Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Acknowledgement
By:Akbar Aziz
Page 1
S. No.
Description
D.A.T.C
Services of D.A.t.C
Admission Procedure
Administrative Setup
History of Drugs
Introduction to Drug
Definition of Drugs
10
Types of Drugs
11
12
13
14
15
16
Withdrawal Symptoms
17
Detoxification
18
Methods of Detoxification
19
Relapse
20
21
Counseling
22
23
Case Histories
Page Nos.
Page 2
Page 3
Page 4
Rs. 150
12
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History of Drugs
Opium the parent compound is the dried juice from unripe seed capsules of the
opium poppy, which is indigenous in Asia minor but is now widely cultivated. The
alkaloids of opium include morphine and 18 others. Heroin or diamorphine was
introduced as a remedy for cough and paradoxically as a treatment for morphine
addiction.
Morphine derived from Opium was well known in ancient times and was used
as far back as 4000, BC for its psychological effects as well as a powerful pain relieving
compound, in Greek and Roman civilization it was used as a sleeping draught and this
use persisted in Europe in to the early part of the twenty century. Arab physicians in
ancient times were well versed in the use of Opium and introduced the drug to the
Orient, where it was largely used for treating dysentery.
In the sixteen century Paracelsus the Swiss physician gave the name laudanum
(to praise) to preparations of Opium and about 1680, Thomas Sydenham introduced it
to Britain. In the east British and French colonization created problems when in 1840
the Chinese Emperor Tao kaungtried to impose restrictions on Opium smoking,
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Introduction to Drugs
The word drug means different things for different people. For some peoples
drugs are those substances which are illegal and socially disapproved of associated
with serotypes images of junkies or solvent sniffers and not with every day
substance that ordinary people use? On other hand many people increasingly refer to
all preparations as drugs. Some drugs are given to people by Doctors to make them
healthy. These are called prescription.
Some drugs are natural and can be found in some kinds of food or plants that are not
a normal part of a persons diet. Some drugs are illegal which means it is against the
law to buy, sell or use them. Some drugs are legal but because they are dangerous to
health, the law says that you have to be an adult to use them.
Definitions of Drugs
Drug is an illegal substance that some people smoke; inject, etc to give them
pleasant or exciting feelings.
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Types of Drugs
Drug that either depress or stimulated central nerves system may be categorized in to
many major groups, but we are mentioning some of them here,
1. Cannabis
Cannabis is a tobacco like greenish or brownish material made up of the dried
flowering tops and leaves of the flowering tops of the cannabis plant.
Cannabis resin or hash is the dried black or brown secretion of the flowering tops
of the cannabis plant, which is made in to a powder or pressed into slabs or cakes.
Cannabis oil or hash oil is a liquid extracted from either the dried plant material or
the
resin.
How is it taken?
All forms of cannabis are usually smoked .cannabis resin and oil can be eaten or
brewed in tea.
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2. Heroin
Heroin is an addictive drug with painkilling properties processed from morphine, a
naturally occurring substance from the opium poppy plant. Pure heroin is a white
powder. Street heroin is usually brownish white because it is diluted or cut with
impurities, meaning each dose is different.
How is it taken?
It is usually injected but can also be snorted, smoked or inhaled.
3. Ecstasy
Ecstasy is a psychoactive stimulant, usually made in illegal laboratories. In fact the term
Ecstasy has evolved and no longer refers to a single substance but a range of
substances similar in effect on users. Frequently any tablet with a logo is now referred
Akbar Aziz University of Peshawar Session 2010-2012 Social
work
Page 9
How is it taken?
It is usually swallowed but can also be snorted or injected.
4. Cocaine
Cocaine is a fine white or off-white powder that acts as a powerful stimulant. It is
extracted from the leaves of the coca plant. On the street, it can be diluted or cut
whit other substances to increase the quantity. Crack is cocaine that has been further
processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and looks like small
flakes or rocks.
How is it taken?
Cocaine is usually sniffed/snorted or injected, whereas crack is smoked.
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5. Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens, or psychedelics, are drugs that alter users state of consciousness
and produce different kinds of hallucinations. The main types of hallucinogens are dlysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), phencyclidine (PCP), hallucinogenic amphetamines,
and mescaline and psilocybin mushrooms.
How is it taken?
It is usually swallowed.
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6. Methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is part of the group of drugs called amphetamine-type stimulants
(ATS). It is a synthetic drug that is usually manufactured in illegal laboratories.
Methamphetamine comes as a powder, tablet or as crystals that look like shards of
glass.
How is it taken?
It can be swallowed, sniffed/snorted, smoked or injected.
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50%
Chars
28.5%
Alcohol
04.5%
Bhang
02.3%
Tranquilizers
01.1%
Mantras
00.1%
(National survey on Drug abuse 19193)
Below table is showing that majority of the drug dependence patients (63 %) were
abusing multiple drugs simultaneously (heroin, morphine, various forms of cannabis,
inject able Opioids and sedatives etc)
Types
of
percentage
used
Single Drug
24
37.5%
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40
62.5%
Total
64
100%
Dizzy spell
He do not care cleanness especially his cloths and always telling lies.
Moral ill
Poor
Lack of work
Absence minded
Memory weak
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Withdrawal Symptoms
After 10 hours of admission of a patient withdrawal symptoms were appears,
these
symptoms
are,
Nose
running,
eyes
droping,sever
pain
in
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Detoxification
Detoxification is the facilities and guidance provided by the medical social
worker to the Drug Addicts during their treatment in hospitals as patients
Methods of Detoxification
A. Symphetatic treatment,
In this method the treatment of the patient is symphethatic, in here pain killer or
any other pain reduce tablets will given to the patient.
B. Gradual withdrawal,
In this method the daily frequency of drug will reduce gradually and given to
the patient.
C. Cold turkey method, in this method only cold water bath and meal will
give to the patient till 72 hours.
D.
Substitute therapy,
In this method Heroin replaces to opium in capsules and given to the patient and
gradually reduced the frequency and end blank capsules were given to the patient.
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Relapse
A relapse occurs when a person in recovery re-experiences problems or symptoms
associated to problem substance use after a period of abstinence or controlled use.
With mental health disorders, a relapse is a flare-up of symptoms that are associated
with the disorder. A relapse of one disorder can sometimes trigger relapse of the
other.
There are many contributing factors and warning signs that indicate that a person
may
be in danger of returning to substance use or redeveloping symptoms related to
mental
Health problems.
In first three months of rehabilitation relapse is integral or we can say relapse is 100
percent, in second three months relapse come to 85 to 87percent and in third three
months relapse percentage come to 40 to 60 percent, after one year the relapse
percentage become 10 to 15 percent and this percentage remain in his whole life.
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Relapse prevention
A relapse is an expected part of the recovery process in substance use treatment.
Usually there are warning signs that start long before the relapse. It is possible to
identify these warning signs and take action to prevent a relapse
.If a relapse does occur, it is not a sign that treatment has failed, or that a person has
weak character, or that the caregiver is at fault in any way. A person with a substance
use problem needs to learn and practice a variety of skills to prevent relapses. A
relapse should be seen as an opportunity for the person to think about how to
manage similar situations in the future. However, if someone relapses over and over
again, it may be a sign of a more serious, undiagnosed disorder, such as
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Without paying proper attention to the medical, psychological and rehabilitative
needs of the drug victims and without making an all-round effort to eliminate the
factors that breed addiction, indeed the control of narcotics supply and introducing
measures to reduce the demand for drugs must go hand in hand if this menace is to
be eliminated. It is also important to start an active campaign against the causes of
Drug Addiction while helping victims recover from their addiction.curently the relapse
rate is very high owing to non availability of rehabilitative measures.
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Causes of Relapse
There are many Social, Psychological and Physical causes of Relapse, but some of
them are,
Lack of acceptance.
No status in society.
Weak personality.
Psychological craving or magnetic power of drugs.
Easy availability of drugs.
Unemployment.
Environmental factors.
Counseling
Counseling is used to help individuals to deal with variety of problem situations.
During counseling, the counselor establishes a warm, supportive, therapeutic
relationship with the client using a variety of skills. Based on the strength of this
relationship, the counselor helps the client explore problem areas, set goals and
assists the client to work through problems in order to establish a more meaningful
and productive life style. During learn how to identify and pursue realistic and
satisfying solutions to his individual counseling effective, the counselor has to
understand the client as an individual the influences which have affected him, his
perception of himself and others around him so that she can help the client realize
how those forces have led to unhealthy ways of coping both prior to and after the
onset of addiction.. This understanding at the level of feelings rather than at the
intellectual level (or the objective level), will enable him to cope with life more
satisfactorily. The purpose is to help the client in making decisions about his life and
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Listening
Listening is much more than merely hearing words. It involves intuitive perception,
watching for cues other than those conveyed through words (tone of voice, gesture,
and posture) and understanding the messages that the client is trying to convey
overemphasize or avoid.
Paraphrasing
After carefully listening the next step is paraphrasing or express the passage before
the patient in short that he already told you to get his confident.
Probing
After the two the third step is probing, for more informations that can be helpful for
you in solving the patient problem.
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Page 21
Name
Taj Akbar
Gender
Male
Age
51 years
Religion
Muslim
Education
Primary
Occupation
Labour
Marital status
Married
Siblings
The client belonged to a middle family. He is getting treatment from 12 days .he
started taking drugs when he was in Dubai. He took start from cannabis and with the
passage of time his demand for the drugs increased and he used tablets and heroin
as well. His chief complaints are weakness, body pain, and aggression. He even tried
suicidal attempts and also tried to injure others. Due to all of these he also faced legal
problems and spent one month in prison. His children brought him in the institute and
Page 22
Case
Name
Sultan Zeb
Gender
Male
Age
21 years
Marital status
Single
Education
primary
Occupation
Nil
Siblings
He belonged to the rural area of nowshehra. He has been admitted here by his father,
and now he is getting treatment here. According to him he was started taking drugs
from cannabis and after some time he was also started using heroin and alcohol. He is
also suffering from hepatitis C. Now he is getting treatment here not only for the
drugs addiction but also Hepatitis C, and he wants a healthy drug free life.
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Name
Taufeequllah
Gender
Male
Age
21 years
Religion
Muslim
Education
Intermediate
Occupation
Student
Siblings
This client is belonged to district chitral; he started taking drugs at the age of 18 due
to Bed Company, he start from cannabis and promotes it to alcohol.
Due to abuse use of drugs he has some psychological problem also. His father
brought him in the institute and he is getting treatment here from 10 days, and also
showing some positive improvements.
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Case 4
Name
Gender
Male
Age
36 years
Religion
Muslim
Education
Primary
Occupation
Auto Mechanic
Siblings
This client is also from a middle family at charsadda. He was started taking drugs due
to tension in work ,He start from cannabis and to the passage of time his demand
took to Heroin also, his main complains are head ache and body pain during work. He
was also caught by police and result he prison one and half month. His brother brings
him to the institution and he is receiving treatment here.
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