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The Gas Permeability of Concrete and Its

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Fdration Internationale du Bton

Proceedings of the 2nd International Congress
June 5-8, 2006 Naples, Italy
ID 13-52

Session 13 Concrete

The Gas Permeability of Concrete and Its Relationship with

Strength
Bakhshi, M., Mahoutian, M., Shekarchi, M.
Construction Materials Institute, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tehran, Enqelab
Ave., P.O. Box: 11365-4563 Tehran, Iran

INTRODUCTION
Concrete structure should be of adequate durability to perform in accordance with its intended level of
functionality and serviceability over an expected or predicted life cycle. It follows that durable concrete must
be able to withstand the potentially deteriorative conditions to which it can reasonably be expected to be
exposed. Deterioration processes in concrete structures, whether affecting the concrete itself, or more
commonly causing reinforcement corrosion, are determined largely by the ability of the cover zone to resist
the ingress of deleterious agents from the environment. Hence, concrete deterioration depends largely on
the ease or difficulty with which fluids of liquid or gas can migrate through the hardened concrete mass,
referred as permeability. Consequently, measurement of permeability provides an indicator of the durability
of the concrete so that permeability called as the key to durability [1-3].
There is strong evidence that permeability test results correlate with crucial durability properties, especially
those related to transport mechanism [4]. Pore structure has long been recognized as strongly relating to
many, if not all, aspects of durability and it is felt that some forms of permeability test might be devised which
would have the necessary features. Of primary interest in a typical concrete structure is the surface region
which protect the reinforcement from corrosion and which is subject to penetration by oxygen, carbon dioxide
and water. The practicalities of a test indicate that the latter two fluids are cumbersome in that they
themselves modify the pore structure of concrete, and as such are less suited to a repeatable and
reproducible test. For this reason oxygen was selected as a permeating medium [5]. Also from the view point
of migrations of harmful components such as CO2 and chloride ion in concrete, air-permeability would be one
of the effective indexes [6-10]. In the other hand, oxygen is necessary in order to start the electrochemical
cathodic activity of steel bar corrosion. Also, corrosion process can be divided in two parts; corrosion
initiation and corrosion propagation. According to the previous research works, oxygen is also important in
the propagation period [11]. Moreover, permeability of concrete to air or other gases is of interest in
structures such as sewage tanks and gas purifiers, and in pressure vessels in nuclear reactors [12].
By considering the significant interest in low permeable concrete suitable for use in reinforced and
prestressed containments for the storage of natural gas, investigation of gas permeability should be
necessary to evaluate the performance of concretes [13]. Furthermore, testing gas permeability of concrete
under a differential absolute pressure to measure the open porosity prevailing in the concrete is a rather
rapid procedure taking the time less than one hour [14] comparing to other type of permeability tests such as
water permeability, though gas and liquid transport are closely correlated as demonstrated by Bamforth and
Torrent et al. [2, 15].
There is a growing realization that cube crushing strength, for long the sole indicator of quality, is insufficient
to ensure long-term durability for concrete as a material and serviceability of a structure made from it.
However, in engineering practice, codes and specifications, the standard compressive strength of concrete is
used not only as a basis of structural design and as a criterion of structural performance, but also as a
criterion for the durability of a concrete structure. Such an approach can be justified by the observation that
both strength and transport characteristics are to a large extent linked to the pore structure of the concrete:
low porosity results in high strength and also in a high resistance to the penetration of aggressive media [14].
Considering the reasons more precisely, in contrast to most transport characteristics, compressive strength
can be determined on the basis of well-established and generally accepted routine test methods. In addition,
the entire design process of a structure would be substantially simplified if one and the same material
characteristic, i.e. a standard strength value, could be used both for structural design and for durability
design [9].

Proceedings of the 2nd

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Concrete

This paper describes a program of permeability tests carried out on some concrete mixes to determine the
permeability coefficients derived using gas and measurement of compressive strength in order to discuss the
relationship between gas permeability and strength. The previous published data mostly support the
relationship between water permeability and strength which result in proposing various empirical equations
[13, 16-18]. Nevertheless, there are limited works on the relation between gas permeability and strength of
high performance concrete which are noticeably discussed in this paper based on experimental results.
Keywords: durability, gas permeability, concrete, compressive strength

THEORITICAL ASPECT
In the literature [19, 20], the compressive strength of a hydrated cement paste is related to the capillary
porosity of the paste with an equation which may be described by

f cp = f cpo (1 cp )

Where f cp

(1)

= compressive strength of the paste

f cpo = compressive strength of a paste free of capillary pores

cp

= capillary porosity expressed as a fraction of the total paste volume minus the volume of

unhydrated cement
n
= exponent
In the other hand, some experimental data indicate the water permeability coefficient of mature pastes as a
function of the water/cement ratio as well as the capillary porosity of the paste as an estimation of
water/cement ratio of the paste under a certain assumption [19-21]. Considering such an evaluation, the
relation between permeability coefficient and capillary porosity can be explained by

K wp =

K wpo

(2)

(1 )

cp

where

K wp = coefficient of water permeability of the paste

K wpo = coefficient of water permeability of a paste free of capillary pores
m
= exponent

From equations (1) and (2), the following correlation between compressive strength and water permeability
can be obtained:

K wp

f cpo
= K wpo
f
cp

(3)

Regarding gas permeability, the empty capillary porosity cpe replaces the total capillary porosity of the paste

cp in

equation (2) considering the fact that a fraction of the capillary pore volume is not filled with water

represented by

. This could be pronounced by a simple setting:

cpe = . cp
Now the gas permeability of the paste,

K gp is obtained by

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June 5-8, 2006 Naples, Italy

K gp =

Concrete

K gpo

(4)

(1 . )

cp

where

K gpo = coefficient of gas permeability of the paste without empty pores

r
= exponent

From equations (1) and (4) we obtain a correlation between compressive strength of the paste f cp and gas
permeability of the paste K gp :

K gp =

K gpo

cp
1 1
f cpo

Considering above equation, for

for

(5)

= 0 , i.e. all capillary pores are water-filled, we obtain K gp = K gpo , while

= 1 , i.e. all capillary pores are empty, this equation yield equation (6), which is similar to equation (3).

K gp

f cpo
= K gpo
f
cp

(6)

While the equations (1)-(6) are valid for hydrated cement paste, for concrete, the effect of the pasteaggregate interfaces and of the permeability of the aggregate should be taken to account so that

K gc = .K gp
In which is the coefficient and is not necessarily constant and may depend on paste content, maximum
aggregate size and type of aggregate [14].
From the theoretical consideration for gas permeability and strength expressed by equations (5) and (6) a
linear correlation between the logarithm of K g and the logarithm of f cm 28 should be expected for values of

approaching unity, whereas some other experimental-based equations describe a linear relation between
the logarithm of K g and the actual value of f cm [22-24] among which equation (7):

K g = 7.5 exp( .06 f cm 28 )

where

(7)

K g = oxygen permeability (10-16 m2)

f cm 28 = average compressive strength at an age of 28 days (MPa)

Although above mentioned equation (Eq. 7) was proposed for any type of concrete with unlimited range of
strength grades, by referring to the relevant research, it would be clear that the correlation between gas
permeability and compressive strength was based on results obtained from almost normal strength
concretes with strength of below 40 MPa.
Collectively speaking, according to approximately the same correlation coefficients obtained for both type of
equations based on theoretical and experimental considerations, in the literature there is no conclusion with
respect to the general validity of equations (5) and (6).

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Concrete

EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
Materials
The cementitious materials used in this study were typical kinds of Portland cement type II and silica fume.
Crushed aggregates with maximum size of 25mm and superplasticizer with polycarboxilate base have been
also used. 20 different mixture proportions were selected including mixtures without and with different
percentages of silica fume as cement replacement. The cementitious content was constant of 400 kg/m3 in
order to achieve a low permeable concrete proper and applicable for very severe conditions such as Persian
Gulf environment. For obtaining both normal and low permeable concrete, mixes were designed in a manner
to encompass a wide range of w/b ratios (0.35-0.65) and hence strength grades. Except low w/b concretes
shown to exhibit low permeability, particularly at values of w/b below about 0.4 [25] and few mixes with high
w/b ratios, mixes include typical structural concretes with values of w/b in the range 0.4-0.55 [13]. The
dosage of superplasticizer was altered from 0.2% to 1.6% of cement weight, in order to reach a consistent
workability and slump of between 75 mm to 100 mm. Detail of the materials used and the mix proportions are
completely given in Tab. 1.

Specimen Manufacture and Preparation

Each mix comprised 3 numbers of 150mm cubes and a cylindrical specimen, 150mm in diameter and
300mm in height, for the measurement of strength and gas permeability respectively. As far as possible,
batching, mixing, casting and curing of specimens were carried out in general accordance with DIN-1048.
Compressive strengths of concrete specimens were measured after 28 days while gas permeability tests
were carried at the age of two years and half, after 12 month of curing in the water followed by a
preconditioning for 18 months in a constant environment of 65% RH and T= 20oC. This type of specific
curing and preconditioning regime demonstrated a condition a well-cured concrete structure would be faced
after releasing to be exposed to the actual environment. Before permeability testing, each cylinder is cut into
three discs with the thickness of 50mm suited for placing in the test cell.

Test Procedure
Measurement of Compressive Strength
Three cube specimens were tested for each mix at an age of 28 days after being stripped from their molds.
Compressive Tests were carried out according to DIN-1048 and the compressive strength of each mix is
obtained by calculating the average of three specimens' strengths.
Measurement of Gas Permeability
In this paper, permeability of concrete to oxygen was determined by a method developed by Cembureau [5].
Although other test methods including non-destructive Torrent method and South African oxygen
permeability index (OPI) have been developed to evaluate gas permeability, all permeability methods applied
on concrete samples lead qualitatively to the same correlation between permeability coefficient and
compressive strength [4]. The underlying principle is the Hagen-Poiseuille relationship for laminar flow of a
compressible fluid through a porous body with small capillaries under steady-state condition. The
relationship proposed by Hagen-Poiseuille for determining specific permeability coefficient can be written

K=

2.Q. p a .L.

A p pa

where

Q=
A=
L=
=
p=
pa =

(m2)

(8)

volume flow rate of the fluid (m3/s)

cross-sectional area of the specimen (m2)
thickness of the specimen in the direction of flow (m)
dynamic viscosity of the fluid at test temperature (N.s/m2)
inlet pressure (absolute) (N/m2)
outlet pressure, assumed in this test to be equal to atmospheric pressure (N/m2)

Proceedings of the 2nd

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Concrete

Silica
Mix
Cement

Coarse

Fine

aggregate

aggregate

Water

Permeability
SP

Fume

No.

Compressive
w/b

Coefficient
Strength (MPa)

(% b)
(% b)

(10-16 m2)

360

140

968

906

10

1.6

0.35

80

0.4

350

140

964

929

12.5

1.2

0.35

65

0.74

380

160

1018

833

0.9

0.4

70

0.76

370

160

1017

832

7.5

0.8

0.4

65

0.46

360

160

1014

830

10

0.9

0.4

72

0.51

350

160

1012

829

12.5

0.95

0.4

67

0.59

400

180

997

853

0.6

0.45

45

3.22

380

180

990

801

0.3

0.45

58

1.16

360

180

985

807

10

0.45

0.45

55

2.03

10

350

180

983

806

12.5

0.5

0.45

66

0.72

11

380

200

991

793

0.2

0.5

50

1.46

12

370

200

959

784

7.5

0.3

0.5

54

1.2

13

360

200

1020

820

10

0.45

0.5

44

3.35

14

350

200

955

782

12.5

0.5

0.5

49

2.39

15

380

220

970

881

0.2

0.55

38

4.28

17

350

220

900

892

7.5

0.3

0.55

37

2.91

16

360

220

985

865

10

0.45

0.55

38

3.4

18

400

240

874

944

0.6

35

4.67

19

380

240

1100

743

0.6

36

5.88

20

380

260

926

835

0.65

34

6.45

Tab. 1. Mixture proportions for concrete specimens (Kg/m3) and average values of compressive strength and gas
permeability

By using oxygen as a fluid and standard reference specimen of 150mm diameter and 50mm thickness, the
relationship simplified to

K oxygen =

1.14 10 4 Q.Pa

(P

Pa

(9)

In this method a uniaxial gas flow between the two parallel surfaces of the test specimen is caused by a
different absolute pressure of the test gas on both surfaces. The flow depends on the pressure difference,
testing area, thickness and open porosity of the specimen and the viscosity of the test gas [14]. The
essential elements and testing equipment consist of a gas supply, a pressure regulator with pressure gage,
the testing cell, flow meter and a stop-watch [5]. The general layout of the apparatus is shown
5

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Concrete

diagrammatically in Fig. 1, while the permeability cell design is shown in Fig. 2. Based on this
recommendation, first, the thickness and diameter of the specimen disc were measured by calculating the
mean of five measurements of each dimension. After reading atmosphere pressure, Pa, the specimens were
placed in the cell and the apparatus assembled. For each specimen, five absolute inlet pressure stages in
succession should be selected and applied in the test cell. After stabilization of flow rate at each pressure
stage, the oxygen flow should be recorded by taking at least two reading for each pressure stage and
evaluating the mean of the two flow rates. For calculating the gas permeability coefficient for each pressure
stage, Ki, the flow rate should be substituted in equation (9). Finally the oxygen permeability coefficient of the
specimen, K oxygen , would be obtained by evaluating the mean K from the five K i values obtained for the
five pressure stages.

Fig. 1. Line diagram for the oxygen permeability apparatus (steady-state flow)

Fig. 2. Details of permeability cell

TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Compressive Strength
The results of compressive strength of all mixture proportions at the age of 28 days are presented in Tab. 1.
As observed from the table, it can be concluded that low w/b concretes (below 0.4) possess the highest
compressive strength from 65 MPa up to 80 MPa. In the other hand, the lowest compressive strength (34
MPa) is related to a mixture with w/b ratio of 0.65 translating the adverse relationship between w/b ratio and
strength.

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Concrete

Gas Permeability
The average results of permeability tests are summarized in Tab. 1 together with strength data. In general
the permeability coefficients fell within the range 6.5 10-16 - 4 10-17m2, these values being at the middle of
the range of values normally expected for structural concrete [14]. A notable exception to the trend of
decreasing permeability with decreasing w/b ratio, mix no. 7 was high-grade low w/b ratio concrete with
significantly high permeability coefficient. Considering the effect of partial replacement of cement with silica
fume as a pozzolan, it is clear that specimens with the same w/b ratio have an optimum percentage of about
7.5% of cementitious materials in which the lowest coefficient was obtained. These results are in accordance
with the results of the investigation performed by Shekarchi et al., in which the optimum percentage of
cement replacement with silica fume for different temperatures up to 500oC was 7.5, the same as the results
of this study [25].

Permeability versus Strength and w/b Ratio

It has been identified in previous research that the w/c ratio has a significant influence on concrete
permeability [26]. The reduction in water permeability with reducing w/c ratio was reported in several sources
[27-29]. As far as gas considered in this study as a permeation media, similar trends in behavior were
observed for gas permeability and w/b ratio as between water permeability and compressive strength, which
was determined of cube specimens moist-cured up to an age of 28 days. The relationship between
permeability coefficient and w/c is plotted in Fig. 3.

Coefficient of gas permeability (m2)

8.01E-16

6.01E-16

4.01E-16

2.01E-16

1E-18
0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

0.55

0.6

0.65

0.7

Water/binder ratio

Fig. 3. The relationship between the water cementitious materials ratio and the coefficient of gas permeability

The relationship between gas permeability and compressive strength is illustrated in Fig. 4. Again a
relationship clearly exists, with the permeability reducing as strength increases. The most significant
deviation from the general relationship occurred with low strength mixes with compressive strength of below
40 MPa, which achieved considerably both higher and lower permeability in relation to their strength.
In Fig. 5, the logarithm of oxygen permeability of concretes made with different water/binder ratios is given
as a function of the average compressive strength. According to Fig. 5, gas permeability and standard
compressive strength can be correlated by

K g = 37.86 exp(0.059 f cm 28 )
where

(10)

K g = oxygen permeability (10-16 m2)

f cm 28 = average compressive strength at an age of 28 days (MPa)

By observing correlation coefficients and from the data given in details of the materials used, it follows that
correlation is independent of concrete mix proportions and especially w/b ratio as its significant indicator,
though highly related to compressive strength. In this study, there is a strong correlation coefficient of about
0.93 between strength and gas permeability, whereas in some cases for a given compressive strength, the
7

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Coefficient of gas permeability (m 2)

June 5-8, 2006 Naples, Italy

Concrete

8.01E-16

6.01E-16

4.01E-16

2.01E-16

1E-18
0

20

40

60

80

Compressive strength (Mpa)

Fig. 4. The relationship between compressive strength and the coefficient of gas permeability

K= 37.86e -0.059 f'c

10

Oxygen Permeability (10-16m2)

R2 = 0.93

1
25

35

45

55

65

75

28 days standard strength (MPa)

0.1

Fig. 5. Relation between permeability of concrete and standard strength for concretes made of different mix proportions

gas permeability coefficient may vary by almost 2 times. According to Fig. 5 and equation (10) an increase of
the compressive strength from 35 MPa to 80 MPa results in a reduction of gas permeability, K g , from about
6.5

10-16 m2 to about 0.4 10-16 m2, i.e. K g 35 6 x K g 70 .

According to the literature, the uniqueness of the relation between permeability and compressive strength at
the end of the same curing regimes is proven. In this study the correlation coefficient of 0.93 shows that even
for different curing regimes, the correlation between permeability and standard compressive strength is
unique if both the strength and the permeability specimens are subjected to the same curing and tested at
the same age.
Comparing the equation obtained in this study (Eq. 10) and equation 7 from published results, it is clear that
the exponent of both equations is equal to a constant value of -0.06 multiplied by f'c, while the multipliers
have different values of about 7.5 and 38. Such results pronounce a difference of about 5 times for the gas
permeability coefficient of a concrete with the same compressive strength.
These results could be justified by the effects of performing different curing regimes on strength specimens
in comparison with permeability specimens and also the effects of different concrete pore structures. The
latter is based on the fact that the study was performed on high performance concrete (HPC) with
8

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Concrete

compressive strengths of 35-80 MPa rather than mostly normal strength concrete investigated in equation 7
[22-24].
Collectively speaking, the study shows that our data and the obtained equation for gas permeability strength
relation yield a high permeability coefficient comparing to previous experimental-based relations. This
equation would be more conservative and also more realistic according to the indication of a condition a
concrete structure would be expected to be exposed.

CONCLUSION
A series of tests has been carried out to measure the coefficient of gas permeability for concretes with
values of compressive strength in the range of 35-80 Mpa. The results have been compared with published
data and the following conclusions have been drawn from the experiment:
1. The permeability coefficients fell within the range 6.5 10-16 - 4 10-17m2, these values being at the
middle of the range of values normally expected for structural concrete.
2. The results indicate the increase for gas permeability of concrete by increasing w/b ratio.
3. Replacement of partial cement content by silica fume decreases concrete permeability significantly
and the optimum percentage of cement replacement with silica fume referring the results was 7.5.
4. The results show that there is a strong correlation coefficient of about 0.93 between strength and gas
permeability resulting in proposing a logarithmical equation.
5. It is observable that even for different curing regimes, the correlation between permeability and
standard compressive strength is unique if both the strength and the permeability specimens are
subjected to the same curing and tested at the same age.
6. The obtained equation for gas permeability strength relation yield a high permeability coefficient
comparing to previous experimental-based relations due to the effects of performing different curing
regimes on strength specimens in comparison with permeability specimens and the effect of different
pore structures based on performing tests on high performance concrete (HPC) rather than normal
strength concrete.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Continued regards of Construction Materials Institute (CMI) at the University of Tehran is highly appreciated.
The authors also appreciate R. Alizadeh, M. Chini, P. Ghods, M. Hoseini and S. Montazer, the research
assistants of CMI, for collecting the results of compressive strengths and performing the mentioned
preconditioning regime.

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