriate technique and maximizing the
efficiency in spectrum sensing plays a major
role in getting a desired frequency band for
the unlicensed user without outside
interference. This paper also provides
detailed study on the CR operational
requirements, spectrum sensing techniques
and all the scenarios of interference are
discussed.

Keywords:

Cognitive radio, energy

detection, primary users, spectrum sensing.

I. Introduction
Wireless communication has seen an emerging
trend for the last few decades, it has been seen
that there is a tremendous growth in the
particular sector. With the increasing number
of users scarcity of electromagnetic spectrum
is obvious. Now to accommodate the
increasing number of users in the limited
spectrum available is a problem. With this
thing into consideration, the Federal
Communications
Commission
(FCC)
published a report prepared by Spectrum
Policy Task Force (SPTF) [1]. It is seen that
there is significant inefficient spectrum

utilization than the actual spectrum scarcity.

Most of the allotted channels are not in use or
most of the time; some are partially occupied
while others are heavily used. It has been
observed that present day the regulatory body
manages spectrum under fixed spectrum
management scheme. The problem of
underutilization of allocated spectrum or the
underutilized area is technically defined as a
spectrum hole. A spectrum hole is band of
frequencies assigned to the primary user but at
a given instant of time these frequency bands
are not being utilized and thus are free we also
know them as white spaces [2]. All this is
frequently observed under static spectrum
allocation of spectrum.
In the Dynamic spectrum management the
spectrum can be accessed in an opportunistic
manner, this can be done using two
techniques : SDR and CR. The only
difference between the former and the latter
lies in its reconfigurability. The SDR
technique is for reconfigurable radio
equipments whereas CR can reconfigure on
its own. Here Cognitive radio (CR)
dynamically aims to innovate the traditional
fixed spectrum.
Therefore, SDR is a shift from conventional
radio where functionality is provided in
software.
In
SDR
the
modulation,
demodulation and baseband processing all is
done after programming in SDR. However
characteristics can change if the software
loaded in this radio is changed. Thus SDR can

switch functions and operations because of

reconfigurable software incorporated in it.
SDR cannot reconfigure on its own. The
software defined radio which has the capability
to reconfigure on its own is defined as a
cognitive radio . In other words we can say
that CR is self aware, RF aware, user aware. It
has high fidelity and is language technology
adaptable with machine vision. The cognitive
cycle helps CR to reconfigure them. In
Cognitive cycle the CR follows these steps for
reconfigurability i.e. Awareness, Perception,
Reasoning and then Decision making.
In context to opportunistic spectrum sensing
with cognitive radios , it is to be noted that CR
interacting with real time environment has the
capability to dynamically alter its operating
parameters such as transmitting power, carrier
frequency, modulation and assimilates itself
with the environment whenever there is
statistical change in incoming radio frequency
with the sole purpose to take advantage of the
available spectrum without causing any
interference to the licensed users.
Therefore, problem emerged as a result of
fixed spectrum allocation can be resolved with
the help of Cognitive Radio. This technology
enables the access of the intermitted periods of
unoccupied frequency bands called spectrum
holes, thereby increasing spectral efficiency.
Thus, in CR networks the task of CR users is to
detect the licensed users, known as primary
users (PUs), if present and identify the available
spectrum if they are absent. This is usually
achieved by sensing the RF environment, a
process called spectrum sensing [3]. CR users
should not cause harmful interference to PUs by
either switching to unavailable band or limiting
its interference with PU at an acceptable level.
CR user should efficiently identify and exploit
the spectrum holes for required throughput and
quality-of-service (QoS). Thus, the detection
performance in spectrum sensing is crucial to
the performance of both primary and CR
networks. Fig 1. shows spectrum sensing
structure in cognitive radio network.

Fig. 1 Spectrum Sensing Structure in CRN

The detection performance can be primarily
determined on the basis of two metrics:
probability of false alarm and probability of
detection. Probability of false detection
denotes the probability of a CR user declaring
that a PU is present when the spectrum is
actually free. Probability of detection denotes
the probability of a CR user declaring that a
PU is present when the spectrum is indeed
occupied by the PU [3]. CR network can be
categorized into three classes: underlay,
overlay and interweave. Cognitive user needs
to accurately detect whether the current band
is occupied by a licensed user to ensure the
licensed users use of specific bands.
Spectrum sensing algorithms in CR can be
mainly divided into three types: energy
detection, match filter detection, and
cyclostationary detection. Among them ,
energy detection has been widely applied
since its algorithm is simple, and it does not
require transcendental knowledge of the
licensed users signals. Due to the
interference factors, such as multipath and
shadow effect of wireless channels, energy
sensing conducted by single cognitive sensing
node that has low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
of the received signal may be unreliable.

II.

Cognitive Cycle:

Fig. 2 Cognitive Cycle

Fig. 2 shows a basic Cognitive cycle. A basic
cognitive cycle comprises of following three
basic tasks:
i)Spectrum Sensing
ii)Spectrum Analysis
iii)Spectrum Decision Making

.
Fig. 2.1: Underutilization of spectrum [13]

III.
Cognitive Radio
Architecture & Design
The network-centric cognitive radio
architecture is aimed at providing a highperformance platform for experimentation
with various adaptive wireless network

protocols ranging from simple etiquettes to

more complex ad-hoc collaboration. The
basic design provides for fast RF scanning
capability, an agile RF transceiver working
over a range of frequency bands, a softwaredefined radio modem capable of supporting a
variety of waveforms including OFDM and
DSSS/QPSK, a packet processing engine for
protocol and routing functionality, and a
general purpose processor for implementation
of spectrum etiquette policies and algorithms.
There are two major subsystems in a
cognitive radio, a cognitive unit that makes
decisions based on various inputs and a
flexible SDR unit whose operating software
provide a range of possible operating modes.
A separate spectrum sensing subsystem is
also often included in the architectural a
cognitive radio to measure the signal
environment to determine the presence of
other services or users. It is important to note
that these subsystem do not necessarily
define a single piece of equipment, but may
instead incorporate components that are
spread across an entire network. As a result,
cognitive radio is often referred to as a
cognitive radio system or a cognitive
network. Fig. 3 shows a simplified
architecture of cognitive radio network. [6].
As shown, the cognitive engine tries to
find a solution or optimize a performance
goal based on inputs received defining the
radios current internal state and operating
environment. The policy engine is in
compliance with regulatory rule and other
policies external to the radio. Cognitive radio
(CR) enables much higher spectrum
efficiency by dynamic spectrum access.
Therefore, it is a potential technique for
future wireless communications to mitigate
the spectrum scarcity issue. As unlicensed
(secondary) users of the spectrum band, CR
operators are allowed to utilize the spectral
resources only when it does not cause
interference to the primary (licensed) users,
which entails continuous spectrum sensing in
CR networks. Therefore, it becomes a critical

issue in cognitive radio to reliably and

quickly detect the presence of the primary
users
User Domain

Cognitive
Engine
Control
System

OSI
Stack
Policy
Engine

Fig. 3.1 Cognitive Radio Transceiver

architecture [ 14]

Radio Domain

IV.
Policy Domain

Fig. 3 Simplified Architecture of Cognitive

Radio Network
A. Features that cognitive radios can
incorporate to enable a more efficient and
flexible usage of the spectrum.

Frequency Agility:- The cognitive radio is

able to change its operating frequency for its
adaptation to the environment.
Dynamic Frequency Selection:- The
cognitive radio senses signals from nearby
transmitters
to
choose
an
optimal
environment to work in.
Adaptive Modulation:- The transmission
characteristics and waveforms can be
reconfigured to exploit all opportunities for
the usage of spectrum in an efficient way.
Transmit Power Control:-The transmission
power is adapted to full power limits when
necessary on the one hand and to lower levels
on the other hand to allow greater sharing of
spectrum.
Physical Architecture of Cognitive Radio
Networks

Spectrum Sensing

The most tedious and crucial task to

establish Cognitive radio Networks includes
spectrum sensing. The spectrum Sensing
technique aims to determine the availability
of spectrum and the presence of the licensed
users (PU). To allow reliable operation of
cognitive radios, we must be able to detect
precisely the spectrum holes at the link level.
In practice, the unlicensed users, also called
secondary users (SUs), need to continuously
monitor the activities of the licensed users,
also called primary users (PUs), to find the
spectrum holes (SHs), which is defined as the
spectrum bands that can be used by the SUs
without interfering with the PUs. This
procedure is called spectrum sensing. There
are two types of SHs, namely temporal and
spatial SHs, respectively. A temporal SH
appears when there is no PU transmission
during a certain time period and the SUs can
use the spectrum for transmission. A spatial
SH appears when the PU transmission is
within an area and the SUs can use the
spectrum outside that area.
The sensing results basis helps SUs to
obtain information about the channels so that
they have access. However, the channel
conditions may change rapidly and the

behavior of the PUs might change as well. To

use the spectrum bands effectively after they
are found available, spectrum sharing and
allocation techniques are important .As PUs
have priorities to use the spectrum when SUs
co-exist with them, the interference generated
by the SU transmission needs to be below a
tolerable threshold of the PU system . Thus,
to manage the interference to the PU system
and the mutual interference among SUs,
power control schemes should be carefully
designed.

Fig.4 Basic Principle of Primary Detection

[14]

i)

ii)

iii)

iv)

v)

detection is difficult, most study focuses on

PU transmitter detection.

A) Decision making using cooperative

spectrum sensing:
Let N denote the number of users sensing
the PU. Each CR user makes its own decision
regarding whether the primary user present or
not, and forwards the binary decision (1 or 0)
to fusion center (FC) for data fusion. The PU
is located far away from all CRs. All the CR
users receive the primary signal with same
local mean signal power, i.e. all CRs form a
cluster with distance between any two CRs
negligible compared to the distance from the
PU to a CR. For simplicity we have assumed
that the noise, fading statistics and average
SNR are the same for each CR user. We
consider that the channels between CRs and
FC are ideal channels (noiseless).
Assuming independent decisions, the
fusion problem where k out of N CR users are
needed for decision can be described by
binomial distribution based on Bernoulli trials
where each trial represents the decision
process of each CR user. With a hard decision
counting rule, the fusion center implements
an nout-of-M rule that decides on the signal
present hypothesis whenever at least k out of
the N CR user decisions indicate H 1 .
Assuming uncorrelated decisions, the
probability of detection at the fusion center
[23] is given by

PU transmitter is sends data to the PU

receiver in a licensed spectrum band
Pair of SUs intends to access the spectrum
now to protect the PU transmission, the SU
transmitter performs spectrum sensing
N
N l
N l
The spectrum sensing by SU helps to detect
Pd Pd ,i 1 Pd ,i
whether there is a PU receiver in the coverage
l k l
of the SU transmitter or not.
However detection of PU receiver is difficult
where Pd ,i is the probability of detection
hence presence or absence of PU signal is
done easily.
for each individual CR user
As per figure the radius of PU transmitter and Logical AND-Rule
PU receiver detections are different, which
In this rule, if all of the local decisions
lead to some shortcomings and challenges.
sent to the decision maker are one, the final
It may happen that the PU receiver is outside
decision made by the decision maker is one.
the PU transmitter detection radius, where the
The fusion centers decision is calculated by
SH may be missed. Since the PU receiver
logic AND of the received hard decision

statistics. Cooperative detection performance

with this fusion rule can be evaluated by
setting k=N i

Pd , AND Pd ,i

Logical OR-Rule
In this rule, if any one of the local
decisions sent to the decision maker is a
logical one, the final decision made by the
decision maker is one. Cooperative detection
performance with this fusion rule can be
evaluated by setting k=1 i

Pd ,OR 1 1 Pd ,i

Logical MAJORITY-Rule
In this rule, if half or more of the local
decisions sent to the decision maker are the
final decision made by the decision maker is
one. Cooperative detection performance with
this fusion rule can be evaluated by setting k
= N/2

Pd ,MAJ

N l
Pd ,i 1 Pd ,i N l

l N / 2 l
N

[24]
Where . represents the floor operator.
[23-25]

group into model based parametric method

and periodgram based non-parametric method
[2]. Another way of classification depends on
the need of spectrum sensing as stated below
[3]:
Spectrum
sensing
for
spectrum
opportunities
a. Primary transmitter detection: In this
approach, detection of a signal from a
primary transmitter is based on the received
signal at CR users whether it is present or not.
It is also known as non-cooperative detection.
b. Cooperative or collaborative detection: It
refers to spectrum sensing methods where
information from multiple Cognitive radio
users is incorporated for primary user
detection. This approach includes either
centralized access to the spectrum
coordinated by a spectrum server or
distributed approach.
Spectrum
sensing
for
interference
detection
a. Interference temperature detection: In this
method the secondary users are allowed to
transmit with lower power then the primary
users and restricted by interference
temperature level so that there is no
interference.
b. Primary receiver detection: In this method,
the
interference
and/or
spectrum
opportunities are detected based on primary
receiver's local oscillator leakage power.

B) Spectrum Sensing Techniques:

The important requirement of cognitive
radio network is to sense the spectrum hole.
Cognitive radio has an important property
that it detects the unused spectrum and shares
it without harmful interference to other users.
Spectrum sensing techniques can be classified
as frequency domain approach and time
domain approach. In frequency domain
method estimation is carried out directly from
signal so this is also known as direct method.
In time domain approach, estimation is
performed using autocorrelation of the signal.
Another way of categorizing the spectrum
sensing and estimation methods is by making

Spectrum sensing Techniques

Non-Cooperative
Sensing

Energy
Detection

Matched filter
Detection

Cooperative
Sensing

Centralized

Distributed

Relay-assisted

Interference
based sensing

Cyclostationary
Feature
Detection

Fig 5 : Classification of spectrum sensing

techniques
Spectrum Sensing techniques are classified
into three main types, transmitter detection
or non cooperative sensing, cooperative
sensing and interference based sensing.
Transmitter detection technique is further
classified into energy detection, matched
filter detection and cyclostationary feature
detection [5].
Non-cooperative detection This technique is
based on the detection of the weak signal
from a primary transmitter. In primary
transmitter based detection techniques, a
cognitive user determines signal strength
generated from the primary user. In this
method, the location of the primary receivers
are not known to the cognitive users because
there is no signalling between the primary
users and the cognitive users. Basic
hypothesis model for transmitter detection
can be defined as follows [6]
n(t)
H0
=
h s t + n(t) H1
(1)
where x(t) is the signal received by the
cognitive user, s(t) is the transmitted signal of
the primary user, n(t)is the AWGN(Additive
White Gaussian Noise) and h is the amplitude
gain of the channel. H0 is a null hypothesis,
H1 is an alternative hypothesis.
Energy Detection: This technique is
suboptimal and can be applied to any signal.
Conventional energy detector consists of a
low pass filter to reject out of band noise and
adjacent signals. Implementation with nyquist
sampling A/D converter, square-law device
and integrator as shown in Figure 3(a) [7]
[15]. An energy detector can be implemented
similar to a spectrum analyzer by averaging
frequency bins of a FFT.

Without loss of generality, we can consider a

complex baseband equivalent of the energy
detector. The detection is the test of the
following two hypo-theses: [15]
H0: Y [n] = W[n]
signal absent
H1: Y [n] = X[n] +W[n] signal present
n=1,,N; where N is observation interval
(2)
The noise samples W[n] are assumed to be
additive white Gaussian (AWGN) with zero
mean and variance w. In the absence of
coherent detection, the signal samples X[n]
can also be modeled as Gaussian random
process with variance x
A decision statistic for energy detector is:
A/D

Prefilter

( )2

Average N
samples

Fig:6
Fig.6 Shows Implementation with analog prefilter and
square-law device (b)
implementation using periodogram
Matched filter detection Matched-filtering
is known as the optimum method for
detection of primary users when the
transmitted signal is known [16]. The main
advantage of matched filtering is the short
time to achieve a certain probability of false
alarm or probability of misdetection [17, 18].
Block diagram of matched filter is shown in
Figure 7
H0- Absence of user
H1- Presence of user

BPF

MATCHED
FILTER

H0

H1

Fig.7 Block Diagram of Matched Filter

V.
Cyclostationary feature detection It have
been introduced as a complex two
dimensional signal processing technique for
recognition of modulated signals in the
presence of noise and interference [19]. To
identify the received primary signal in the
presence of primary users it exploits
periodicity of modulated signals couple with
sine wave carriers, hopping sequences, cyclic
prefixes etc. Due to the periodicity, these
cyclostationary signals exhibit the features of
periodic statistics and spectral correlation,
which is not found in stationary noise and
interference [20] [23].

In spectrum sensing, it is desired to

minimize spectrum sensing error (i.e., sum of
false alarm and miss detection probabilities)
since minimizing spectrum sensing error both
reduces collision probability with primary
user and enhances usage level of vacant
spectrum. To provide reliable spectrum
sensing performance (i.e., minimize spectrum
sensing error) one of the great challenges is
determining threshold level since spectrum
sensing performance depends on the
threshold level. When determining threshold
level, besides spectrum sensing error,
spectrum sensing constraint which requires
false alarm and miss detection probabilities to
be below target level should also be
considered since it guarantees minimum
required protection level of primary user and
usage level of vacant spectrum. The optimal
threshold level for minimizing spectrum
sensing error (MSSE) was determined. So the
objective is to facilitate efficienct utilization
of radio spectrum in a fair-minded way as
well as to provide highly reliable
communication for all users of the network.
. This process is a form of dynamic
spectrum management. Cognitive radio (CR)
is a form of wireless communication in which
a transceiver can intelligently detect which
communication channels are in use and which
are not, and instantly move into vacant
channels while avoiding occupied ones. This
optimizes the use of available radiofrequency (RF) spectrum while minimizing
interference
to
other
users.
The
implementation strategy for cooperative
spectrum sensing is suggested in the
following steps:

Fig.8 a, b : Block diagram of cyclostationary

BPF

N
Point
FFT

Average
over T

Correlate

A/D

K pt.
FFT

Feature
Detection

Implementation Strategy

Average
M bins N
times

I.

A code is developed for the spectrum sensing

structure in a cognitive radio network. In this
structure we define the primary user and
receiver.

II.

It is followed by the code for the cognitive

radio development.

III.

IV.

Then the optimal voting rule for the energy ii)

detection is developed in spectrum sensing
structure. It has been found that the optimal
decision voting rule to minimize the total error
probability is the half-voting rule. A method
of can be presented.
By using additive white Gaussian noise
(AWGN) channel, the error rate can be
calculated.
Fig. 9 depicts an algorithm for implementing
cooperative
spectrum
sensing
with
cyclostationary detection and calculating
error rate.

Code for Spectrum Sensing

Develop a code for cognitive radio network

Algorithm such as energy detection, matched filter

detection, and cyclostationary detection

Calculate error rate

Fig. 9 Flow chart for calculating error rate

VI. Application Areas
The increasing number of users and les
available spectrum has resulted in the
development of surrounding RF environment
aware of Cognitive radio networks. These
networks have applications in almost every
wireless communication where there is a need
of efficient utilization of radio spectrum.
The main application areas are given as
under:
i)

Cognitive radio Network is a promising

technology to be used in XG mobile
networks.

Cognitive radio networks have a direct

application for Military and Public safety.
Sensing time for Individual spectrum
sensing
This is another important parameter to check
the performance of the system. Here we are
calculating the perfomace metric Tp ( sensing
time ). Sensing time can be monitored by
running the specific matlab code . The time
which the systen consume in entire run-time
is the sensing time .
We calulate Tp using Intel (R) core (TM)2
duo CPU 5550@1.84GHz
Table A : Sensing time for individual
spectrum sensing
SNR
Time consumed
(db)
(milliseconds)
2
1.33
3
1.058
4
1.055
5
1.047
6
1.023
7
1.021
8
1.094
9
0.76
10
0.65
11
0.65
12
0.66

Reciever operating characteristics (ROC)

considering various fading scenarios for the
individual spectrum sensing
a) ROC evaluation at different SNR values
for fluctuating coherent signals
The ROC curves need to be evaluated as
these curves vary considerably with the
number of samples . The ROC curves are
seen to be more disparatein high SNR
regimes fo smaller N. the energy detection
performance depends highly on the energy

didtribution of the primary signal , therefore

Pd probability of detection takes into account
the statistical behaiour of the signals
involved.
Im the simulation curve below we consider
fading effects
Pd Probability of detection
Pfa - Probability of false Alarm

ROC curve for fading scenarios .

b) ROC curve for false-alarm probabilities
of 1 e8, 1 e6, and 1 e3 assuming
coherent integration of a single pulse.
The signal type which we consider in this
case is Non fluctuating Coherent signal.

VII.

Conclusion
The computation done keeping in mind Pd
(Probability of detection). It is seen that there
is greater chances of false detection at lower
SNR values. the results show tremendous
decrease in false alarm probabilities with
increasing SNR values.

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[24] A.

Authors profile

Er. Tulika Mehta is an Electronics Engineering

professional having worked previously with
Telecom Industry. She is presently a part of
Panjab University contributing in research and
development activities in the field of wireless
communications. She is ME MBA from Panjab
university Chandigarh and has published several
technical research papers in International journals
/ conferences including Elsevier.

She is looking forward to be major part in

R &D in wireless technology in India and abroad.

Prof. T. L. Singal is an electronics engineering

professional having more than three decades of
industrial and teaching experience. An alumni of
National Institute of Technology (NIT)
Kurukshetra, India, he has many contributions in
research & development activities in the field of
wireless/telecom technologies in India, Germany
and USA during 1981-2002. Since 2003, he is
working as Senior Faculty with leading technical
universities in India. He has several technical
research papers published in International
Journals/Conferences including IEEE and
convened International/National Conferences in
Wireless Networks and Embedded Systems. He is
on the editorial board of many technical journals.
He is an established author of two technical
books: `Wireless Communications' (2010) and
`Analog & Digital Communications' (2012), both
published by International renowned publisher
Tata McGraw

Er. Kirti Arora is Research scholar. Currently,

pursuing M.tech at Chitkara University ,Punjab.
B.Tech in Electronics and communication
engineering
from
Maharishi
Markandeshwar
University, Mullana.

Er Bharti Papnai is a academician, Presently

working as Assistant Professor in College of
Engineering Roorkee, Roorkee. M.Tech in
Electronics and Communication Engineering from
Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, published a
research paper in ICEECS-2012 0n Peak-to-Avarage
Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM System using
Iterative Search Algorithm and presented a paper in
national conference on performance estimation of
OFDM system and implementation of MIMO-OFDM
system using ML equalization.

Er Varun Sharma : He completed his B.Tech in

2008 in Electronics and communication and since
then worked for big giants in the field of telecom
sector . Presently he is working as a Solution
Engineer with Ericsson India Global Service Pvt.
Ltd. Under the Ericson banner he has done number of
certifications and is an active Player in this field
providing solutions in India and abroad . He looks
forward contributing more in the field of wireless
communication