Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BALANCE
Vestibular system
Vestibular apparatus:
detection
Head position
(gravitation)
- Semicircular canals
Angular motion
anatomical position:
the patch of hair cells
in the UTRICLE is
nearly horizontal,
with the stereocilia
oriented vertically
the sensory
epithelium is vertical
in the SACCULE,
with the stereocilia
oriented
horizontally
orientation of the
Signal transduction
rotation
when the head is initially
moved, the endolymph
and ampulla (and therefore
the hair cells) turn with it in
a direction oposing rotation
DEPOLARISATION IN
THE KINOCILUM
DIRECTION
HYPERPOLARISATION IN
THE STEREOCILLIUM
DIRECTION
occurs in the
SAME direction as
the head
movement (LEFT
head turn
produces
depolarization in
the LEFT
horizontal canal)
each other
posterior canals are also located at
~90o to each other
the directionality of the stereocilia is
different in the anterior and posterior
canals
the anterior canals have their
Signal transduction
K+ channels in the cillia
When stereocilia are bent towards
Vestibular pathway
1st order neuron= Scarpa ganglion- axons form the
1. to the
thalamus (3rd
order neuron)
2. to the
paleocerebellum
3. to the spinal
chord
(vestibulospinal)
4. to the motor
nuclei of cranial
nerves III,IV,VI
Chemical senses
Olfaction and taste
Both have receptors that sense the differences of
Olfaction
Olfactory Epithelium
1 square inch of membrane
24
olfactory hairs
Supporting cells
columnar epithelium
Basal cells = stem cells
replace receptors monthly
Olfactory glands (Bowmann)
produce mucus
25
26
There are 1000 different genes in 4 families; each codes 7transmembrane domain G-protein coupled receptor protein
that is expressed in olfactory receptors in mice
RECEPTORS
There are, in the rat, about 1000 odorant receptor genes. Each olfactory receptor expresses
only one of these genes. This is the first critical feature of olfactory coding. When an odorant
binds to the olfactory receptor protein it stimulates a G-protein that activates adenylate
cyclase; cAMP binds to and opens channels permeable to Na+/Ca2+ and Cl- channels. The
resulting current flow depolarizes the receptor cell (receptor potential) causing it to spike. Its
axon terminal in the OB then releases transmitter (glutamate) to excite the target mitral cells.
Bear et al.
OLFACTORY BULB
Bear et al.
Olfactory Pathway
Axons from olfactory receptors form the olfactory nerves
32
Taste
Taste receptors
Clustered in taste
buds
Associated with
lingual papillae
OR free in the
pharynx
Contain basal cells
which appear to
be stem cells
Gustatory cells
extend taste hairs
through a narrow
taste pore
Gustatory discrimination
Primary taste sensations
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami (aminoacid glutamate)
Taste sensitivity shows significant individual differences,
Taste buds
Receptors for taste are
Taste receptors
FLAVOR