Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topic 1 Chemistry
Atoms They are the smallest particles that make up matter. They cannot be
broken down anymore. They are made up of 3 smaller particles called protons
(+), electrons (-) and neutrons (neutral). The protons and neutrons are located in
the nucleus and the electrons are spinning around the nucleus.
Atomic mass and Atomic Number The atomic number shows that how many
protons are in the atom. Usually the electrons are the same unless they are in
ionic form. The mass number show that how many protons and neutrons in the
nucleus. To find the how many neutrons in the atom you must minus the mass
number from the atomic number. E.g. Fluorines mass number is 19 and the
atomic number is 9. So therefore there are 10 neutrons.
Elements It is only made up of one type of atom (i.e. fluorine is only made up
of fluorine atoms). There are 112 different types of elements.
Molecules and lattices - Molecules is a group atoms that bond together. A
lattice is an atom that keeps bonding until something stops them. Molecules and
lattices have the same chemical formula and shows us what type of atoms they
contain and the proportion of atom in them.
Compounds They are formed when 2 or more elements chemically combine.
Mixture A mixture is a technique such as filtration or evaporation since it is
made up if different elements or compounds simply combined together.
History of the periodic table Mendeleev arranged the known elements into
order of atomic mass, putting the known families into columns. He also left gaps
in the table, predicting that these elements were undiscovered. He also predicted
that what chemical properties these unknown elements will have. The current
periodic table was designed by Henry Mosely. He refined the previous periodic
table to come up with more accurate and fewer error one.
Features of the periodic table 80% of the elements are metal. Another
small part of periodic table are non-metals. Another set of elements which act
like metals and non-metals are the semi-metals. The most reactive metals are in
the bottom left hand corner of the table and the most reactive non-metals are in
the upper right.
Periodic Table Trends
Characteristic
Mass number and
atomic number
Atomic Radius
Melting Points
Increases
Decreases
Reactivity
Metallic Character
Increases
inert.
Decreases
Electron Shells Electrons are known to spin around the nucleus. They dont
spin around anywhere instead they spin in shells or energy levels. In the first
only 2 electrons can fit. In the second shell only 8 can fit. In the third shell 18
electrons can fit but it is happy if it holds eight only.
Electronic Configuration In shells the arrangement of electrons is called
electronic configuration. For example: Fluorine has 9 electrons. Its electronic
configuration would be 2, 7.
Periods, groups and electrons The number of shells in an atom is the same
as the period number. The number of electrons in the outer shell is the same
number as the group number (excluding transition metals).
Atoms that react and dont The Noble gases are the only group of elements
which do not react as their outer shells are full which means that atom is stable.
Atoms react so they can become stable and in order to do that you must gain or
lose electrons.
Ions If an electron is lost or gained the atom becomes electrically charged and
we call that an ion. If an atom loses an electron it becomes a negatively
charged atom and if an atom gains an electron it becomes positively charged
ion.
Physical Property Physical property is used to observe and describe matter.
E.g. Colour
Chemical Property A chemical property is any of a materials properties that
becomes evident during a chemical reaction. E.g. Reactivity with water
Families of the periodic table
Family
Metal
Non-Metal
Common Family
properties
- Ductile, malleable and
shiny
- All of the elements in
this family are solid, and
relatively high in density
and also allow light to
pass through
- Conducts better heat
and electricity and heat
than non - metals
- More reactive as you
go down the group
-Not able to conduct
electricity and heat as
well
- Very brittle and dull
- Has no metallic lustre
Hydrogen, Carbon,
Nitrogen, Phosphorus,
Sulphur, Chlorine,
Selenium, Group 7* and
Group 8*.
Metalloid
Alkali Metals
Halogen
Noble gases
Transition Metals
Boron, silicon,
Germanium, Arsenic,
Antinomy, Tellurium,
Polonium
Actinides
Ionic Compounds - Ionic compounds form when negative and positive ions
attract each other and are linked together. These links are called ionic bonds. To
name ionic compounds you must: Write the positive first and the negative
second, a simple positive ion takes its name from its parent element, a simple
negative ion is named by taking the first part of the elements name and add the
suffix ide.
Metal Ions -
Polyatomic and Radical ions Atoms which are made up of 2 or more type of
atoms are called polyatomic and radical ions. Some common polyatomic/radical
ions include:
Ion Name
Formula
When more than one polyatomic ions is required in a formula brackets are used.
For example aluminium sulfate, Al2 (SO4)3.
Some covalent compounds include: Carbon dioxide (CO2), Carbon monoxide
(CO), Dinitrogen Pentoxide (N2O5), Carbon Tetrachloride (CCL4), NH3 (Ammonia)
and CH4 (Methane).
Types of reactions:
-
Combustion: These reactions involve the release of energy in the form of heat
when a substance is burnt in air. Combustion reactions include those which occur
inside a car engine, and the burning of wood or coal. Combustion reactions like
this usually occur from carbon dioxide and water as products. The general form
are:
Carbon Compound + Oxygen
Metal + Oxygen
Non Metal + Oxygen
Metal Oxide
Non Metal Oxide
Acids Acids contain the element hydrogen in combination with other non
metals. E.g. Hydrochloric acid has the formula HCL. It contains hydrogen with the
combination of chlorine. Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 contains hydrogen in the
combination of a sulfate ion, which is made up of one sulfur and 4 oxygen atoms.
When an acid is placed in water, the hydrogen breaks away from the other
elements.
Strong or weak? With strong acids, the hydrogen breaks away easily. Weak
acids tend not the break away the acids and hold it on and very little hydrogen is
taken away. Strong acids are corrosive and will destroy living tissue and eat
through some surfaces.
Industrial Reactions - For a reaction to be carried out profitably in industry it
must occur fairly quickly, and it must give a good yield. The yield is the amount
of product obtained, and can be expressed as the percentage of the expected
product that is obtained.
Why do living things need energy? Identify the chemical reactions that occur
in plants and animals which involve energy transformations.
All living things need energy as it is essential to perform many activities. Cells
need energy to carry out an activity, such as walking, talking, running etc. The
chemical reactions occurring in plants and animals, involving energy
transformations is respiration.
Why is photosynthesis an important chemical reaction for organisms
that live on the surface of the Earth?
Photosynthesis produces glucose, which is necessary for energy to be produced
through respiration. When animals eat plants and other animals, glucose is being
transferred which is essential for respiration. Also, photosynthesis releases
oxygen into the atmosphere, which is also essential for animals and plants to
produce energy through respiration.
Motion Topic 2
Energy What Causes change? 2 types of energy are potential (stored) and
kinetic (moving)
Speed: Refers to how fast you are going. Calculated by dividing distance by
time. Units of speed are m/sec and km/hr. Instantaneous speed is the speed at a
particular movement. The average speed is calculating by dividing with the time
taken to travel distance.
Distance: How far you have travelled from Point A to Point B. Can be a straight
or curvy line. Displacement is how far away you are from starting point.
Time: How long it takes you to travel from Point A to Point B.
Velocity: A measure of the rate of change in a position. Velocity is a direction.