The difference between meiosis I and meiosis II

Meiosis I
During prophase I, homologous
chromosomes pair up(synapsis) and
crossing over between non-sister
chromatids occurs.
During metaphase I, homologous
chromosomes align at the metaphase
plate.
During anaphase I, homologous
chromosomes separate and move to
opposite poles. Sister chromatids are
still attached together and move as a
unit.
At the end of telophase I, two haploid
daughter cells are formed. Each
daughter cells has only one of each type
of chromosomes; either the paternal or
maternal chromosome.

Meiosis II
During prophase II, synapsis of
homologous chromosomes and crossing
over between non-sister chromatids do
not take place.
During metaphase II,
chromosomes(consisting of two sister
chromatids) align at the metaphase
plate.
During anaphase II, sister chromatids
separate, becoming daughter
chromosomes that move to the opposite
poles.
At the end of telophase II, four haploid
daughter cells are formed. Each
daughter cell has the same number of
chromosomes as the haploid cell
produces in meiosis I, but each cell has
only one of the sister chromatids.

The differences and similarity between mitosis and meiosis

Meiosis

Mitosis

Similarity
The process of cell division in which DNA replicates only once.
Differences

Mitosis
All somatic cells

Aspects
Type of cell

Produces new cells

for growth and repair
Pairing of
homologous
chromosomes(synaps
is) does not occur
Crossing over
between non-sister
chromatids does not
occur during
prophase
The chromosomes are
arranged randomly at
the metaphase plate
Sister chromatids
separate to move to
opposite poles

Role

One
Two daughter cells
Diploid (2n)
Genetically identical
to the parent cell and
to one another
No genetic variation

Synapsis

Crossing over

Meiosis
Cells in reproductive
organs
Produces gamates for
sexual reproduction
Homologous chromosomes
pair up(synapsis) to form
bivalents
Crossing over between
non-sister chromatids occur
during prophase I.

Metaphase of mitosis
Homologous chromosomes
Metaphase I of meiosis separate to move to the
opposite poles.
Anaphase of mitosis
-Homologous chromosoes
Anaphase I of meiosis separate to move to the
opposite poles.
-The sister chromatids still
remain attached to each
other
Number of cells
Two
Number of daughter
Four daughter cells
cells produced
Chromosomal number Haploid (n)
of the daughte cells
Genetic content
Different from the parent
cell and from one another
Genetic variation

There is genetic variation

Cloning
1. S
o
m
a
t
i
c

cells(from the mammary gland cells) are removed and grown in a

culture. The starved cells stop dividing and enter a non-dividing phase.

2. An unfertilised egg cell is obtained. The nucleus is sucked out, leaving

the cytoplasm and organelles without any chromosomes.
3. An electric pulse stimulates the fusion between the somatic cell and the
egg cell without nucleus.
4. The cell divides repeatedly, forming an embryo.
5. The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother(the same breed
of sheep as the ovum donor sheep).
6. Dolly, the cloned sheep of the somatic cell donor, is born.

Tissue Culture

1. Small pieces of a plants leaf, shoot, bud, stem or root tissues are cut out.
They are called explants.
2. Enzymes are used to digest the cell walls of tissues. This results in naked
cells without cell walls called protoplasts.
3. The protoplasts are sterilised and placed in a nutrient solution. A culture
medium consists of substances required for the growth of the tissues. It has
to be in sterile conditions and free from microorganisms. The pH and
temperature of it need to be at optimum levels.
4. The protoplasts begin to divide bt mitosis to produce aggregates of cells.
5. Aggregates of cells develop into a callus.
6. The callus develops into a somatic embryo.
7. The embryo develops into a plantlet which can later be transferred to the
soil for growth into an adult plant.