Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Chuyen e 11:

AI SO TO HP VA XAC SUAT
S DUNG CONG THC Pn ,Ank ,Cnk

Van e 1:

A. PHNG PHAP GIAI

1. HOAN V
So hoan v cua n phan t: Pn =n!
2. CHNH HP:
So chnh hp: Am
n n(n 1)(n 2)...(n m 1)
Am
n

n!
(n m)!

ieu kien: n m va n, m nguyen dng

3. TO HP:
n(n 1)(n 2)...(n m 1)
So to hp:
Cm
n
1.2.3...m
n!
Cm
n
m!(n m)!
n m
ieu kien:
n, m nguye n dng
Ta co cong thc:
n m
1/ Cm
n Cn

1
m
m
2/ Cm
n 1 Cn 1 Cn

3/ C0n C1n C2n ..... Cnn 2n

So tap hp con cua tap hp n phan t la 2n.

B.E THI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2008
Chng minh rang

n 1 1
1 1
k k 1 k
n 2 Cn 1 Cn 1 Cn

(n, k la cac so nguyen dng, k n, Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t).

Giai
Ta co:

n 1 1
1 n 1 k!(n 1 k)! (k 1)!(n k)!
.
k k 1
n 2 Cn 1 Cn 1 n 2
(n 1)!

300

1 k!(n k)!
.
(n 1 k) (k 1)
n2
n!

k!(n k)! 1
k
n!
Cn

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2006

Cho tap hp A gom n phan t (n 4). Biet rang so tap con gom 4 phan t cua
A bang 20 lan so tap con gom 2 phan t cua A.
Tm k {1, 2, n} sao cho so tap con gom k phan t cua A la ln nhat.
Giai
So tap con k phan t cua tap hp A bang Cnk .
T gia thiet suy ra: C4n 20C2n n2 5n 234 0 n 18 (v n 4).
Do

k 1
C18
k
C18

18 k
2
9
9
10
18
1 k < 9 nen C118 C18
... C18
C18
C18
... C18
k 1

Vay so tap con gom k phan t cua A la ln nhat khi va ch khi k = 9.

Bai 3: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2005
Tnh gia tr bieu thc M

A 4n 1 3A3n
, biet rang :
(n 1)!

C2n1 2C2n2 2C2n3 C2n4 149

(n la so nguyen dng, A nk la so chnh hp chap k cua n phan t va Cnk la so to

hp chap k cua n phan t).
Giai
ieu kien: n 3.
Ta co C2n1 2C2n2 2C2n3 C2n4 149
(n 1)!
(n 2)!
(n 3)!
(n 4)!
2
2

149

2!(n 1)!
2!n!
2!(n 1)! 2!(n 2)!
n2 + 4n 45 = 0 n = 5 hay n = 9 (loai).
6!
5!
3.
A64 3A35 2!
2! 3 .
suy ra M =

6!
6!
4
Bai 4: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2005
Tm so nguyen n ln hn 1 thoa man ang thc: 2Pn 6A2n Pn A2n 12 .
( Pn la so hoan v cua n phan t va A nk la so chnh hp chap k cua n phan t).
Giai
Ta co:
12 (n , n 2)
n!
n!
2.n! 6.
n!
12
(n 2)!
(n 2)!
n!
n!

(6 n!) 2(6 n!) 0 (6 n!)

2 0
(n 2)!
(n 2)!

n!

n! 6
n 3
n!

20
n(n 1) 2 0
n 2
(n 2)!
2Pn 6A2n

Pn A2n

301

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Van e 2:

PHEP EM VA XAC SUAT

A.PHNG PHAP GIAI

1. NGUYEN TAC EM
2 bien co A va B
A co m cach xay ra
B co n cach xay ra
2 bien co A va B cung xay ra co m n cach
Bien co A hoac B xay ra co m + n cach
Chu y: Nguyen tac tren co the ap dung cho nhieu bien co.
2. CHU Y
Neu thay oi v tr ma bien co thay oi ta co mot hoan v hoac mot chnh hp.
Neu thay oi v tr ma bien co khong oi ta co mot to hp.
XAC SUAT
1. KHONG GIAN MAU
Khong gian mau la tap hp tat ca cac ket qua co the xay ra.
Bien co A la mot tap con cua khong gian mau.
2. XAC SUAT
Neu cac phan t cua khong gian mau co cung kha nang xay ra, h la so phan t
cua bien co A, n la so phan t cua khong gian mau. Xac suat e bien co A xay ra:
h
p(A)
n
3. CAC CONG THC
Khong gian mau E la bien co chac chan xay ra: p(E) = 1
Bien co la bien co khong the xay ra: p () = 0
Bien co keo theo A B la bien co A xay ra th bien co B xay ra: A B.
P(A) p(B)
A B la bien co (A xay ra hay B xay ra). p(A B) = p(A) + p(B) p(A B)
A B la bien co A va B cung xay ra
Bien co A va B oi lap neu khong cung xay ra. Khi o, ta co
A B = ; p(A B) = 0; p(A B) = p(A) + p(B)
Bien co A la oi lap cua A: p( A ) = 1 p(A)
Xac xuat co ieu kien:
Bien co A xay ra vi ieu kien bien co B a xay ra: p(A B)

p(A B)
p(B)

hay p(A B) = p(B).p(AB)

Bien co A va B oc lap neu bien co B co xay ra hay khong th xac suat cua A
van khong oi: p(AB)=p(A)
p(A B) = p(A)p(B)
302

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

B. E THI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2006
oi thanh nien xung kch cua mot trng pho thong co 12 hoc sinh, gom 5 hoc
sinh lp A, 4 hoc sinh lp B va 3 hoc sinh lp C.
Can chon 4 hoc sinh i lam nhiem vu, sao cho 4 hoc sinh nay thuoc khong qua
2 trong 3 lp tren. Hoi co bao nhieu cach chon nh vay?
Giai
4
So cach chon 4 hoc sinh t 12 hoc sinh a cho la C12
495 .

So cach chon 4 hoc sinh ma moi lp co t nhat mot em c tnh nh sau:

Lp A co 2 hoc sinh, cac lp B, C moi lp co 1 hoc sinh. So cach chon la:
C25 .C14 .C13 120

Lp B co 2 hoc sinh, cac lp C, A moi lp co 1 hoc sinh. So cach chon la:

C15 .C24 .C13 90

Lp C co 2 hoc sinh, cac lp A, B moi lp co 1 hoc sinh. So cach chon la:

C15 .C14 .C32 60

So cach chon 4 hoc sinh ma moi lp co t nhat mot hoc sinh la:
120 + 90 + 60 = 270.
Vay so cach chon phai tm la 495 270 = 225.
Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2005
Mot oi thanh nien tnh nguyen co 15 ngi, gom 12 nam va 3 n. Hoi co bao
nhieu cach phan cong oi thanh nien tnh nguyen o ve giup 3 tnh mien nui,
sao cho moi tnh co 4 nam va 1 n?
Giai
Co

4
C13C12

cach phan cong cac thanh nien tnh nguyen ve tnh th nhat.

Vi moi cach phan cong cac thanh nien tnh nguyen ve tnh th nhat th co C12 C84
cach phan cong thanh nien tnh nguyen ve tnh th hai.
Vi moi cach phan cong cac thanh nien tnh nguyen ve tnh th nhat va tnh th
hai th co C11C44 cach phan cong thanh nien tnh nguyen ve tnh th ba.
So cach phan cong thanh nien tnh nguyen ve 3 tnh thoa man yeu cau bai toan
4
la: C13 .C12
.C12 .C84 .C11.C44 207900 cach

Bai 3:
Trong mot mon hoc, thay giao co 30 cau hoi khac nhau gom 5 cau hoi kho, 10
cau hoi trung bnh va 15 cau hoi de. T 30 cau hoi o co the lap c bao nhieu
e kiem tra, moi e gom 5 cau hoi khac nhau, sao cho trong moi e nhat thiet
phai co u ba loai cau hoi (kho, trung bnh, de) va so cau hoi de khong t hn 2?
303

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Giai
Co 3 trng hp xay ra.
2 1 2
Trng hp 1: 2 de + 1trung bnh + 2 kho: C15
C10C5 10.500
2 2 1
Trng hp 2: 2 de + 2 trung bnh + 1 kho: C15
C10C5 23.625
3 1 1
Trng hp 3: 3 de + 1 trung bnh + 1 kho: C15
C10C5 22750

2 1 2
2 2 1
3 1 1
Theo qui tac cong ta co: C15
C10 C5 + C15
C10 C5 + C15
C10 C5 = 56875 e

Bai 4:
Cho a giac eu A1A2 . . . A2n (n 2, n nguyen) noi tiep ng tron (O), biet
rang so tam giac co cac nh la 3 trong 2n iem A1, A2, . . . A2n nhieu gap 20 lan
so hnh ch nhat co cac nh la 4 trong 2n iem A1, A2, . . . , A2n. Tm n.
Giai
So tam giac thoa man e bai la C32n .
So ng cheo qua tam ng tron la n, c 2 ng cheo qua tam th co mot
hnh ch nhat suy ra ta co C2n hnh ch nhat.
Theo gia thiet ta co C22n 20C2n n2 9n 8 0
n = 8 V n = 1 (loai). Ket luan n = 8.
Bai 5:
oi tuyen hoc sinh gioi cua mot trng gom 18 em, trong o co 7 hoc sinh
khoi 12, 6 hoc sinh khoi 11 va 5 hoc sinh khoi 10. Hoi co bao nhieu cach c 8 hoc
sinh trong oi i d trai he sao cho moi khoi co t nhat mot em c chon.
Giai
So cach chon 8 hoc sinh t 18 hoc sinh cua oi tuyen la:
18!
8
C18

43758 cach
8!10!
So cach chon 8 hoc sinh ch gom co hai khoi la:
8
So cach chon 8 hoc sinh khoi 12 va 11 la C13
8
So cach chon 8 hoc sinh khoi 11 va 10 la C11
8
So cach chon 8 hoc sinh t khoi 10 va 12 la C12

8
8
8
C11
C12
So cach chon theo ycbt: 43758 C13
= 41811 cach

304

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

NH THC NIUTN

Van e 3:

A.PHNG PHAP GIAI

NH THC NIUTN:
n

(a + b) =

C0n an

C1n an1b ... Cnn bn

Chu y: So mu cua a tang dan, so mu b giam dan co tong bang n.

n m
Cac he so oi xng: Cm
n Cn

Tam giac Pascal:

n=0

n=1

n=2
1

n=3

Chu y: Da vao bang Pascal ta co the viet ngay c khai trien Niutn.
B. E THI
Bai 1: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2008
Cho khai trien (1 + 2x)n = a0 + a1x + + anxn, trong o n N* va cac he so a0,
a
a
a1, , an thoa man he thc a0 1 ... nn 4096 . Tm so ln nhat trong cac so
2
2
a0, a1, , an.
Giai
n

T khai trien: (1 + 2x) = a0 + a1x + + anxn

a
a
1
Chon x ta c: 2n a0 1 ... nn 4096 212 n 12
2
2
2
Vay bieu thc khai trien la: (1 + 2x)12
k k k
So hang tong quat la C12
2 .x (k

, 0 k 12)

k
k 1
he so tong quat la ak 2k.C12
; ak 1 2k 1.C12
k
k 1
ak < ak + 1 2k.C12
2k 1.C12

2k .

12!
12!
2k 1.
k!(12 k)!
(k 1)!(12 k 1)!

k + 1 < 24 2k k
Ma k

23
3

. Do o: a0 < a1 < a2 < < a8

Tng t: ak > ak + 1 k > 7

Do o: a8 > a9 > > a12
8
126720
So ln nhat trong cac so a0, a1, , a12 la: a8 28.C12

305

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Bai 2: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2008

2n 1
Tm so nguyen dng n thoa man he thc C12n C32n ... C2n
2048

( Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t).

Giai
C12n

C32n

2n 1
... C2n

2n

Ta co: 1 x

2048

(*)

0
1 2n 1
2n
C2n
C12n x C22n x2 C32n x3 ... C2n
C2n
2n x
2n x

Vi x = 1 thay vao (*) ta c:

0
1
2n
22n C2n
C12n C32n ... C2n
2n C2n

(1)

Vi x = 1 thay vao (*) ta c:

0
2
2n 1
0 C2n
C12n C2n
C32n ... C2n
C2n
2n

(2)

2n 1
Lay (1) tr (2) ta c: 22n 2 C12n C32n ... C2n
4096 212 n 6

Bai 3: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2007

Chng minh rang:

1 1
1
1
1 2n 1 22n 1
C2n C32n C52n ....
C2n
2
4
6
2n
2n 1

(n la so nguyen dng, Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t).

Giai
Ta co:
0
2n 2n
0
2n 2n
(1 x)2n C2n
C12n x .... C2n
x ,(1 x)2n C2n
C12n x .... C2n
x
2n1 2n 1
(1 x)2n (1 x)2n 2(C12n x C32n x3 .... C2n
x
)

(1 x)2n (1 x)2n
1 2n 1
dx (C12n x C32n x3 C52n x5 ... C2n
)dx
2n x
2

(1 x)2n (1 x)2n
(1 x)2n 1 (1 x)2n 1
dx
2
2(2n 1)

C2n x C2n x
1

22n 1
2n 1

(1)

5 5
2n 1 2n 1
C2n
x ... C2n
x
dx

6
2n

x2
x4
5 x
2n 1 x
C12n . C32n . C2n
. ... C2n
.

2
4
6
2n

1
1
1 5
1 2n 1
C12n C32n C2n
.....
C2n
2
4
6
2n
T (1) va (2) ta co ieu phai chng minh.

306

(2)

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

Bai 4: AI HOC KHOI B NAM 2007

Tm he so cua so hang cha x10trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua (2 + x)n, biet:
3n C0n 3n1 C1n 3n2 C2n 3n3 C3n ... (1)n Cnn 2048

(n la so nguyen dng, Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t).

Giai
n

Ta co: 3

C0n

3n1 C1n

n 2

C2n

.... (1)n Cnn (3 1)n 2n

T gia thiet suy ra n = 11

1
He so cua so hang cha x10 trong khai trien Niutn cua (2 + x)11 la: C10
11 .2 22

Bai 5: AI HOC KHOI D NAM 2007

Tm he so cua x5 trong khai trien thanh a thc cua: x(1 2x)5 + x2(1 + 3x)10
Giai
He so cua x trong khai trien cua x(1 2x)5 la (2)4. C54
3
He so cua x5 trong khai trien cua x2(1 + 3x)10 la 33 C10
5

He so cua x5 trong khai trien cua x(1 2x)5 + x2(1 + 3x)10 la:
3
(2)4 C54 33 C10
3320

Bai 6: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2006

Tm he so cua so hang cha x26 trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua
n

1
1
2
n
20
7
4 x biet rang C2n1 C2n1 ... C2n1 2 1
x

(n nguyen dng, Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t).

Giai
T gia thiet suy ra:

0
C2n
1

C12n1

n
20
... C2n
1 2

(1)

k
2n 1 k
V C2n
k, 0 k 2n +1 nen:
1 C2n1
0
1
n
C2n
1 C2n 1 ... C2n 1

1 0
2n 1
C2n 1 C12n 1 ... C2n
1
2

(2).

T khai trien nh thc Niutn cua (1 1)2n1 suy ra:

0
1
2n 1
2n 1
C2n
22n1
1 C2n 1 ... C2n 1 (1 1)

2n

T (1), (2) va (3) suy ra : 2

10

Ta co: 4 x7
x

10

20

(3)

hay n = 10.
10

x7 C10k x11k40
k 0
k 0
k
C10
x4

10 k

k
He so cua x26 la C10
vi k thoa man: 11k 40 = 26 k = 6.

6
Vay he so cua so hang cha x26 la : C10
210 .

307

Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Bai 7: AI HOC KHOI A NAM 2005

Tm so nguyen dng n sao cho:
4
2n 2n 1
C12n1 2.2C22n1 3.22 C32n1 4.23 C2n
1 .... (2n 1).2 C2n1 = 2005
( Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t )
2n1

Ta co: 1 x

Giai
0
1
2
2
C2n
1 C2n 1x C2n 1x

1 2n 1
C32n1x3 ... C2n
x
2n 1x

ao ham hai ve ta co:

2n

(2n 1) 1 x

1 2n
C12n1 2C22n1x 3C32n1x2 ... (2n 1)C2n
x
2n1x

Thay x = 2 ta co:
2
2 3
4
n 2n 1
C12n1 2.2C2n
1 3.2 C2n1 4.2C2n1 ... (2n 1).2 C2n1 2n 1
Theo gia thiet ta co 2n + 1 = 2005 n = 1002.
Bai 8:
8

Tm he so cua x8 trong khai trien thanh a thc cua 1 x2 1 x .

Giai
2
8
0
1
2
1 x 1 x C8 C8x 1 x C82 x4 1 x 2 C38x6 1 x 3 . . .

. . . + C88x16 1 x
3

So hang cha x8 trong khai trien ch co trong C38x6 1 x va C84 x8 1 x .

Suy ra he so cua x8 la 3C38 C84 238 .
Bai 9:
Tm cac so hang khong cha x trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua
7

1
3
x 4 vi x > 0.
x

Giai
7

1
3
C7k
x4
x

k 0

7 k k

1
x
C7k x 3 4
4
x
k 0
7k k
So hang khong cha x ng vi
0 28 4k 3k = 0 k = 4
3
4
7!
So hang khong cha x la C7k
35 .
3!4!
Bai 10:
Tm he so cua so hang cha x8 trong khai trien nh thc Niutn cua

1
5
3 x
x

7 k

bie t ra ng Cnn14 Cnn 3 7(n 3)

(n la so nguyen dng, x > 0, Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t).

308

TT Luyn Thi i Hc VNH VIN

Cnn14 Cnn 3

Giai
n + 4 ! n 3!
7 n 3

7 n 3
n 1!3! n!3!

(n + 3) (3n 36) = 0 n = 12
12

1
5
3 x
x

Vay

Cho x 3

k 0

12 k
k 5
x2

12

k
C12

5 12 k
3 k 2
x
x

5 12 k

x8 x 0 3k

2
12

Vay he so cua x8 trong khai trien 3 x5

x

=8k=4

4
la C12
495 .

Bai 11:
Cho n la so nguyen dng. Tnh tong:
C0n

22 1 1 23 1 2
2n1 1 n
Cn
Cn ...
Cn
2
3
n 1

( Cnk la so to hp chap k cua n phan t).

Giai
Xet

1 x n C0n C1n x C2n x2 ... Cnn x4

2

1 x dx Cn Cn x Cn x
1

2 2

1 x n1
n 1

... Cnn xn dx

2 0
x2
x3
xn 1 2
Cn x C1n
C2n
... Cnn

1
2
3
n 1 1

3n1 2n1
22 1 1 23 1 2
2n 1 1 n
C0n
Cn
Cn ...
Cn .
n 1
2
3
n 1

Bai 12:
Vi n la so nguyen dng, goi a3n3 la he so cua x3n3 trong khai trien thanh a
thc cua: (x2 + 1)n (x + 2)n. Tm n e a3n 3 = 26n.
Giai

x2 1

x2 2

k 0
n

Cnk x2n 2k

h 0

Cnh x n h 2h

Cnk Cnh x3n(2kh)

k 0 h 0

Ycbt 2k + h = 3 k = h = 1 hay (k = 0 va h = 3)
a3n3 2C1n C1n 23 Cn0 C3n 26n n = 5 .
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Hng dan giai CDBT t cac TQG Toan hoc

Bai 13:
Cho khai trien nh thc:

x 1
2

x n
3

C0n

x 1 n
2

C1n

2 2 . . . +
C
2 2
x 1 n 1
2

x
3

n 1
n

x 1
2

x n 1
3

Cnn

x n
3

(n la so nguyen dng). Biet rang trong khai trien o C3n 5C1n va so hang
th t bang 20n. Tm n va x.
Giai
+

n Z , n 3
Ta co C3n 5C1n
n = 7 V n = 4 (loa i)

n 2 (n 1) 30

So hang th t bang 20n nen ta co C37

2
x 1 4
2 2

x 3
3

140

2x2 4 22 x 2 = 2 x = 4.
Bai 14:
Tm so nguyen dng n sao cho C0n 2C1n 4C2n ... 2n Cnn 243 .
Giai
C0n 2C1n 4C2n ... 2n Cnn 243

(*)

Ta co 1 x C0n xC1n x2C2n ... xn Cnn (* *)

The x = 2 vao (* *) ta co:

1 2n C0n 2C1n 4C2n ... 2n Cnn 243 3n = 243

n = 5.

Bai 15:
n

Gia s n la so nguyen dng va 1 x a0 a1x a2 x2 ... ak x k ... an xn

Biet rang ton tai so k nguyen (1 k n 1) sao cho

ak 1 ak ak 1
.

2
9
24

Hay tnh n.
Giai
Ta co: (1 + x)n = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + + akxk + + anxn
a
a
a
Ck 1 Ck Ck 1
V k 1 k k 1 n n n
2
9
24
2
9
24
k
k

1
Cn Cn
2n 2

2 n k 1 9k
9

2
11

k
k 1
3 n k 8 k 1
Cn Cn
k 3n 8
9 24

11
3n 8 = 2n + 2 n = 10
310