[Diplomacy]

Israel, Palestine, Hamas, Gaza-strip, West Bank, PLO: Conflict, Origin,

Explained
To understand the Israel-Hamas conflict, we must start from the very beginning- the
factors that led to creation of Israel and the current disputes.
1. Geography: Israel Palestine, Gaza
2. What is imperialism?
3. Why imperialism and colonialism?
4. Rise of Germany
5. First World War and Palestine
6. The Treaty of Versallies (1919)
7. Hyperinflation
8. Rise of Hitler
9. Nazism, Eugenics, Jews
10.Eugenics, Jews
11.Ghettos
12.Holocaust
13.What is Anti-Semitism?
14.What is Zionism?
15.World War II and Zionism
16.Arab Nations
17.End of World War II, 1945
18.UN resolution on Palestine
19.Birth of Israel, 1948
20.West Bank
21.Gaza Strip and Palestinian Refugees
22.Yasser Arafat and PLO, 1964
23.Hamas, 1987
24.Oslo Accords, 1993
25.Palestine Authority (PA)
26.Gaza Blockade, 2007
27.Mavi Marmara incident, 2010
28.Gilad Shalit
29.Summary of the issue
Geography: Israel, Palestine, Gaza
Any discussion on this topic is useless, unless and until you know the map of region like
the back of your hand.
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Palestine

A patch of land between Israel and Jordan.

City located within Palestine region, it is the sacred place for Christians,
Jerusalem Muslims and Jews.Jerusalem is the Capital of Israel, (although not
recognized by some countries).
Tel Aviv

Second largest city after Jerusalem.

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Knesset

Name of Israels parliament.

Mossad

Spy agency of Israel. Just like CIA of USA.

What is imperialism?

When a country establishes its economic and political dominance over other
nations- it is known as imperialism.
There are many ways to achieve imperialism: one of them is colonialism- that is
what Britishers did in India and Africa. Colonialism means practice of acquiring
colonies by conquest (war) or purchase or any other thuggery and making them
dependent on your home country (UK).
After end of Second World War, most of the colonies achieved independence. But
nowadays the powerful nations such as US and China, colonize poor countries via
providing financial aids, weapons to kill opposing sects/tribes, installing puppet
regime etc. this is known asNeo-Colonialism.

Why imperialism and colonialism?

1. For getting free labourers to work cotton gins. (slave trade)
2. To establish monopoly of trade over with given country (e.g. Indias silk and spices)
3. The Industrial Revolution led to factories, mass production but still you needed raw
material. Colonies supplied that raw material (cotton, coal, iron ore and other
minerals).
4. Colonies also gave new customers for your finished factorymade products. (because
local handicraft artisan get destroyed due to heavy taxation, so juntaa has no option
other than buying your machine and products.)
Rise of Germany

Between 1800 and 1900, majority of Asia and Africa had been colonized. Britain and
France were main players here.
Earlier, Germany was made up of small princely states. It was Otto von Bismarck,
who unified them and created the modern German empire. Our Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel is often called Bismarck of India for this reason.
But the challenges that Sardar Patel faced, were tougher, both in size and complexity
than of Bismarcks.
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Anyways, after the unification, Germany transformed into an economic

powerhouse.
By 1914, Germanys iron ore, steel production =higher than France + Germany.
Germany had entered the shipping trade in a big way. Similarly Italy too was rising.
France and Britain didnt like it- not one bit.
For them, Germany = A serious economic threat to their status and their colonies.
USA had not yet become supercop, superpower of the world. On July 4, 1776, it
declared independence from Britain. But the Northern and Southern States of USA,
had opposing idea about abolition of black slavery. That led to their internal Civil
War from 1861 to 1865. So, USA was busy with its domestic troubles.

First World War and Palestine

The superficial reason for First World War (1914-1918) = Assassination of Archduke
Ferdinand, but actually it was this rivalry between nations for economic reasons and
control over colonies. The world was divided into two gangs

Allied power (won)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Britain
France
USA
Russia (October revolution- Lenin in power,
Withdrew from war)
5. Italy
6. Japan +some misc. nations

Central Powers (lost)

1.
2.
3.
4.

Germany
Austria
Hungary
Ottoman Empire (led to Khilafat
movement in India)

Prior to First World war, the Jerusalem and surrounding Palestine region was under
the control of Ottoman Turks.
But as you can see from above table, they had sided with Central Powers (Germany)
in First World War.
During the course of First world war, British army captured Jerusalem and put this
Palestine region under military administration.
This created resentment among the Native Arabs residing in Palestine. Especially
after the Jewish people started immigrating here, due to the oppression by Hitler.

The Treaty of Versailles (1919)

After the war, the Allied nations held a conference in Versailles, near Paris in France.
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The Allied nations (US,UK,France) forced Germany to sign this treaty else face another
military invasion. So Germany had to sign this humuliating treaty under which
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

The coal mines of Germany were transferred to France

Germany cannot maintain an army bigger than one lakh troops.
Germany cannot build airforce or submarines.
Colonies of Germany, were taken over and distributed among the Allied nations.
Germany had to pay $65 crore as war-reparation to these Allied Nations.
(Compensation for injury).

Hyperinflation

The German economy had already collapsed due to heavy loss of man and material
during World War I.
The treaty of Versailles only added insult to this injury.
During this time, German Government resorted to printing more currency. (Name
of German currency=Mark)
That led to hyper-inflation (because truck load of paper-cash on one side but not
truckload of potatoes on the other side).
So paper currency lost its value. Check this photo: A German woman burns currency,
because its paper was cheaper fuel than coal!


Result of Hyper-inflation
1. A loaf of bread that cost 20,000 marks in the morning would cost 5,000,000 marks
by nightfall.
2. Restaurant prices went up while customers were eating.
3. It took 4.2 trillion German marks to buy a single American dollar!
4. A lifetime of savings would no longer buy even a railway ticket!
5. Pensions planned for a lifetime were wiped out completely.
Rise of Hitler

During these hard times, Hitler used to attract German crowds with his charismatic
and fierce speeches.
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He wanted Germany to withdraw from Treaty of Versailles.

He identified Jew as the enemy responsible for all of Germanys ills.
His argument: Jews own big business, big banks, big department stores, and big
labour. And Jews have been profiteering during First World War, during the Treaty of
Versailles, during this hyper-inflation. So, theyre leading happy life at our expense.
Jews are basically responsible for anything and everything that is bad in Germany.
German public and war veterans were already distressed by the hyperinflation and
unemployment- So many of them started worshiping Hitler as their savior.
1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany. Within a week, He dismissed all Jews
from civil services.

Nazism

Now in power, Hitler started economic reconstruction of Germany on one hand

and simultaneously the racial purification on the other hand.

His main policies/beliefs were following

1. One party rule: all the opposition leaders killed, jailed or expelled from Germany.
2. Complete ban on Communist activities, Trade unions and Labour strikes. This was
done to increase industrial output and make Germany war-ready.
3. He openly defied treaty of Versailles, by increasing troops in the army, construction
of submarines, aircrafts etc.
4. He made friendship pacts with unhappy nations from the Allied gang: Italy and
Russia.
5. He decided to unify all German-speaking areas of Europe.
Eugenics, Jews

Eugenics means selective breeding of humans.

Hitlers opinion: World is divided into Aryan (pure blood/Germans) and Non-Aryans
(including Jews, Gypsies and other minorities in Germany).
The Non-Aryan are polluting human race with their inferior quality genes and
bloodline. So, under Hitlers rule, following laws/policies/rules were created:

1. Forced sterilization (vasectomy) of Jews, people suffering from disability, diseases

etc.
2. To increase the birth rate of pure Germans, newly married couples were given
loans. And these loans would be forgiven with the birth of each child.
3. Marriage or sexual relations between Jews and Germans were prohibited.
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4. Jews given a lower class of citizenship. They were ineligible to apply for most

Government jobs, college admissions.

5. Only racial Germans were entitled to civil and political rights.
When Indian Parents try to find bride with fair white skin for their son, it is also one
(stupid) idea indirectly related to Eugenics. Thats why Skin whitening creams make
huge business in India. Eugenics is now making re-entry, indirectly through the research
related to designer babies. Anyways back to the topic:
Ghettos

Under Hitlers laws, Jews could reside in only some specific areas, known as as
Ghettos.
Ghettos were enclosed with walls and gates and kept locked at night.
Outside the ghetto, Jews had to wear a yellow colored identifying badge.
More recently, the term ghetto has come to apply to any urban area exclusively
settled by a minority group. In the United States, Mexicans and blacks have been
compelled to live in ghettos, by economic and social pressures.

Holocaust

In 1942, Hitler decide to get final solution to the Jewish problem.

All the Jews were rounded up by Secret Police (Gestapo).
The physically fit Jewish men were sent to work in labour camps (to aid German war
production during Second World war),
While pregnant women, young children, the elderly, handicapped and sick were
killed in gas-chambers.
Holocaust is the term used to describe this mass murder of 60 lakh Jews under Nazi
regime from 1941 until 1945.
In many nations of Europe, it is a criminal offense to say that Holocaust did not
happen. Some poets, authors, fashion designers and otherself-proclaimed
intellectuals cum drug addicts have denied holocaust and run into legal trouble.
Iranian President Ahmedinijad also denied Holocaust, led to big uproar.

What is Anti-Semitism?

Term used to describe the harassment done to Jewish people.

What Hitler did, was one example of Anti-Semitism, but same things were also
happening in Russia, Austria as well.

What is Zionism?

What is Zion?=Name of the hill on which the Temple of Jerusalem was located.
Zionism is the term used to describe the Jewish political movement of the late 19th
century.
Their Objective= to unite the Jewish diaspora all over world and settle them in
Palestine.
They started taking donations from wealthy Jews, helped the Holocaust survivors to
migrate to Palestine and surrounding regions.
This movement led to establishment of Israel in 1948.

World War II and Zionism

Recall that after First World War, Palestine region was under British Administration.
Official policy of British = Prevent Jews from settling in Palestine region because it
was leading to riots between Jews and native Arabs.
But during the course of World war II, the US army discovered Nazi extermination
camps. This created deep sympathy for Jewish people in USA. The Senators and
Congressmen of USA, started lobbying for Zionist cause.
Therefore U.S. President Truman requested British Government to immediatly admit
1 lakh Jewish Holocaust survivors into Palestine, and unrestricted Jewish
immigration in Palestine in future.

Arab Nations

As the second world war came to an end (1945), the neighboring Arab countries
began to take a more direct interest in Palestine.
They held a conference in Egypt and made official statement. The gist of
their position was

1. Weve sympathies for the European Jews who suffered under Hitlers dictatorship.
2. But the issue of European Jewish survivors ought not to be confused with Zionism.
3. If you (Allied champions:US,UK) allow Jews to settle in Palestine, itll cause great
injustice to the Native Arabs and therefore we will oppose it.
End of World War II, 1945

The Jews that survived holocaust and extermination camps, had no home of their
own- everything was destroyed in the war. The Zionists helped them immigrate and
settle in Palestine.
But the Palestinian Arabs decided that no more Jews should arrive and that Palestine
should achieve independence as an Arab state. (in 1946 there were 12 lakh Arabs
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and 7 lakh Jews in Palestine). There was rioting and violence everywhere, from

both sides.
The area was still under British administration. But during this time, Britain lacked
the money, political will and military force to maintain hard control over its colonies.
In Feb 1947, Britishers were busy negotiating independence of India. They were also
eager to decrease costly military presence in Palestine.
So British Government decided to handover the Palestine question to United
Nations.

UN resolution on Palestine

In late 1947, The United nations General Assembly passed a resolution: This
Palestine region be partitioned into an Arab State and a Jewish state, and Jerusalem
will become an International centre. (something like Chandigarh between Punjab
and Haryana). Check the map:

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Arab nations opposed this resolution.

The Zionists welcomed the partition proposal because it recognized a Jewish state
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and because it allotted more than half of (west-of-Jordan) Palestine to them.

Soon after the UN resolution, rioting and civil war broke out in Palestine, between
the native Arab and Jews. You can imagine the hardship of people- similar to
partition of India-Pakistan.

Birth of Israel, 1948

As the civil war, rioting, murder, loot, plunder, assassinations spread, on 14th May
1948, the Last British high commissioner left Palestine.
Immediately, the Zionist leaders declared Israel a free Nation. Within a few hours,
USA also recognized Israel as a nation.
In the upcoming days, the Arab nations: Syria, Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt sent their
armies but were defeated by Israeli forces. (this is known as First Israel-Arab War)

West Bank

Recall that UN General Assembly had favored the partition of Palestine region into
an Arab State and a Jewish state.
While Jewish State (Israel) came into existence, but there was no Palestine Arab
State because Palestinian Arabs were not organized, unlike Zionists, they lacked 12

the money and gun power of their own. They relied on the armies sent by Syria,
Jordan, Iraq, and Egypt, to fight for their cause.
The problem was: What to do with Jerusalem city?
After The First Israel-Arab war, the Jerusalem city and surrounding was divided
between Israel (West) and Jordan (East).
West Bank is the region on the west side of Jordan River.
From 1950 to 1967 it was ruled by Jordan.
But Israel captured it in 1967s war (also known as 6 Days war, or Third Israel-Arab
war).

Gaza Strip and Palestinian Refugees

Again recall that UN General Assembly had favored the partition of Palestine region
into an Arab State and a Jewish state.
Under that resolution, UN General Assembly had said that Gaza strip will be given to
Arab State. (observe the map).
After Israel became an independent nation (1948), the Arabs from Tel-Aviv and
other parts of Israel/Palestine region, had started migrating to this Gaza strip, to
save themselves from riots and looting.
These are called Palestinian (Arab) refugees.
During the first Israel-Arab war, the Egyptian army had captured Gaza strip. But In
1967s war, Israel re-captured Gaza Strip.
But The Egyptian government did not consider Gaza Strip as a part of Egypt and did
not allow those refugees to become Egyptian citizens or to migrate to Egypt or to
other Arab countries. (their side of border was opened in 2011)
On the other side, Israel did not allow these refugees to return to their former
homes.
So these refugees are stuck from both the sides, live in poverty and food aids from
United Nations.
Ever since, there is rioting and violent street clashes between Gazas Palestinians
(refugees/Hamas) and occupying Israeli troops.

Yasser Arafat and PLO, 1964

So far, the Palestinian Arabs were relying on outside support (Syria, Jordan,
Egypt, Lebanon), but later realized they had to get themselves organized to fight for
their own cause. Thus came Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).
Soon, Yasser Arafat became the leader of PLO.
PLO launched guerrilla war against Israel during the 1960s to 1980s from its camps in
Jordan.
But later on PLO got into power-struggle with Jordanian King, and were expelled 13

from there. So PLO shifted their base to Lebanon.

1982, Israel launched military attack on Lebanon to destroy the PLO camps.
Ultimately Yasser Arafat concluded that military fight with Israel = useless and futile.
So, He decided to accept the earlier UN resolution (recall: UN wanted Palestine
region to be divided between a Jewish State and an Arab State).
He proposed, Our PLO is the Government-in-exile. Were representing that Arab
State envisioned under UN resolution. We recognize Israel as the Jewish state, we
accept their right to exist. Now give us our land, Gaza Strip and West Bank.

Hamas, 1987

Theyre political-militant organization stationed in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.
They run their own schools, charities, clinics, and schools in these areas.
They get money and weapons from tunnels through Egypt-Gaza border.

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They want to destroy Israel and the create an Islamic state in Palestine.
The Difference between Hamas and PLO = both started as militant movements for
Palestinian Arabs But PLO has (almost) ceased violence while Hamas continues to
remain armed and dangerous.

Oslo Accords, 1993

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After many rounds of talks, Israeli Government and Yasser Arafats PLO entered into
peace agreement, according to which
1. Israel and PLO will formally recognize eachothers right to exist.
2. A new Palestine authority (PA) will be formed, itll have
elected Arab representatives.
3. Israel will gradually handover the administration of Gaza strip and West Bank, to this
Palestine Authority (PA).
But Hamas was opposed to Oslo accords.
Palestine Authority (PA)

It was formed under the Oslo Accord.

Elections were held, Yasser Arafats Fatah party won majority seats and he became
the first President of Palestine Authority (PA).
Israel withdrew its military from Gaza strip, and handed over the civil functions
(police, municipality etc) to this Palestine Authority. (1994)
Yasser Arafat died. (2004)
Yasser Arafats Fatah Party was defeated by the Hamas Party, in 2006s election for
Palestine Authority,
Hamas and Fatah eventually formed a coalition government, but there was violence
and power struggle between these two camps.
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Ultimately, Hamas got control of the Gaza Strip, while Fatah took control of the

West Bank.
Gaza Blockade, 2007

In 2007, Gaza strip was under Hamas rule. The acts of terrorism continued.
Israel declared them as a hostile entity and approved sanctions against Gaza strip-
including electricity cuts, heavily restricted imports, and border closures.
Hamas retaliated by launching rockets at Israeli cities.
So, Israel started military invasion on the Gaza, mainly to destroy those tunnels
through which Hamas gets rockets and other weapons.
In this clash, more than 1,000 were killed. Finally Israel and Hamas declared a
unilateral cease-fire.
Since then Gaza strip is in control of Hamas but Israel has blocked the whole area
with huge wall.

Mavi Marmara incident, 2010

Some NGOs, Peace workers wanted to deliver food, other humanitarian aid and
construction materials to Gaza refugees.
They came by sea using a ship named Mavi Marmara, wanted to land on Gaza strip
But were intercepted by Israeli military.
Each side accused other one for starting trouble. Led to much uproar about human
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rights violation.

This was asked in UPSCs General Studies (Mains) 2010 paper.

Gilad Shalit

Israeli soldier, abducted by Hamas during a raid in 2006.

They kept him as a hostage for five years and returned him to Israel for the release
of 1,000 Palestinian prisoners, in 2011.

Summary of the issue

1. Originally, Palestine was under control of Ottoman empire, but British captured it
during first world war.
2. In the inter-war years, facing the Antisemitism in Germany and Russia, the Jews
started Zionist movement to create a separation nation for them in Palestine. But
the native Palestinian Arabs opposed it.
3. After second world war, British Government referred the matter to United Nations.
4. United Nations, passed a resolution that Palestine will be divided into a Jewish State
and an Arab State. And Gaza strip will be given to the Arab State.
5. When Britisher left the area, Jews declared their own nation Israel, but Arabs of
Palestine couldnt declare their own nation.
6. The neighboring Arab nations (Jordan, Syria, Egypt, Lebanon) sent their armies,
leading to Israel-Arab wars. In the end, Israel won and captured Gaza Strip and West
Bank.
7. Two resistance movement started against Israel: (1) Yasser Arafat (PLO) (2) Hamas.
8. PLO entered into peace with Israel under Oslo Accords, while Hamas continued the
path of terrorism and suicide bombers.
9. A Palestine Authority (PA) was created and Israel handed over the civilian
administration of Gaza and West bank to this PA.
10.Initially Yasser Arafats Fatah party used to win elections to Palestine Authority (PA)
and all was going good.
11.But Hamas party won 2007s election. So, Israel started blockade of Gaza strip. Both
went into military conflicts with sporadic ceasefires and fighting every now and then.
12.The current Israel-Hamas conflict being one of them. Hamas wants Israel to lift
Economic blockade of Gaza and Israel wants Hamas to stop its militant movement
and arms-smuggling through tunnels.
13.Indias position (yes you guessed it right): both sides should exercise restrain and
settle the matter via peaceful talks and negotiations.
Indias Stand on Palestine
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(this portion is contributed by Mr.Palas Nuwal)

India supports a united, independent, viable, sovereign state of Palestine with East
Jerusalem as its capital, living within secured and recognized borders side by side at
peace with Israel.

1936

Congress working committee sent greetings to Palestine and on 27th September

first observed Palestine day.

Session of INC adopted a resolution on Palestine and looked forward to the

emergence of an Independent democratic state in Palestine in which Jews rights
1939
would be protected. India was the member of UN special committee on
Palestine.
India became the first non Arab country to recognize the Palestine Liberation
1974 Organization (PLO) as the sole and legitimate representative of the Palestine
people.
GOI announced in Parliament Indias decision to accord full diplomatic
recognition to the PLO office in New Delhi. It was after this that Yasser Arafat
1980
paid a three day visit to India, during which he described India as an eternal
friend.
India recognized Palestine as a state. Indian Government has constructed the
1988 Palestine embassy building in New Delhi, as a gift of the people and GOI to the
Palestine people.

India also supports Palestine in a variety of tangible ways, including the contribution
of millions of dollars as budget support for the Palestine National Authority and
assistance to Palestine in developing its human resources through Indias technical
cooperation programme.

For the entire archive of Diplomacy and International Relations (IR) related articles,
visit: mrunal.org/diplomacy
MCQs

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1. Which of the following not correctly matched?

Country
a. Beirut
b. Syria
c. Jordan

Capital

Lebanon
Damascus
Amman

2. What is the correct order of these water bodies from North to South: Red Sea, Black
Sea, and Dead Sea.
a. Black > Red > Dead
b. Dead > Black > Red
c. Black > Dead> Red
3. Which of the following countries dont share land border with Israel?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Jordan and Egypt

Lebanon and Jordan
Saudi and Iran
Egypt and Lebanon

4. Find correct Statement

1. Gulf of Aquaba is linked with Red Sea
2. Gulf of Suez is linked with Red Sea
a.
b.
c.
d.

Only 1
Only 2
Both
One

5. Which of the following is not a member-state of United Nations:

1) Palestine, 2) South Sudan 3) Kosovo
a. Only 1 and 3

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b. Only 2 and 3
c. Only 1 and 3
d. All of them

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