Wave Guides

Lecture 34-35
Dr. Navneet Gupta

A waveguide is a hollow pipe, usually rectangular, of

specific dimensions, used as a transmission medium for
guiding microwaves.
WAVEGUIDES

TRANSMISION LINES

Give larger BW and lower signal

attenuation

At microwave frequencies ;T-line

become inefficient as a result of
skin effect and dielectric losses

Waveguide can operate only

above a certain frequency
(called cut-off frequency).
Act as a high-pass filter
Dr. Navneet Gupta

General Wave Behaviour along Uniform Guiding Structure

2
Ek E 0
and

2
2
H k H 0
where
2

Dr. Navneet Gupta

TEM

Same as the propagation constant of a

uniform plane wave in an unbounded medium
Phase velocity and impedance of
TEM wave are independent of the
frequency of the waves.

TEM waves cannot exist in a singleconductor hollow (or dielectric filled)

waveguide of any shape.
Dr. Navneet Gupta

Dr. Navneet Gupta

f fc

f fc
Z TM

fc
1
f

Purely resistive and ZTM <

ZTM

f2
j
1 2

fc
kc

Purely reactive. No power flow

Dr. Navneet Gupta

f fc
Z TE

f
1 c
f

Purely resistive and ZTE >

Dr. Navneet Gupta

Lecture 35

Infinite Parallel Plate Waveguide

TM waves between parallel plates:

Assumptions:

Wave is propagating in +z-direction (For

TM waves; Hz =0)
Plates are infinite in extent in the xdirection.
Field do not vary in x-direction and edge
effects are negligible.
We write the phasor Ez(y,z) as Ez(y)e -z
The mode having the lowest cut-off
frequency is called the dominant mode.

d 2 Ez ( y)
2

k
c Ez ( y) 0
2
dy
ny
E z ( y ) An sin

zero

Non-zero field
component

zero

Amplitude (depend on the excitation

of the particular TM wave)

TM0 mode is the TEM mode, for

which fc =0

Cut-off Frequency:
c

n
b

; or; f c

n
2b

( Hz)

Dr. Navneet Gupta

TE waves between parallel plates:

d 2 H z ( y)
2

k
c H z ( y) 0
2
dy

For n = 0 both Hy and Ex vanish.

Hence TE0 mode does not exist
in a parallel-plate waveguide.

n
b

or

ny
H z ( y ) Bn cos

fc
Dr. Navneet Gupta

n
2b

( Hz)
9

Assume perfectly conducting walls and

perfect dielectric filling the wave guide

E z 0 at y 0,b
E z 0 at x 0,a
Ez A1 cos k x x A2 sin k x x A3 cos k y y A4 sin k y y ez

From these, we conclude:

X(x) is in the form of sin kxx,
where kx=m/a, m=1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of sin kyy,
where ky=n/b, n=1,2,3,
So the solution for Ez(x,y,z) is

Ez A2 A4 sin k x x sin k y y e jz

10

Other Field
Components
Ex
Ey

Ez
kc 2 x

Ez
kc 2 y

j Ez
Hx 2
kc y
j Ez
Hy 2
kc x

m
E z Eo sin
a
Hz 0
m

n jz
x sin
y e
b

m x
Ex 2
Eo cos
sin
kc a
a
n
m x
Ey 2
Eo sin
cos
kc b
a
j n
m x
Hx 2
E
sin
o

cos
kc b
a

n y z

e
b
n y z

e
b

n y z

e
b
j m
m x n y z
Hy 2
Eo cos
sin
e
kc a
a b

The m and n represent the mode of propagation and indicates the

number of variations of the field in the x and y directions

Note that for the TM mode, if n or m is zero, all fields are zero.

11

TM Cutoff

2
x

k y2 k 2

m n
2

a b
2

The cutoff frequency occurs when

m n
When c

a b
2

Evanescent:

1
or f c
2

then j 0

m n

a
b

m n
When 2

a
b

and 0

Means no propagation, everything is attenuated

m n
When

j and 0
a b
This is the case we are interested since is when the wave is allowed to
travel through the guide.

Propagation:

TE Mode
H z B1 cos k x x B2 sin k x x B3 cos k y y B4 sin k y y ez
E x 0 at y 0,b
Boundary
conditions: E y 0 at x 0,a
From these, we conclude:
X(x) is in the form of cos kxx,
where kx=m/a, m=0,1,2,3,
Y(y) is in the form of cos kyy,
where ky=n/b, n=0,1,2,3,
So the solution for Ez(x,y,z) is

H z B1B3 cos k x x cos k y y e jz

m n
H z ( x, y ) H 0 cos
x cos
y
a b

TEmn

m
H z H o cos
a
Ez 0

n jz
x cos
y e
b

Other components are

j H z
Ex 2
kc y
Ey
Hx
Hy

j H z
kc 2 x

H z
kc 2 x

H z
kc 2 y

j n
Ex 2
kc b

m x n y z
H o cos
sin
e

a b
j m
m x
n y z
Ey 2
H o sin
cos
e
kc a
a
b
j m
m x
n y z
H
sin
cos
o

e
2
kc a
a
b
j n
m x n y z
Hy 2
H o cos
sin
e
kc b
a b
Hx

For TE modes, either m or n (but not both) can be zero.

If a > b, the cutoff frequency is the lowest when m =1 and n = 0.
TE10 mode is the dominant mode of a rectangular waveguide with a > b

 m x
n j z
H z H o cos
cos
ye

a
b
where again
m n
kc 2

a b
2

has the same expression as for TM waves.

Cut-off frequency is also same.

Dr. Navneet Gupta

15

 The accelerating charge radiate energy i.e

they throw energy in their surrounding medium

RADIATION
Radiation is a phenomenon related to time-varying
currents.

Dr. Navneet Gupta

16

 Case I: d <<
No net radiation.
[Note: In electromagnetics: (physical closeness) measured in terms of . If d <<
radiation is negligible]

Case II: d
Radiation
d
TEM Line

antenna
Dr. Navneet Gupta

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Dr. Navneet Gupta

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EEEC433

Dr. Navneet Gupta

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