ENERGY SCENARIO IN INDIA

AT THE TIME OF INDEPENDENCE :

1400 MWe
IN THE YEAR 1950 :
1715 MWe
INCREASED MORE THAN 50 FOLD BY THE YEAR 2000-2001 :
97,877 MWe
WHILE THE SHARE OF HYDRO & THERMAL WAS APPROXIMATELY 40%
& 60% TILL 1980, THE SCENARIO CHANGED FROM VII PLAN ONWARDS
AND THE CURRENT SHARE IS HYDRO: 24.34%, THERMAL: 71.70%,
WIND: 1.18%, NUCLEAR: 2.78%
PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING X PALN: 12,000 MWe
ANNUALLY
PROJECTED ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENT DURING XI PLAN: 15,000
MWe ANNUALLY

ENERGY SOURCES

Renewable
Hydel
Solar

Wind
Tidal

Non-renewable
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear

Geothermal
Bio-fuel
Total: 56,049 MW
(Renewable)

Total: 1,15,594 MW
(Non-renewable)

Generation Capacity: Indian Scenario

Nuclear
3%

Renewable

9%
Diesel
1%

Gas
11%
Coal
53%
Hydro
23%

Energy
Source

MW

Coal

53

82343

Hydro

23

36863

Gas

11

17056

Diesel

1200

Renewable

15427

Nuclear

4340

100

157229

Total
Coal

Hydro

Gas

Diesel

Renewable

Fuelwise Generating Installed Capacity

Nuclear
3

Source CEA as on 28.02.2010

Comparison of Electricity Generation Plants

1000 Mwe Hydel

1000 Mwe Nuclear 1000 Mwe Coal Fired

Land Reqd: 70 Hectares

Land Reqd: 20 Hectares

Fuel: 120 Te /Yr
= 12 Trucks / Yr
( @ 10 Te/Truck)
Submergence: 2000 - 5000
Hectares
Emissions: Negligible
Waste in Fuel: < 1 Te / Yr

Coal: 3,800,000 Te/Yr

5 train loads of 2000 Te
each per day

Emissions:
CO22 :
SO22:
NoXX :

70,00,000 Te / Yr
45,000 Te / Yr
20,000 Te / Yr

Ash Generation :
1.2 Million tonnes

NUCLEAR POWER
Harnessing uranium
for nuclear energy
Nuclear Power
Generation is based
on Splitting of
Uranium 235 by
neutron
bombardments
Neutron hits fissile
nucleus causing
nucleus to split and
the chain reaction
leads to heating of
the fuel

Fission Product

Fission + Energy

Neutron

Neutron

U 235

Fission Product

NUCLEAR POWER

THREE STAGE INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

90
Availability/Capacity Factor(%) ----->

85

75

88

79

80

85
82

75

72

88

86

84

84

80

69

75

70
71
65
60

67
60

55
50
1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03

Stage - I
PRESSURISED HEAVY
WATER REACTORS

18 - Operating
4 - Under construction
Several others planned
POTENTIAL 10 GWe
LIGHT WATER REACTORS
2 BWRs- Operating
2 VVERs- Under
Construction

Stage II

Stage III

FAST BREEDER REACTORS

THORIUM BASED
REACTOR

40 MWth FBTR- Oper.

30 KWth KAMINIOperating

500 MWe PFBRUnder construction

POTENTIAL 530 GWe

300 MWe AHWRUnder development

POTENTIAL
Very Large

THREE STAGES OF INDIAN NUCLEAR POWER PROGRAMME

Natural
Uranium

PHWRS

POWER

Depleted Uranium

Thorium
Th-232

Plutonium

Pu

FUELLED
BREEDERS

POWER
Thorium

Plutonium
U-233

Th-232
U-233
BREEDERS

U-233

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

STAGE 3

POWER

Key Components of Nuclear Reactors

Reactor core (fuel):
Enriched or natural U, 239Pu
Moderators
Graphite,
H2O, D2O
He (100 Atm and 1273 K)
Be (high temperature liquid metal).
Na (773 to 873 K for breeder reactor)
BeF2 + ZrF4 (for GCR)
Control rods
Cadmium, Boron, Carbon, Cobalt, Silver,
Hafnium, and Gadolinium, 157Gd Monitoring devices
Neutron and radioactivity detectors, T, etc
Energy transfer system
Moderator or liquid

STAGE I

PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR

Natural Uranium dioxide as fuel matrix.

Heavy water as moderator and coolant.
In the reactor,
U-235 undergoes fission producing several radioactive fission
products + large amount of energy.
235 + n1
U
92
0

90 + Cs143 + 3 n1 + 200MeV
Rb
37
55
0

Fertile U-238 is converted into fissile Pu-239.

238 + n1
U
92
0

239*
U
92

93Np239

94Pu239

STAGE 2

FAST BREEDER REACTOR

Pu-239 obtained from STAGE I serves as the main fissile element.
A blanket of U-238 surrounding the fuel core will undergo nuclear
transmutation to produce fresh Pu-239 as more and more Pu-239
is consumed during the operation.
Besides a blanket of Th-232 around the FBR core also undergoes
neutron capture reactions leading to the formation of U-233. U233 is the nuclear reactor fuel for STAGE 3.

232 + n1
Th
90
0

233*
Th
90

233
Pa
91

233
U
92

STAGE 3

BREEDER REACTOR

U-233 obtained from STAGE 2 serves as the main fuel.

Th-232 blanket around the U-233 reactor core will
generate more U-233 thus resulting in the production of
more and more U-233 fuel.
These U-233/Th-232 based breeder reactors are under
development and would serve as the mainstay of the
final thorium utilization stage of Indian nuclear
programme.

WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY?

1. Energy Density
1kg firewood
= 1 kwh electricity
1 kg coal
= 3 kwh electricity
1 kg oil
= 4 kwh electricity
1 kg natural Uranium = 50,000 kwh electricity
2. Nuclear power stations occupy small areas
3. Nuclear power stations can be setup in any location
4. Nuclear energy is environment friendly, no emissions
5. Small volume of waste
For generating 1000 MW/year
Thermal
- 7,000,000 te of CO2
200,000 te of SO2
200,000 te of ash
Nuclear
-23 Te of high level waste of which
97% is reprocessed and extracted.
Only 700 kg of high level waste
NUCLEAR ENERGY IS THE BEST OPTION FOR LONG TERM POWER
REQUIREMENTS

ENERGY RESOURCES AVAILABILITY & THEIR

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: WORLD SCENARIO
GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION APPROX. 2.2te COAL BUT INDUSTRIALISED NATION
CONSUME 4 5 TIMES MORE ENERGY
20% OF WORLD POPULATION IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES USES 60% OF ENERGY
WHILE REMAINING 40% ENERGY IS FOR 80% OF GLOBAL POPULATION
NEARLY 2 BILLION PEOPLE OF UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING NATIONS ARE DEPRIVED
OF ELECTRICITY

REASONS
SKEWED GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY RESOURCES, VIZ. COAL, OIL & GAS ARE
MOSTLY CONCENTRATED IN CANADA, AUSTRALIA, UAE ETC.
POPULATION EXPLOSION IN UNDEVELOPED & DEVELOPING COUNTRIES VIZ. CHINA,
INDIA HAVE CREATED VERY GRIM SITUATION
THESE NATIONS
RESOURCES

USE

BIG

PORTION

OF

THEIR

INCOME

TO

BUY

ENERGY

POWER GENERATION : WORLD SCENARIO

SOURCE: IEA WEO 2006

OIL
6.67%
NUCLEAR
15.74%

HYDEL
16.14%
GAS
19.60%

BIOMASS
1.30%

OTHER
2.13%
WIND
0.47%
GEOTHERMAL
0.32%

COAL
39.73%
TIDAL
0.01%

SOLAR
0.02%

Nearly two third of Power Generation is accounted by FOSSIL FUELS which is

cause of ENVIROMENTAL Concern

POWER CONSUMPTION : WORLD SCENARIO

NATION

KWh/Person

CANADA

16939

FINLAND

16128

USA

13228

AUSTRALIA

10502

BELGIUM

8314

JAPAN

8220

AUSTRIA

7453

FRANCE

7366

GERMANY

6742

DENMARK

6506

KOREA

6495

UKRAINE

6158

SOUTH AFRICA

4542

CHINA

1184

INDIA

631

Power consumption is indicator of

Development and Progress of a
Nation

Average Energy per Capita

Nuclear Power in India

India has a flourishing and largely indigenous nuclear power program and
expects to have 20,000 MWe nuclear capacity on line by 2020 and 63,000
MWe by 2032. It aims to supply 25% of electricity from nuclear power by
2050.
Because India is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty due to its
weapons program, it was for 34 years largely excluded from trade in
nuclear plant or materials, which has hampered its development of civil
nuclear energy until 2009.
Due to these trade bans and lack of indigenous uranium, India has
uniquely been developing a nuclear fuel cycle to exploit its reserves of
thorium.

Now, foreign technology and fuel are expected to boost India's nuclear
power plans considerably. All plants will have high indigenous
engineering content.
India has a vision of becoming a world leader in nuclear technology due
to its expertise in fast reactors and thorium fuel cycle.

VARIOUS BENEFITS OF ATOMIC ENERGY

Electricity

Fluid Fuel
Substitute

Industry

Nuclear
Energy

Indus - 1 Technology

Water

National
ous appplicationsSecurity
of atomic energy
Environment

Food

Health