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I. INTRODUCTION
Wind power is a renewable and clean energy. Fully
developing wind power is the strategic need of unfolding lowcarbon energy and achieving energy saving and consumption
reduction. Currently, the major power load center of China
locates in the East-costal area. However, energy resources are
badly needed there. If the stable offshore wind resources in
east-coast is exploited, then the tension of power will be eased
greatly, besides, land resources can be saved and the waste of
power during long-distance transmission can be reduced.
Compared with wind resources on land, the exploitation of
offshore has certain obstacles mainly because of the high cost
of offshore wind farms, high risks and numerous technology
problems [1]. In the long run, it is an effective way of
developing offshore wind power to solve the grim energy
situation.
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Fig. 2 Development of offshore wind farms in terms of water depth (m) and distance to shore (km)
Source: Oceans of Opportunity, A report by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), 2009
be less and less, and floating which fits for deeper water will
be paid more attention.
D. Substructures
The substructure of offshore wind turbines usually means
underwater structure and foundation. Due to the complicated
situation of underwater, the construction of substructure has to
consider various influences such as geologic framework of the
seabed, distance to shore, degree of wind waves and ocean
current, which are the main aspects that the construction of
offshore differs from on-shores. The main substructures of
offshore wind turbines are gravity, pile, floating and other
new style structures [4]. Currently, the 45 European wind
farms mainly use monopile and gravity, then jacket, triple and
floating [5], shown in Figure 3.
Gravity is the simplest, of good performance of antistorm and wind waves, whose stability and reliability are the
best of these foundations. Nevertheless, it only limits to
shallow water and solid geology [6]. As the shallow waters
that are suitable for building wind farms get fewer, it is
essential for the wind energy market to develop farms in
deeper and further area of the ocean. Therefore, gravity will
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D. Substructures
The newly built offshore wind farms will use pile
foundation as the main substructure. In addition, monopile is
the most reasonable style according to the geological
conditions of east coast. However, it requires a higher
construction technology, which limits its application [10].
Currently, China is exploring a proper foundation type for its
coastal conditions. For example, Shanghai Donghai Bridge
offshore wind farm initiated the high pile of concrete slab
foundation. With technology imported and independent
innovation, the economical monopile is expected to be the
main foundation style of future offshore wind farms.
A. Installed capacity
As the first country possessing offshore wind farm,
besides European countries, China built the first offshore
wind farm in 2008, known as Shanghai Donghai Bridge
offshore wind farm. At present, the 34 wind turbines have
been installed and connected to the grid, totalling a capacity
of 102MW.
China plans to build several large wind power bases in
Nantong, Yancheng of Jiangsu Province, Shanghai, Lubei of
Shandong Province, and offshore wind power bases in Jiangsu
and Shandong coast. Until 2015, the total installed capacity of
offshore wind power will arrive 5GW, which will be 30GW in
2020[7], as shown in Table I.
TABLE I
CHINA OFFSHORE WIND DEVELOPMENT PLAN BEFORE 2020
Planed installationMW
Province(city)
Year 2015
Year 2020
Shanghai
700
1,550
Jiangsu
4,600
9,450
Zhejiang
1,500
3,700
Shandong
3,000
7,000
Fujian
300
1,100
Other
5,000
10,000
Total
15,100
32,800
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TABLE II
OVERALL EVALUATION INDEX SYSTEM OF OFFSHORE WIND PROJECTS
Objective
Theme
Sub-theme
Components
Average wind velocity
Wind resources
Basic condition
hydro meteorology
Distance to shore
Typhoon data
Landform and physiognomy
Geology
Geologic structure
Formation lithology
Hydrogeology
Project scale
Technology design
Design plan
Turbine type
Foundation type
Integration plan
Organization management
design
Natural disaster
Technical risks
Construction risks
Design risks
Overall evaluation
Operation risks
of offshore wind
projects
Risk assessment
Economical risks
on-grid price
on-grid electric quantity
Industry policy
Political risks
Price policy
On-grid policy
Payback period
Financial evaluation
Earning ability
Environment
evaluation
Environmental influence
Aquatic environment
Ecological environment
Social development
Sustainable
Development
Environmental benefits
evaluation
Economical development
Employment promotion
Technology development
Volume of energy saving
Volume of emission reduction
Economic growth
Industrial development
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V.
CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
[1]
[7]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[8]
[9]
[10]
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
[11]
[12]
[13]
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