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1.

0 INTRODUCTION
The experiment physical pendulum, the wooden pendulum serves as an example of
inhomogeneous pendulum with a complicated geometry. As an example, the frequencies of
free vibration of a wooden pendulum are computed. So, there is a need to have physical
models like wooden pendulum to carry out in this experiment. During this experiment,
wooden pendulum used to show how the mass moment of inertia of an unknown body could
be determined by the way of oscillation of that body. At the end of the experiment we will
find and discuss the relationship between mass moment of inertia and the way of oscillation
of different body shape of that wooden pendulum.
2.0 OBJECTIVES

To determine the mass moment of inertia(at the centre of gravity Ig, and at suspension

point, Io) by oscillation.


To compare the mass moment of inertia of wooden pendulum with different mass of

wooden pendulum.
To know the importance of mass moment of inertia in our daily life.
To discover the application mass momenr of inertia in real life application.

3.0 THEORY

Physical pendulum, in terms of a rigid body, is pivoted to oscillate. In this case, there
is no requirement of a string. Thus, no tension is involved in this. Besides these physical
ramifications, the working compound pendulum is essentially the same as that of a simple
pendulum except in two important aspects. First, the gravity of a compound pendulum acts
through centre of mass of the rigid body. Hence, the length of the pendulum used in the
equation is equals to the linear distance between the pivot and the centre of mass. Secondly,
the moment of inertia of the rigid body about point suspension

mL

as in the case of

a simple pendulum.

Figure 3.0: A schematic diagram of a


physical pendulum showing an arbitrary
shaped object oscillating about a pivot.

In comparison to a simple pendulum, the simple gravity is an idealized mathematical


model of a pendulum. The weight or a bob used in an experiment at the end of a weightless
cord suspended from a pivot, without friction involved. When it is given an initial push, it
will swing back and forth on constant amplitude. Real pendulums are subject to friction and
air drag, so the amplitude of their swings declines. In reality, all pendulums are physical,
since it is not possible to achieve the ideal concentration of mass at a single point.
An equilibrium moment is formed about the suspension point to establish the equation
of motion. The pendulum is deflected about the angle
mg sin

=10 .

of the force due to the weight applied with the lever arm,

gravity, G, likewise attempts to return to pendulum to its initial position.

The component F
rG ,

at the centre of

Free Body Diagram:

L
w sin

w
w cos

General formula used for finding the Mass Moment of Inertia using the Parallel Axis
Theorem:
I A =I G +m r A2

I B=I G +m r B2

rA

Mass =
600g

rB

8cm
A

80c
m

Substitution, linearization and normalization of the Mass Moment of Inertia about a


suspension point, will then produce Equation of Motion for the physical pendulum. The
derivations are as follows:

M A , external =M A ,effective

w r A sin =I mat r A

rA

= I m r A (r A )

rA

= I m r A

rA

= ( I+ mr A )

rA

+ ( I +mr A2 ) =0

rA

+ I A =0

mgr A =0
I A +
mgr A
+
IA

=0

Calculation of the natural frequency and period of oscillation is analogous to the


mathematical pendulum: The formula is as follows:
w n=

mg r A
mg r B
=
IA
IB

T=

IA
IB
=2
mg r A
mg r B

(By Experimental)

4.0 APPARATUS

1. Stop Watch

2. Vee support

3. Wooden
pendulum

Figure 4.0: Apparatus that used during experiment

5. Protractor

4. Frame

Figure 4.1: Overall picture apparatus that used during experiment including
frame

5.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE


1. Dimension of the wooden pendulum were taken using a ruler, this measurement used
for calculation purpose
2. The wooden pendulum hanged on one end Vee support
3. The wooden pendulum was then displaced to a 10 degrees angle from its initial
position.
4. The wooden pendulum was then released to let it oscillate due to gravitational force.
Using a stopwatch the periodic time of 10 oscillations were recorded.
5. The average of the three periods was calculated for each suspension point.

6.0 RESULTS
Time taken for 10 oscillations:
a) At pivot A :

From left side


From right side

T,s
14.32

Tavg,s
14.38
14.44

b) At pivot B :

From left side


From right side

T,s
14.25

Tavg,s
14.30
14.34

Calculations:
1. Volume for each components and total volume of pendulum
V = Length x Width x Height
2. Total density of wooden pendulum
3. Mass of each components
Mass

= Volume
4. Mass moment of inertia ( Experimental value )

About pivot A

Component

Mass of part, m
( kg)

1
2
3

0.6
0.0457
0.0046

Mass
moment of
inertia of
part, IO
( kgm3 )

0.032
7.771 x 10-4
1.797 x

Mass
moment of
inertia
between part
and centroid
of pendulum,
md2 ( kgm3)
0.0778
0.0107
0

IO ( kgm3 )

0.1098
0.0115
1.797 x 10-7

10-7

Component 1:
IO,1 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (0.6) (0.8)2 + (0.6) (0.4 0.04)2
= 0.1098 kgm3
Component 2:
IO,2 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (0.0457) (0.45)2 + (0.0457) (0.8 0.315)2
= 0.0115 kgm3
Component 3:
IO,3 = 1/4 m r + m d
= 1/4 (0.0046) (0.0125)2 + 0
= 1.797 x 10-7 kgm3

Total IA = IO,1 IO,2 IO,3 = 0.0983 kgm3

About pivot B

Component
Mass of part, m
( kg)
1
2
3

0.6
0.0457
0.0046

Mass
moment of
inertia of
part, IO
( kgm3 )

0.032
7.771 x 10-4
1.797 x

Mass
moment of
inertia
between part
and centroid
of pendulum,
md2 ( kgm3)
0.0735
2.31 x 10-3
2.32 x 10-3

IO ( kgm3 )

0.1055
3.087 x 10-3
2.320 x 10-3

10-7

Component 1:
IO,1 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (0.6) (0.8)2 + (0.6) (0.4 0.05)2
= 0.1055 kgm3
Component 2:
IO,2 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (0.0457) (0.45)2 + (0.0457) (0.8 0.575)2
= 3.087 x 10-3 kgm3
Component 3:
IO,3 = 1/4 m r + m d
= 1/4 (0.0046) (0.0125)2 + (0.0046) (0.8 0.09)2
= 3.744 x 10-5 kgm3

Total IB = IO,1 IO,2 IO,3 = 0.1 kgm3

About center of centroid, C


Component
1
2
3

A =

(m)
0.4
0.525
0.04

Area, A ( m2)
0.8 x 0.08 = 0.064
0.45 x 0.01 = 4.5 x 10-3
x 0.01252 = 4.91 x 10-4
A = 0.069

A ( m3)
0.0256
2.364 x 10-3
1.964 x 10-5
A = 0.028

A
A

A = 0.41 m

Component
Mass of part, m
( kg)
1
2
3

0.6
0.0457
0.0046

Mass
moment of
inertia of
part, IO
( kgm3 )

0.032
7.771 x 10-4
1.797 x

Mass
moment of
inertia
between part
and centroid
of pendulum,
md2 ( kgm3)
6 x 10-5
6.04 x 10-4
6.3 x 10-4

10-7

Component 1:
I1 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (0.6) (0.8)2 + (0.6) (0.41 0.4)2
= 0.0321 kgm3

Component 2:
I1 = 1/12 m l + m d

IO ( kgm3 )

0.0321
1.38 x 10-3
6.3 x 10-4

= 1/12 (0.0457) (0.45)2 + (0.0457) (0.8 0.685)2


= 1.38 x 10-3 kgm3
Component 3:
I1 = 1/4 m r + m d
= 1/4 (0.0046) (0.0125)2 + (0.0046) (0.41 0.04)2
= 6.3 x 10-4 kgm3

Total IG = IO,1 IO,2 IO,3 = 0.03 kgm3

5. Mass moment of inertia ( Theoretical value )


RA = 0.41 0.04 = 0.37 m
RB = 0.8 0.46 = 0.34 m
About pivot A
Tavg = 14.38 s,
TA =

Thus,

T avg
10

TA = 1.438 s
Using formula, TA = 2

IA
mgRA

IA = 0.1141 kgm3
Using formula, IA = IG,A + mRA2
IG,A = 0.032 kgm3

About pivot B
Tavg = 14.30 s,

Thus,

TB =

T avg
10

TB = 1.43 s
Using this formula, TB = 2

IB
mgRB

IB = 0.1037 kgm3
Using formula, IB = IG,B + mRB2
IG,B = 0.0343 kgm3

6. Percentage errors

Pivot

A
B
Center
IG,B

Mass
moment of
inertia, I
(kgm3)
IA
IB
IG,A
0.03

Experimental

0.0983
0.1
0.03
0.0343

Theoretical

Percentage
errors (%)

0.1141
0.1037
0.032

13.85
3.57
6.25

Percentage error IA = (0.1141 0.0983) / 0.1141 x 100 = 13.85%


Percentage error IB = (0.1037 0.1) / 0.1037 x 100 = 3.57%
Percentage error IG,A = (0.032 0.03) / 0.032 x 100 = 6.25%
Percentage error IG.B = (0.0343 0.03) / 0.0343 x 100 = 12.54%

12.54

7.0 DISCUSSIONS

8.0 CONCLUSIONS

9.0 REFERENCES
1. Singiresu S. Rao, 2011 Mechanical Vibrations, 5th Edition, Pearson, pg 40
2. Haym Benaroya and Mark L. Nagurka, Mechanical Vibration: Analysis,
Uncertainties, and Control, 3rd edition
3. Ferdinand P. Beer, E. Russell Johnston, Jr. and Philip J. Cornwell, 2012 Vector
Mechanics for Engineers Dynamics, 10th edition, McGraw-Hill education.
4. R.C Hibbeler and Kai Beng Yap, 2012 Mechanics for Engineers Dynamics, 13 th
edition,
5. Simple wooden pendulum by the by Donald E. Simanek retrieved from the
https://www.lhup.edu/~dsimanek/scenario/labman1/pendulum.htm on 21th March
2016.

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