Develop models of matter to represent objects or processes built to better

describe, explain, predict and control properties and behavior

o Abstract or concrete
o Eg Model of atoms
Plato different elements could transfor into one another thru dissociation
and rearrangement of triangles . 2 Air (48 triangles) + (24 triangles) 1 fire
= water with 120 triangles
Particles are in constant movement
o Assumption 1: macroscopic sample of a substance is composed of
an extremely large number of very small identical particles
o Assumption 2: particles of matter constantly moving in random
directions thru empty space
Motion helps explain why gas and liquid exert pressure on
wall of container.
F per unit area= exert by collision of particle of fluid with
participle of container.
Faster part move, larger pressure.
Average speed depends on T and mass of individual particle
Ek = mv2
The higher temperatre = greater average kinetic speed per
particle = faster part moves
Particles of the same substance in two different coexisting
phases at a certain temperature have the same average
kinetic energy
Lighter particle have higher average speeds than heavier
part at any given temperature
o Assumption 3: Particles interact with each other and the strength of
these interactions depends on distance.
Particle attracts each other at relative long distance but repel
when they come into close
No interactions = exist in a single phase always
Solid phase form as attractive interactions btw particles
Keep particles together at low temp when their ake is
low
Gain more freedom to move around when temp increases +
ave speed increase. Which explains fluidity of liquid
Higher temperature, part have enough Ek to move across
entire system, barely influenced by interactions.
All gases at a given temperature have the same average
kinetic energy.
Stronger attractive interactions btw particles, more energy
will needed o separate them and induce a phase transition
from solid to liquid or liquid to gas
Absorb energy: solid to liquid, liquid to gas.
o Gas phase simplest structure
Most subst becomes gas at high temp and low pressure

Particles are far apart.

P of gas in directly proportional to both the absolute
temperature (T) and number of particles (N). Inverse
proportional to V
At high T and low P, substances behaves as an ideal gas
P = kb (NT/V)
Kb= 1.380 x 10-23 = Boltzmann constant
In the absence of interactions, has would never turn into liquid or
solid.
Ideal gas works with gas at high T and low P
Attractive interaction decreases P because particles spend more
time close together = less interaction with walls
Repulsion increases P
The larger the particles, smaller free space, more collision = higher
pressure
NET OUTCOME depends on size of container, external T, N, strength
of attractive interaction
No chemical change occurs during phase change.
Emergence: assume that macroscopic properties of a substance
that are observable or measurable in lab may not be the same as
the properties of the individual particles that compose the system
Macro prop emerge from spatial distribution, movement, and
interactions btw many particles present in a macro sample of
material
(part in solid state) Hardness is not property of each
individual particle but a prop that emerges from interaction
btw part
Temperature = emergent prop. Individual do not melt, boil with
changing T or P, or smaller, or larger, or softer, or harder during
phase change.
CHANGE during phase change is the strength of interactions
forces btw part
Eg: a drop of water boil vs a bucket boil. Drop of water
evaporates = do not have same T as bucket of water
Why does T remain constant when energy is added or removed
Energy two forms: Ek and Ep
Ep decreases as part move in same direction as forces btw
them
Part attract each other, Ep dec as part gets closer
Part repel each other, Ep dec as part move away from each
other
Reduction in Ep due to action of internal forces result in
gain in Ek
Delta E = measure of energy that needs to be invested or
removed from system of particles to change their relative
positions

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Ep=0 when part are an infinite distance from each other.

Interaction force = 0
Ep that attract each other always negative, the more
closer, the more negative
The stronger the attractive force, the greater the
decrease in Ep when part get closer.
When part repel, Ep increase as part get closer = decrease in
kinetic energy because part slow down due to repulsive
forces btw them.
Solid or liquid. Attractive and repulsive inter keep them at
distances where ave force is close to 0; Ep is minimum
Part in solid/liquid has lower Ep (more negative) than
same part in gas where Ep is almost 0
Temperature constant because energy provided
through heating is transformed into Ep and not into Ek
(T = ave Ek per part)
In change from gas to liquid part loses Ep and gain Ek
as they get closer.
Particle transfer excess Ek to surroundings as
they collide with walls
Latent heat: energy release or absorbed during a
phase transition due to changes in Ep of system

Outcome of competition between particles in random motion (part

homogenously distributed in available space) and attractive interactions (part
cluster together) will depend on Temperature and pressure.
To predict the change, we need
o The potential energy of the different states available in the system
o The number of configurations that particles can take in each of those
states.
Compare the Ep of different states can use to evaluate the energy cost with
change.
If a change in phase needs high T, it will not occur at low T.
Comparing number of configuration asses how easily they may rearrange.
o If part can be in many different configurations in a state, LOW chance
of moving away from that state.
Ep of liquid state is lower than gas phase = more favored energetically than
the gas phase (takes energy to change from liquid to gas.
Gas phase as more configurations
At low T, where little energy, escaping the lower energy state is more difficult
and liquid state forms.
At high T, random motions take system to gas phase.
States with low Ep and low number of config is likely to be at low T (energy
ynot enough to overcome attractive interactions between particles in the
system)
AND Vice Versa.

States with high Ep and low number of config will be least favored under
most normal condition

Different substances have different interaction forces btw particles that vary
in type and strength
Atoms are held together by chemical bonds
Molecules: two or more atoms of the same or different types are bonded
together (eg O2)
Elementary substances: cant split into two or more different stable
substances (eg: O2, N2, and Ar)
Chemical compounds: substances that e can split into two or more simpler
stable substances by inducing a chemical reaction (H2O and CO2)
o H2O can be separated into elementary substances: H2 and O,
o CO2 decomposed into C and O2
Chemical compound decomposing gives the same proportion of elementary
substances (eg twice the volume of H than O
Chemical element: species of atoms
Chemical Formula: symbol that conveys information about the atomic
composition of given substance.
Chromotography, as you will see in lab and in Saplin questions, can be explained using the

particulate model of matter. For example, if you have TLC (thin layer chromotography) you take a
sample of a mixture and allow capillary action in a mobile phase for the components of the mixture
to separate on a stationary phase. So, the more attracted components of the mixture are to the
mobile phase, the farther they will move up the column or plate. The more they have attractive
forces for the stationary phase, the more they drag and do not travel far up the column or plate. I
hope this helps when you encounter Sapling questions on this topic.