History of Microbiology PDF

II.
Pathways of Discovery in Microbiology
1.6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology

The Historical Roots of Microbiology
1.6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology
Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was the first to describe
1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
microbes
Illustrated the fruiting structures of molds (Figure 1.9b)
1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure
Anton
A t van Leeuwenhoek
L
h k (1632-1723)
(1632 1723) was th
the fi
firstt tto
Culture Microbiology
describe bacteria (Figure 1.10b)
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General
Further progess required development of more powerful
Microbiology
microscopes
1.10 The Modern Era of Microbiology
Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) founded the field of

bacteriology and discovered bacterial endospores
Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy
Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy
Figure 1.9a
Figure 1.9b
1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation
The van Leeuwenhoek Microscope
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Discovered that living organisms discriminate between optical
isomers
Discovered that alcoholic fermentation was a biologically
mediated process (originally thought to be purely chemical)
Disproved theory of spontaneous generation (Figure 1.13)
Led to the development of methods for controlling the growth of
microorganisms
Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

Figure 1.10
Pasteurs Experiment
The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteurs Experiment
~1860: Where do microorganisms come from?

Spontaneous generation?
Heat was used to kill the microbes in liquid

Figure 1.13a
When dust was prevented from reaching the sterilized liquid,

no microbes grew in the liquid
Figure 1.13b
1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures

Robert Koch (1843-1910)
Definitively demonstrated the link between microbes and
infectious diseases
Identified causative agents of anthrax and tuberculosis
Koch
Kochss postulates (Figure 1
1.15)
15)
Developed techniques (solid media) for obtaining pure
cultures of microbes, some still in existence today
Awarded Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1905
Contact with dust resulted in growth of microbes in the liquid
disproved spontaneous generation
Figure 1.13c
Kochs Postulates
Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis

Organism present in blood of all diseased animals
cause or result of the disease?
Kochs Postulates
Conclusion specific organisms cause specific diseases

Kochs postulates can be extended beyond disease-causing organisms
Figure 1.15
Figure 1.15
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology
1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology
General Microbiology
Field that focuses on non-medical aspects of microbiology
Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) and the Concept of

Chemolithotrophy
Roots in 20th century
Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific
Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)
biogeochemical transformations (e
(e.g.,
g S & N cycles)
Developed Enrichment Culture Technique

Microbes isolated from natural samples in a highly selective
Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy

Oxidation of inorganic compounds linked to energy
fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions

e.g., Nitrogen-fixing bacteria
conservation (Figure 1.19)
Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky
Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky
Figure 1.19a
Figure 1.19b
Some Landmarks in Molecular Microbiology since 1985
Brock Biology of
Microorganisms
Ch
hapter 2
Twelfth Edition
Madigan / Martinko
Dunlap / Clark
A Brief Journey to the Microbial World

Figure 1.20
Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir

II. Cell Structure and Evolutionary History
2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure
All microbial cells have the following in common:
2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells
Cytoplasmic membrane
2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
Internal Structure of Eukaryote Cell
No organelles
Figure 2.11a
Figure 2.11b
Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

Eukaryotes
DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
Cells are generally larger and more complex
Contain organelles
Prokaryotes
No membrane-enclosed organelles
No nucleus
Generally smaller than eukaryotic cells
Figure 2.12a and b
Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells

Viruses
Not considered cells
No metabolic abilities of their own
Rely completely on biosynthetic machinery of infected
cellll
Infect all types of cells
Smallest virus is 10 nm in diameter
Viruses of bacteria = bacteriophages
Yeast cell, 8 m diameter

Figure 2.12c
Virus Structure and Size Comparison of Viruses and Cells

Genome
A cells full complement of genes
Prokaryotic cells generally have a single, circular DNA
molecule called a chromosome
DNA aggregates to form the nucleoid region
Prokaryotes also may have small amounts of extrachromosomal DNA called plasmids that confer special
properties ( i.e., antibiotic resistance)
Figure 2.13
The Nucleoid
Eukaryotic DNA is linear and found within the

nucleus
Associated with proteins that help in folding of the DNA
Usuallyy have
a e more
o e than
a one
o e chromosome
c o oso e
Usua
Typically have two copies of each chromosome
[Insert Fig. 2.14]
Figure 2.14
The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing
Escherichia coli Genome

4.68 million base pairs
4,300 genes
,
different kinds of protein
p
1,900
2.4 million protein molecules
Human Cell
1,000X more DNA per cell than E. coli
7X more genes than E. coli
Figure 2.17
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Gene Sequencing and Phylogeny
Evolution
The process of change in a line of descent over time that
results in new varieties and species of organisms
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
Relationships can be deduced by comparing genetic
information (nucleic acid or amino acid sequences) in the
different specimens
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are excellent molecules for
determining phylogeny
Can visualize relationships on a phylogenetic tree
Figure 2.16
Comparative rRNA sequencing has defined three

distinct lineages of cells called domains.
Eukaryotic microorganisms were the ancestors of

multicellular organisms
Bacteria (prokaryotic)
Mitochondria and chloroplasts also contain their own
Archaea (prokaryotic)
genomes (circular, like prokaryotes) and ribosomes
Eukarya (eukaryotic)
These organelles are ancestors of specific lineages of
Archaea and Bacteria are NOT closely related.

Archaea are more closely related to Eukarya than
Bacteria.
Bacteria
Mitochondria and chloroplasts took up residence in Eukarya
eons ago
This arrangement is known as endosymbiosis
The Tree of Life Defined by rRNA Sequencing
Figure 2.17

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II.

Pathways of Discovery in Microbiology

1.6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology

1.6 The Historical Roots of Microbiology

Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was the first to describe

1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation

1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure

describe bacteria (Figure 1.10b)

1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General

Further progess required development of more powerful

1.10 The Modern Era of Microbiology

Ferdinand Cohn (1828-1898) founded the field of

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy

Robert Hooke and Early Microscopy

1.7 Pasteur and the Defeat of Spontaneous Generation

The van Leeuwenhoek Microscope

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

Developed vaccines for anthrax, fowl cholera, and rabies

The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteurs Experiment

The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteurs Experiment

~1860: Where do microorganisms come from?

Heat was used to kill the microbes in liquid

When dust was prevented from reaching the sterilized liquid,

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

The Defeat of Spontaneous Generation: Pasteurs Experiment

1.8 Koch, Infectious Disease, and the Rise of Pure Cultures

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis

Conclusion specific organisms cause specific diseases

1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology

1.9 Microbial Diversity and the Rise of General Microbiology

Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) and the Concept of

Roots in 20th century

Demonstrated that specific bacteria are linked to specific

Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)

Developed Enrichment Culture Technique

Proposed concept of chemolithotrophy

fashion by manipulating nutrient and incubation conditions

conservation (Figure 1.19)

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky

Major Concepts Conceived by Sergei Winogradsky

Some Landmarks in Molecular Microbiology since 1985

A Brief Journey to the Microbial World

Lectures by Buchan & LeCleir

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

II. Cell Structure and Evolutionary History

2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure

2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure

All microbial cells have the following in common:

2.6 Arrangement of DNA in Microbial Cells

2.7 The Evolutionary Tree of Life

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Internal Structure of Prokaryotic Cell

Internal Structure of Eukaryote Cell

2.5 Elements of Cell and Viral Structure

Electron Micrographs of Sectioned Cells

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells