Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

PRINCIPLE OF
MANAGEMENT
CHAPTER 6
Understanding Groups and Teams.

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Group Behaviour.

Teams.

Effective Teams

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

What is a group?

Two or more interacting and interdependent

individuals who come together to achieve particular
goals.
Formal
Formal groups are defined by the organizations structure that
have designated work assignments and specific tasks
Approriate behaviors are established by and directed toward
organizational goals

Informal
Occur naturally
Social needs

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Group:

Two or more interacting and interdependent individuals

who come together to achieve particular goals.

Formal work groups established by the organization
that have designated work assignments and specific
tasks
Appropriate behaviors are established by and directed
towards organizational goals
Informal for social nature occur naturally in the
workplace in response to the need for social contact

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Example of Formal Groups.

Command Group Basic traditional work groups determined by
formal authority relationships and depicted on the organisational
chart. They typically includes a manager and those subordinates
who report directly to the manager.
Cross-functional teams These bring together the knowledge and
skills of individuals from various work areas in order to come up with
solutions to operational problems. Cross-functional teams also
include groups whose members have been trained to do each
others job.
Self Managed Teams assembly of essentially independent groups
that, in addition to doing their operating jobs, take on traditional
management responsibilities such a hiring, planning and
scheduling, and performance evaluations.
Task forces These are temporary groups created to accomplish a
specific task. Once the task is complete the group is disbanded.

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Example for Informal Groups

Among your department members
Discussion among employees at office pantry.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Stages of group development

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Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Forming.
The first stage of group development in which people join
the group and then define the groups purpose, structure
and leadership.

Storming.
The second stage of group development which is characterised
by intra - group conflict.

Norming.
The third stage of group development, which is characterised
by close relationships and cohesiveness.

Performing.
The fourth stage of group development, when the group a fully
functional.

Adjourning.
The final stage of group development for temporary groups during which
group members are concerned with wrapping up activities rather than
task performance.

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Basic Group Concepts:

Role a set of behaviour patterns expected of some one occupying a given position in a social
unit.
Norms (rule in a group) Acceptable standards or expectations shared by a groups
members.

Status system A prestige grading , position or rank within a group.

Free rider tendency a group phenomenon in which individual members reduce their
individual efforts and contributions as the group increases in size.
Group cohesiveness the degree to which group members are attached to one another and
share the groups goals.
Group size - Social loafing
Conflict Perceived incompatible differences that result in interference or opposition.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Social
loafingThree
Ways to
Reduce
Social
Loafing

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Group Behaviour Model- explaining why are some groups

Group members
resources.

External
Conditions
Imposed on
The group.

more effective than others?

Group Tasks.

Group
Processes.

Group
structure.

Performance and
satisfaction.

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Work Group Behaviour.

1) External conditions imposed on the group, including the
organizations overall strategy, authority structure, formal
regulations, employee selection criteria and etc)
2) Group members resources, including members
knowledge, abilities, skills and personal characteristics)
3) Group structure. (group are not unorganized crowds.
they have structure the shapes members behavior with
group performance)
4) Group process.- (communication patterns used by
members to exchange information, group decision process,
conflict and so on)
5) Group tasks.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

High.

LOW.

Alignment of Members and Organisational Goals

The relationship between Cohesiveness and Productivity.

(Group Structure)
High.
Cohesiveness
LOW.
Strong increase
In productivity

Decrease
In productivity

Moderate increase
In productivity

No significant effect
on productivity

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Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Sources and
Consequences
of Group
Cohesiveness

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Group Decision Making:

Advantages over individuals decisions.

Group provide more complete information.

Group generate more alternatives.
Group increase acceptance of a solution.
Group increase legitimacy/ validity
Disadvantages of group decision making.
Time consuming.
Risk minority domination.
There are pressure to conform/ follow
Ambiguous/vague responsibility.
Group Think:
A type of conformity in which group members withhold deviant (deny difference),
minority or unpopular views in order to appear to agreement.

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Techniques for improving group decision making

Decision making groups that
Interact by using linked
Computers.

Electronic
Meeting.

An idea generating process

That encourages alternatives
While withholding criticism.

Increased
Creativity.

Brainstorming.

Nominal Group Technique

(NCT).
In which group members are presented with a problem, each member independently writes down
His or her ideas on the problem, then each member presents one idea until all ideas have been
Presented. No discussion takes place until all ideas have been presented.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Conflict Management
(under group processes cont)
Traditional view of conflict:
The view that all conflict is bad and must be avoided.
Human relations view of conflict:
The view that conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any
group.
Interactionist view of conflict:
Some conflicts are necessary for a group to perform effectively.
Functional Conflict:
Conflict that support a groups goals and improve its performance.
Dysfunctional conflict:
Conflicts that prevent a group from achieving its goals.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Task Conflicts:

Conflicts over content and goals of the works.

Relationship conflict:
Conflict based on interpersonal relationship.
Process conflict:
Conflict over how work gets done.

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Bachelor of Aviation Management

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Turning groups into effective teams

What is a team?

Groups whose members work intensely on a specific,

common goal using their positive synergy, individual and
mutual accountablility, and complementary skills
Teams often are difficult to form.
It takes time for members to learn how to work
together.

All teams are groups, but not all groups are teams.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Turning group into Effective Teams

Create
Esprit de
corps

Increases
Performance

Increases
Flexibility
Why Use
Teams ?

Takes
Advantage of
Workforce
diversity

Allows
Managers to
Do more
Strategic
Management.

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Turning groups into effective teams

Creating effective teams
Clear goals
Relevant skills
Mutual trust
Unified commitment
Good communication
Negotiating skills
Appropriate leadership
Internal and external support

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Groups and Teams as Performance Enhancers

Performance Enhancement
Making use of the synergy from employees in a group
producing more or better output than employees working
separately.
Bounce / clear ideas off one another.
Correct each others errors.
Bring more new ideas to bear on problems
Accomplish projects beyond the scope of individuals

Managers should build autonomous/independent / selfdirected empowered (authorised) groups composed of

members of complementary skills and knowledge.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Groups and Teams as Motivators

Members of groups, and particularly teams,

are often better motivated and satisfied than

individuals.
Team members are more motivated and satisfied than if
they were working alone.
Team members can see the effect of their contribution to
achieving team and organizational goals.
Teams provide needed social interaction and help
employees cope with work-related stressors.

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

How to be Effective Team Leaders

Dont have to know everything.
Embrace the concept of teamwork in deeds as well
as words.
Enable members to find answers for themselves.
Coordinate team activities and avoid wasting time.
Accept the concept of continuous, on-the-job
learning.

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation
Technology
Bachelor
of Aviation Management

Clear
Goals
External
support

Internal
support

Relevant
Skills

Characteristic
Of
An
Effective
Teams

Appropriate
Leadership

Mutual
Trust

Unified
Commitment

Negotiating
Skills

Good
Communication

Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Six Suggestions to Help Managers Build Trust.

Communicate.
Be supportive.
Be respectful.
Be fair.
Be predictable.
Demonstrate competence.

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Bachelor of Aviation Management

Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Managing Teams.
Planning.
Organising.
Leading.
Controlling.

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Malaysian Institute of Aviation Technology

Gain Sharing.
A group incentive program that shares the gains of the efforts of
group members with those group members.