Graded exercises in

Advanced level mathematics

Graded exercises
in pure mathematics
Edited by Barrie Hunt

PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE

The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

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http://www.cambridge.org
# Cambridge University Press 2001
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant
collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the
written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2001
Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge
Typeface Times

System 3B2

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 0 521 63753 8 paperback
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge the following for permission to use questions from past
papers:
AQA
Edexcel
OCR

Assessment and Qualications Alliance

AEB
Cambridge
London
MEI
NEAB
O&C
SMP
WJEC

Associated Examining Board

The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate
The University of London Examinations and Assessment Council
The Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board
Northern Examination and Assessment Board
The Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board
The Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examination Board
Welsh Joint Education Committee

Authors

Robin Bevan
Bob Carter
Andy Hall
Barrie Hunt
Lorna Lyons
Lucy Norman
Sarah Payne
Caroline Petryszak
Rachel Williams

Edited by

Barrie Hunt

Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations

Contents

How to use this book

0

Background knowledge
0.1 Basic arithmetic highest common factor; lowest common
multiple; fractions
0.2 Laws of indices
0.3 Similar gures
0.4 Basic algebra multiplying brackets; factorising quadratics;
solution of simultaneous equations
0.5 Solving equations; changing the subject of a formula
0.6 The straight line y mx c; gradient and intercept
0.7 The distance between two points
0.8 Trigonometry right-angled triangles; sine and cosine rules
0.9 The cone and sphere
0.10 Properties of a circle
Algebra
1.1 Surds; laws of indices
1.2 Arithmetic of polynomials; factor theorem; remainder theorem;
graphs of y kxn (n 12 or an integer)
1.3 Modulus sign; linear and quadratic equations and inequalities
(including graphical methods); sum and product of roots of
quadratic equations; simultaneous equations one linear
and one quadratic
1.4 Partial fractions
1.5 Complex numbers
Coordinate geometry
2.1 Equation of a straight line in the forms y y1 mx x1
and ax by c 0; nding the equation of a linear graph;
parallel and perpendicular lines; distance between two points
in two and three dimensions; mid-point of two points;
equation of a circle

1
3
3
4
5
7
8
9
11
11
14
16
20
20
25

34
40
48
57

57

iv

Contents

Vector geometry
3.1 Addition of vectors; length of vectors; scalar product; angle
between two vectors
3.2 2D vectors; position vectors; ratio theorem; vector equation
of a line; intersection of lines
3.3 3D vectors; equations of lines and planes; intersection of lines
and planes

64

Functions
4.1 Denitions of functions involving formulae and domains;
ranges of functions; graphical representation of functions;
composition of functions; inverse functions
4.2 Algebraic and geometric properties of simple transformations
including fx a, fx a, afx, fax; composition of
transformations up to and including afbx c d

91

Sequences
5.1 Inductive denition and formula for the nth term; recognition
of periodicity, oscillation, convergence and divergence;
formulae for ik k 1; 2; 3
5.2 Arithmetic and geometric series; sum to innity of a
convergent
series
 
n
5.3 n!;
notation; binomial expansion of 1 xn , n 2 Z
r
5.4 Binomial series

111

64
73
81

91
99

111
120
127
133

Trigonometry
6.1 Radian measure; s r, A 12 r2 
6.2 Sine, cosine and tangent functions; their reciprocals, inverses
and graphs
6.3 Trigonometric identities including sin2  cos2  1 etc.;
addition formulae; double angle formulae and R sin 
6.4 Solution of trigonometric equations
6.5 Sum and product formulae

139
139

Exponential and logarithmic functions

7.1 Exponential growth and decay; laws of functions logarithms;
ex and ln x; solution of ax b
7.2 Reduction of laws to linear form

177

Differentiation
8.1 Differentiation of polynomials, trigonometric, exponential
and logarithmic functions; product and quotient rules;
composite functions

148
156
163
171

177
183
196
196

Contents

8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
9

10

11

Increasing and decreasing functions; rates of change; tangents

and normals; maxima, minima and stationary points; points
of inexion; optimisation problems
Parametric curves, including the parabola, circle and ellipse;
implicit differentiation; logarithmic differentiation
Curve sketching
Formation of simple differential equations; small angle
approximations; Maclaurin's series for simple functions

Integration
9.1 Integration as the reverse of differentiation; integrals of
1
xn , ex , , sin x etc.; area under curve; denite integrals
x
9.2 Integration by inspection, substitution, partial fractions and
parts
9.3 Choice of method of integration
9.4 Problems involving differential equations; solution of
simple differential equations of the form dy=dx fx;
separation of variables
9.5 RFurther applications
of integration; volumes of revolution;
P
y dx lim y x

202
212
220
229
238
238
247
255
262
272

Numerical methods
10.1 Absolute and relative errors;y  dy=dxx
10.2 Locating roots of equations by sign changes; simple iterative
methods including NewtonRaphson, bisection method,
xn gxn1 ; failure of iterative methods; cobweb and
staircase diagrams
10.3 Numerical integration; solution of differential equations
using numerical methods

282
282

Proof
11.1 Use of mathematical symbols and language ), (, ,, if
and only if, converses, necessary and sufcient conditions;
construction of mathematical arguments; proof by
contradiction and disproof by counter-example

313

Answers
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

and solutions
Background knowledge
Algebra
Coordinate geometry
Vector geometry
Functions
Sequences
Trigonometry

292
302

313
321
321
325
341
344
352
364
372

vi

Contents

7
8
9
10
11

Exponential and logarithmic functions

Differentiation
Integration
Numerical methods
Proof

388
395
426
442
453

0.1

Background knowledge
Basic arithmetic highest common factor;
lowest common multiple; fractions
a c ad bc

bd
b d

Express as a product of prime factors:

(a) 30
(e) 108

(b) 49
(f) 693

(d) 84
(h) 14 553

(b) 7, 14
(e) 42, 70, 182
(h) 51, 527, 1343

(c) 30, 42
(f) 169, 234, 299

Find the lowest common multiple (LCM) of:

(a) 6, 10
(e) 5, 25

(c) 53
(g) 1144

Find the highest common factor (HCF) of:

(a) 6, 10
(d) 24, 40, 64
(g) 252, 378, 567

a c ac

b d bd

(b) 7, 14
(f) 5, 7, 11

(c) 30, 42
(g) 4, 21, 22

(d) 2, 3, 4
(h) 14, 18, 21

Express each fraction in its lowest terms, without using a calculator:

(a)

7
35

(b)

(e)

81
108

(f)

Complete:
3

(a)
4 24
7

(e)
4 20

15
125

(c)

26
39

(d)

16
80

3a
12a

(g)

42a2
56a

(h)

22ab2
121b

5 20
2a

(f)
3
9

(b)

7 21
a

(g)
b bx
(c)

Simplify, without using a calculator:

3 2
2 1
4 2
(b)
(c)

(a)
4 3
7 5
13 7

8 64
2

(h)
a a2
(d)

(d)

5 3

12 8
3

Background knowledge

3
7
2
1
(f) 5 3
(e) 1 2
4
8
3
9
Express as a single fraction:
3a 2a
2a a
(a)

(b)

4
3
7 5
1 1
5 2
(e)
(f) 2
u v
a a

3 2

a a
2
(g) p
q

2
2
(h) 3 2
5
3
3 2

a b
3
5
(h)

ab ac

(c)

(d)

Without using a calculator, simplify and express each fraction in its

lowest terms:
(a) 6  23
(e)

1 3
(g) 2
7 4

1
2

(b)

3a 2

7 5a

 34

(c)

4a2
3

11 2ab

(f)

3
5

 47

(g) x 

3
5

 49


2
2 3
(h) x

x x2

(d)

1
x

Without using a calculator, simplify and express each fraction in its

lowest terms:
(a) 6  23

(b)

(e)

(f)

3a 2a

7
5

1
2

 34

(c)

4
2

2
3ab
11a

3
5

6
 25

(g) x 

10 Which is larger,

77
78

or

11 (a) The fraction

20
91

is written as 17 1a. Find a.

(b) Calculate:

(d)

1
x

(h)

3
5

 49

1 1

x2 x

78
79 ?

(i) 1 121 131 14

(ii) 1 121 131 14 . . . 1 1n

12 Find the greatest number which, when divided into 1407 and 2140, leaves

remainders of 15 and 23 respectively.

0.2

Laws of indices
am  an amn

am n amn

Simplify:
(a) a3  a4
(d) 2a3  3a2

am
amn
an

Simplify:
x9
(a) 2
x

(b)

(b) a7  a6
(e) 5a2  a7
p4
p3

(c)

x12
x

(c) a  a3
(f) 23 a3  6a4

(d)

12a7
4a2

(e)

12a5
8a3

(f)

2a2 b
6ab2

0.3 Similar figures

Simplify:
(a) a5 3
(e) 2a2 4

Simplify:
p
(a) p
x2
3
(e) x6

(b) 2a4
(f) 3a2 b3 3
p
(b) p
x6
(f)
9a10 b4

(a) 1 x
6

Simplify:
x2 x5
(a)
x
(c) 3x2 5x2

0.3
1

(c)

Expand:
2 2

(c) 5a3 2

3 2

(b) 3 a

p
a2 b2

(d) 5a3 2

(d)

p
4a2



1 2
2
(c) x 2
x

3x8 2x4
x4
2
10x y 6xy2 8x2 y2
(d)
2xy
(b)

3x3
x

Similar gures
Find the sides marked x and/or y in each of the following pairs of
similar triangles.
(a)

(b)

(c)

Background knowledge

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

OAB is the cross-section of a

cone, radius r, height h.
Express y in terms of r, h and x.

The coordinates of Q are (4, 0).

What are the coordinates of P?

A sphere has radius 8 cm and a second sphere has radius 12 cm.

What is the ratio of their (a) areas, (b) volumes?

0.4 Basic algebra

A solid metal cylinder of radius 6 cm and height 12 cm weighs 6 kg. A

second cylinder is made from the same material and has radius 8 cm and
height 16 cm. How much does this cylinder weigh?

A liquid is poured into a hollow cone, which is placed with its vertex
down. When 400 cm3 has been poured in, the depth of water is 100 cm.
What is the depth of water after (a) 1000 cm3, (b) x cm3 has been poured
in? Plot the graph to show how depth varies with volume.

0.4

Basic algebra multiplying brackets, factorising

quadratics, solution of simultaneous equations
a bc d ac ad bc bd

Expand:
(a) 34 a

(b) 62 3a

(d) a2a 3b

(e) 3a5a 2b

Multiply out the brackets:

(a) x 2x 5
(d) 5x 25x 2


2 2
(g) x
x

(c) 2x 13x 5
(f) p 3q2p 5q

(h) 2x2 1x 3

(b) x2 3x
(e) ut 12 at2

(c) 5x2 2xy

(f) 2x3 3x4

Factorise:
(a)
(d)
(g)
(j)

(b) x 3x 4
(e) 3a 22

Factorise:
(a) 4x 8y
(d) 2r2 2rh

(c) aa 3


3
(f) x 2
x

x2 4x 3
x2 7x 10
6y2 7y 5
15p2 34pq 16q2

Simplify:
3x 6
(a)
3

(b)

(b)
(e)
(h)
(k)

x2 2x
x

x2 2x 3
p2 p 30
p2 4q2
9x2 30xy 25y2

(c)

x2 3x 2
x1

(c)
(f)
(i)
(l)

(d)

a2 6a 9
2a2 7a 3
p2 4pq 12q2
10a2 31a 14
16 x2
x4

Solve the simultaneous equations:

(a) x y 4
x y 6

(b) x 2y 8
x 5y 17

(c) 2x 3y 2
x 2y 8

Background knowledge

(d) 3x 2y 1
5x 4y 3
(g) 4x 3y 0
6x 15y 13
7

(e) 2x 5y 14
3x 2y 1
(h) 2x 3y 4 0
5x y 7 0

Multiply out the brackets:

2
(a) x 1x
1
p xp
(d) x 2x 2

0.5

(b)

x3 2x2 x
x2 x

(c)

x4 13x2 36
x 2x2 9

(b) 2x 3y 8
6x 9y 24

Solving equations; changing the subject of a formula

Solve the following equations.
(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
(i)
(k)

2x 1 7
5x 2 3x 5
3x 2 9x
x2 81
16
x
x
2
x 7x

(b)
(d)
(f)
(h)

2 3x 8
6x 3 8 2x
42x 7 35x 1
x2 25 0

x3 27 0
4
(l) x 0
x
(n) x 3x 7 0

(j)

(m) xx 4 0
(o) 2x 3x 43x 2 0
2

(c) a b4

Solve the pairs of simultaneous equations below, explaining your results

graphically.
(a) 2x 3y 8
6x 9y 12

(b) a b3

Simplify:
(a) a b2 a b2

(f) 5x 3y 23
7x 4y 17

Rearrange to make the given variable the subject of the formula:

(a)
(c)
(e)
(g)
(i)

Q CV C
F 95 C 32 C
P 2` w `
v2 u2 2as a
u a n 1d d

(b)
(d)
(f)
(h)
(j)

C 2r r
y mx c m
S 12 na ` a
s ut 12 at2 a
s n2 f2a n 1dg

0.6 The straight line

Rearrange to make the given variable the subject of the formula:

(a)

E mc2

(c)

V 13 r2 h r

(e)

I 12 mv2 u2
s
`
T 2
`
g
1
x
y
xa

(g)
(i)
4

(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)

0.6

(b) V 43 r3 r
4
(d) y 2 x
x
p
(f) y 2 x 3 x
(h) A r2 r21
(j)

p
a2 b2 a

In each case, show clearly how the second formula may be obtained from
the rst.
iR
;
Rr
x2 y2
1;
a2 b2
x2
;
y
x
3x 2
y
;
5x
Er
I
;
Rr
1 1 1
;
R u v

(a) I

i IR
I
q
b
a2 x2
y
a
2
x
1y
5y 2
x
y3
IR
r
EI
Ru
v
uR
r

The surface area, S, of a cylinder is given by S 2r2 2rh.

Its volume, V, is given by V r2 h. Express V in terms of S and r only.

The straight line y mx c; gradient and intercept

The line y mx c has gradient m, intercept c

Plot the graph of y 4x 2 for 3  x  3. Calculate the gradient of

the line.
Write down where it crosses the y-axis (the y-intercept).

10

Background knowledge

Complete the table.

(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)

Equation
y 5x 2
y 1 3x
y 12 x
y 4 3x

Intercept

2
6
7
1

5
2
1
2

2y 4x 1
5y 2x

Sketch the following lines.

(a) y 2x 5

Gradient

(b) y 12 x 2

(c) y x

Write down the equation of each of the lines shown.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(d) y x 1

0.8 Trigonometry

5
6

0.7

Find the equation of the line perpendicular to y 2x 1 which passes

through (0, 3).
y x
State the coordinates of the point where the line 1 crosses
4 6
(a) the x-axis, (b) the y-axis.

The distance between two points

(a) P and Q are two points with

coordinates (2, 3) and (5, 7)
respectively. By applying
Pythagoras' theorem to triangle
PQR, nd the distance PQ.
(b) By drawing a suitable diagram,
nd a formula for the distance
PQ where P and Q have
coordinates x1 ; y1 , x2 ; y2
respectively.

Find the distance between the following pairs of points.

(a) (1, 2), (6, 14)
(d) (4, 2), (1, 3)

(b) (3, 2), (6, 3)

(c) (1, 4), (2, 7)

p
3) is equilateral.

Show that the triangle with vertices at (1, 0), (3, 0), (2,

Which of the points (6, 4), (3, 6), (2, 4) is nearest to (1, 2)?

Find the distance of the point Px; y from (i) O0; 0 (ii) R4; 3.
If P is equidistant from O and R, nd the equation of the locus of P.

0.8

11

Trigonometry right-angled triangles; sine and

cosine rules
In right-angled triangles:
Pythagoras' theorem a2 b2 c2
opp a
;
hyp c
opp a

tan A
adj b
sin A

cos A

adj b
;
hyp c

In all triangles:
sine rule

a
b
c

sin A sin B sin C

cosine rule a2 b2 c2 2bc cos A

12

Background knowledge

Find the angles marked x.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Find the sides marked x.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

0.8 Trigonometry

(a) Find the lengths of p

(i)BC, (ii) AB giving your
answer in the form a.
(b) Write down exact values for
(i) sin 458, (ii) cos 458, (iii) tan 458.

Use the sine rule to nd the value of x.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

13

14

Background knowledge

Use the cosine rule to nd the value of x.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

Use appropriate methods to nd all sides and angles for:

(a)

0.9

(b)

The cone and sphere

Volume of cone = 13 r2 h;
Volume of sphere = 43 r3
Surface area of cone = r`; Surface area of sphere = 4r2

0.9 The cone and sphere

Find the volumes of the following solid objects, giving your answers as
multiples of .
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

A child's toy is formed by attaching a cone to a

hemisphere as shown. The radius of the hemisphere is
6 cm and the height of the toy is 14 cm. Find (a) its
volume, (b) its surface area.

The earth may be treated as a sphere of radius 6370 km. Find (a) its
surface area, (b) its volume.

Twelve balls, each of radius 3 cm, are immersed in a cylinder of water,

radius 10 cm, so that they are each fully submerged. What is the rise in
the water level?

15

16

Background knowledge

A solid metal cube of side

4 cm is melted down and recast as a sphere.
p
Show that its radius is 3 48=.

A gas balloon, in the shape of a sphere, is made from 1000 m2 of

material. Estimate the volume of gas in the balloon.
What assumptions have you made?

A hollow sphere has internal diameter 10 cm and external diameter

12 cm. What is the volume of the material used to make the sphere?

A bucket is in the shape of the

frustrum of a cone. The radius of
the base is 15 cm and the radius
of the top is 20 cm. Find the
volume of the bucket, given that
its height is 30 cm.

0.10

Properties of a circle
Angle facts:

The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

The perpendicular
from the centre to
a chord bisects the
chord.

The radius is
perpendicular
to the tangent.

0.10 Properties of a circle

Find the value of x in each of the following.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(a) AB is a chord of a circle, radius

5 cm, at a distance of 3 cm from the
centre O. Find (i) the length AB,
(ii) the angle .

(b) Find the angle  subtended by the chord

AB in the diagram.

17

18

Background knowledge

(c) Find the area of triangle AOB and

hence nd the area of the minor
segment cut off by AB.

(a) AP and BP are tangents to the circle with centre O and radius 5 cm.
OP 13 cm. Find (i) AP, (ii) .

(b) OP1 P2 is a tangent to two circles with centres O1 , O2 . OP1 12 cm.

The radius of the circle with centre O1 is 5 cm. Find the radius of the
circle with centre O2 .

0.10 Properties of a circle

19

(c) In the diagram, OA is parallel to PQ. Find the angle QPR in terms
of .

Two circles, radii 3 cm and 5 cm, have centres P, Q respectively,

PQ 7 cm. If the circles intersect at A and B, nd the length AB.

The distance from the Earth to the sun is 1:50  108 km. The diameter of
the sun is 1:39  106 km.
Find the angle subtended by the sun from a point on the Earth.
What assumptions have you made?